Separate agreed upon definition. Definition in Russian

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH? When parsing sentences, definitions are underlined with a wavy line.

Definitions usually appear as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjacency (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, KNOWLEDGE (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions connected to nouns using agreement are called agreed upon, using control or connection – inconsistent.

Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (ADVANCED ROUTE), possessive pronouns(OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in indirect cases (HOUSE - which one? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), comparative degree an adjective (I DIDN’T SEE THE STORM - which one? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what kind? - TO LEARN) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK).

Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (which?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are entirely appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEETING (with whom?) WITH FRIENDS and MEETING (what?) WITH FRIENDS. In these phrases, WITH FRIENDS will be both an addition and a definition.

Separation- this is the highlighting on both sides of a letter with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, parentheses) of some part of the sentence.

Definitions are distinguished in accordance with the following rules.

1. An agreed definition consisting of several words and relating to the preceding noun is isolated. Compare two sentences:

Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.
Overgrown with grass path led to the river.

2. The agreed definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For example:

Happy he is
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Pleased with your success, he told me about them.
He, happy with his successes, told me about them.

Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is highlighted with commas. If a definition has dependent words, then together they make up attributive phrase.

This rule has three notes:

1. An agreed definition (both single-word and consisting of several words), relating to a noun and standing in front of it, can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of reason (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstances of the reason). For example:

Tired, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.

(In both sentences the definition explains reason refusal to climb again.)

2. Definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For example:

He could hear things are quite unpleasant for yourself (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).

3. The definition is isolated, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For example:

In the end of January, covered in the first thaw, Cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).

Exercise

They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).

Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and late at night sat without undressing (Pushkin).

The old woman, looking at him from behind the partition, could not know whether he had fallen asleep or was just thinking (Pushkin).

Foolovites, who were not strong enough in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).

The waves of the sea, encased in granite, are suppressed by enormous weights sliding along their ridges, hitting the sides of ships, the shores, beating and grumbling, foamed, polluted with various rubbish (Gorky).

In its long beak, curved at the end, the seagull held a small fish.

And either he made a grimace - blinded by the setting sun - or his face was generally characterized by some strangeness, only his lips seemed too short... (Mann).

The curious and inquisitive children immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.

His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.

He opened his notebook and drew two segments parallel to each other.

Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.

But now they did not speak for long, - the wise one, who did not interfere with their judgment, spoke himself: “Stop! There is punishment. This is a terrible punishment; You wouldn’t invent something like this in a thousand years!” (Bitter).

A small night_bird_ silently and low rushing on its soft wings_ almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side (Turgenev).

1. Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail that had come out of the felt padding of the clamp (Aitmatov).
2. Lying on his armour-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex belly, divided by arched scales, on the top of which the blanket, ready to finally slide off, was barely holding on (Kafka).
3. In the bright dawn, the black tops of birches were outlined, thin as letters (Pasternak).
4. The princess absolutely hates me, two or three epigrams about me have already been retold to me - quite caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
5. I am still trying to explain to myself what kind of feeling was boiling in my chest then: it was the annoyance of offended pride, and contempt, and anger - born at the thought - that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm insolence - two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, because wounded in the leg a little more severely, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
6. Grease the mold to prevent it from rusting and remove kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
7. Staggering and gasping for breath, he finally went ashore, saw a robe lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed himself with it until his numb body warmed up (Hesse).
8. My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, with the intention of setting up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to study the art of paramedics (Herzen).
9. Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
10. But that’s not all: the third in this company was a cat that had come from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook... (Bulgakov).
11. Winter evening on December 14th_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
12. The fields, all the fields, stretched right up to the sky, now rising slightly, then falling again; here and there small forests could be seen, dotted with rare and low bush _ ravines curled... (Turgenev).
13. One, black, large and shabby, was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
14. The strangest incidents are those that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
    Doctor Budakh_ washed up_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).

1. Usually, are isolated(separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are separated by commas on both sides) agreed common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined.

For example: A dirty city downpour struck, mixed with dust (B. Past.) ; Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, missed you all the way to the Yenisei(Spread); Master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded(Hall.); In the rough grass similar to goat hair, low purple flowers bloomed between the low wormwoods(Color.); Dust, pink from the sparkle of lightning, rushed along the ground(Paust.); loose clouds, nourished dark water , rushed low over the sea(Paust.).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words, standing after an indefinite pronoun, are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun.

For example: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in mine. something like hope (Lermontov).

But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition that follows it is less close and a pause is made when reading after the pronoun, then isolation is possible.

For example: And someone sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store... (V. Panova)

3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them, but are closely adjacent to it.

For example: IN everything published in the book factual data has been verified by the author; IN this forgotten by people I rested in the corner all summer; Your handwritten the lines were hard to read.

But if the attributive pronoun is substantivized or if the participial phrase has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated.

For example: All, railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, dear to me, human...(Bitter).

Often sentences with agreed upon definitions allow for variations in punctuation.

Compare: That middle one plays better than the others (That– definition for a substantivized word average). – That one, the middle one, plays better than others(substantivized word That– subject, with it isolated definition average ).

The common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun.

For example: Nobody qualified for the Olympics did not solve the last problem; Can't compare to these dishes nothing served under the same name in vaunted taverns (although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more consistent single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition.

For example: . ..Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are isolated or not, depending on the author's intonation and semantic load, as well as their location (definitions that stand between the subject and the predicate are isolated).

Compare:

1) ...I especially liked the eyes, big and sad (Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, set out on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick knot and was silent...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat my heart was beating passionate and noble (Lermontov); I walked along a clean, smooth path, but didn’t follow(Yesenin); He moved his bow across the old gypsy violin lean and gray (Marshak).

5. The agreed single (non-extended) definition is isolated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and in meaning can be equated to a subordinate clause.

For example: The caretaker, sleepy, appeared at his cry.(Turgenev);

2) if it has additional circumstantial meaning.

For example: To a young man, to a lover, it’s impossible not to spill the beans, but I confessed everything to Rudin(Turgenev) (Compare: “ if he's in love»); Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined.

For example: Their eyes closed and, half-closed, they also smiled(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning.

For example: And about five minutes later it was pouring heavily,(Chekhov).

6. Consistent common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary).

For example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of a cargo fist, At first Bulanin staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to our own devices, children will find themselves in a difficult situation; Wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nezhdanov looked wild and strange(Turgenev); Well-versed in real village life, Bunin literally flew into a rage at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of mom's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Confused, Mironov bowed to his back(Bitter).

7. An agreed common or single definition is isolated if it is torn off from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is located before or after the word being defined).

For example: And again, cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope...(Sholokhov); Spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and pants were drying...(V. Panova); Over the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid (Fedin) (several separate definitions, often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions relating to the personal pronoun are isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition.

For example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paustovsky); From him, the jealous one, locked in the room, you made me lazy, kind words remember(Simonov).

Definitions for personal pronouns are not separated:

a) if the definition is meaningfully and grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate.

For example: We went away happy with their evening (Lermontov); He's coming out of the back rooms already completely upset... (Goncharov); To the hut we arrived soaked through (Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the form accusative case (this design, with a touch of obsolescence, can be replaced modern design with the instrumental case).

For example: I found him ready to hit the road(Pushkin) (compare " found it ready...»); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); See also: And when she’s drunk, the police hit her on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences type: Oh, you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns(usually with a preposition) V artistic speech are usually isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized.

For example: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded through the streets and boulevards(L. Tolstoy); Some kind of fat woman, with sleeves rolled up and apron raised, stood in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five, without frock coats, in only vests, were playing...(Goncharov).

In a neutral style of speech, there is a steady tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions.

For example: Teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets- permanent inhabitants of underground passages.

Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined.

For example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat., the general was returning from lunch, alone(Turgenev).

Typically, such inconsistent definitions are isolated (the isolation of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is affected by their location):

a) if they refer to your own name.

For example: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of his head and a shawl, sitting on the sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna never left my memory, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes(A.N. Tolstoy); Light brown, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed beautiful and extraordinary(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun.

For example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy); ...Today she, in the new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(Bitter);

c) if separated from the defined word by any other members of the sentence.

For example: After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, where in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common noun); On his ruddy face, with a straight big nose, bluish eyes shone sternly(Bitter);

d) if they form a series homogeneous members with preceding or following separate agreed upon definitions.

For example: I saw a man wet, in rags, with a long beard (Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a lump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of water, he was a funny figure(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed in).

Inconsistent definitions are often identified when naming persons based on degree of relationship, profession, or position held. etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message.

For example: Grandfather, in grandma's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(Bitter); Headman, in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L. Tolstoy).

Isolating an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject.

For example: Women, with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(Turgenev); Painter, drunk, drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter).

Compare also: ...It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the entire yard, with buildings, rose and walked silently towards the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, combination with buildings would not play the role of definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a phrase with the comparative form of an adjective are separated if the defined noun is usually preceded by an agreed definition.

For example: Force, stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev); Short beard slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room, almost twice as much, was called the hall...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated.

For example: But at other times there was no more active person than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indefinite form verb, before which you can put the words “namely” without damaging the meaning.

For example: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful - shine and die (Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides.

For example: . ..Each of them solved this issue - leave or stay- for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

For example: Since there was only one choice left - lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, then the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).

See next page

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy-tale characters waiting for them before bed.

It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.

Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:

• kind (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
• “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.

• “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that give Additional information about the item or clarifying its belonging to any person. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”

• "Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:

• adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
• pronoun - (whose?) my dog ​​got off the leash;
• numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
• communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.

A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:

• “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
• “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
• “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in plural and the nominative case, then the definition agrees with it in this.

Isolated (this was shown) can appear both before and after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:

1. Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
2. Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”

Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:

• A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
• with dependent words. From afar, we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.

Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Definition structure

According to their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.

The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the most great luck(which one?) - hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separating the participle

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which occur most often, is a single participle with this type of definition is placed if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated on both sides by commas.
• The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.

You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb 1st conjugation, the suffix is ​​written -ushch -yushch (thinks - thinking, write - writers);
• when created in the present day. time of the active participle 2 sp., use -ash-yasch (smoke - smoking, sting - stinging);
• in the past time active participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Isolation of an adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).

• An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They, tired, went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is shared by other words, a separate definition (examples from fiction this is demonstrated) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.

• Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.

Such constructions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.

Didactic material for studying the topic “Agreed and inconsistent definitions.”

№1 Replace noun phrases with agreed definitions with noun phrases with inconsistent definitions expressed by controlled nouns.

Sample. A steel knife is a knife made of steel.

Leather briefcase; china; black-eyed boy; gray-bearded old man; Bactrian camel; six-barreled mortar. Autumn days, bird voices, sister's book.

№2 . Find definitions in the excerpt from the work “Forest and Steppe” (“Notes of a Hunter”) and indicate which parts of speech they are expressed by. Instead of dots, come up with appropriate definitions-epithets, then check them with Turgenev’s text and determine which epithets Turgenev used.

And how beautiful this same forest is in late autumn, when the woodcocks arrive! They don't stay in the middle of nowhere; you need to look for them along the edge. There is no wind, and there is no sun, no light, no shadow, no movement, no noise; there is an autumn smell in the air, similar to the smell of wine; . . . the fog stands in the distance above. . . fields. Through the naked ones. . . the branches of the trees turn white peacefully. . . sky; in some places the latter are hanging on linden trees. . . leaves. The damp earth is elastic underfoot; the tall, dry blades of grass do not move; long threads shine on... the grass.

№3 Rewrite, opening the brackets and agreeing on the definitions; fill in the missing letters.

It has already fallen over the (distant) bend of the river, over the (yellowing) sands, over the (steep) bank, over the (silent) forest on the other side.

The sounds dimmed, the colors faded, and the face of the earth was slowly overshadowed by a haze of peace, fatigue, under a (calm), deep (blue), star-studded (rarely white) sky.

The barge and the boat next to it, little by little (losing) their outlines, moved vaguely and darkly along the shore. Reflecting and fragmenting with a (crimson) reflection, a fire was burning near the (very) water, and a hanging pot splashed on the (hissing) coals (running down) with foam, they crawled and moved, looking for something along the (narrow ) strip of (coastal) sand, (long) shadow, and the cliff rose thoughtfully.

1.Definition- this is a minor member of the sentence, which means attribute of an object and answers the questions which? whose?

For example: stone(which house; house (what?) made of stone; checkered(Which dress; dress (what kind?) in a cage; mom's(whose?) jacket; jacket (whose?) moms.

2. A definition always refers to a noun, a pronoun-noun, or another word that acts in the meaning of a noun.

Note!

What questions? whose? are asked from a verb, then the word answering this question is the nominal part of the predicate.

I gone(Which?) upset; He sat(Which?) tired.

3. According to the method of expression, definitions are divided into two types:

Agreed Definitions;

Inconsistent definitions.

Agreed Definitions agree with the main (defined) word in gender, number and case.

Wed: native edge; native the edges; V relatives edges.

In direct word order, the agreed definitions come before the main word.

Ways to Express an Agreed Definition

Form

Examples

1. Full adjective

Solar day; darling book; fathers words.

2. Full Communion

Completed case; verdant forest.

3. Pronoun-adjective

All sorts of things word; someone's hand; this city; no noise.

4. Ordinal number

First day; in second row.

5. Numeral one

One feather; one notebook.

Inconsistent definitions associated with the main word using:

management– an object is placed with the main word in a certain case.

Wed: house made of stone; in the house made of stone;

adjacencies– an object is an unchangeable part of speech or an unchangeable form.

Wed: egg soft-boiled; a cap askew; her dress.

Inconsistent definitions with direct word order appear after the main word. The exception is the possessive pronouns his, her, them, which occupy a position before the main word.

Ways to express inconsistent definitions

Form

Examples

1. Noun, pronoun-noun in indirect case with or without preposition

Flight pilot; blouse dotted; lady in Hat; skirt folds; furniture birch; alley in front of the house; jar from under the cream.

2. Infinitive

Thirst to know; pursuit see.

3. Adverb

Turn left; eyes bulging.

4. Comparative adjective

Trees slightly less; watermelons sooner.

5. Possessive pronouns his, her, them

Her Brother; their care.

6. Whole phrases with the main word - noun

Young woman with blue eyes; young woman tall; Human great mind .

4. Since inconsistent definitions may be expressed various parts speeches to which you can ask the appropriate morphological questions (cf.: furniture (which? / from what?) made of birch; the desire (which? / what to do?) to see; turn (which? / where?) to the left), then sometimes it happens It is quite difficult to distinguish between inconsistent definitions and additions and circumstances.

Ways to distinguish inconsistent definitions and additions, circumstances

1) Many (but not all!) inconsistent definitions can be replaced by consistent definitions.

Wed: jacket moms – mom's sweater; dress in a cage – checkered dress; vase made of crystal – crystal vase; order commander – commander's order; girl three years – three-year-old girl; relationship friendship – friendly relationship; solution ships – judicial solution; boat with sail – sailing boat.

Note. Please note that it is not always possible to replace inconsistent definitions with consistent definitions (jar from under the cream, skirt into the fold, wish to know, turn left). Therefore, the absence of a replacement does not yet indicate that this form is not a definition.

2) The definition indicates the attribute, while the complement indicates the object.

For example:
Man walked with a suitcase.
I got up in queue behind the man with a suitcase.

In the first sentence ( Man walked with a suitcase) the object with a suitcase refers to a predicate verb (the definition cannot refer to a verb!) and indicates the object of the action of the subject. In the second sentence ( I got up in queue behind the man with a suitcase) same shape with a suitcase is a definition, since “suitcase” is not an object, but a sign by which a given man can be distinguished from another man.

The same can be demonstrated with examples: lady in a hat; Human great mind; blouse dotted. The presence of a “hat” - hallmark ladies; the presence of a “great mind” is a distinctive feature of a person; the presence of “polka dots” on a blouse is a distinctive feature of the blouse.

3) If in a sentence a noun with a preposition or an adverb refers to a verb and is a circumstance, then with a noun they usually become an inconsistent definition, indicating a feature of an object by position in space, time, purpose, reason, etc.

Wed: Bench costs(Where?) at the house. – On the bench(Which?) at the house sat three girlfriends; We entered(Where?) to the hall. – Entrance(Which?) to the hall was closed.

4) The most common forms and meanings of inconsistent definitions are the following:

Meaning

Way of expression

Examples

1. Affiliation

Album sisters(cf.: the album belongs to the sister), book brother(cf.: the book belongs to my brother).

2. Carrier of the trait

Greenery parks(cf.: parks are green), whiteness snow(cf.: white snow).

3. Content of the defined concept

Noun in genitive case

Rules behavior; policy peace.

Noun in the prepositional case with the preposition o (about)

Question about inheritance; book about discoveries.

Infinitive

Passion contradict; wish study.

4. Action producer

Noun in genitive case

Singing birds(cf.: birds sing); opening Columba(cf.: Columbus discovered).

5. Qualitative characteristics object (trait, property, age, measure, quantity, attribute by position in space)

Whole phrase in the genitive case

Human great mind; Human tall; girl three years.

Dress dotted; tie into a spark.

House with mezzanine; boat with sail.

Noun in prepositional case with preposition in

Lady in Hat; Human spectacled; lake In the woods.

Inscription in English; egg soft-boiled; eyes bulging.

6. Material

House made of stone; dress from chintz; vase made of crystal.

7. Origin

Noun in genitive case with preposition from

General of the soldiers; headman of the men.

8. Substance contained in the item

Noun in the genitive case with the preposition from under

Bottle from under the milk; jar from under the cream.

9. Source

Noun in the genitive case with the preposition from

Belt from the dress; funnel from a shell.

Note!

Some forms that are similar in meaning:

1) The genitive case form of a verbal noun is a determiner if it indicates the subject of the action, and a complement if it indicates the object of the action.

Opening Columba; opening America – Columbus opened America.

2) The form of the genitive case with the main word - a noun is a definition if the main word indicates part of the whole, expressed by the form of the genitive case (wall Houses– the wall is part of the house). The genitive case form is an addition if the main word indicates a container, and the genitive case form indicates a substance (cf. cup tea– the cup is not part of the tea; bag potatoes– the bag is not part of the potato).

The distinction between inconsistent definitions and other minor members is important not only for the syntactic parsing of sentences, but also for the placement of punctuation marks in a sentence (!).

Definition parsing plan

Indicate the type of definition (agreed – inconsistent). Indicate which morphological form definition is expressed.

Sample parsing

I remember nursery joy grandmothers at sight Nizhny Novgorod(M. Gorky).

Children's room (joy) is an agreed definition expressed by an adjective. ( Joy) grandmothers– an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

The attachment of definitions to words of objective meaning (primarily nouns) forms their main function - naming the attribute of an object. Due to this same attachment, definitions (if they do not lose their defining function) cannot occupy the position of determining members in a sentence, i.e.

The dependent component of the phrase is always duplicated, but often with more specific semantics, cf.: Children entered first grade; The ninth grade this year became the first grade in academic performance.

The nature syntactic connection definitions with a defined word, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

Consistent definitions are expressed by those parts of speech that, relating to the word being defined, are capable of being similar to it in number and case, and in the singular - in gender. They can be expressed by adjectives: The door to the wet porch opened again (A.K.T.); participle: My steps echoed dully in the frozen air (T.); pronominal adjective: Our fortress stood on a high place (L.); ordinal number: The second boy, Pavlusha, had disheveled hair (T.); Behind the third gate the crew was waiting (Eb.); quantitative numeral one: I knew only one thought, power, one, but fiery passion (L.).

The specific meanings of the agreed definitions are very varied and depend on lexical meaning the words by which they are expressed. Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives denote the quality, color of an object: She was tormented by the thirst for glory, and the terrible power of self-sacrifice, and insane courage, and a feeling of childish, mischievous, piercing happiness (Fad.); It was a clear, blue lake, with an extraordinary expression of water (Eb.). Definitions expressed by relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object by its location and time: We spent yesterday in the forest on our long-range batteries (Inb.); Rural library was near the school; sign of an object based on the material: Through the thick net of rain, a hut with a plank roof and two chimneys (T.) was visible; affiliation: The dead man did not let the regimental banner leave his hands. Definitions expressed possessive adjectives, as well as possessive pronouns, indicate belonging: His grandfather’s face bent over his face (M.G.); Goodbye sea! I will not forget your solemn beauty and for a long, long time I will hear your roar in evening hours(P.). Definitions expressed by indefinite pronouns indicate the uncertainty of an object in relation to quality, property, belonging, etc.: Occasionally, as if from someone’s touch, I raised my head (Past.); Tell me some news (L.). Definitions expressed in negative and defining pronouns, denote excretory-intensifying characteristics: He knew every person, every family, every alley of this large working outskirts (Cat.); For a long time I did not find any game (T.). Definitions expressed by ordinal numbers indicate the order of the object when counting: Sukhoyedov was on duty in the ninth car (Pan.). Definitions expressed by participles can denote a feature that is the result of some action: The fallen trees lay flat, without any relief, and those that remained standing, also flat, with a side shadow along the trunk for the illusion of roundness, barely held their branches to the torn mesh of the sky ( Nab.).

Note. If a relative adjective or ordinal number is used in figurative meaning, definition denotes quality: In the golden, bright south, I still see you in the distance (Tyutch.); You are the first person in production.

Uncoordinated definitions, in contrast to coordinated ones, are associated with the word being defined by the method of control (poetry by a poet, a boat with sails) or connection (riding at a walk, desire to learn). They can be expressed by nouns without prepositions (in the genitive and instrumental cases) and with prepositions (in all indirect cases): A light gust of wind woke me up (T.); The wet, woolly-gray sky rubs against the window leaf (Past.); He wore overalls and replaced his ringed mustache with a tassel mustache (Fed.); The inheritance case is delaying me for a long time (A.N.T.); He was wearing a motley cotton shirt with a yellow border (T.); And what did he see, the dead Falcon, in this desert without bottom or edge? (M.G.); Next to him walked Fedyushka in his father’s cap (Ch.); personal pronoun in the genitive case (in the possessive meaning): There was so much melancholy in his eyes that one could poison all the people of the world with it (M. G.); comparative degree of the adjective: There have not been larger and more important events in the history of mankind (A.N.T.); adverb: There are, however, incredible cases when they work out stearin suppositories and soft-boiled boots (G. Usp.); indefinite form of the verb: He walked to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with orders to attack the French (L.T.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition can denote belonging: The face of Kutuzov, standing in the doorway of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments (L. T.); attitude towards the team, institution, etc.: Blacksmith of the Putilov plant Ivan Gora was cleaning a rifle (A.N.T.); producer of the action: Less and less often, quieter and more distant, the creaking of wheels, then a gentle Little Russian song, now the sonorous neighing of a horse, then fuss and the last chirping of falling asleep birds are heard (Kupr.); a sign according to its bearer: A horse and rider dived from a dilapidated barracks into the darkness of the forest (N. Ostr.); the relationship of the whole to the part, which is indicated by the defined word: You are a little cold, you cover your face with the collar of your overcoat (T.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a noun in the instrumental case without a preposition, denote a feature established by comparison with an object named by the defining word: Moses is already wearing a bowler hat (Ch.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in indirect cases with prepositions can denote different characteristics.

Sign by material: On an immaculately clean table, writing instruments made of black marble were arranged with dead neatness, and folders made of shiny cardboard lay (A.N.T.); a sign by the presence of some external feature or detail in an object: ... A minute later, a young man in a military overcoat and a white cap entered the caretaker (P.); I approached the stranger in a fur coat and looked at him (Kupr.); People with sideburns stood at the gunwale and smoked pipes (Paust.); a sign of belonging in the broad sense of the word: Huge boilers from military ships are buried under the snowdrifts (A.N.T.); a sign characterizing an object in spatial terms: A girl stood at the doorpost in the kitchen (M. G.); Chelkash crossed the road and sat down on the bedside table opposite the doors of the tavern (M. G.); a sign indicating the contents of an object: From sleep he sits in a bath with ice (P.); a sign that limits an object in some respect: Before dawn, in a dark cave, the famous golden eagle hunter Khali tells me about eagles (Prishv.); a sign indicating the purpose of an object: Everything froze in the public benches (M.G.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the comparative degree of an adjective, denote a qualitative attribute of an object that is inherent in it to a greater or lesser extent than other objects: It’s unlikely that you got a stronger and more beautiful guy (N.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by an adverb can denote a sign in relation to quality, direction, time, method of action: Between the windows stood a hussar with a ruddy face and bulging eyes (T.); They knew how to jump with a pike, and cut right and left with a saber (A.N.T.); Along with tea they served us cutlets, soft-boiled eggs, butter, honey (T.).

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the infinitive, serve to reveal the content of the subject, often designated by an abstract noun: Thanks to the ability to quickly grasp and remember what he heard, he passed the exams (S.-Sch.); I couldn’t stand it and ran out of the bushes onto the path, obeying a fiery desire to throw myself on my father’s neck (Cor.).

Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by phraseological combinations, as well as phrases that are syntactically indivisible. In the sentence Here, it’s true, you will read the vows in love to the grave (P.), the definition is expressed by the phraseological combination to the grave.

The role of a definition, expressed by a syntactically indivisible phrase, most often comes from combinations of a noun in the genitive case with a cardinal numeral agreed with it: A boy of about fifteen, curly-haired and red-cheeked, sat as a coachman and with difficulty held a well-fed piebald stallion (T.); combination of a noun with an adjective in the instrumental case: He [Chelkash] immediately liked this healthy, good-natured guy with childish bright eyes (M. G.), “This is it, that’s how it happens,” said the old Nikolaev soldier with a spongy nose (Paust. ). Syntactically indivisible are phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun in the genitive case, in which it is impossible to separate the adjective, since it is precisely this that denotes the delimiting feature. In sentences A man of average height (L.) came out of the boat; He was wearing a short bronze-colored coat and a black cap (T.); He fastened the hooks of his bekeshi, pulled his soldier’s artificial astrakhan hat over his eyebrows (A.N.T.); For three days in a row, my attention was attracted by this stocky figure and face oriental type(M.G.); These were a husband, wife, their boy of about seven years of extraordinary beauty (Fed.); Boys close to my age were thirteen years old (Past.) The phrases of average height, bronze color, artificial astrakhan, oriental type, extraordinary beauty, close age are syntactically indivisible.

Less common are definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases of other types. For example: A few minutes later we were at the fire in a circle of four shepherds dressed in sheepskins with the wool facing up (M. G.); The upper heated water lies in a layer ten to twelve meters thick in the deep cold water and does not mix with it at all (Paust.).

Inconsistent definitions quite often have a defining meaning with shades of other meanings. Functional complexity is especially characteristic of definitions expressed by prepositional-nominal combinations and adverbs, which is certainly due to their lexical-morphological nature.

The contradiction revealed here between the specific meaning of the dependent word form (spatial, temporal) and its relationship to the word form of the objective meaning (attributive) is resolved in the functional combination of two terms in one. Thus, prepositional-nominal combinations in the attributive function can be complicated by adverbial meanings - spatial: I rented a room with a window to the Kremlin (Past.); temporary: This is a habit I’ve had since childhood (T.); objective meaning: At the battery heights, people with telescopes were barely distinguishable (Past.).

Definitions expressed by adverbs can also be functionally complex. For example, a determinative-spatial meaning: Agents were preparing a massacre in Petrograd - an explosion from within (A.N.T.); definitive-temporal meaning: Successful catching of beluga in winter enriched the fishermen even more (Kupr.).