What kind of windows are there in general - in detail about the existing options. Selection of sash, frame

Window frames made of wood have low sound and thermal conductivity and look very attractive. In addition, they are very durable, but, of course, if we are talking about high-quality structures.

Before you become window frame, the wood is dried to optimal humidity to eliminate the possibility of shrinkage. The production uses not solid wood, which is quite whimsical, but three-layer laminated veneer lumber. Since the direction of the fibers in each layer is different, such a window is resistant to changes in temperature and humidity.

The outside of the frame is usually coated with a moisture-proof compound, primed and then layers of varnish are applied, which does not hide, but, on the contrary, emphasizes the natural texture of the wood.

Sometimes you can hear that wooden windows “breathe”. It is not true. Wood treated by the methods described above loses its ability to pass air. To ensure its flow into the house, it is necessary to use a system forced ventilation. However, this applies to any modern window designs.

Plastic windows

Plastic windows, more precisely, metal-plastic (since the window profile is reinforced with steel reinforcement) are the most common on the market. The technical characteristics of these frames are no lower than in the case of wooden windows. And in a number of parameters even higher. For example, unlike wooden ones, structures made of plastic (polyvinyl chloride) require almost no maintenance. Plastic is resistant to moisture, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature changes.

An important advantage of plastic windows is the lightness of the frames. Structures of any size and configuration are made from PVC profiles. In addition, plastic windows are much cheaper than wooden ones.

Fiberglass windows

To produce frames of this type, heavy-duty material is used: fiberglass or, as it is otherwise called, glass composite. Fiberglass profiles do not even require the installation of reinforcing steel stiffeners (rebar). Thermal conductivity of glass composite is similar to wood.

Since such a profile consists of approximately 70% fiberglass (essentially glass), its coefficients of expansion and contraction during temperature changes are actually the same as the coefficients of a double-glazed window. Therefore, during freezing and thawing, the window “works” as a single whole, which eliminates the loss of tightness of the seams and significantly increases the service life of the seals, and the entire structure.

The cost of glass composite windows is approximately 30% higher than plastic ones, but lower than the cost of wooden ones.

Wooden-aluminum windows

Some manufacturers offer combined type windows. The most popular are wooden-aluminum.

The base of the frame of such windows is made of wood, which is protected from the outside by an aluminum trim. This metal is very resistant to moisture, sun, temperature changes, and the window lasts much longer than a wooden window and requires almost no maintenance or repair.

For combined window structures, three types of sashes are possible. They are conventionally called Finnish, Swedish and German - according to the country where the system was invented.

Finnish-type windows have two separate sashes. The outer one is made of aluminum, and the inner one is made of wood. The doors are connected to each other by a movable fastener and can open either simultaneously or one by one.

Constructions of this type are quite heavy, in addition, the doors open only in one direction (that is, they only turn, but do not recline). But between such frames you can build sun blinds.

The Swedish window has two frames with paired sashes. The outer frame is an aluminum profile with single glass, and the inner one is made of wood (a double-glazed window is inserted into it). Unlike the Finnish one, the Swedish window opens in two planes.

German-type combined windows use only one frame. The design here is the same as that of a regular wooden window, only on the outside the wood is protected by an aluminum trim around the entire perimeter.

Aluminum windows

Aluminum windows are quite expensive, so such designs are usually used in cases where the project provides for large windows.

Since aluminum itself is a poor thermal insulator, a “warm” profile is used in the manufacture of such window structures. It consists of two layers of aluminum, between which there is a thermally insulating insert (usually made of glass fiber reinforced polyamide). This layer not only stops the flow of heat along the profile from the room to the street, but also serves as a sound insulator.

Regardless of what material the window structure is made of, the quality of installation is extremely important. Unprofessional installation can negate all the advantages of even the most better window. The qualifications of the craftsmen who install aluminum windows are of great importance, since after installation is completed, reconfiguration is almost impossible.

Essay

Shape, design and types of windows

1. Window shape

2. Classification of windows

3. Window opening options

4. Sizes and location of windows

5. Window design

6. Additional accessories for modern windows

7. Wooden windows

8. Aluminum windows

9. PVC windows

10. Fiberglass windows

11. Combined windows

12. Overlay windows

13. Dormer windows

Bibliography

1. Window shape

Windows to some extent determine the appearance of buildings. Windows of non-standard shapes decorate the facade of the house and can even give it some originality. The small single-pane windows on the façade are depressing, giving the building the appearance of a prison.

Modern technologies make it possible to create windows of various shapes. It is possible to recreate windows of any historical style, preserving the facades of buildings of historical value. Windows can be either simple rectangular in shape or complex arched or pointed structures. On the gables of buildings you can often see round, square or triangular windows. The impression of a window is created by its single or multi-leaf design. Modern windows are decorated with trims or decorative ornamental profiles made in various combinations of color and decor. Transoms are used in window designs. A rectangular window may have bevels.

Windows are a necessary part of the interior to create comfort in the house, as well as to save money on heating the interior. It follows that the shape of the window is related to the functional use of the room, as well as to the opening capabilities required of the window.

· steel;

· fiberglass;

· combined (wood-aluminum, wood-polyvinyl-chloride, etc.)

According to the options for filling the translucent part of the product, they are divided into:

· with sheet glass;

· with double-glazed windows;

· with sheet glass and double-glazed windows.

According to their intended purpose, products are divided into those intended for use in residential, public, industrial and other types of buildings and structures.

Products are classified according to design options:

by design type: single, twin, separate, separate

paired;

by number of rows of glazing:

With single glazing (for unheated rooms);

With double glazing;

With triple glazing;

With quadruple glazing;

by the number of sashes in one row of glazing:

Single leaf;

Double-leaf;

Multi-leaf;

in the direction of opening the doors:

Indoors;

Double-sided opening;

Left opening;

Symmetrical opening;

according to the methods of opening the doors:

WITH swing opening- with rotation of the sash around the vertical extreme axis;

Suspended - with the sash rotating around the upper extreme axis;

Folding - with the sash rotating around the lower extreme axis;

Tilt and turn - with the sash rotating around the vertical and lower outer axes;

Mid-rotation - with rotation of the sash around a horizontal or vertical axis, offset from the edge of the sash;

Sliding - with horizontal movement of the doors;

Lifting - with movement of the sash in a vertical plane;

Combined - combining different types of sash openings in one design;

Not opening;

depending on the glazed elements:

With glazed sash elements;

With glazed boxes;

With combined glazing;

on the design of devices for ventilation and regulation of the temperature and humidity conditions of the room:

With windows;

With doors with tilting (tilt-and-turn) adjustable opening;

With transoms;

With valve flaps;

With ventilation valves;

With climate valves;

With self-ventilation systems;

By constructive solutions sash vestibules:

With an impost porch;

With a postless (shtulpovy) vestibule;

according to the number and location of sealing contours in the vestibules:

With one sealing circuit (for unheated rooms);

With middle and inner seal;

With external and internal seal; with external, internal and middle seal;

By type of corner joint:

Non-separable (adhesive, welded, pressed, etc.);

Collapsible (with mechanical connections).

According to architectural drawings, products are divided into:

· rectangular;

· figured (triangular, polygonal, arched, round, oval, etc.);

· with decorative bindings;

· with a complex pattern (for example, arched with slab binding).

Products are classified according to their main performance characteristics:

· reduced resistance to heat transfer, air and water permeability,

Sound insulation, overall light transmittance, resistance

· wind load, resistance to climatic influences.

3. Window opening options

Fixed (non-openable) or blind windows.

They are used when there is an initial need to have a fixed window sash. In such windows, the frame itself can hold the glass. Blind sashes are mounted as an isolated element. In order to lighten the load on the window structure, a lintel is built above the window at a certain width. When a roller shutter box is installed, it takes on the vertical load.

Fixed or fixed windows are often round or triangular windows on the gable of a building.

A fixed or fixed window can only be washed from outside.

Attention! When installing such windows, if they are the only opening options in the room, it is necessary to think in advance about the method of ventilating the room. Ventilation valves are built into modern PVC windows.

Exposed windows.

Exposed windows are essentially fixed windows, the frame of which can be removed for, for example, cleaning and cleaning.

Pivot or casement windows.

Pivot or hinged windows can open both inside and outside the room; they can be either with an impost or hinged.

Pivot or casement windows are easy to clean. With the help of such windows you can perfectly ventilate the room.

Hinged windows (with bottom hinge).

Hinged windows open from the top. Such windows are called transoms. They are used on stairwells as they are the least safe, since casement windows can be a source of danger for children without adult supervision. Hinged windows are installed in basements, industrial and other rooms where open sashes may be in the way. When installing this type of window, remember that they must be accessible for maintenance and cleaning.

For transoms, only the folding type of opening is suitable, and there are various options for transom fittings that allow you to control the opening depending on the size and design features of the window.

Tilt and turn windows.

A tilt-and-turn window is a window, the same sash of which, at a certain position of the same handle, can be opened either by rotating around a vertical axis at an angle of up to 160°, or tilted on the lower hanger, resulting in a gap for ventilation. There are special fittings that allow you to fix the opening angle, protect the doors from spontaneous slamming, etc.

Tilt-and-turn windows provide full ventilation of the room instead of traditional vents. At the same time, installing a window with a window makes the tilting opening option pointless, which only leads to an additional increase in cost compared to the usual rotary opening option.

Hanging windows.

Hanging windows can be classified as tilting windows. Their peculiarity is that the window opens by turning around the upper extreme axis or from the upper suspension.

Mid-hung windows.

Mid-hung windows are windows rotating around a vertical or horizontal axis located in the middle of the window vertically or horizontally, respectively.

Mid-hung windows are very easy to clean. They ventilate the room perfectly.

Sliding windows.

Sliding windows are windows whose sashes move parallel to the window installation plane, moving relative to each other or retracting into the walls.

Sliding windows save space. They are built into any design and even decorate it, but are more expensive than other windows due to the complexity of the design and the presence of additional fittings and mechanisms. Especially often sliding windows used for balconies and loggias.

Lift-and-hing, lift-and-slide, tilt-and-turn windows.

These are the same hinged, sliding and tilting windows, only relative to the lifting horizontal axis.

Opening possibilities are associated with the development of window fittings. The more opportunities the fittings provide for designers and constructors, the more diverse the windows will become.

4. Sizes and location of windows

According to building codes, the minimum amount of light entering a room is if the area of ​​all glass surfaces is 10-12.5% ​​of the total area wall surfaces.

Optimal lighting conditions according to physiological indicators are achieved with a window width equal to 55% of the width of the living room.

If we talk about window sizes, then everyone knows the rule of the golden ratio - 3:5 This is the ratio of sizes perceived by people as the most successful.

If the width of the window opening is more than 2 m, use a three-leaf window design. Usually the two side sashes of such a window are made the same size, creating symmetry.

5. Window design

Window opening - an opening in a wall or roof for the installation of one or more window units.

The design of the window opening also provides for the installation of a mounting seal, slopes, drains and window sill boards.

Window block is a translucent structure designed to:

· for natural lighting of the room;

· for room ventilation; And

· to protect the premises from atmospheric and noise influences.

Window frame - assembly unit of a window block:

· made in the form of a rectangular frame with selected quarters;

· designed for hanging sashes;

· Fixed to the walls of the window opening.

Window frame is part of a window element that is rigidly connected to the wall.

A window sash is a movable element of a window.

A double-glazed window is a package consisting of two or three sheets of glass, hermetically fixed to a metal frame. Inside the bag there is rarefied air or inert gas. It has good thermal insulation, sound insulation and tightness, does not sweat and does not become dirty inside. The glass unit is fixed in the sashes using glazing beads.

· PVC does not support combustion;

· no need for additional finishing (the original color is retained during the entire service life);

· high rates of thermal protection and sound insulation;

· no problems associated with the disposal of production waste;

· the possibility of more precise fitting of frame parts, high manufacturability of finished windows.

Disadvantages of plastic windows:

· if damaged, in most cases it is necessary to replace the entire unit;

· absence in Russia of a system for recycling used windows.

The quality of a PVC window is affected by the following:

· components of the window itself: quality of profiles, fittings, seals, glass, double-glazed windows;

· build quality;

· quality of window installation.

10. Fiberglass windows

Fiberglass windows are the “youngest” of windows.

Fiberglass is a fabric glass composite (FGK), a material consisting of 70% fiberglass. Its hardness is given by special thermoactive resins, which are binders. The use of fiberglass was hampered by the lack of technologies that would make it possible to produce profiles of the required complex configuration from it. It became possible to obtain profiles of any configuration with the introduction of the pultrusion process into practice. This process involves drawing fiberglass material impregnated with a thermosetting resin through a heated die. At the exit from the die, a finished product is obtained - a window profile.

Advantages of fiberglass windows:

· durability (warranty - 25 years);

· low thermal conductivity, comparable to wood, but does not rot or change color,

· strength and durability of the metal, resistance to corrosion,

· resistance to all types of meteorological influences: biological resistance, moisture and weather resistance,

· high soundproofness,

low energy intensity during production,

· ease of care.

Disadvantages of fiberglass windows:

· manufacturing forms can only be rectilinear.

11. Combined windows

Combined windows combine the advantages of different materials, while compensating for the disadvantages of others.

The disadvantage of a combined window is its cost, which is quite high today.

The following combinations of different materials are used in combined windows: aluminum (copper) + wood; aluminum + plastic; aluminum + wood + plastic and others.

Wooden-aluminum windows.

Wooden-aluminum windows are the most common today. Wood is natural material with good heat insulating properties, low heat and sound conductivity, high frost resistance, creating comfort in the home. Its dependence on the external influence of the atmospheric environment and others is compensated by the properties of aluminum, from which the outer sash is usually made or from which the outer lining is made.

Windows are wood-gap-aluminium.

A material made of polyamide is used as a gap, removing mechanical tension between wood and aluminum and creating additional thermal insulation.

Aluminum windows with hardwood trim.

In such windows, wooden decorative strips made of hard wood (for example, oak) cover the metal profile from the inside of the room. From the outside, such a window is a pure aluminum window, with all the attendant properties. And inside the room there is a wooden window, cozy, warm and lively, perfectly combined with all the interior details.

There are also combination windows consisting of the following combinations materials:

· wooden windows with a plastic shell, which has the function of protecting the wood

· plastic windows with a metal shell, which is used for decorative purposes.

Another new type of combined windows is window profiles, which combine three different materials:

· a tree that performs a decorative function;

· plastic that performs the function of heat protection;

· metal that protects other materials from atmospheric influences.

We see that there are many types of combined windows. And if wooden-aluminum windows have already occupied a niche in the market, then combined windows “wood-plastic-metal” are still experimental windows, in the designs of which optimal, constructive solutions are still being sought.

12. Overlay windows

An overlay window is a window designed to protect old window sashes. The overhead window improves noise, sound and heat insulation, thanks to the additional air layer that appears. At the same time, old windows dry out and the development of rot stops.

The frame of the overhead window is made of weather-resistant aluminum. The edges are covered with a steel profile with a plastic lining.

An overhead window is suitable for mounting on windows that open indoors, but there may be other options.

Installation of an overhead window is carried out on the outside of the building. For small windows, installation can also be done from inside the room.

13. Dormer windows

Dormer windows:

· help to use more efficiently attic space,

· made of high-quality wood, impregnated with antiseptic, or PVC;

· can be fixed from above in the slightly open position when opening on the lower suspension;

· have a mid-hung horizontal opening type.

Dormer windows carry the same load and functions as the roof covering, since they are an element of the roof, and therefore must meet the same requirements as modern roofing. On the other hand, these are still window systems, the main function of which is attic lighting, ventilation, heat protection, room tightness, fire safety.

Thermal protection in roof windows is provided by several factors: the design of the glass unit, the thickness window box, sealing contours, the depth of the window in the roof and, of course, correct installation in the thermal contour of the roof.

The glass unit in modern roof windows is usually single-chamber, this is due to the need to minimize the weight of the structure in order to reduce the load on the rafter system. A special selective silver coating is applied to the inside of the glass unit to reflect thermal radiation, which helps retain heat in the winter and prevents the room from overheating in the summer. The space between the glasses is filled with inert gas. As a rule, this is argon, which has good heat-energy-saving characteristics. An indicator characterizing the thermal insulation of a window system is the coefficient of reduced heat transfer resistance (Ro) of the glass unit and the window as a whole. Requirements of the State Standard of the Russian Federation for class D1 glass (used in roof windows) Ro window (wooden window block) - 0.40. Accordingly, in order to be sure that the window will not be a source of heat loss, it is necessary to make sure that the Ro indicators of the window are not less than those required by GOST.

The thickness of the window frame is a guarantee that the window will not freeze and temperature regime the room will be comfortable. Manufacturers of roof windows present on the Russian market demonstrate different indicators. An important factor is also the installation system proposed by a particular manufacturer. Correct installation guarantees the durability and reliability of the roof window, and, therefore, protects people from the negative influences of the external environment. The current maximum window installation depth in the roof is 60 mm for flat roofing. Such a deep installation allows you to “recess” the window into the thermal contour of the roof and significantly reduce heat loss. Windows installed in this way are more harmoniously combined with the overall appearance of the building and roof. Also, the most convenient distance is 185-205 cm from the floor to the handle for opening the window.

There are several generally accepted standards for installing roof windows: for proper air circulation, the lower slope of the window must be perpendicular to the floor, and the upper slope must be parallel. It is recommended to install the heating source directly under the window; the window itself is approximately 1m - 1.3m above the floor level.

Another relevant aspect is the tightness of the room, including the roof windows. In this case, it is, first of all, window waterproofing. In modern roof windows, this is provided by a system of drainage gutters, the so-called flashings, which contribute to a tight connection between the window and the roof. Some models also have special rubber plugs in the lower parts of the window frame, which protect the window from capillary penetration of moisture.

Different types of salaries have been developed:

· for tiles and corrugated sheets;

· for a group of windows;

· for flat roofing materials.

Roof windows should also have sealing contours to achieve maximum structural integrity. Depending on the model, this may be 1, 2 or even 3 circuit - seals. In skylights, fittings are used that allow you to adjust the uniform pressure of the rubber seals without dismantling the window.

Wood is the main material from which roof windows are made. In the case of attic equipment, wood is especially environmentally safe, reliable and aesthetically pleasing. It is preferable to use knot-free pine wood. Wooden window elements are coated with environmentally friendly water-based varnish and impregnated with an antiseptic vacuum chamber. PVC roof windows are also common.

The safety of staying in the attic and operating roof windows is an important factor for modern man. Dormer windows can be equipped with special smoke, rain and wind sensors. First of all, safety of operation is ensured by double glazed windows. Tempered glass can reliably protect the attic from atmospheric phenomena such as hail.

There are also double-glazed windows that will help reliably protect the attic from unauthorized entry from the outside. There are models of roof windows in which double-glazed windows with a triplex system are installed. Triplex is 2 glasses glued together with a special film. Such glass is often used in store windows. It is quite difficult to break such a double-glazed window, and if this does happen, the glass hangs on the film and requires considerable time to remove it. The glass unit can also be protected from removal by special devices.

Dormer windows can protect the attic from the effects of adverse environmental influences when ventilated. Modern anti-condensation all-weather ventilation systems provide ventilation of the room when the window is closed and even in the case of insufficient or non-functioning main ventilation. A special filter prevents dust, dirt and insects from entering the attic. At any time of the year, the air, passing through the labyrinthine ventilation valve system, is cleaned and warmed.

Unlike facade windows, dormer windows can solve problems of evacuation from the premises in the event of fire and smoke or other extreme situations. There are models of evacuation windows, which, provided the roof and interior are equipped with special steps and fences, are recommended as an element of the emergency exit of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. Such a window normally operates in a mid-turn opening mode, and in case of danger, with the help of special holders, the sash is tilted along the upper axis by 68°. There are also casement windows, which open in a similar way to façade windows and allow you to easily leave the room.

Dormer windows can be equipped with curtains, blinds, and awnings.

Dormer windows have firmly established themselves in the Russian market as reliable, durable and safe window systems for attic lighting. They are the ones who make it possible to transform non-residential attic into a cozy, bright attic and ensure comfort and safety

Bibliography

1. http://www.oknopolis.ru

2. http://www.Shara.org.ua

3. GOST 23166. Window general technical conditions. Date of introduction 2001-01-01.

4. Double-glazed glass plus aluminum, wood or plastic. P.T. Burns. 1998

5. V.A. Tarasov, JSC "KBE Window Technologies".

6. Economic Review No. 23 (471)

Plastic, aluminum and wooden window frames used in glazing houses and apartments differ significantly from each other. Moreover, these differences concern not only appearance, but also functional parameters.

Let's figure out what the features of different products are, and what you should pay attention to when choosing/manufacturing window frames.

Selecting a frame by material

Option 1. Metal-plastic profile

Windows without frames, that is, with glass fixed directly in the opening, in housing construction are used extremely rarely. So whatever one may say, when designing a house or planning an apartment renovation, we will have to choose frames.

The most common option today is structures made of metal-plastic profiles. Their key features:

1. Universal configuration. The shape of the product allows not only to securely fix the window in the opening, but also to connect several frames together. In addition, such products are compatible not only with double-glazed windows (fixed glazing), but also with sashes.

Before removing the plastic window from the frame, you need to either remove the sash from its hinges or remove the glazing beads that hold the glass unit from the grooves.

1. Plastic case. All surfaces in contact with external environment, are made of resistant polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This not only protects the window from moisture, but also makes cleaning easier. For example, we don’t have to spend a long time trying to wash the frames of plastic windows - they can be easily cleaned with a damp cloth, but if necessary, they can also withstand the effects of more active household chemicals.

1. Internal reinforcement. Plastic is an elastic and quite soft material, therefore, to give the frame rigidity, metal inserts (square or U-shaped) are installed in it. It improves mechanical properties design, but complicates the work with products. For example, before reducing the frame of a plastic window, you have to saw it at the corners and shorten it metal reinforcement and weld the cut parts again.

1. Drainage and ventilation. Despite the almost complete tightness, the design plastic frame provides for the presence of technological holes. So that water in the frame of a plastic window does not stagnate after rain and does not provoke corrosion, drainage grooves are almost always made in its lower part.

Option 2. Aluminum profile

Despite the fact that a plastic window is today considered the “default” option, there are still alternatives to such products. And one of the most technologically advanced alternatives is windows with aluminum frames.

Here you need to keep in mind the following aspects:

1. Two aluminum profile options. A cold window frame is made without thermal insulation inserts, but also weighs less. “Warm” aluminum retains energy indoors much better, but weighs more and is more expensive than many PVC structures.

1. Not the best thermal insulation. Even a profile with internal inserts is inferior in energy saving to plastic products with metal reinforcement.
2. High strength. This applies to both resistance to deformation and wear resistance. This is why aluminum is chosen for glazing industrial and public buildings. But if the window is already out of order, then repairs will be quite expensive and time-consuming.

It is advisable to choose products coated with powder paint - it is the most durable, and restoration of the appearance will not be necessary for at least 10 years after installation.

Option 3. Wooden beams

Making window frames and their parts from wood is a traditional technology that remains relevant today. Key Features wooden windows are:

1. There are products in a very cheap segment. As a rule, these are single or double frames designed to accommodate single glazing. The advantages are low price and light weight, but in houses and apartments they are trying to get rid of such structures.

1. Eurobeam is a functional analogue of metal-plastic. Modern wooden frames are made from laminated veneer lumber so that a sealed double-glazed window can be installed in them. In terms of thermal insulation, they are almost as good as plastic products, and in appearance they outperform them “by a landslide.”

1. Difficulty in packaging. Most manufacturers have accessories for wooden windows, but they are more expensive than standard kits. Therefore, by default, the simplest latches and hinges are installed on the frame - canopies, and advanced mechanisms are installed when finances allow.

Plus wooden frames Another thing is that they can be repaired and even made at home. Of course, this will require suitable material, tools and skills. But if you are interested in the technology of making wooden windows with your own hands, we advise you to study the next section.

Making your own window frame

How to make a simple wooden frame with your own hands - we will tell you step by step in the table:

Illustration	Work stage
	Manufacturing of blanks. We cut out parts from a flat pine beam, the dimensions of which should be slightly larger than the dimensions of the future window.
	Profiling of blanks. Using a milling machine, we make cuts on the beams for installation of glazing. At the same time, we align all planes of the parts.
	Marking for connection. In the places where the parts of the frame will be connected, we apply markings using a tape measure and a square. If the marking is done accurately, and all the details can be cut out cleanly, then putty at the joints will not be needed!
	Formation of spines. On the transverse parts of the frame we cut out tenons that will be used to fasten parts. They can be done either using a router, or simply sawing off fragments with a hacksaw and then cleaning them.
	Formation of grooves. Opposite each tenon in the vertical posts, we select grooves, the size of which should be equal to or slightly smaller size thorn. The most convenient way to do the work is with a wood cutter.
	Frame assembly. We assemble the structure by inserting the tenons into the grooves and pressing the parts with a mallet.
	Fixation of parts. We glue the joints with moisture-resistant wood glue. While gluing, we fix the frame with clamps. Additionally, all corners can be tightened with self-tapping screws, twisting them from different sides.

Of course, this is not the only answer to the question “how to make a frame yourself.” But the described design organically combines sufficient reliability and ease of manufacture.

Conclusion

Making window frames with your own hands is both time-consuming and troublesome. But if, of all the available options, you chose wooden structures, then the tips and videos in this article, as well as consultations in the comments, will help you cope with this task. You'll also save money!

If you want to express gratitude, add a clarification or objection, or ask the author something - add a comment or say thank you!

The illumination of rooms mainly depends on the size, shape and location of windows in the room.

In living rooms of apartments, the area of ​​windows to ensure normal illumination is taken to be in the range of 1/8 of the floor area and no more than 1: 5.5.

The shape, size, proportions and placement of windows on the facade are important elements that significantly influence the architectural appearance of the building and its overall architectural expressiveness.

The design of windows must strictly meet thermal technical requirements - this is important not only for maintaining heat in the premises during the cold season, but also for eliminating the possibility of freezing and fogging of the glass. In addition, the design of the windows must provide sound insulation from outside noise.

Windows can be single, double or triple glazed. Windows with one layer of glass are used in the southern regions of the country or in unheated buildings. In areas with a temperate climate, windows for residential buildings and other civil buildings are made mainly of two layers of glass with an air gap between them.

In regions of the Far North, windows with three layers of glass should be used, i.e., with two air gaps between them.

Standard sizes of wooden windows and balcony doors of residential and public buildings are given in GOST 11214-65.

The width of a single-leaf window is usually taken to be at least 600 mm, a double-leaf window - 900, 1100 and 1300 mm and a three-leaf window - 1600-1800 mm. The height of the windows should be 1150-1300 mm less than the height of the floor.

Elements that fill the opening left in the wall are generally called filling the window opening (Fig. 170). The filling consists of window frames, glazed window frames and window sill boards.

Window box is a frame into which window sashes are inserted. Boxes may have additional internal bars - vertical and horizontal, called imposts, or middlemen. Imposts are used for hanging bindings, as well as for providing rigidity to large boxes.

Window sashes are divided into casement (having opening parts - sashes) and blind (non-opening). The top part of the binding is called transom. In heated civil buildings, bindings for the most part made with double glazing; The outer binding is called summer, and the inner binding is called winter.

The elements of sashes, transoms and blind frames are bindings(bars located around the perimeter) and croakers, i.e. narrow horizontal or vertical bars located inside the contour formed by the strapping. The slabs divide the area of ​​the sash, transom or blind frame into smaller cells, allowing you to arrange a window. or reduce the size of the glass.

To install glass in frames and slabs, quarters called folds are chosen. Glass inserted into the folds is reinforced with wire pins with putty or wooden glazing beads with strips of rubber or oiled paper placed between them and the glass. The glazing beads are reinforced with thin nails or screws. The planks designed to cover the gaps of the vestibule are called stripes.

In external frames, the lower frames of sashes, transoms and vents have outside ebb tides are projections designed to drain rain and melt water.

According to the method of opening, bindings are divided into those that open inward and those that open inward. different sides, sliding and lifting.

The most commonly used bindings are those that open inward. It should be noted that the internal bindings must be made larger in height and width than the external ones in order to ensure free opening of the latter. The difference in size between the inner and outer bindings is called at dawn, the dawn is usually 50-75 mm (25-37.5 mm on each side).

Designs for filling window openings

Window frames are made both separately (separately for the outer and inner frames, Fig. 171, a), and in common for both frames (Fig. 171.6). Currently, mostly common boxes are used.

Boxes in brick walls are reinforced in the openings with ruffs driven into the masonry seams, or with nails driven into antiseptic wooden liners that are placed into the side edges of the opening during the laying process. Each vertical block of the box is strengthened in two places.

The gap between the frame and the masonry of the opening is carefully caulked with tow soaked in gypsum mortar. The lintels of the opening are plastered outside and inside. Caulking and plaster, as well as quarters in the opening, are removed by blowing air through the gaps between the masonry and the frame.

In modern industrial construction, all elements of filling a window opening are assembled at the factory into the so-called window unit, consisting of a common box with hung, primed and glazed covers, equipped with instruments. Such blocks are brought assembled to the construction site and, using cranes, installed in window openings simultaneously with the laying of walls.

Bindings according to the cross-sectional shape of the bindings are available with overlay and without overlay. Fused is the protruding edge of the binding that closes the gap between the binding and the box.

The distance between the outer and inner bindings in accordance with GOST is taken to be 130 mm. To seal windows, gaskets made of polyurethane foam, porous rubber or wool blend are placed around the perimeter of the sashes. When carefully executed, the airflow of overlaid bindings is significantly less than for non-overlaid bindings, resulting in reduced heat loss. You dare to say that the damage makes it difficult to control compliance with the thickness of the gap in the rebate, and if the sealing gasket is defective, it complicates the pasting of the rebates with paper.

In Fig. 172, and shows a vertical section of summer and winter bindings with overlay, installed in a common box.

Are economical paired bindings(Fig. 172.6), in which the outer and inner bindings are brought together until they are in direct contact and form, as it were, one binding with two glasses. In windows that open inward, the inner frame is hung on the frame, and the outer frame is hung on the inner frame. Both bindings are fastened together with screws or mortise hooks and separated only to remove dust and wipe the glass from the inside. The distance between the glasses is 47 mm.

To eliminate blowing and to seal the recesses, the paired sashes have an overlay and a gasket made of porous rubber strips around the perimeter of the sashes.

Windows with paired sashes provide more light, save about 30% of wood, they are 10% cheaper than windows of other designs and are 1.5 times lighter in weight. In addition, such frames are convenient to install in thin walls (for example, in large-panel walls of small thickness).

At the same time, as operating experience has shown, the use of paired window sashes in buildings worsens the thermal conditions of the premises during the cold season. Thus, in a 5-story building, the heat loss of windows with paired sashes when sealing the window sashes with half-woolen blast is 25% higher than the heat loss of windows with double separate sashes. On the upper floors this difference is even higher. Taking this into account, windows with double separate sashes, especially in high-rise buildings, are more reliable in operation due to the interglazed space, which reduces the speed of cold air filtering into the room.

The main window devices include hinges (hinges), window latches and window brackets (handles). Paired bindings are equipped with tension devices that attract the bindings to the box when closing. All window devices are attached to the frames and frames with screws.

The method of installing window blocks with paired sashes in large-panel walls is shown in Fig. 173. Window blocks can be installed simultaneously with the manufacture of the panel (Fig. 173, a) or afterwards in pre-fabricated panels (Fig. 173.6). The wooden box is fastened to the panel with anchors with a diameter of 4-5 mm.

If high precision in the manufacture of wall panels is ensured, window filling can be installed without a frame (Fig. 173, c). In this case, the binding is attached to steel strips, asbestos-cement or plastic plugs (80x 80x100 mm) installed during the manufacturing process of the panel.

A more economical design compared to paired bindings are double glazed windows, installed in single bindings. Double-glazed windows are made of two glasses with a layer of dry air between them (which eliminates the possibility of condensation); along the contour of the glass are hermetically glued with strips of glass placed between them and framed with a frame made of rubber or plastic.

Plastic window frames are promising, they are significantly superior to wooden ones: they do not rot, do not dry out and always maintain the tightness of the narthex. In addition, they do not need to be painted.

Window frames made of aluminum alloys have great strength, durability and a beautiful appearance. The design of window frames made of aluminum alloys is described in § 70 (see Fig. 229).

In Fig. 174, and the design of a plastic window sash is shown. The frame, sashes, impost are made of fiberglass, and the sashes and impost have hollow profiles with walls 2-3 mm thick. The hollow part of the profile is filled with thermal insulation material, the frame is glazed with double-glazed windows.

New types of filling window openings are fencing made of glass profiles and wood-aluminum frames (Fig. 174, b), in which the outer part of the sashes is made of aluminum, and the internal load-bearing part is made of wood. This design allows you to increase its strength and durability, as well as... improve appearance.

In Fig. 175 shows a cross-section of a window opening filled with glass profile in the form of hollow elements open at the top and vertically placed at the bottom. Glass profile elements are installed in the lower and upper frames made of steel corners, and the lower ends of the elements are supported by porous rubber gaskets. The same gaskets are placed in the seams between adjacent elements and then the seams on the outside are filled with special mastic.

Shop displays can be glazed from the outside and inside; The goods on display are placed between the glasses (Fig. 176, a). The distance between the outer and inner glass is taken from 600 to 1800 mm.

In the upper and lower parts of the outer frames, holes with a diameter of 25-35 mm are installed to supply cold air into the space between the glasses, which protects them from fogging and icing. The inner binding is carefully sealed so that warm air does not get between the glasses in winter. Otherwise, the moisture condensing on the outer glass, coming from the room, freezes.

The design of a display case with one outer glass is more advanced (Fig. 176, b), for which it is recommended to use double-glazed windows for the purpose of reliable thermal insulation and protection against fogging and icing. For a better view of the goods on display, it is advisable to install the outer glass of display cases not vertically, but with a slight tilt forward, not exceeding 12-15°. If, instead of double-glazed windows, only one outer glass is installed in shop windows, then to prevent icing in winter, it is blown from the inside with a stream of thermal air, which is heated either in local heating devices or in special chambers.

Showcase glass is installed in wooden, reinforced concrete or metal frames. The latest bindings for store displays are preferable both for aesthetic reasons (due to their small thickness they are hardly noticeable) and for durability.

Windows with wooden profiles can be classified according to the following criteria:

1. Wood species, from which the frame is made, and its pre-processing (solid solid wood or laminated veneer lumber with lamellas in different ways splicing).

2. Availability auxiliary materials (plastic, aluminum).

In addition to profiles made of timber and solid wood, wooden windows also include structures additionally reinforced with aluminum or plastic, which allows increasing the performance characteristics and service life of the products.

Wood-aluminum- the most common type of combined windows, in which a wooden profile on the street side is protected by a metal frame painted to match the base material.

This design increases the service life of products up to 80 years, protects the wood from moisture and insects, and preserves all the benefits of wood.

Wood-plastic– the essence is the same as that of wood-aluminum windows, only the metal is replaced by PVC. In Russia, this design is not very common and is practically not manufactured.

3. Surface Finish:

• transparent (varnish),
• translucent (paint),
• covering (veneer).

4. Double-glazed window formula(1-8 cameras).

5.Door opening mechanism:

• swing and swing;
• tilt and turn;
• transom-folding;
• sliding portal;
• blind (non-opening) window.

The most common types of designs are: with separate sashes and paired binding and separate sashes/separate binding.

Types of ready-made structures

1. Russian windows

They are called “Russian” or “Soviet”, but this does not change the essence - the design includes a frame made of solid wood and sheet glass. Today, such windows are still made in carpentry workshops, but mass production, due to poor tightness and low thermal insulation qualities, no longer exists.

2. Finnish windows

A modern modification of Soviet-style windows. Cardinal difference– the thickness of the box and the glass unit in addition to the sheet glass. Such windows are much warmer than their predecessors, but are not suitable for installing a tilt-and-turn mechanism.

The doors open only in one plane, ventilation is carried out using a window or transom. They are made of solid wood, less often - of two-layer laminated veneer lumber.

3. German windows

A design that we used to call “Euro-window”. It is characterized by the absence of windows; the main “components” are double-glazed windows and sashes that can open in two planes.

The material for the profile is three-layer laminated veneer lumber.

4. Scandinavian (Norwegian, Swedish) windows

A modern modification of Russian windows and European designs. Frames for Scandinavian windows are made from solid wood, mainly coniferous species(pine, larch), but sheet glass is not used - only double-glazed windows. The standard thickness of the frame is 98 mm, the leaf thickness is 68 mm. This thickness is achieved due to a special design invented to effectively withstand frost.

The window consists of:

• outer frame with wooden or aluminum profile and single glazing;
• internal wooden frame with double-chamber glass.

Unlike German windows, Scandinavian windows are mounted not with sealant, but with a rubber gasket. Double-glazed windows are held in the frame using glazing beads and self-tapping screws. Another feature of this type of window is a condensation prevention system: special molecular sieves are installed that absorb excess moisture, preventing frame deformation.

5. English windows

Characteristic feature of windows English sample– no swing loops. To open such a window, you need to lift and fix the frame at the top (it’s not for nothing that this structure is called a “guillotine”). The frames themselves are narrow, with a large number of squares on the binding. The main advantage of such windows is space saving, because when opened, the frame takes up minimal space. But if the opening mechanism fails, there is a high risk of injury.

6. French windows

Panoramic glazing, which combines the functions of a window and a door, and provides maximum light in the room, is possible when installing French-type structures. For such windows, a lifting, folding or portal (parallel-sliding) opening system is used.

The double-glazed window, as in an English window, is divided by the frame into square sections. The material for the frames is laminated veneer lumber.

Nowadays, most window frames are made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This material is not that new. It was first created in 1835 by the famous chemist Regnald. The development of industrial production dragged on until 1931, when the technology was introduced by BASF.
The idea of ​​making PVC window frames came even later; the first patent for plastic windows was registered in Germany in 1952.

At first, frames were made of metal, then lined with plastic overlays, which added aesthetics and protected against corrosion. But a little later, the production of hard PVC was mastered, which was suitable as a material for complex loaded structures. Window frames were mainly made of PVC, and contained reinforcing inserts made of wood or metal.
Modern window frames can be divided into several types according to the type of material.

Wooden window frames

At the highest price category there are wooden windows. These are not at all those “old window frames” - cracked, with many cracks and poorly closed, with layers of paint. Now the wood is processed using modern technologies and has high performance qualities. For the manufacture of window frames, hard and valuable types of wood are used - oak, ash, beech, bamboo, etc. To maintain popularity, manufacturers advertised such windows as “the most environmentally friendly and retain heat better.”
Wooden windows have all the positive qualities of modern windows, which will be discussed below.

Modern plastic windows

Plastic windows remain the most popular, i.e. made from the same solid polyvinyl chloride with the addition of metal reinforcing structures. Such windows, first of all, differ favorably in price. In terms of price-quality ratio, it is unrivaled.

PVC windows have excellent thermal insulation, are fireproof, reliable, durable and practical. In addition, there are models where the plastic is covered with valuable wood veneer (imitation wood), which makes such window systems more aesthetically pleasing, while maintaining the positive qualities of PVC, at a reasonable price.

Plastic window frames can be easily manufactured to customer sizes. Therefore, manufacturers mainly produce products in individual sizes.

Such window system It is sealed and reliably protects the room from drafts, dust and noise. But the introduction of modern windows has brought new requirements to the ventilation systems of houses and apartments.
Since the former breathability of these enclosing structures has disappeared.

They thought of equipping the windows themselves with special ventilators, or at least with the opening of the sash for micro-slit ventilation.

The importance of heat conservation

When choosing any windows, it is important not to forget about heat conservation. As a rule, sufficiently heat-saving frames are made for our climate.
If the windows are directly from a European manufacturer, then you need to check whether they were produced for a mild or even subtropical climate...
But the main heat loss from a window occurs through the glass. In our climate, it is more profitable to install double-glazed windows with increased heat conservation. The usual solution is a double-chamber double-glazed window with sprayed glass.

Aluminum frames

Aluminum windows are mostly used in industrial and public buildings. In residential buildings they are used much less frequently. There are also combinations of aluminum with other materials, for example, wood-aluminum windows, the inside of which is finished with valuable wood veneer.

The widespread use of aluminum window frames is hampered mainly by two reasons: aesthetic and psychological. Not many people like the metallic shine of window frames, and almost everyone doesn't like the cold, unprotected look of such windows. Indeed, aluminum is one of the best conductors of heat, but window frame designs using seals and heat insulators generally have thermal insulation that meets the standards.

Since aluminum frames are very durable, they are mainly used in very large, as well as complex, curved window openings.

Division by opening type

In addition to dividing by type of material, windows are also divided by type of opening.

The most common are hinged or pivoting windows.
Everyone is familiar with the way to open window sashes when they rotate around a vertical axis.
This is the simplest and most economical design. And the most convenient. After all, the window opening opens completely, and besides, the care and maintenance of such windows does not cause problems.

There are also tilt and turn windows.
The first ones have a method of opening by rotating around a horizontal axis (which is usually located at the bottom of the window) and usually the upper part opens in them.

Tilt and turn doors combine the properties of swing and tilting windows.
With a certain turn of the handle, they only swing open (open completely), and with a different position of the handle, they recline into the room with their upper part. The tilt-and-turn window opening system is most widespread in PVC windows.

Typically windows are managed like this. When the handle is turned from the locking lower position to the horizontal position, the windows swing open completely. When you turn the handle up, the windows recline.

The mode when the windows are folded back is also called the ventilation mode. Indeed, it is very convenient and comfortable. After all, the influx of fresh (colder air) occurs in the upper part of the room, which promotes uniform mixing of air in the room and prevents the occurrence of drafts.

Fixed (non-openable) windows also have their own area of ​​application, which is determined by security and law enforcement considerations. For example, only fixed windows are used in shop windows or in high-rise public buildings.

The building is “built around its windows”. Windows are the most key element the entire architecture of the building and interior. Therefore, it is better not to make mistakes when choosing the size and shape of window openings, and the selection of the windows themselves.

Architects V. Polkovnikova, I. Kulikovskaya
Photo by K. Manko "Windows of GROWTH"
To “adapt” wooden windows to modern thermal insulation requirements, they were equipped with double-glazed windows. In addition, other changes were made to the design
YUKKO
Wooden structures:
a - window made of brushed oak;
b - balcony door made of tinted larch "Windows of GROWTH"
The bottom beam of the box is made with a sample for low tide and window sill
Polonia
The production of arched and round window blocks is very labor-intensive and is associated with a significant increase in the amount of waste, so such windows are 30-50% more expensive than conventional rectangular ones Photo by K. Manko
Wooden windows are in particular demand among those who build Vacation home from timber or logs. This is influenced by both the strength of tradition and the desire to do without artificial materials. "EuroTiivi"
With a separate design, the blind box can be strengthened on the outer leaf. It will cost much less than blinds built into a double-glazed window
"EuroTiivi"
Photo by D. Minkin
Window units with double glazing and glass:
a - with paired doors (Swedish type);
b - with connected separate doors (Finnish type)
Architect A. Deeva
Photo by G. Shablovsky
A window block is not only a functional part of the fence, designed to fill the room with light, but also an interior item that should be combined with furniture, flooring, etc. Often, a window can not only fit organically into the decor, but also suggest the optimal planning solution Polonia
Pressure fittings and two or three sealing contours provide low air permeability -
window capacity
Roto Frank
For the parts of the locking mechanism (a) and hinge groups (b), grooves are milled in the wood, which guarantees high strength fastening accessories
Architect-designer Z. Gundare
Photo by K. Manko
Triangular and diamond-shaped square window blocks can enliven the pediment part of the facade and at the same time are an alternative to expensive dormer windows. Typically, triangular windows can be either pivoting or tilting
"Warm windows"
Improvement
The triple straight tenon corner joint has increased strength and eliminates the possibility of blowing through the joint Swig connection diagram:
1 - flat dowel that protects the joint from blowing;
2 - polyamide key
R dupis YUKKO
Beam-splitting slabs are a traditional decoration for wooden windows. WoodWork SWIG
Combination options
bathroom profile:
a - with two slats made of pine and one made of mahogany;
b - with thermal insert made of purenite
"Academy of Interior"
Today there is a trend towards maximizing the translucent part of the window. And yet windows made of high wooden profiles have a special charm YUKKO YUKKO
WoodWork
The aluminum cover can be in the form of a cast (a) or completely cover the box profile (b)
"EuroTiivi"
Most companies offer painting of window blocks made of non-valuable coniferous wood with weather-resistant enamel in any color of the RAL palette Architect I. Firsov
Photo by K. Manko
Wooden windows perfectly match the country style Winfin
Plastic overlays around the perimeter of the frame and sash allow you to install a wooden varnished window in a standard house without disturbing the unity of its architectural appearance. At the same time, they will not cost much more than painting the window blocks on both sides in different colors

Like in the legend

YUKKO YUKKO During restoration and new construction, only wood gives architects the opportunity to follow styles such as Gothic. This is where precious tropical woods come into play, as well as ash and walnut; however, more often the bindings are made from oak - stained or artificially aged (brushed). Stained glass looks especially impressive in heavy wooden frames. And although the listed materials are very expensive, and the production of such windows is very labor-intensive, they are sometimes ordered by owners of country houses, and not only elite ones. One or two similar windows in an architecturally isolated part of the building (for example, in a bay window) become the very highlight that makes the appearance of the house unique.

Characteristics of wooden windows*

Profile material	Construction type	Box width, mm	Glazing type**	Heat transfer resistance, m 2 C/W***	Sound insulation, dB
Pine	Single sashes	68	4-16-4	0,5	37
Pine	Single sashes	78	4-12-4-8-4	0,55	42
Pine	Separate doors	140	4-12-4 + 1	0,62	45
Pine	Separate doors	160	4-10-4-8-4 + 1	0,71	49
Pine	Twin doors	120	4-10-4-8-4 + 1	0,69	47
Oak	Twin doors	90	4-12-4 + 1	0,55	45
Oak	Single sashes	78	4-12-4-8-4	0,54	43
Oak	Single sashes	88	4-12-4-8-4	0,55	43
* - according to manufacturing companies;
** - 4 mm - glass thickness; 8, 10, 12 or 16 mm - chamber width; 1 mm - thickness of glass installed in the outer sash;
*** - with profile humidity 14-16% (with increasing humidity, heat transfer resistance decreases)

Approximate prices for wooden windows

Manufacturer country	Profile material	Construction type	Glazing type	Price of window size 1480-1480 mm*, thousand rubles.
Russia	Pine	Single sashes	4-12-4-8-4	22-28
Russia	Larch	Single sashes	4-12-4-8-4	27-45
Russia	Oak	Single sashes	4-12-4-8-4	41-64
Russia	Pine	Twin doors	4-12-4 + 1	32-38
Finland	Pine	Single sashes	4-12-4-8-4	36
Finland	Oak	Single sashes	4-12-4-8-4	60
Finland	Pine	Separate doors	4-12-4 + 1	38
Finland	Oak	Separate doors	4-12-4 + 1	62
France	Red tree	Single sashes	4-16-4	34
Sweden	Pine	Twin doors	4-10-4 + 1	43
* - with a vertical impost and two doors - rotary and tilt-and-turn

The editors would like to thank the companies YUKKO, Honka, Polonia, Ru-dupis, Winfin, WoodWork, Academy of Interior, EuroTiivi, Okna ROSTA, Okna Hobbit, Warm Windows for their assistance in preparing the material.

Today in construction, the functionality of the product and the rationality of this or that engineering solution are at the forefront, so there is no need to talk about the strength of tradition. And yet, when it is possible to follow age-old canons without compromising practicality, many of us are ready to put up with even increased financial costs.

According to manufacturing companies, currently wooden windows account for only 15-20% of the market. The main reason that wooden windows are inferior to products made from PVC profiles is their relatively high price, which is explained by both the high cost of raw materials and the greater complexity of manufacturing. In addition, in some respects, plastic windows are actually superior to wooden ones: they have slightly better thermal insulation properties and do not require maintenance of the paintwork. And yet, companies producing wooden windows do not lack customers. After all, wood is the material with which you can fall in love for life. And then he, as they say, will not be nice, but nice. Wood provides manufacturers with more opportunities for creativity than plastic or aluminum: the height (apparent width) of profiles varies widely, with the help of shaped cutters you can decorate profiles and binding slabs with molded edges (shaped edges), and there are also restrictions when creating non-standard designs Hardly ever. It is not without reason that tenders for the restoration of architectural monuments are usually won by manufacturers of wooden windows, and many individual developers turn to them.

About the diversity of species

Windows are made from different types of wood - both coniferous (pine, spruce, fir, cedar, larch) and hardwood (oak, ash, various types of mahogany). At the same time, products made from inexpensive coniferous wood are in greatest demand. When describing the designs of modern wooden windows, some sellers use terms such as European, Swedish or Finnish type. Others, following GOST 23166-99 "Window blocks", distinguish between windows with single, paired and separate sashes. It is easy to get confused in the classification according to “national” criteria, since it is not always clear what the seller means by this or that term - country of manufacture or design type. Therefore, we advise buyers in conversations with company representatives to use GOST definitions, which we will now explain.

Nationality

HonkaSome window designs are historically associated with a particular country. We will try to explain the most frequently used definitions, but we will immediately warn that the meaning put into them by the seller may be different.
English type- a window that opens by sliding the panel (frame with glass) vertically upward along the frame guides.
German type- what we are used to calling a “Euro-window” (single sashes, two or three contours of seals, double-glazed windows), but sometimes this term refers to a window protected from the outside with aluminum linings.
Norwegian type- a window with single sashes and double-glazed windows inserted not from the inside, but from the street side (design with external glazing beads).
Finnish type- a window with separate sashes, usually connected to each other by sliding connectors.
French type- a window starting from the floor and combined with a fully glazed door.
Swedish type- a window with paired sashes: a double-glazed window is inserted into the inner one, and glass into the outer one.

Window blocks with single sashes (analogous to PVC windows) are most widely used these days. The sashes are made from profiles whose width ( largest size cross-section between the front surfaces) is 68 or 78 mm (and sometimes 88 mm or more). In the first case, you can install a double-glazed window with a thickness of up to 36 mm, in the second - up to 44 mm. The design of the vestibule usually provides for two sealing circuits, but sometimes a third, middle circuit is also made. The paired design is also well known to everyone: these are the windows that were installed in mass-produced houses until the end of the 90s. XX century But their modern version has several differences: firstly, the vestibule has at least two sealing contours; secondly, the sashes are fastened not with screws, but with latches; thirdly, it is not sheet glass that is inserted into the inner sash, but a double-glazed window (most often single-chamber). With a separate design, both doors are independently suspended on hinges from the frame (the glazing principle is the same: the inner door is a double-glazed window, the outer door is single glass). The sashes can be connected to each other using sliding connectors - in this case, as with a paired design, only the inner sashes are equipped with locking fittings.

Which is better - single, separate or paired sashes? No specialist will give a definite answer to this question. Even ardent supporters of one scheme or another admit that thermal insulation properties windows with both separate and paired sashes (single-chamber double-glazed windows and glass), and with single sashes into which double-chamber double-glazed windows are inserted, are approximately equal. The advantage of windows with double-glazed windows and glass is a wide (up to 175 mm) frame, which ensures high strength of the installation seam and protection against freezing of slopes. Such windows have increased sound insulation properties: different distances between the panes significantly reduce the resonance effect. In addition, blinds can be installed in the space between the doors, and even removable protective grilles with a separate design. However, keep in mind that at least 2 times a year you will have to wash not two, but four surfaces. If there is a significant difference in the temperatures of the external and internal air, fogging of the glass installed in the external sash is possible. And finally, windows of a separate design can only be equipped with rotary fittings.

Windows for a summer residence

"ABS-Stroy" Windows of the old design, designed for the use of sheet glass (to distinguish them from new windows, manufacturers began to call the first joinery), are still in demand - mainly among those who are building a "budget" country house. Such windows are produced by some old woodworking factories, and also by small workshops that do not have modern equipment. As a rule, windows are made from solid coniferous trees and equipped with the simplest fittings, and they are usually painted and glassed by the developer himself. Prices for such window units range from 1000-1500 rubles. for 1 m 2. When choosing windows in a store, make sure that the wood has radial cut(the pattern of the fibers is not clearly expressed, and their direction is strictly longitudinal), it was well dried and free of serious defects: large knots, cracks, fungal damage, as well as areas with a loose core.

Secrets coated with varnish

As soon as the first samples of wooden “Euro-windows” appeared on the Russian market, the owners of small carpentry shops decided to start producing similar products. The implementation of this project promised considerable profits, since demand was many times greater than supply and prices for imported wooden windows were simply astronomical. Alas, without modern equipment and with insufficient qualifications of the craftsmen, attempts to make wooden “Euro-windows” ended in failure.

A modern wooden window is a technologically complex product. Its production cycle includes drying lumber in a drying chamber (wood humidity should be within 10-14%), removing defects, gluing timber - splicing lamellas into micro-tenons along the length and setting them onto a smooth joint in thickness (the length of the slats depends on the type of wood and varies in a wide range of 40-1500 mm, and the thickness is usually 22-30 mm), its calibration and profiling, assembly of frames and sashes, their puttying and sanding, painting and, finally, installation of fittings and double-glazed windows. Currently, the Russian market offers products from the companies "Bavarian Windows", "Baltic Trust", "European Windows", "Windows ROST", "Windows Hobbit", "Northern Windows", YuKKO (all - Russia), "EuroTiivi", "Petro" -Domus" (both Russia - Finland), Alavus, Domus, Lammin Ikkuna, Profin, Tiivi (all Finland), Fenestra (Finland - Estonia), SPF nster, Joinex (both Sweden), Lapeyre (France), Capoferri , Finestre (both Italy), Urzedowski (Poland), R dupis (Lithuania), Strobel (Germany), Gaulhofer (Germany - Austria), etc. At the same time, products from domestic manufacturers clearly predominate. Western companies own large factories and carry out a full production cycle, some from timber harvesting to the production of double-glazed windows. Among Russian enterprises, some glue and profile timber themselves (Bavarian House, Okna Master, YuKKO, etc.), but there are also those who work with ready-made profiles, mainly domestic production. Double-glazed windows, as a rule, are ordered from specialized factories (with the exception of the companies "Northern Windows", YuKKO and some others, which have their own lines for the production of double-glazed windows).

Air!

All types of modern windows provide a very high degree of room tightness. With slot ventilation (tilting the sash or opening it slightly with a limiter in place), the flow of cold air in winter is still too intense. Built-in ventilation valves have proven themselves well, guaranteeing a strictly dosed supply (the system is automatically regulated) of street air. Although ventilation valves were originally developed for plastic windows, today they are increasingly being equipped with wooden windows. As for split-structure windows, Tiivi engineers have created a slightly different system for them, which can only be equipped with a window at the factory. The principle of its operation is as follows: street air enters through air intake holes, milled in the side bars of the window frame, into the space between the glass and the double-glazed window, where it heats up slightly. Then, through a valve built into the top beam of the box and equipped with a mesh filter, the air passes into the room.

Most manufacturers of single-frame windows use profiles made of three-layer laminated veneer lumber for frames and sashes. This gluing method allows you to achieve stability of the geometry of the parts. The Alavus, Domus and SPF.о.nster factories work with carefully dried and selected solid wood (mainly northern pine), removing defects and splicing the bars along their length.

Unfortunately, we have to admit that innovations in the production of wooden windows, which make it possible to improve the quality of finished products or reduce their cost, belong to foreign companies. Much of this new development concerns window profile design. In particular, Profin was the first to create a wooden profile system for outward-opening windows. The Urzedowski plant has patented the production of five- and six-layer timber, two lamellas of which are glued to the side ends of the “pie” - this scheme significantly increases the ability of the profiles to withstand bending loads. A combined four-layer laminated veneer lumber with two internal spruce lamellas and two external (5-15 mm thick) oak lamellas or three spruce lamellas and an oak lamella on the room side, first used by Joinex, can significantly reduce the cost of windows, while increasing their thermal insulation properties.

Legitimate question

Many potential buyers I'm concerned about the question: is it possible to replace a double-glazed window in a wooden window if it accidentally breaks or other troubles occur to it - for example, depressurization? (This is quite rare, but it still happens - alas, a certain percentage of defective products undergo even the most stringent control at large enterprises.) Well, this concern is completely justified. It is much more difficult to replace a double-glazed window in a wooden window than in a plastic one, since it is usually glued into the sash silicone sealant, the bead is firmly attached to the sash with pins, and often also glued. As a rule, it is not possible to remove a double-glazed window without damaging the bead. If the window is domestic, then by contacting the company that sold you the windows, you can solve the problem in 1-2 weeks: a double-glazed window of the required size and glazing beads of the appropriate color will be made on the basis technical documentation. If the window is imported, of course, the supplier company will not refuse to help you. But, since all components are delivered from the manufacturer, you will have to wait at least 2 months. Such a long wait usually does not suit clients, and they have to contact a Russian company, which will deliver and install a new double-glazed window, trying to match the glazing beads by color.

Among the Russian know-how one can name profiles made of heat-treated wood, practically not subject to rotting and warping (YUKKO), as well as a three-lamella profile patented by the SVIG Corporation with inner layer made of solid polyurethane foam. The same company was one of the first to propose veneering a pine profile with valuable wood veneer. And finally, she owns a patent for an original corner connection with profiles being cut at an angle of 45 and fastened with a polyamide key in the form of a double dovetail. According to some experts, a design with a miter joint has the best consumer qualities, since the ends of the profiles are reliably protected from moisture. Note, however, that moistening the ends of the box profiles when finger joint it is possible only when the window installation was carried out in violation of the technology (the installation seam was poorly executed).

Tree Defenders

The durability of wooden windows largely depends on the quality of finishing, and their relatively high price is not least associated with the large expenditure of time and manual labor for this operation. Leading manufacturing companies use paint and varnish products from such worldwide famous companies, like Akzo Nobel (Netherlands), Teknos, Tikkurila (both Finland), Rhenocoll Werk, Zobel Chemic (both Germany), and coat their products with compositions that are consistently different in properties: filler, primer and finishing varnishes (tinted or colorless) or enamels. As a rule, window manufacturers use a system of putties, protective and protective-decorative compounds produced under one brand; of these, the most popular in Russia are Zowosan (Zobel Chemic), Rhenocoll (Rhenocoll Werk). Finnish companies impregnate window profiles with an antiseptic under vacuum conditions - in this case, the protective composition penetrates deeply (1.5-2 mm) into the pores of the wood and protects it from fungal attack even if the coating is damaged. Unfortunately, Russian manufacturers do not yet have such equipment.

Even modern varnishes and paints are able to protect wood products from atmospheric influences only for a relatively short time (3-7 years). Windows facing south, as well as those facing major highways, are especially affected (interaction with carbon monoxide - CO - leads to oxidative destruction of polymers, which are the basis of most modern varnishes and paints). Therefore, manufacturers recommend applying a layer of polish to the paint once every 2 years in the city, and once every 3-4 years outside the city, and then the service life of the coating will increase to 20-25 years. Such polishes are included in painting systems and are always available from manufacturers of wooden windows.

In recent years, polymer laminating films have been tried to protect wooden frames and sashes from atmospheric influences. Perhaps this technology will make life much easier for “window owners”, but it’s worth waiting until it passes the test of time.

The best way to protect surfaces facing the street is decorative profiles made of aluminum alloys or plastic. Most often, the lower profile of the window frame is covered with an overlay. In more expensive models, the frame and sash are completely finished with similar profiles around the perimeter (for some Finnish windows, the outer sash is made entirely of aluminum, but such a window already belongs to combined type). As a rule, the linings are attached to the wood using holders made of polyamide or hard PVC, or they are inserted into the groove of the sash profile. In the first case, between the pads and wooden surface there is a small gap (10-15 mm) that allows you to release the accumulated window profiles excess moisture in the atmospheric air; in the second, they are adjacent to each other. Since plastic has a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than wood, when used, the design of the holders allows for free movement of the protective and decorative profile. Almost all major manufacturers equip their products with protective and decorative profiles. Solid aluminum cladding increases the cost of a window by 40-60%, and plastic cladding - by 20-30%.

YUKKO Hinges (a, d) are made of corrosion-resistant alloys, and their axes are made of composites that have a minimum coefficient of friction with the metal; window handles and balcony doors(b, c) made of stainless steel, brass, anodized aluminum

Prices, terms, guarantees

The price of a window is influenced by many factors. Let's try to list the most important of them:
country of origin (imported windows cost 1.5-2 times more than domestic ones);
type of wood (pine windows are 1.8-2.4 times cheaper than oak windows and 1.3-1.5 times cheaper than larch windows);
method of gluing lamellas (with external lamellas spliced ​​along the length, the window will be 15-20% cheaper);
design (windows with separate and paired sashes are 10-25% more expensive than with single sashes);
type of fittings and glass;
window size (usually 1 m 2 of windows of standard sizes - for example 1460 1170, 1470 1460, 2070 1460 mm - is 20-40% cheaper than windows made to customer sizes; this also applies to products of foreign enterprises, but they have different standards, and the dimensions of the windows do not correspond to the dimensions of the openings in our standard houses; for a window with an area of ​​less than 1 m2 you will almost always have to pay the full cost of 1 m2);
order volume and production time (for a large order you can get a discount of up to 15%, for an urgent order you will pay an additional 20%, and if you agree to wait, you can save).

If you have chosen a company that supplies imported windows, it will take approximately 3 months from the surveyor’s visit to the delivery of the finished set. Domestic companies will fulfill orders faster - in 3-8 weeks.

Most companies provide a comprehensive guarantee: on the design of the product, fittings, paintwork, installation, possible damage to the glass unit due to the fault of the company (crack “ray” from under the bead). The warranty period for domestically produced windows is usually 3 years. Representatives of foreign manufacturers give a 5-year guarantee, but only on the condition that the windows were installed by their craftsmen.

To summarize, we note that, according to experts, the share of wooden windows in our market will gradually increase. And this is quite understandable: we do not yet experience a shortage of material, and the array has always had enough loyal supporters. So let’s say out loud: “Not today or tomorrow, modern wooden windows will be available to everyone,” and let’s knock on wood.