What complex sentences look like. Types of subordinate clauses in pp.

Complex sentences, as is well known, are structures that contain more than one simple clause. are divided into three types:

• complex non-union (SBP),
• compound compounds (CSP),
• complex sentences (CSS).

Each type has its own characteristics, but in speech their role is similar: complex and complex sentences, as well as non-union sentences, make speech as informative as possible, allow you to convey different semantic relationships, and express the stylistic features of speech. SSP, SBP, SPP are most often used in book speech. They often turn out to be cumbersome.

Complex sentences are one of the most complex and diverse types of syntactic structures.

A syntactic construction in which the parts are connected or by allied words is called SSP. It follows from this that in the SPP the parts are not equivalent. The dependent clause is called a subordinate clause. The part to which it obeys is the main one. The conjunction or allied word is included in the subordinate clause. ( When he got hot, Maxim went out onto the balcony. She didn't come to the party because the mood was ruined.)

The parts of the NGN are connected structurally and in meaning. It often happens that the main part is simply incomprehensible, and therefore cannot exist without a subordinate clause. (She felt that her stupid trick will still have consequences. I'm the one to then this disgrace will finally stop).

Depending on the conjunctions and the meaning of the subordinate clause, complex sentences are divided into types. Some philological schools divide subordinate clauses into two groups: attributive and supplementary. However, most scientists have a different opinion, dividing complex sentences into 10 types according to the meaning of subordinate clauses. It is this classification that is studied at school.

They answer the question (Which one?). In them, subordinate clauses are joined by conjunctions (where, from where, which, whose, etc.) or by allied words (so that, as if, exactly, as if).

*Note. Conjunctive words are members of a sentence, conjunctions are not.

Examples. From the apartment opposite came screams (what kind?), who didn't let me sleep. Through the window one could see the plain (what kind?), oh from where an incomprehensible rumble could be heard from time to time. I saw her like this (what?) as if she had just stepped out of a photograph.

Complex sentences with use conjunctions (like, what, so that, as if) and allied words (who, where, how) to connect parts. The subordinate clauses in them answer this, the main feature of explanatory clauses. (She was convinced once again the fact (what?) is that the delegation is delayed. She returned the kiss to the one (who?) who has been waiting for this for so long.).

Complex subordinates with subordinate clauses of the manner of action (How? To what extent? How much?) use conjunctions (as, as if, exactly, etc.), allied words (as far as). (He prepared so (how much?) as far as time and his meager mind allowed.)

Subordinate clauses (Where? From where?) use allied words (where, there, where and the like) (I will live there (Where?), where the sun dives into the sea every day.)

Subordinate clauses (What time? How much?) are added using relative words (until, when, before, etc.) (I will repeat until (Until when? How much?), until you remember.)

There are other types of complex sentences - these are subordinates with subordinate clauses

Conditions (I will forgive you (under what condition?), e if you correct your mistake.)

Reasons (I was very surprised, for the reason that I wasn’t ready for his outburst.)

Goals (I'll be back, h so that we can make the world more beautiful.)

Comparative (We were so happy, as if Vera were dear to us.)

Concessive (Everything fell out of his hands, no matter how hard Senka tried. Despite the whispers that accompanied her everywhere, Nellie walked with her head held high.)

Consequences (He shouted, t So things were taking a bad turn.)

Connecting (He was wrong, which he hastened to voluntarily admit.)

If drawing up diagrams for complex sentences is still difficult for you, read this article carefully. It contains examples of complex sentences with patterns of all possible types. Read them carefully and the task of creating an outline for a complex sentence will no longer seem difficult to you.

What is a complex sentence

Difficult to subordinate is a sentence whose predicative parts are in unequal relationships with each other. One of the parts is the main one, the other (others) is the subordinate part, i.e. dependent on the main one. The subordination of a subordinate clause is expressed using subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

In addition, a subordinate clause can refer to the entire main clause as a whole (that is, extend it) or to some word in its composition.

Types of complex sentences by meaning

Depending on what kind of conjunctions and allied words the subordinate clause is attached to the main one and what semantic relationships develop between the parts of the dictionary, the latter are divided into several types. To make it shorter, we will call the types of complex sentences by types of subordinate clauses:

Subordinate clause explanatory. Connection with the main sentence is carried out through conjunctions what, how, to, whether.

Father said that mother would return from work late.

[ … ], (What …).

Subordinate clause definitive. Communication with the main sentence is carried out using allied words which, which, whose, what, where, where, from, how.

No one could remember whose yellow umbrella stood in the corner all evening.

[ ... ], (whose …).

Subordinate clause connecting. Communication with the main sentence is carried out using allied words why, why, why, all case forms of the word What.

Explain to me clearly why Nastya is doing all this.

[ … ], (For what …).

Subordinate clause circumstantial. This meaning expresses a large number of conjunctions and allied words. Therefore, this type of NGN is divided into several more subparagraphs, depending on what adverbial meanings are expressed by means of communication (conjunctions and allied words).

The children were looking forward to the holiday finally coming and the Christmas tree being brought into the house.

[...], (when...), and (...).

Circumstantial meanings:

places(means of connection between the subordinate and main parts - allied words where, where, where);

They walked for a long time, stumbling, and in the evening they came to the edge of the forest, from where the road to the city was visible.

[ ... ], (where …).

time when, while, only, only);

And she kept calling and crying, crying and calling, until the window finally opened.

[ … ], (Bye …).

conditions(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunction If and so on.);

If you go straight now and turn right at the corner, you can go straight to the library.

(if...), [then...].

causes(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunctions because, since);

Children often act against the will of their parents, because young people want to quickly try their own strength.

[ … ], (because…).

goals to);

To achieve your dream, you will have to try hard.

(to …), [ … ].

consequences(a means of connecting the subordinate and main parts - conjunction So);

The actor prepared a lot for the audition, so he was able to get the role.

[ ... ], (So…).

concessions(a means of connecting the subordinate and main parts - conjunction Although);

Although I had never been in a hot air balloon before, operating the burner and keeping the basket at the right height was not too difficult.

(Although …), [ … ].

comparisons(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunctions as if, as if, than);

Everything was spinning and swimming before my eyes, as if a stupid colored carousel had spun me in a circle.

[...], (as if...).

measures and degrees(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunctions what to and allied words how much, how much);

I cannot express in words how grateful all these people are for your timely help!

[...], (how much...).

course of action(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunctions what, in order, as if, how, exactly, as if, as if and a union word How).

Gather your courage and dance as if there is not a single person in the entire large hall.

[...], (as if...).

Position of the subordinate clause in the IPP

As you may have noticed when looking at complex sentences with diagrams, the positions of the main and subordinate clauses are not rigidly fixed; you can come up with several different combinations.

A subordinate clause can be placed before the main clause:

No matter what difficulties await you along the way, you must persistently pursue your cherished goal!

(which …), [ … ].

The subordinate clause can be placed after the main clause:

Go to your mom and ask her to help us.

[ … ], (to …).

A subordinate clause can be included inside the main clause:

Everywhere we went, we were followed by surprised glances.

[ …, (Where …), … ].

Obviously, there does not have to be one subordinate clause in the NGN. There may be several of them. Then it is worth considering all the options for what kind of relationship develops between subordinate clauses and the main one.

It is also worth clarifying that the scheme of a complex sentence can be not only linear ( horizontal), as in the examples above. Flowcharts ( vertical).

So, for several subordinate clauses the following cases are possible:

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence

A reasonable question may arise as to why all these NGN schemes are needed. They have at least one practical purpose - an obligatory part of the syntactic parsing of a complex sentence is the compilation of its diagram.

In addition, the diagram of a complex sentence will help to correctly analyze it for parsing.

SPP parsing diagram includes the following task items:

1. Determine whether the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
2. What - according to emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
3. To prove that a sentence is complex, you need to define and indicate the grammatical basics.
4. Indicate what type of connection between parts of a complex sentence is present: conjunction, intonation.
5. Indicate the type of complex sentence: complex sentence.
6. Indicate how many simple sentences are included in a complex one, and by what means subordinate clauses are attached to the main one.
7. Label the main and subordinate parts. In the case of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, they should be designated by numbers (degrees of subordination).
8. Indicate which word in the main sentence (or the entire sentence) is associated with the subordinate clause.
9. Note the way of connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence: a conjunction or a conjunctive word.
10. If there are any, indicate indicative words in the main part.
11. Indicate the type of subordinate clause: explanatory, attributive, connecting, adverbial.
12. And finally, draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.

To make it clearer, parsing sample complex sentence:

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex. This is a complex sentence made up of four simple clauses. Means of communication: intonation, allied word When, subordinating conjunction What.

The SPP consists of one main and three subordinate clauses: the first (2) and second (3) subordinate clauses are attributive, both extend the word day in the main sentences and answer the question which? Connected together by a coordinating conjunction And. The third subordinate clause (4) is adverbial (measures and degrees), extends the predicate of the second subordinate clause (3) and answers the questions how much? to what extent?

Thus, this is a complex sentence with the following types of subordinate clauses: homogeneous and consistent.

Summary

We examined in detail different schemes of complex sentences with examples. If you have carefully read the article, no task related to SPP will no longer seem difficult to you.

We also focused on the types of IPS schemes (horizontal and vertical). And, most importantly, how these diagrams will help you correctly parse complex sentences.

blog.site, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the original source is required.

The syntax of sentences (both simple and complex) is subject to certain rules and norms of the literary language. Every cultured and educated person should master them in order to be able to competently construct his speech.

About the concept of “Complex sentence” and its types.
A complex sentence contains two or more simple sentences that form one whole intonationally, constructively and semantically. Such sentences vary depending on the method of connection; there are non-union and allied complex sentences. The latter, in turn, are divided into two more types: complex and complex. The difference between them is based on the different syntactic functions of subordinating and coordinating conjunctions. In addition, when created, sentences in some cases retain their syntactic equality and semantic independence. And in the case of sentence subordination, one of them is subordinate to the other in syntactic and semantic terms. Compare: “Everyone has already come to the house, but the snow has not stopped. We often think about the first impressions people make on us.” The first sentence is compound; each part has a characteristic independent statement and syntactic independence is preserved; both parts can be rearranged, and neither the structure nor the meaning of this complex whole will be violated. The second sentence is complex; its second part has a dependent statement, and syntactically it is not equal to the first part in this complex whole. The difficulty in placing punctuation marks arises in a sentence with several types of connection.

About complex syntactic structures and methods of their formation.
Complex sentences in which there are various types of non-conjunctive and allied connections are classified as complex constructions (syntactic). These include:
- essay with submission;
- an essay with a non-union connection;
- subordination with non-union connection;
- simultaneously: submission, composition plus connection (non-union).

About complex sentences and their types.
In this kind of sentences, their parts are connected by relative words and subordinating conjunctions. The connection between the parts of a sentence is subordinate, it is expressed in the dependence of the parts of the word on each other (syntactic). Thus, a part included in a complex sentence that depends on another part (subordinate clause) is a subordinate clause. The main clause is the part to which the subordinate clause is subordinate. The subordinating relationship is expressed by certain formal indicators, subordinating conjunctions, as well as relative (conjunctive) words. Conjunctions are means of syntactic communication, and words can also be members of a sentence (one of them).

About punctuation marks.
If the subordinate clause is inside the main clause, then it should be separated by commas (on both sides); if at the end, then a comma is placed after the main clause.

Based on their meaning and structure, SPPs are divided into three main groups. The subordinate clauses in these complex sentences correspond to three groups of minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances*.

Types of subordinate clauses

Explanatory subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause using the particle li, used in the meaning of a conjunction. For example: He didn’t know if tomorrow would come. The conjunction particle whether can serve to convey an indirect question: They asked if we would go with them. REMEMBER: the main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question. Conjunctions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to NGN. For example: The village where Eugene was bored was a charming place. This is a complex sentence with a subordinate attributive, which has an additional spatial connotation of meaning.

The sentence is one of the basic concepts of the Russian language; syntax is the study of it. It is no secret that people communicate with each other precisely in these units. Logically complete sentences are the basis of oral and written speech. There are a lot of varieties of this syntactic unit; detailed constructions give special dynamism and at the same time richness to the narrative. A task consisting of several parts is not uncommon in oral and written exams. The main thing in this matter is to know the types of complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.

Complex sentence: definition and types

A sentence, as the basic structural unit of human speech, has a number of specific features by which it can be distinguished from a phrase or simply a set of words. Every sentence contains a statement. This could be a matter of fact, a question, or a call to action. A sentence must have a grammatical basis. These lexical units are always intonationally complete.

Sentences are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. is built according to the number of predicative stems. For example:

1. It snowed in the morning. The sentence is simple with one grammatical basis: snow (subject) fell (predicate).
2. In the morning snow fell, and the whole earth seemed to be covered with a fluffy blanket. In this example we see a complex sentence. The first grammatical basis is snow (subject), fell (predicate); the second is the earth (subject), covered (predicate).

Types of complex sentences are distinguished depending on how their constituent parts are combined. They can be complex, complex or non-union. Let's look at these types of complex sentences with examples.

Complex sentence

Used to connect parts of a complex sentence. It is worth noting that the parts in such a sentence are equal: the question is not asked from one to the other.

Examples

The clock struck three in the morning, but the household did not sleep. This is a complex sentence, its parts are connected by the coordinating conjunction “but” and using intonation. Grammar basics: the clock (subject) struck (predicate); second - the household (subject) did not sleep (predicate).

The night was approaching and the stars were becoming brighter. There are two grammatical bases here: night (subject) was approaching (predicate); the second - the stars (subject) became brighter (predicate). Simple sentences are connected using the coordinating conjunction and, as well as intonation.

Conjunctions in a compound sentence

Since coordinating conjunctions are used to connect sentences within a compound, these syntactic units will be divided into:

1. Sentences with connecting conjunctions (and, yes, yes and, a (and), too, also). Typically, these conjunctions are used to denote events in time (simultaneity or sequence). Often they are accompanied by circumstances that indicate time. For example:

The cloud grew as big as the sky, and after a few minutes it started pouring rain. The connecting union is strengthened by the circumstance of time (in a few minutes).

2. Sentences with (a, but, yes, but, etc.). In them, two events are contrasted with one another. For example:

This year we did not go to the sea, but my parents were pleased with the help in the garden.

In addition, in such sentences the function of an adversative conjunction can be taken on by a particle.

For example: We managed to jump into the last carriage, but Andrei remained on the platform.

3. Sentences with disjunctive conjunctions (either, or, that, etc.) Show that one of the listed events or phenomena is possible. For example:

Either the magpie is chirping, or the grasshoppers are clicking.

Punctuation marks in complex sentences

The rule of punctuation in a complex sentence is as follows: a comma is placed between simple sentences. For example:

The leaves on the trees barely hang on, and gusts of wind carry them away, laying them out like a carpet. The grammatical basics of a complex sentence are as follows: leaves (subject) hold (predicate); impulses (subject) carry away (predicate).

This rule has one nuance: when both parts refer to a common member (addition or circumstance), a comma is not needed. For example:

In the summer, people need movement and don't need the blues. The adverbial at the time refers both to the first part with the grammatical basis need (predicate) movement (subject), and to the second part, the basis of which is blues (subject) not needed (predicate).

The earth was covered with a snow-white blanket of snow and dried out by frost. Here both parts have a common addition - land. The grammatical basics are as follows: first - snow (subject) enveloped (predicate); the second - frost (subject) dried (predicate).

It is also difficult to distinguish complex sentences from simple ones with homogeneous predicates. To determine which sentences are complex, it is enough to identify the predicative stem (or stems). Let's look at two examples:

1. It was a sunny winter day, and in some places red rowan berries could be seen in the forest. This sentence is complex. Let's prove this: two grammatical bases can be traced: the day (subject) stood (predicate), the second - berries (subject) were visible (predicate).
2. Red rowan berries were visible in the forest and sparkled in the sun in bright clusters. This sentence is simple, it is only complicated by homogeneous predicates. Let's look at the grammatical basis. The subject - berries, homogeneous predicates - were visible, shining; no comma required.

Complex sentence: definition and structure

Another complex sentence with a conjunction is a complex sentence. Such sentences consist of unequal parts: the main simple sentence and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. The latter answer questions from the main and minor members of the main sentence; they contain a subordinating conjunction. The parts are connected to each other using subordinating conjunctions. Structurally, subordinate clauses are possible at the beginning, middle or end of the main clause. Let's look at examples:

We will go for a walk when the rain stops. This sentence is complex. The main part has a grammatical basis: we (subject) will go for a walk (predicate); grammatical basis of the subordinate clause - the rain (subject) will stop falling. Here the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

To be able to express yourself eloquently, you need to read a lot of literature. This complex sentence consists of a main and subordinate clause. The basis of the main thing is to read (predicate); the basis of the subordinate clause - you (subject) could express yourself (predicate). In this complex sentence, the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.

We were surprised when the exam results were announced to us, and anxious about the upcoming tests. In this example, the subordinate clause “breaks” the main clause. Grammar basics: we (subject) were surprised, alarmed (predicate) - in the main part; announced (predicate) - in the subordinate clause.

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words: how to distinguish?

Conjunctions are not always used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex sentence; sometimes their role is played by so-called allied words - pronouns homonymous to them. The main difference is that conjunctions are used solely to join parts of a sentence to each other, they are not parts of a sentence.

Another thing is allied words.

Their role is played by relative pronouns; accordingly, such lexical units will be members of the sentence.

Here are the signs by which you can distinguish subordinating conjunctions from allied words:

1. Most often, the conjunction in a sentence can be omitted without losing its meaning. Mom said it was time to go to bed. Let’s change the sentence by omitting the conjunction: Mom said: “It’s time to go to bed.”
2. A union can always be replaced by another union. For example: When (If) you read a lot, your memory becomes better. is replaced only by another allied word, or a word from the main sentence, from which we ask a question to the subordinate clause. Let us remember the years that (that) we spent in Naples. Union word which can be replaced with an addition years from the main sentence ( Remember the years: we spent those years in Naples).

Subordinate clause

Subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause in different ways, depending on what part of the main clause they explain. They can refer to one word, a phrase, or the entire main sentence.

To understand what type of adjunction is in a particular case, it is necessary to ask a question and analyze from which part of the main sentence it is posed.

There are several types of subordinate clauses: their differentiation depends on the meaning and the question that we ask from the main part to the secondary one. Subject, predicate, attributive, additional or adverbial - such subordinate clauses exist.

In addition, lexically, a subordinate clause can have several meanings (be polysemous). For example: It's wonderful when you can just walk down the street without thinking about anything. The meaning of the subordinate clause is both condition and time.

Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

The following types of complex sentences with a subordinating connection and several subordinate clauses are distinguished: with homogeneous, heterogeneous and sequential subordination. The distinction depends on how the question is asked.

• With homogeneous subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word from the main word. For example: I want to tell you that good conquers evil, that princes and princesses exist, that magic surrounds us everywhere. All three subordinate clauses explain one word from the main word - tell.
• Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination occurs if subordinate clauses answer different questions. For example: When we go on a hike, friends will help each other, although it will not be easy for them themselves. Here two subordinate clauses answer the questions When?(first), and no matter what?(second).
• Consistent submission. The question in such sentences is asked in a chain, from one sentence to another. For example: Only he who sees the beauty of the soul who does not look at appearance knows that the price of words and actions is very high. Subordinate clauses are added to the main sentence: we ask a question to the first Who?, to the second - What?

Punctuation in complex sentences

Parts of a complex sentence are separated from each other by a comma. It is placed before the union. Polynomial complex sentences with a subordinating connection may not have a comma. This happens if homogeneous subordinate clauses are used, connected by non-repeating conjunctions and, or. For example:

I said that it was a beautiful day and that the sun had already risen for a long time. Here there are homogeneous subordinate clauses with the stems day (subject) beautiful (predicate), the sun (subject) has risen (predicate). There is no need for a comma between them.

Non-union proposal

In the Russian language there are sentences where the connection between parts occurs only with the help of intonation and semantic connections. Such proposals are called non-union proposals. It rained and the last leaves fell from the trees. This complex non-union sentence has two parts with grammatical basics: the first - the rain (subject) has passed (predicate); in the second, the leaves (predicate) have fallen (subject).

In addition to intonation and meaning, the connection between the parts is carried out by their order and tense characteristics of the predicate verbs and their mood. Here two subordinate clauses answer the questions When?(first), and no matter what?(second).

Types of non-union proposals

There are two types of non-union proposals: homogeneous and heterogeneous composition.

The first are those where the predicates, as a rule, have the same form; their meaning is comparison, opposition or sequence of actions. In structure, they resemble compound compounds, but the unionless homogeneous ones simply have the conjunction omitted. For example:

Autumn has begun, the sky is covered with lead clouds. Let's compare: Autumn has begun, and the sky is covered with lead clouds.

Non-union members with a heterogeneous composition gravitate more towards complex subordinates. As a rule, such polynomial complex sentences have one part, which contains the main meaning of the statement. For example:

I love winter: nature dresses beautifully, magical holidays are coming, it’s time to get out the skis and skates. In the presence of a non-union connection and equality of parts, the main meaning is still contained in the first, and the subsequent ones reveal it.

Punctuation in a non-conjunction sentence

A non-union connection assumes that the signs in a complex sentence of this kind will be variable. The placement of a comma, colon, semicolon or dash will depend on the meaning. For clarity, here is a table:

When one of the parts is complicated by any structures, we use a semicolon. For example:

Humming a song, Marat walked through the puddles; Children were running nearby, joyful and cheerful. Here the first part is complicated and the second - a separate definition.

It’s easy to create a sentence with a non-union connection: the main thing is to focus on the meaning.

Complex sentences with different types of communication and punctuation in them

Often the types of complex sentences are concentrated in one syntactic structure, that is, there is both a conjunction and a non-conjunction between different parts. These are complex sentences with different types of connections.

Let's look at examples.

Although he was still dozing, there was a flurry of activity from the household around him: they darted from room to room, talking, cursing. The first part is a subordinating connection, the second is a coordinating connection, the third is a non-union connection.

I know a simple truth: you will stop quarreling when everyone learns to listen and understand. The connection between the first and second parts is non-union, then subordinate.

As a rule, such sentences represent two blocks that are connected by coordinating conjunctions or without any conjunction at all. Each block may contain several simple sentences with subordinating or coordinating connections.