National Assembly in Athens under Pericles. What did the People's Assembly do?

The heyday of Athens begins. At this time, they were led by Pericles. In 443 BC. e. The Athenians elected him for the first time to the highest position in their polis. He was then re-elected 15 more times.

Historians say that Pericles was an outstanding statesman and patriot. He was famous as a wonderful speaker. Eloquence (the ability to speak correctly and convincingly) was very important quality for a politician. After all, back then there were no newspapers, no radio, no television. To achieve success, it was necessary to convince the people's assembly that he was right. For the power of words, contemporaries called Pericles the Olympian, comparing him with Zeus.

Pericles devoted all his strength and all his time to caring for Athens and their citizens. He was honest and unselfish. “Although he made the city... the greatest and richest, although he surpassed many kings and tyrants in power,” wrote the historian Plutarch, “he did not increase his fortune by a single drachma (drachma - Athenian coin) compared to what his father left him ".

Pericles made several changes to the administration of the policy and to the rights of citizens. Thus, he continued the reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes. Under Pericles, democracy finally emerged in Athens.

2. People's Assembly.

The main governing body was the people's assembly. All citizens took part in it. A citizen was considered a man who had reached the age of 20 and whose mother and father were both Athenians. The people's assembly met 3-4 times a month and usually took place in the city center on Pnyx Hill. At the meeting, all the main issues of the life of the city-state were resolved, new ones were adopted laws.

Any citizen had the right to express his opinion on the issue under discussion. One contemporary wrote: “Everyone, standing up, gives advice, be it a carpenter, coppersmith, shoemaker, merchant, shipowner, rich, poor, noble, rootless.” After the discussion, citizens voted. They threw a white pebble for the proposed solution, and a black one against it.

3. Officials.

The People's Assembly elected numerous officials policy(we could call them officials). After a year they reported to the meeting. Those who performed poorly were punished, most often they paid a fine. Officials dealt with various issues: they monitored the flow of money into the treasury, compliance with laws and rules of trade in the market, cleanliness on the streets, etc.

4. Court.

The court played a major role in the life of Athens. All citizens over 30 years of age could participate in its work. 6 thousand judges were elected annually, but they usually did not all sit together. Separate commissions were created for different cases. The judges did not know in advance which commission they would sit on. This eliminated the possibility of bribery.

5. Introduction of payment.

Participation in government required a lot of time from citizens. Not all Athenians could come to meetings of the national assembly and court, or be officials. The poor had to constantly work: peasants - to cultivate their land, artisans - to work in the workshop. Every time the question arose for them: go to a meeting today or earn money for a living? Pericles thought this was wrong. He wanted even the poorest citizens to participate in government, and he found a way to achieve this.

As ancient authors say, at his suggestion the state began to pay judges. When they met, they received enough money to live for one day. Then they introduced payment for some positions. Later they began to pay those who came to the meeting of the national assembly. Thanks to this, even the poorest citizens had a real opportunity to participate in government. Pericles also achieved the establishment of pensions for orphans and disabled people.

In none of the Greek states the people did not have as many rights as in Athens. But these were minority rights. In total, approximately 200 thousand people lived in Attica, but there were only 30-40 thousand citizens. Women citizens could not participate in government. To the ancient Greeks, the idea that a woman could come to a national assembly seemed simply ridiculous. Free people who moved to Athens from other cities, much less slaves, had no political rights.

6. Construction in Athens under Pericles.

Construction provided jobs to many citizens. People from all over the world were busy at construction sites. different professions- from loaders and donkey drivers to skilled sculptors and architects. The Athenians mastered new types of craft. Gradually many of them became good specialists.

7. Military strength Athens.

Pericles did a lot to strengthen the power of his city. He saw the main strength of Athens in the fleet. Every year for eight months the fleet sailed throughout Mediterranean Sea. The sailors were also paid money at this time.

The Athenian fleet destroyed the pirates. The time has come for the heyday of maritime trade. The Athens port of Piraeus has become a major trade center. Sometimes up to 400 ships gathered here. The Athenians had great benefits from trade.

Under Pericles, the construction of walls from Athens to Piraeus was completed (they were called Long walls). Piraeus was crowded and noisy. Here they concluded trade deals, sold and bought large parties goods.

8. Slaves.

A significant part of the inhabitants of Athens were slaves. “Everyone has slaves,” argued one of the writers. “We are free, because we live by the labor of slaves,” echoed the famous speaker. Slaves worked in the fields, in workshops, and in citizens' homes. The biggest use of slaves was in the silver mines, where they worked day and night.

The main source of slaves was war. Many slaves were already born in the master's house. There were few Greeks among the slaves, because those captured were usually ransomed by relatives. Basically, slaves were brought from other countries - Thrace, the Northern Black Sea region and Asia Minor. There were several famous slave markets in Greece. On the first day of each month, slaves were traded in the Athenian agora. The slave climbed onto the platform, and the herald praised his virtues in order to increase the price. The slave had absolutely no rights. He had neither property nor family. They did not see him as a person, he was called a talking instrument. Sometimes slaves ran away from their owners. Those caught were beaten with whips and the inscription was burned on their foreheads: “Hold me. I’m running away.”

IN AND. Ukolova, L.P. Marinovich, History, 5th grade
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Athenian statesman Pericles (443–429 BC) attracted the middle and poor layers of Athenian citizens to govern the state. For the first time in European history, true democracy arose in the state - the power of the people. Pericles introduced payment for positions and allocated land to impoverished citizens in cleruchia - civil colonies. However, few had political rights as citizens. The main role was played by the highest legislative body, the People's Assembly, in which 45,000 people out of the 315,000 inhabitants of Athens took part. Outside civil society stood women, metics (personally free migrants) and slaves. The power of the people in Athens was combined with the authoritarianism of Pericles, who subjugated the People's Assembly (moderate democracy).

The founders of democracy - the ancient Greeks - gathered at the agora - the city center (translated as “I gather”). Debates and conversations took place here. political topics. Democracy arose precisely from debates and conversations. Who didn't come to general meeting(and it happened every 10 years), I paid a fine. Any free Greek had the right to speak out - about war, peace, religion, taxes on hetaeras, etc. - if he was not prosecuted. If someone voted for war or increased taxation, then the ego meant that first of all he himself would have to go to war and pay taxes. This is not at all the same as sending mercenaries to war or taxing other people. The decisions the Greeks made were about themselves.

In Athens, even a shoemaker could occupy the highest position. They were chosen by lot. there was no bureaucracy, employees or state apparatus. The country's leadership was not paid. The only power available to him is the power of persuasion. Pericles was the first to convince all Greeks that they had to pay for leading the state. After that leadership positions the poor could borrow. Free leadership was possible primarily for the rich.

Greek democracy did not embrace the whole people, but only a part of the people - about 1/10 of the total population. In Athens, slaves, metics (settlers) and women did not have the right to vote. The most important issues were discussed by the People's Assembly (ekklesia), and all laws were adopted here. Executive power was exercised by elected officials - magistrates. The highest judicial power belonged to the jury (helieya). Democracy in Athens meant the right of every citizen to vote and be elected to any position in the state.

Society remains in a state of chaos, social tension and unrest until a firm order is established in it, in which each citizen minds his own business (division of labor), but does not interfere in the affairs of other citizens, estates, classes (social division). What should be considered stable is not a society that is completely devoid of classes, but one where there are three of them, and each, performing prescribed functions, takes its place in the hierarchy. By the way, Plato was not far from the truth: caste and class societies are considered the most stable and lasting, where each stratum occupied a strictly designated place in the hierarchy. On the contrary, societies where revolutionaries swept away all social barriers and class barriers soon disintegrated.

In the language of modern sociology this is called:

1) lifelong assignment of a person to his profession; 2) lifelong assignment of a person to his class; 3) restriction or prohibition of both horizontal (professional) and vertical (interclass and interclass) social mobility. On this basis, we have the right to conclude: Plato was a supporter of a closed society.

Sociological workshop

From the point of view of political science, Plato was a supporter of egalitarian communism, and from the point of view of sociology - a closed society (as we just found out). How would you characterize the views of current Russian members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation?

It was the Greeks who came up with the word that has become the most necessary for us today - economics, or “oikonomia”, management of the household, as well as house-building, house management. Initially, oikonomia meant the ability of the head of the house, the father of the family, to manage this house, i.e. lead his wife, children and household. In Plato, “oikonomia” also acquires a political connotation (government of the polis), and the concept of “koinonia” has a completely sociological meaning. It denotes not only family work, but also human relationships, i.e. human society.

Plato considered the strict division of social labor to be the basis of the stability of society and the main mechanism for maintaining social order (Fig. 3.3). Society remains in a state of chaos and turmoil until a firm order is established in it, in which each citizen minds his own business (division of labor), but does not interfere in the affairs of other citizens, estates, classes (social division). A society where each person performs prescribed functions and takes his place in the hierarchy must be considered stable.

The best form of government Plato believed aristocracy - the power of the chosen ones. In descending order they are timocracy (power of warriors), oligarchy (power of the rich) and democracy (power of the people), the extreme form of which is ochlocracy (power of the crowd). Democracy is the worst form of government because it usually leads to tyranny, – the worst form in which arbitrariness and violence reign. After all, a tyrant comes to power as a protege of the people.

Rice. 3.3.

In a bad state there are rulers above everyone, in a reasonable state there are laws. Law is intended to limit both the power of rulers and the freedom of the governed. Justice stands guard over the laws. All citizens of the state must be involved in the administration of justice.

2000 years ago Plato said that democracy leads to anarchy in society and mob rule

All citizens (except slaves) of the policy must be taught how to govern the state. Participation in political life presupposes the presence of various qualities - a practical mind, the ability to soberly assess the situation, the ability to correctly handle specific situations, oratorical abilities, justice, experience, selflessness, etc.

Both socialization and education continue for Plato throughout his life. But not everyone is given them equally. Ignorants sink to the very bottom of society - into the underclass (slaves, runaways, beggars, drunkards, sellouts and homeless people). Dropouts settle in the lower class, joining the ranks of artisans and peasants. Good people fall into the knightly stratum of warriors, who at all times belonged to the aristocracy. And finally, excellent students, and they are always a minority, grew into wise rulers.

He was the first to propose a technology for recruiting and educating statesmen. Plato believed that the best should rule. They must not only be selected correctly, but also educated correctly, and most importantly, not allowed into private property, which distorts people’s morals. Private owner authorities - an ego oligarch, but not a sage objective towards all citizens.

Plato is the greatest thinker of all time, the founder of political theory and sociology.

Karl Popper

The great thinker dreamed of a time when the wisest and most enlightened would be at the head of the state. And those times have come. In all civilized countries, society strives to place the most educated and enlightened at the helm. Another thing is that this is not always possible. But Plato, I think, would not have been able to do this, even if he had been given all the possibilities. Today, as Plato foresaw, it is not so much material capital (monetary wealth, private property) that is highly valued, but intellectual capital (knowledge, qualifications, education). Of course, this is not yet the implementation of the plan, because Plato spoke about the moral requirements for the elite, and today everyone is talking about spiritual crisis, affecting different countries to varying degrees.

This is, in general terms, Plato’s sociological theory of the right state, where he tries to answer the question of all questions: “How can a government stay in power and gain the support of the population?” Plato was the first to think about the essence of politics and the organization of political life, who tried, summarizing mainly his own observations, to study their essence (Fig. 3.4).

Rice. 3.4. "Republic" by Plato

Dobrenkoe V. I., Kravchenko A. I. Fundamental sociology: in 15 volumes. T. 2. P. 434.

Lesson topic: “Athenian democracy under Pericles”

Goals:
Introduce ancient democracy; show positive and negative traits Athenian democracy, which was the world's first experience of a state based on democracy; develop the ability to work with textbook text and historical documents, compare and analyze primary sources, summarize facts and formulate conclusions, and argue your point of view; using the example of Pericles’ activities to cultivate feelings of citizenship, patriotism, and justice.
Planned results: subject
: master holistic ideas about Athenian democracy; apply the conceptual apparatus of historical knowledge and the principles of historical analysis to reveal the essence of the phenomena of the period of Athenian democracy;
meta-subject UUD
: independently organize educational interaction in a group; determine your own attitude to the phenomena of modern life; form your point of view; listen and hear each other; independently discover and formulate educational problem; choose means of achieving the goal from those proposed, and also look for them yourself; analyze, compare, classify and summarize facts and phenomena;
personal UUD:
gain motivation to learn new material; comprehend the experience of a democratic system in Athens.
Equipment:
projector, multimedia presentation, fragment from the feature film “Republic of Shkid” and the popular science film “Pericles”, handouts for group work, project on the topic “Pericles the Man and the Politician”
Lesson type
: a lesson in discovering new knowledge.
During the classes.

Organizing time.

Motivational-target stage.

Call stage
Today in class you will be doing research work - conducting research. To do this, you will have to act as a scientist-historian-researcher. The work of a scientist is complex, but interesting and exciting. After all, scientists solve mysteries, look for answers to questions, and solve problems. Scientists face problems at every step.
Your first problem.
- After watching an excerpt from the film, determine:
- What phenomenon public life you will explore.
It is already familiar to you, but by doing research, you will increase your knowledge in this area. Watch an excerpt from the film "Republic of Shkid". Before watching the film, the teacher’s introductory words: “The abbreviation SHKID stands for school-community (boarding school) named after Dostoevsky. The film tells about the events of the 20s that take place in a school for difficult-to-educate teenagers. The school director decides to turn the boarding school into a small state with its own anthem, coat of arms, and its own laws of government. It was decided to name the created state “Shkid”. In order to determine the area of your research based on the film, you need to watch the film through the eyes of a scientist, i.e., a person who knows scientific concepts, knows how to analyze and draw conclusions.
---Watching a movie. - What phenomenon of social life do you have to research? The students' answer is democracy. Teacher: Democracy is to be explored. The idea of democracy-rule of the people came from time immemorial.
- In which state?
Ancient world did the people, just like we do now, elect officials and thus actively participate in governing the state? In order for your research to be successful, let’s pay attention to the concepts with which you will operate.
. Slide (aristocrats, demos, labels, citizens,

archons, areopagus, tyrant, strategist
) - students explain concepts by passing the baton to each other. -
Let's remember and find out
historical figures Ancient Greece, which we have already discussed Slide
(Aristophanes, Sophocles, Solon, Themistocles, Miltiades, Pericles)

- About whom
wasn't discussed in class? (about Pericles) - But we are well acquainted with the activities of all the other heroes, in particular Solon.
- Let's remember
What contribution did Solon make to the history of Ancient Greece?
Exercise
performed by a student at the blackboard. A scheme is being drawn up “Management of the Athenian polis before Solon’s reforms and after Solon’s reforms”
- Exercise
whole class - Group historical figures in pairs, choosing a criterion by which they can be combined. Every couple should have something in common, something they have in common. Pericles, unknown to us, will also find a mate
.

Slide (Aristophanes-Sophocles-plays for the theater, Themistocles-Miltiades-strategists, Solon-

Pericles)

-Pericles
ended up paired with Solon and this is no coincidence. -
What a contribution
weight of Solon in the history of Ancient Greece?
Checking the assignment at the board (diagram).

- What unites Solon and Pericles? (Democracy)

- exercise-
Formulate the topic of our research lesson.
Athenian democracy under Pericles. Slide.

- What
would you like to learn in class? What questions should I find answers to?
Slide
-lesson plan.
III.

Work on the topic of the lesson. Stage of comprehension (development of meaning)

First of all, let’s get acquainted with the main character of those distant years, Pericles, and we will do this by listening to a project on the topic: “Pericles the Man and the Politician”
Task slide
class on the project: 1) Date of election of Pericles as 1st strategist 2) Arguments in favor of nominating Pericles as a candidate for strategist. 443 BC Pericles was elected 1st strategist.
- What
is this a century? For several lessons now we have been studying Athens in the 5th century BC. -
What
do we know about Athens 5th century BC? (The period of rise, the heyday of the power of Athens) But this is not the only characteristic of the Athenian polis, this period of time. There are 2 opposing points of view on the situation in Athens in the 5th century BC
. Slide

1 point of view belongs to modern historians
: 5th century BC - “golden age of Athenian democracy” - or “age of Pericles”. Historian A Bonnar writes “Athenian democracy represented the most complete implementation of democracy that the ancient world had ever known” -
How do you understand the point of view of modern historians? (5
in BC, the time when Athenian democracy reached its highest peak, and this was manifested in the fact that all Athenian citizens participated in the government of the state “Age of Pericles” - since the leader of democracy was Pericles, it was to him that the credit belonged to the fact that Athenian democracy reached its peak)
2 points of view belong to a contemporary of Pericles, Thucydides.
He described the situation in Athens in the 5th century BC: “In name democracy, but in reality the rule of the first man
» Slide

- How are you
Do you understand the words of Thucydides? (In words there is democracy, but in reality there is no democracy at all, it is not the people who rule the state, but the first strategist in the person of Pericles, who has unlimited power)
- Who is right?
(Maybe modern historians are mistaken, because they were not witnesses to those distant years, and Thucydides is right, because he is a contemporary of Pericles. Or maybe Thucydides was an enemy of Pericles and slandered him, gave a distorted assessment of the situation in Athens in the 5th century BC.)
Exercise
-You have to solve the problem, and to do this, act as historians-researchers. By analyzing sources, you will collect facts about the situation in Athens in the 5th century BC and enter them into a fishbone diagram
. Slide

All students are given sheets with the diagram.

1st document
studied as an example with the whole class.
Side.
An important written historical source has fallen into your hands - a work of literature, the tragedy of Aeschylus “The Persians”. Aeschylus was a contemporary of Pericles. The tragedy is based not on a mythological plot, but on a historical one - the devastating defeat of the Persian king Xerxes in the naval battle of Salamis. Aeschylus not only describes the battle, but
and compares Greece and Persia. Being historians, you know a lot about the Persians. In particular, how was the Persian state governed? - What was the power of Darius 1? Knowing these facts, you pay attention to such lines of the tragedy...
, Slide 10
“Who is the master of the Athenians? “They are not slaves to mortals, they are not subject to anyone” - What does this answer mean for you, as historians?
1) there are no kings (we write
this fact is included in the diagram) - Who ruled Athens under Pericles? (Refer to the textbook document, p. 193. Find the lines in the document that contain the answer to this question. - all citizens participated in government) - Where did the Athenians gather to resolve state issues?
2) the People's Assembly meets
(we record this fact in the diagram) We are looking for answers to the questions in paragraph 1 of the textbook on the following questions: -How often did the People’s Assembly meet? -Who took part in it
? Slide 10-scheme
composition of the people's assembly To the clarified issues
assignment
to check what you have learned. - imagine that you, as specialists, are asked to explain the plot of the painting by a modern artist “The People's Assembly in Athens”
Slide 11, textbook p.
-Who does the guard kick out of the people's meeting? -Why did you decide so? - Imagine that we found ourselves in Athens in the 5th century BC and I, a citizen of Athens, decided to visit the People’s Assembly. What would happen? - Who else, besides metics, women did not have the right to attend the People's Assembly? - let’s summarize: we found out that in Athens in the 5th century BC1) there were no kings 2) a national assembly was convened
, But
in order to solve the problem that faces you, just establishing the existence of a national assembly is not enough
.
- In which Greek polis was a national assembly convened, but it could not be called democratic? - What do we need to find out next to solve the problem? 1) Did the people's assembly have supreme power? Or was power in the hands of one man - Pericles? 2) What reforms does Pericles carry out? 3) What rights and freedoms did the citizens of Athens enjoy or were they completely deprived of?

Working in groups.

1st group-
Studying documents, he is looking for an answer to the question: Did the People's Assembly have supreme power?
2nd group-
By studying the documents, he finds out what reforms Pericles is carrying out and what are their consequences?
3rd group-
Analyzing the evidence of contemporaries, he finds out what rights and freedoms did Athenian citizens enjoy or did not have them at all? In the group, each student completes a common task, and then a report is heard. Before each group reports, class
receives the task:

- What fact did the group establish?
about the situation in Athens and
write it down in the diagram.

1st group - fact, the supreme power in Athens belonged to the People's Assembly.

Generalization of the teacher after the report 1st group: We turn to the diagram that is on the board.
Before Pericles the main support existing order was an Areopagus. It consisted of older, experienced people belonging to the wealthy class. Areopg monitored the observance of order, execution of laws and decisions of people's assemblies.
Slide.
Pericles deprived the Areopagus of all powers and transferred his functions to the People's Assembly, i.e. supreme power in Athens began to belong to the People's Assembly. The people became the source of power
. Write it down in the diagram: The people are the source of power.

2nd group - fact, a law on payment for elective positions has been adopted; equality of citizens

Teacher's summary:
At the suggestion of Pericles, the Athenians passed a law on the payment of elective positions. For the first time, the poor had the opportunity to actually participate in government. All citizens have equal rights. Everyone, regardless of financial status, could participate in government, which was the ideal of true democracy. Each citizen held one or another position throughout his life
3rd gr.-fact, the right of citizens to freely express their opinions. Right to criticize

officials. Report of officials to the people.

Teacher's summary:
Taking the position was an honor, but not only that. It was also an even greater responsibility. During the one-year service, the official was under the direct control of the people. The people could remove him from office early, i.e.
there was a responsibility of the authorities to the people - write this fact down in the diagram

We return to the project, listen to the end and answer questions: Slide with

question

- Who did Pericles care about - the welfare of the entire people or personal well-being?

So, you have collected a lot of facts about the situation in Athens in the 5th century BC. Let's sum it up

the result of your research.

- What have we learned about Athens in the 5th century BC? -students name the facts they wrote down in

scheme.

- Who is right when assessing the situation in Athens, modern historians or

A contemporary of Pericles, Thucydides?

- What can we say about Athenian democracy under Pericles? Slide with filled

scheme.

Teacher's summary: 5th century BC - “the golden age of Athenian democracy.”
In no other country in the ancient world did such a large number of people participate in government as in Athens under Pericles.
"The Age of Pericles" -
t the leader of democracy was Pericles. He was awarded this honor because he strengthened democracy, and under him it reached its greatest flowering. Pericles means “surrounded by glory” in Greek. Indeed, there was no person in Athens who was listened to as he was. But this was not tyranny. He was the first of ten elected strategists. Every year he relinquished power and reported to the people, as required by law, and every year the people's assembly elected him anew. Pericles ruled not by force, but by word. Plutarch was right when he wrote:
Slide

“For the most part, he led the people with conviction and instruction, so that the people

I wanted the same thing."
It was only when Pericles died that the Athenians realized what a wonderful leader they had lost. The authority of Pericles and his enemies were recognized.
Exercise-
We will now listen to the conversation between Pericles’ friends, which they are having at the bedside of the dying Pericles, but the conversation is suddenly interrupted. Guess what were the last words of Pericles spoken by him during his lifetime?
Include an excerpt from the film “Pericles”, after hearing the students’ versions, watch it until

ends with the words of Pericles.

Teacher
: The idea of democracy - the idea of democracy arose in ancient times, passed through the centuries and established itself in many countries of the world. But Athenian democracy should not be overestimated; we cannot call it exemplary and ideal.
Group task: Identify the shortcomings of democracy in Athens from documents.

10th grade - studies statistics data

2nd group - works with the document “The Athenian philosopher Socrates”

3rd group - studies a specific historical fact

Hear a report from each group

1st group - citizens - minority of the population of Athens

The 2nd group was always able to freely express their opinions.

3rd grade - imperfect election system (the position could be taken by an unworthy person)

Teacher: Despite its shortcomings, Athenian democracy played a huge role in

history of mankind. The principles of democracy developed 25 centuries ago

relevant and important today

-Which? Slide with the principles of democracy.

IV. Reinforcing the material learned

Stage 3 - Reflection

The last task
which you must decide, being scientific researchers: -You need to check the lyrics of the song “The Greeks lived in the fifth century” for historical errors. -Find in the text facts that correspond to reality, and facts that distort historical reality.
Group work
. Each group checks their verse of the song.
Homework:
p 40., draw up a diagram of “Government of Athens under Pericles”, project of Pericles, his friends and enemies”
Evaluate the work in class (while leaving the office): - those who have expanded their knowledge have become better

understand the story, glues a white bean onto an amphora attached to the board. Who is nothing

found out - black bean.

Group task No. 1

Material for study ---- paragraph 40, paragraph 1. paragraph 2-4

Make a diagram: “Issues resolved by the People’s Assembly”, inserting

omissions in the sentence.

1)
People's Assembly…………………..for a period of 1 year………………. ……………………………. The most important position was ………………………………………………………………………………. . - How were the strategists chosen? (oral response) - What functions did the first strategist perform? (oral response)
2)
The meeting announced………………………..and approved peaceful……………………………. . - How? (oral response)
3
) The meeting accepted…………………………….. . -Who could propose a law for voting? (oral response) - How were they received? (oral response)

4
) The meeting ordered …………………………….
5
) The meeting approved…………………………….. …………………………….
2.

Draw a conclusion from the diagram by answering the question and filling in the blanks.

offer.

Question: Did the People's Assembly in Athens have supreme power or not?

Conclusion: The most important issues related to state governance were resolved

by the Athenians on………………………………………….., therefore the supreme power in

Athens belonged
……………………………………. ………………………………..
Tasks of the second group.

Study the documents, find out which law was adopted at the suggestion of Pericles, and

what were its consequences.

1st student 1 document
Pericles said:
“The people must be completely independent of the influence of the rich, they must

to be free from poverty, want and worries in order to be able

study state affairs
through participation in court cases, meetings State Duma, acquire knowledge, education and experience"
Question to the document:

TO
What is Pericles' point of view on the question of whether a poor person should have the right and opportunity to participate in government or is it only the right and opportunity of rich people?

Pericles believed that a poor man is the same as a rich man…………………. was

…………..the right and opportunity to participate in government.

Question ---Did the poor people of Athens have the opportunity to participate in

government? Why? – (oral response)
But participation in government required a lot of time. Not all Athenians could come to the meeting of the national assembly and court. The poor had to work to earn money to live. Pericles thought this was wrong. He wanted even the poorest citizens to participate in government, and he found a way to achieve this.
2nd student
2nd document. "The Athenian Polity" by Aristotle. “First of all, the people receive a salary for ordinary meetings of a drachma, and for the main thing - nine obols. Then the courts receive three obols; further, the members of the Council receive five obols, and those of them who bear additional responsibilities are given four obols for food, then the archon receives one drachma per day.”
At the suggestion of Pericles, a law was passed according to which citizens elected

money from the treasury began to be paid for the position.

Question to the document:
What did Aristotle say Pericles did to give the poor the opportunity to participate in government?
Answer (continue sentence
Aristotle writes about how people are for participating in

meetings, court, Council of Five Hundred began to receive ………………..
.
We have established the following fact:

Under Pericles, ………………….. was adopted, according to which citizens, ………………… on

position became …………………… ………………………….

Consequences of the law

This led to the fact that any citizen, both rich and...................................., noble

and ……..................could take up the position. Thus ………citizens became

participate in government.

Group 3 tasks

What rights did the citizens of Athens have?

Analyze the evidence of Pericles' contemporaries and make

conclusions-

1st student

One contemporary of Pericles wrote: “In the National Assembly, everyone, standing up,

gives advice, expresses his opinion, whether he is a carpenter, a coppersmith, a shoemaker,

merchant, shipowner, rich,
poor, noble, rootless." After the discussion, citizens voted. They threw a white pebble for the proposed solution, and a black one against it.
Question to the document:
What rights did the citizens of Athens have?

Answer(fill in the blanks in the sentence)-

From the document we established that Athenian citizens had the right………………

express………………………..

2nd student

Document No. 2 textbook p. 192 1st paragraph (case in the People's Assembly)

Questions about the document---
1. Did the Athenians or not have the right to freely criticize the officials of the state, even the most important ones, namely the first strategist? Support your answer with evidence from the document.
Answer (fill in the blanks in the sentence) The Athenians…………….right

freely criticize government officials,

even…………………

State the fact from the document orally.
2. Should the first strategist report to the People's Assembly on the work done or not?
Answer (fill in the blanks in the sentence)

The incident in the People's Assembly also shows that the First

strategist, resigning his powers……………….was

……………………….before the People’s Assembly about what has been done

work.

Group 1 tasks

Analyze the statistics and name the disadvantage of the Athens

democracy.

Total
lived in Athens ----
200 thousand people

Citizens
there were only
-------30-40 thousand

Question about statistics data (answer orally)
---Who made up the majority of the population of Athens? (Citizens or non-citizens?)
Answer - (continue sentence)

She governed the state………………. part of the population, since participants

The People's Assembly could only be ……………………, and their

was………………………….

Question:(

answer this question orally)
Who, besides immigrants, did not have the right to hold a position or be a participant in the People's Assembly?
Group 3 tasks

Find out the flaw in Athenian democracy from the fact.

Fact------
There were many positions in Athens. Usually, several citizens sought to occupy the same position - judge, or tax collector, or market supervisor. Which of them should be preferred? They drew lots: whoever gets the white bean is considered the chosen one.
Question
-
What is the disadvantage of this system of elections, elections by

drawing lots? Could an incapable, unworthy person take the position?

Human?

Answer this question orally.

Group 2 tasks

Find the flaw in Athenian democracy by examining the document on page 194

"The Athenian philosopher Socrates"

Questions about the document
----
1.
Was it always possible to speak your mind freely in Athens?
2.
What verdict did the court give to Socrates, who expressed his own special view of the structure of the world?
Answer these questions orally

1st verse

The Greeks lived in the 5th century

The people were wise.

They believed in God and in democracy.

And at the general meeting

By all accounts

They chose Pericles over the aristocracy.

2nd verse

Everyone raised their hands in unison,

There is no need to doubt here.

He was a very educated man

He was an excellent speaker

I didn't spend my money in vain

He erected statues and temples.

3rd verse

Has been slandered many times

Citizens were not executed at the same time,

Loved justice and law,

And for fifteen years in a row,

Elected, they say

He was the very first democrat.

Athenian democracy under Pericles

DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS IN THE V CENTURY B.C.

The political structure of any state largely depends on the position and role in society of the main social groups. This fully applies to the Athenian polis. Athenian democracy, which was born as a result of the reforms of Cleisthenes at the turn of the archaic and classical eras, over the next decades constantly developed and modified.

An important role in strengthening the democracy of the system was played by the system implemented in the 80s of the 5th century. BC e. maritime program Themistocles, which provided for the creation of a powerful navy. First of all, the poorest citizens were recruited as oarsmen on the Athenian triremes, whose income did not allow them to purchase hoplite armor and fight in the ranks of the phalanx. As a result, military sailors became the force that played a decisive role in the liberation of the entire Greek world from the threat of enslavement. Accordingly, the political role of this part of the civil collective has increased. Since from now on the fleet, and not the land army, became the basis of the Athenian armed forces, the voice of the fetes (the poorest Athenians) in public life became incomparably more significant. As a result, democracy turned out to be oriented not at the middle, but at the least affluent segments of the population. In 487 BC. e. On the initiative of Themistocles, a reform of power (archontate) was carried out: if earlier archons were elected by voting in the people's assembly, now they began to be appointed by lot. This led to the fact that the post, considered the highest in the polis, increasingly began to be occupied by ignorant people. political leaders, but absolutely random people, which reduced the importance of the archontic magistracy.

However, after repelling the invasion of Xerxes in 480-479 II. BC e. The radicalization of Athenian democracy stopped for about two decades, and even moreover, the process temporarily reversed. Aristocrat Kimon, in the 70-60s of the 5th century. BC e. actually stood at the helm of the state and enjoyed enormous influence after his glorious victories in Greco-Persian wars, was an opponent of the widespread participation of the demos in managing the life of the polis. He was more impressed by hard government system Sparta, based on discipline and unconditional submission of ordinary citizens to the authorities. Under him, democratic reforms in Athens were suspended. Cimon was supported by the Council of the Areopagus.

This ancient aristocratic body, whose “golden age” seemed to be a thing of the distant past, managed to strengthen its position by showing itself worthily during the difficult times of the war with the Persians. In particular, it was the Areopagites who stopped the panic and organized the evacuation of residents when the troops of Xerxes in 480 BC. e. were approaching Athens. After this, taking advantage of his increased authority, the Areopagus appropriated to himself a number of important political functions: began to conduct checks on citizens elected to public office, accept reports from magistrates after the expiration of their term of office, and judge those officials whose reports were considered unsatisfactory. The changes that took place in public life, undoubtedly, should be defined as a “step back” in the evolution of Athenian democracy, as an expansion of the participation of the aristocracy in the leadership of the state.

The next stage of democratization of the Athenian polis began in the late 40s of the 5th century. BC e. and lasted for about a decade. Cimon's political opponents, supporters of increasing the role of the demos in government, managed to gain the upper hand: in 461 BC. e. Cimon was ostracized and expelled from Athens. The democratic group that came to power was led by Ephialtes and still young, but already famous for his outstanding oratorical talent Pericles In 462/461 BC. e. At the suggestion of Ephialtes, an extremely important reform of the Areopagus was carried out. The ancient council lost its illegally assigned powers, which were now distributed among the democratic governing bodies - the people's assembly, the helium and the Council of Five Hundred.

Plan of Athens

Soon after this, Ephialtes was killed under mysterious circumstances, but Pericles continued the democratic reforms. They took place throughout the 50s of the 5th century. BC e. Extremely important had an introduction mystophoria– remuneration of officials. At first, judges-jurors began to receive payment for the performance of their duties; the mystophoria was soon extended to the members of the Council of Five Hundred, and then to many other magistrates, which allowed poor citizens to participate more actively in political life than before. And they immediately took advantage of this opportunity, little by little depriving the aristocracy of its monopoly on the majority. government posts. So, in 457 BC. e. Zeugites were allowed to be elected to the positions of archons, previously available only to pentacosiomedimnes and equestrians (representatives of the first two class ranks). The fet did not formally receive this right, but in fact they, too, could become archons: when putting forward their candidacy for the draw, the fet simply kept silent about his belonging to the lowest category of citizens, and the authorities pretended not to notice the deception.

At the same time, democratic changes took place in the judicial system. There was a transition from open to secret voting in helium, which reduced the ability of the aristocracy to really influence the passing of sentences, influencing ordinary citizens in various ways. Members of judicial panels began to be elected by lot, which was considered a purely democratic method in those days. General application in the political system various kinds the drawing of lots, especially in the election of officials, has increased significantly.

At the turn of the 60-50s of the 5th century. BC e. The activities of the People's Assembly are significantly intensified. It began to gather more often than before. On the Pnyx, a hill in central Athens, a special structure was built for the work of the national assembly, with rows of benches for citizens and a platform for speakers. In 453 BC. e. The traveling judicial panels, introduced by Pisistratus but subsequently abolished, were revived and tried locally, in rural demes, litigation between farmers. The goal was to limit the power of the local aristocracy.

The decision adopted in 451 BC makes an ambiguous impression. e. on the initiative of Pericles, the law on citizenship. According to this law, only those persons who could confirm their belonging to the civil collective on both the paternal and maternal lines were considered full citizens of Athens. This consolidated the citizens of the policy. But this law was very inconvenient for the nobility, since many Athenian aristocrats from ancient times entered into marriages with women from other states, including non-Greek ones. Thus, the wife of Miltiades and the mother of Cimon was a Thracian princess. Now children from “mixed” marriages could not become Athenian citizens. As a result of the adoption of this law, the civil collective of Athens seemed to turn into a privileged class of “selected” who were only allowed to enjoy all the benefits of democracy.

The reforms of Ephialtes and Pericles led to the fact that by the middle of the 5th century. BC e. The democratic structure of the Athenian polis acquired a classical appearance. Demos really took power into its own hands, gradually getting rid of the “tutorship” of the aristocrats.

SUMMARY OF AN OPEN LESSON ON THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD IN 5TH GRADE

Lesson topic: « Athenian democracy under Pericles"

Filippenkova N.A

Simferopol, 2017

Methodological development

Lesson:"Athenian democracy under Pericles".

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

- introduce you to ancient democracy;

Show the positive and negative features of Athenian democracy, which was the world's first experience of a state based on democracy.

Educational:

Continue developing the ability to use the text of a historical source when answering questions on the topic, reading skills historical map.

To develop in students the ability to highlight the main thing, compare, analyze, and draw conclusions;

Continue developing self-esteem and communication skills.

Educational:

Continue to instill a sense of citizenship, patriotism, justice, and the desire to take care of people.

Formation of UUD

Cognitive: master ideas about Athenian democracy; use sign-symbolic means, search and highlight the necessary information in the text of the document, master the skill of semantic perception of cognitive text; establish cause-and-effect relationships; carry out analysis, build a logical chain of reasoning.

Regulatory: plan your actions in accordance with the task and the conditions for its implementation, evaluate the result of the work.

Communicative: collaborate with other students and build productive interaction, the ability to express one’s thoughts, the ability to listen and hear.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Methodological support: textbook “History of the Ancient World” by A. A. Vigasin, G.I. Godera, I.S. Sventsichkoy, M.: Education, 2015.

Equipment: presentation, computer, handouts (documents, worksheet)

Methods used: verbal (explanation, conversation), visual and illustrative, practical (working with a map, working with a historical document), deductive.

Forms and methods of subject diagnostics, meta-subject results:

1. Monitoring work in pairs.

2. Assessing the personal, meta-subject and subject results of students by filling out the “Lesson Results Table”.

3. Monitoring the development of communication skills.

4. Worksheet (assessing the correctness of answers).

Progress lesson

Organizing time

Hello dear guys. The most amazing phenomenon in the world is human kindness. Give each other smiles. Share your good mood with each other. Thank you!

2.Updating students' basic knowledge

Today we will continue our journey through Ancient Greece. And what does a traveler need first of all? Of course the map. Let's turn to her.

On which peninsula did the Hellenes live? (Balkan)

What seas is the Balkan Peninsula washed by? (Aegean and Ionian)

Which area is highlighted on the map? (Attica)

Which of the most beautiful cities is in Attica? (Athens)

Well done! What city will we talk about today? That's right - this is Athens.

3. Determining the topic and objectives of the lesson

The Athenians believed that a citizen who did not participate in public life was useless to the state. They were proud that, being common people, they took part in government.

Guys, what did the Athenians call this form of government in their polis? (democracy)

- Who owns the following words:

“The long-suffering mother earth is black,

From which I threw down the pillory,

A slave before, but now free"

Remember Solon's contribution to the history of the Draenei of Greece.

Prove that thanks to the laws of Solon, democracy began to be established in Athens.

You will find out who will be the person who will continue the work of Solon if you solve the crossword puzzle correctly.

		P	AND		R		E		Y
	D	E		M		ABOUT		WITH
F	E	R		M		ABOUT		P	AND	L	Y
	D	AND		WITH		TO
	A	TO		R		ABOUT		P	ABOUT	L	b
A	T	L		E		T

Right. Athenian democracy reached its greatest blossoming under the strategist Pericles.

So, we have determined that the topic of our lesson is: “Athenian democracy under Pericles”

Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebook.

Guys, what do you think we should find out today? What would you like to know for yourself? Why do you think this topic is important to us? Is this topic relevant today?

Students give answers to the questions asked.

(can use a template)

Today in class we will study...

This topic is relevant for us because...

At the end of the lesson I...

The significance of this topic is enormous; the idea of democracy arose in ancient times, passed through the centuries and became established in many countries of the world, including in our country. Therefore, by studying the Athenian democracy of the time of Pericles, you can learn important lessons for yourself as a citizen about selfless service to your Fatherland.

There were no kings in Athens; the state was ruled by the demos. In no other state of the Ancient World did so many people, ordinary workers, participate in government as in Athens.

"Collective Echo"

- Today it is very important that we establish feedback with you. Let's do this: I will clap, and you must repeat these clapping synchronously. This is very important because we will thus highlight information that is important to us. Let's try.

Well done! We have a sense of rhythm. Let's get to work.

Student assessment criteria

Today your grade will be the sum of 2 - this is the grade for completing the worksheet tasks and your self-esteem.

3.Perception and initial awareness of new material

What did the People's Assembly do?

Guys, before class I received an unusual letter. It is addressed to you. Read it.

“We invite everyone to the People’s Assembly.”

What inaccuracy did you notice in the invitation? (Women, immigrants, slaves did not go to the People's Assembly).

What did the women do? Was it fair?

Right. The supreme body was the People's Assembly, in which all Athenian citizens over 20 years of age participated.

Guys, who was considered a full citizen? (whose father and mother were Athenians).

Working with textbook text

The teacher suggests turning to paragraph 1 of paragraph 40

How do we conduct referendums and elections? (putting the sheets into the trash bin).

Drawing up an “Associative Scheme”

Another important body was the “Council of Five Hundred,” which preliminarily considered cases submitted for discussion to the People’s Assembly. Of particular importance, and Athens, was the jury, elected by lot.

Watching a video fragment

Here is a diagram, however, when compiling it, the program deleted the contents of several cells. Your task is to restore the content of this diagram using this video fragment. The cells must indicate the functions that these controls performed. (Annex 1)

Public service was paid for from the treasury.

In the middle of the 5th century BC. Athens became the richest state in Greece. The time of prosperity and power of Athens is called the Golden Age (479-431). One of the most prominent statesmen of Athens of this era was Pericles. The people completely entrusted him with the management of the state. For 15 years (443-429), Pericles was annually elected general. What attracted people to Pericles?

Working with a document

Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman- world-famous scientist, philologist and cultural specialist. He said something like this: « The historian is doomed to deal with texts.” Guess what we will do now? Let's work correctly with the historical source.

The teacher offers to get acquainted with an excerpt from the historical source “Comparative Lives” of Plutarch and characterize the personality of Pericles.

-What kind of person was Pericles?

Using clapping, we draw attention to the significance of the answers.

Summarizing

So, despite his noble origin, Pericles expressed the interests of the demos. He believed that the poor should have the same rights as rich citizens. In the interests of Athenian democracy, Pericles carried out reforms.

Working with Crossenses (Appendix 2.3)

The guys were offered 3 crossence options. By leaving an associative chain, the children will find out what reforms were carried out by Pericles.

- Nine images are arranged in such a way that each picture has a connection with the previous and subsequent ones, and the central one unites several in meaning at once. Your job is to explain crossense through the relationship of images.

-Now you can answer the question what reforms were carried out by Pericles.

Writing in a notebook.

Payments were introduced to officials

Physical education minute

Guys, we did a great job with you. Now let's take a short break. Each of us knows what to do free time usefully needed. What do you think is more beneficial: active or passive rest? Well, of course, you are right, active. (Performing a set of exercises)

4. Pericles, his friends and enemies

Fate itself predicted that Pericles would become, following the example of his father, a politician. But for a long time he avoided it in every possible way. Why? What fears haunted Pericles?

Brainstorm

Guys, remember what was the first book from the additional literature of the course that you read?

(D Ervilly E. “The Adventure of a Prehistoric Boy”)

What punishment did you receive? main character books? (expulsion from the tribe)

How are these two facts related? What could Pericles be afraid of?

Fear of expulsion that appeared in childhood. Pericles more than once witnessed how an unwanted member of the Athenian community was expelled from the polis for 10 years. The procedure was grim. On the appointed day, each citizen in the assembly wrote on the shard he brought with him the name of the person whom, in his opinion, should be expelled; then he entered a special enclosed space and placed the shard, holding it with the face down. Then the calculation was made, first total number shards; if there were less than six thousand, the vote was considered invalid. Otherwise, they were ranked according to name, and the one against whom the largest number of votes were cast had to go into exile within ten days (10 days were given to settle personal affairs). His father and uncle were subjected to this procedure. This left a deep imprint on the soul of little Pericles.

Work in pairs

Shard of Ostracism

What was the name of the procedure for removing a citizen from the policy? You will know if you decipher the word correctly. Before you is a set of numbers, each number corresponds to the serial number of a letter of the alphabet. By replacing numbers with letters, you get the term.

16, 19, 20, 18, 1 ,12, 10, 9, 14

O S T R A K I Z M

Writing in a notebook

Ostracism – it is the expulsion of a citizen from the city.

Using claps, we draw attention to the importance of the conclusion.

Pericles did not want ordinary citizens to turn into beggars living at the expense of the state. Therefore, at his suggestion, temples, public buildings, and fortifications were built in the city. Athens has become the most beautiful city in Greece. Construction provided jobs to many citizens. People of various professions were employed at construction sites: from loaders and donkey drivers to skilled sculptors and architects. The Athenians mastered new types of craft. Gradually, many of them became good specialists.

What objects were built under Pericles?

Working with the map

Look at the picture and write the names.

Summarizing.

During the time of Pericles, active construction works. The construction of the Parthenon was completed, construction of the Erechtheion temple began, the Propylaea was built, statues of the goddess Athena were created, and large construction continued in the Athenian port of Piraeus.

- Guys, remember who these words belong to?

“In great matters it is difficult to please everyone at once” (Solon)

Pericles, like Salon, had not only supporters, but also opponents. They slandered him and his friends, accusing them of crimes. In 429 BC. n. e. Pericles fell ill with the plague. When he was dying, friends, sitting at his bedside, recalled what a wonderful statesman he was.

Summarizing

During the time of Pericles, Athens was the most powerful state of Hellas, its cultural center.

6. Primary consolidation of the studied material

Solving cognitive problems

In Athens, a father is going to the Meeting, his 18-year-old son wants to go with him and also take part. However, his father tells him that this is impossible. Why?

The Athenians consider Cleitus dangerous to democracy. How could this end for him?

7. Summing up

What changed in the government of Athens under Pericles?

For the first time in history, payment for the performance of elected positions was introduced.

Were the Athenians right to choose Pericles as chief strategist?

The Athenians were right, because... both poor and rich citizens were given the opportunity to participate in government.

Do you think the decline or rise of democracy occurred during the reign of Pericles? Can we consider Athenian democracy exemplary?

In a personal direction
Did you like the lesson?



In the meta-subject direction


In the subject direction

In a personal direction
Did you like the lesson?
Did you enjoy working in pairs?
Did you manage to resolve the problematic issue of the lesson?
Did we manage to highlight relevant and useful information for you?
In the meta-subject direction
Did you like the method of defining a new term?
Did working with crossens help you in determining Pericles' reforms?
In the subject direction
Do you know everything about the activities of Pericles and the development of democracy in Greece?
Do you understand what the main functions of the People's Assembly, the Council of Five Hundred were?

National Assembly in Athens under Pericles. What did the People's Assembly do?

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