Presentation for a literature lesson on the topic: Epics. Electronic presentation for the literature lesson "Russian epics"
Fairy tale epic Similarities: 1. Both fairy tales and epics exist in oral form. 2.Both genres have existed since ancient times. Differences: 1. A fairy tale is a prosaic, artistic fantasy story of a magical or everyday nature. 2. The main feature is fiction. 3.Fairy tales were “told.” 1. Description of the exploits of heroes. 2. Captures historical reality in general terms. 3. The epics “told” - they sang or spoke, accompanied by the gusli.
Tonic verse The first stress is on the first syllable from the beginning. The last stress is on the third syllable from the end. As ILYA galloped off his good horse, he fell to Mother’s damp earth. How the damp earth mother knocks, And under the same as the eastern side.
Construction Beginning, development of action, climax, denouement. Chorus Ending (not related to the content) Height, height in heaven, Ay now to him, and after that Depth, depth - okiyan - sea, And now they sing Sadka and glory Wide expanse throughout the whole earth, Deep are the pools of the Dnieper...
Gouges are a loop in a clamp that fastens the shaft to the arc. Bulatny – made of damask steel, hard, elastic, with a patterned steel surface. Saffiano is a thin and soft goat or sheep leather, specially tanned and dyed in a bright color. Solovy - about the color of horses, yellowish (in combination with a light tail and a light mane).
Collectors of epics He opened for us priceless treasures of the spiritual life of the people. 4 volumes (165 epics) of “Songs collected by Rybnikov” were published. Rybnikov Nikolaevich Pavel
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Homework for this lesson
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Lesson topic: Genre originality and poetics of epics
The purpose of the lesson is to consider the epic from a scientific point of view, to find out its distinctive features.
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The main questions we are looking for answers to:
What is folk epic? what is an epic? By what signs can you distinguish the epic from other works? How did epics arise and were performed? What groups are epics divided into? What epic cycles are known? What do the epic stories tell about? What are the features of the epic composition? What is the uniqueness of epic images? What means of expression are used in epics?
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Epic Tales
IN different corners In ancient times, people of the earth composed solemn chants telling about the great deeds of extraordinary people. The Karelians called these songs runes, the Yakuts - olonkho, the Buryats - uliger, the inhabitants Ancient Rus'- antiquities, or epics. Folklore scholars use the term “folk epic” for such songs. Väinämöinen playing the kantele
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Works folk epic performed melodiously, recitatively, in compliance with a special rhythm, accompanied by strings musical instruments. The tunes of epics are solemn and majestic. V. Vasnetsov “Guslars”
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The folk epic is characterized by:
1) wide coverage of events in space and time; 2) patriotic orientation; 3) the heroic content of the plot: often this is a battle of a national hero (hero) with enemies; 4) attitude to the events depicted as reliable, reflecting the historical memory of the people.
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Bylina (old)
“folklore epic song about a heroic event or a remarkable episode of ancient Russian history” (T. Zueva) “Russian folk epic songs about heroes” (Dictionary of the Russian language in 4 volumes) “epic songs composed by the people in Ancient Rus', reflecting historical reality , mainly XI – XVI centuries.” (Brief Literary Encyclopedia) “a genre of Russian folk epic, song-legends about heroes, folk heroes and historical events of Ancient Rus'” (A. Kvyatkovsky) “a genre of Russian folklore, a heroic-patriotic song about heroes and historical events” (V. Korovina)
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Epic song, folk, epic (tells about significant events) tells about actions folk heroes- reflects heroes historical events Ancient Rus', mainly - XI - XVI centuries.
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The epics most likely arose in Kievan Rus, expressing the mature self-awareness of the Russian people. However, the question of the origin of epics in science still remains controversial. There are various classifications Russian epic epic.
V. Vasnetsov “Bayan”
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Assignment: After reading the textbook article “On the collection, performance, meaning of epics” (P.14 -16), find out into what groups the folklorist scientist V.P. Anikin divides epics. What is the principle behind this classification? Write down your answer.
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Epics (according to V. Anikin):
the most ancient (pre-Kiev) - about the Volkh, Danube, Potyk; Kyiv - about Dobrynya, Sukhman, Danil Lovchanin, Churil, Solovy Budimirovich; Vladimir-Suzdal - about Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich; Galician-Volyn - about Duke; Pskov-Novgorod - about Volga and Mikul, Sadko, Vasily Buslaev; Chernigov - about Ivan the guest's son; Bryansk - about Prince Roman and the Livik brothers... The classification is based on cyclization by location and characters.
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HomeworkThe main cycles of epics
Fill out the diagram based on the textbook materials, P.15 ................... ................... ... ............... Kiev Novgorod
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The main cycles of epics
main characters - Sadko, Vasily Buslaev; are affected social topics, which is due to the uniqueness of life in commercial Novgorod; historical circumstances and everyday details are characteristic of Novgorod: the life of the merchants, the influence of the Church, trips to other countries. the action takes place in or near Kiev; in the center of the story is Prince Vladimir; the main theme is the protection of the Russian land from nomads; historical circumstances and life are characteristic of Kievan Rus; the main heroes are Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich Kyiv Novgorod
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What do epics talk about?
About fighting monsters; about the fight against foreign enemies; about meeting and saving relatives; about matchmaking and the hero’s struggle for the bride; about competitions between heroes... G. Travnikov “Bylina”
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The originality of epic images
Epic Kyiv is a symbol of the unity and state independence of the Russian land. Kyiv
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The epic Prince Vladimir, thanks to artistic fiction, combined, by the similarity of name, the features of two historical rulers of Rus': Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (reigned from 980 to 1015) and Vladimir Monomakh, reigned from 1113 to 1125). Prince Vladimir in the epic is the image of a benevolent ruler. N. Karzin “Feast at Prince Vladimir” prince
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Defender native land, a man of extraordinary physical strength and military valor, carrier moral values of his people. The hero sees the meaning of life in serving his homeland. Y. Arsenyuk “Bogatyrskaya Outpost” hero
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Svyatogor
He has supernatural strength, the earth bends under his weight, there is too much strength in him, for which the hero cannot be carried by Mother Earth, and he dies. A. Ryabushkin “Svyatogor”
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Volga Svyatoslavich (Volkh Vseslavich)
The son of the princess and the Serpent Gorynych, who inherited from his father the ability to transform into animals and birds, which he uses only for good purposes, for example, to find out the secrets of the enemies of the Russian land. Growing up as a child “by leaps and bounds,” he strove to become wise, and from the age of 12 he led a military squad. I. Bilibin “Volga”
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Mikula Selyaninovich
This hero is not a warrior, but a plowman. In the old way - oratay. Mother Earth loves him and helps him, so the peasant Mikula can put both Svyatogor and Volga to shame. Mikula personifies the forces of the people: today he works peacefully on the arable land, and tomorrow, if enemies come to the Russian land, he will take up the sword. E. Kibrik “Mikula Selyaninovich” I. Bilibin “Volga and Mikula”
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Nikitich
A valiant warrior who can also sing well and play the harp; knows no equal in the game of chess. Dobrynya is a snake fighter, the personification of politeness and graceful nobility. S. Moskvitin “Dobrynya Nikitich”
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Ilya Muromets
Born in the city of Murom, in the village of Karacharovo. Having glorified himself with military exploits, defeating the Nightingale the Robber and the Foul Idol, Ilya becomes the first hero of Prince Vladimir, he is recognized as the main one by other Russian heroes. Represents calm and self-confident strength. E. Kibrik “Ilya Muromets”
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According to researchers, the prototype of the people's favorite hero was a historical figure - a strongman nicknamed Chobotok, originally from Murom, who became a monk at the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and canonized. His incorruptible relics are kept in the Near Caves of the Lavra.
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Thanks to modern scientific methods, a reconstruction of Ilya’s appearance was carried out. Its results confirmed many information about the hero of the epics: he had a heroic physique, tall stature and until the age of 33 could not move due to spinal paralysis.
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Alesha Popovich
The son of a priest from the city of Rostov during the heroic service surprises not so much with his strength as with his daring, resourcefulness, and cunning. A quick-witted mind sometimes helps this mischievous mockingbird more than a treasure sword. K. Vasiliev “Alyosha Popovich and the beautiful maiden”
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V. Vasnetsov “Bogatyrs”
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Sadko
The historical prototype of the hero was the Novgorod merchant Sadko Sytinets. The epic Sadko is a merchant, a traveler, who can play the harp remarkably well. K. Vasiliev “Sadko and the Lord of the Sea”
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Holy Russian heroes
Sukhman Bova-Korolich Vasily Buslaev Yan Usmar Nastasya Mikulichna
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Imaging tools
Artistic exaggeration: His good horse and heroic horse began to jump from mountain to mountain, began to jump from hill to hill, small rivers, and lakes between his legs. hyperbole V. Vasnetsov “Heroic Leap”
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One phenomenon or concept is clarified through comparison with another: the hero rides out on his horse “like a falcon,” “like a white gyrfalcon,” the horse under him “like a fierce beast,” the spear in his hands “like a candle burning.” comparison B. Olshansky “Alyosha Popovich and Elena Krasa” (fragment)
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Features of poetic language
Traditional, universal artistic definitions for folklore: GOOD fellow, TRASH maiden, ANT grass, WHITE STONE chambers... permanent epithet V. Vasnetsov “Bayan” (sketch)
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Repetition of words: tautological (“black-black”, “many-many”); synonymous (“villain-robber”, “fight-rat”) Palilogy, or pick-up (repetition of the last words of the previous verse) repetitions of B. Olshansky “From the Dark Depth of Ages”
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Composition
Stylistic framing, not related to the plot, creates a general mood: How high is the height of heaven, How deep is the depth of the Akyan-sea, How wide is the expanse throughout the whole earth, How deep are the waters of Neprovsky... the chorus of M. Shrilev “Skomorokhs”
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The first obligatory part of the plot (tells about the birth of the hero, his acquisition of strength; it talks about the place of action, about where the hero leaves from): In the glorious great Novograd A, Buslay lived until he was ninety years old... the beginning of M. Shrilev’s “Morning of Novgorod” Great"
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traditional formulas, almost without changes, passing from one epic to another: And then the Nightingale whistles like a nightingale, He screams, a villain-robber, like an animal... And Alyoshenka roared like an animal, Alyosha hissed like -snake... commonplaces
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What epic cycles are known? What do the stories of the epics tell? What are the features of the epic composition? What is unique about epic images? What means of expression are used in epics?
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Homework
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Sources
Library of Russian folklore: Epics. – M., 1988. Solovyov V.M. Russian culture from ancient times to the present day. - M., 2004 Zueva T.V. Russian folklore: dictionary-reference book. - M., 2002 http://www.travnikov.ru/el-skaz.html http:// allday.ru/index.php?newsid=145868 http://ricolor.org/europe/ukraina/mp/muromets/ http://www.pravoslavie.ru/put/sv/muromec.htmhttp://commons.wikimedia .org/wiki/File:Iliya_muromets_reconstruction01.jpg http://www.artlib.ru/index.php?id=11&idp=0&fp=2&uid=3224&idg=0&user_serie=0 http://biography.sgu.ru/works1.php ?id=8
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Epics
Bylinas are Russian folk epic songs about the exploits of heroes. The basis of the plot of the epic is some heroic event, or a remarkable episode of Russian history (hence the popular name of the epic - “starina”, “old woman”, implying that the action in question took place in the past). Epics are usually written in tonic verse with two to four stresses. The term “epics” was first introduced by Ivan Sakharov in the collection “Songs of the Russian People” in 1839; he proposed it based on the expression “according to epics” in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” which meant “according to the facts.”
Historicism At the center of many Russian epics stands a figure Prince of Kyiv Vladimir, who can be identified with Vladimir II Monomakh (prince 1113-1125). Ilya Muromets is mentioned in the 13th century in the Norwegian "Saga of Thidrek" and the German poem "Ortnit", and in 1594 the German traveler Erich Lassota saw his tomb in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Alyosha Popovich served with the Rostov princes, then moved to Kyiv and died in the battle on the Kalka River. The Novgorod Chronicle tells how Stavr Godinovich incurred the wrath of Vladimir Monomakh and was drowned for robbing two citizens of Novgorod; another version of the same chronicle says that he was exiled. Danube Ivanovich is often mentioned in the chronicles of the 13th century as one of the servants of Prince Vladimir Vasilkovich, and Sukhman Dolmantyevich (Odikhmantyevich) was identified with the Pskov prince Domant (Dovmont).
For a long time, epics were not written down until famous scientists Pavel Nikolaevich Rybnikov (1832-1885) and Alexander Fedorovich Hilferding (1831-1872) became interested in them. More than 200 epic texts were included in the four-volume “Songs collected by P. N. Rybnikov.” A.F. Hilferding published 318 epics. Hilferding, Alexander Fedorovich
Images of Russian heroes and knights are widely reflected in creativity famous figures art, for example, Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel - decorative panel“Bogatyr”, or Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov - “Bogatyrs” (a painting that he painted for almost twenty years). Mikhail Vrubel. Bogatyr. 1898.
Victor Vasnetsov. Bogatyrs on horseback. 1896.
Epics are divided into works of the pre-Christian and Christian periods. The pre-Christian cycle includes tales about Svyatogor, Mikita Selyaninovich, Volga, which belong to the so-called “wandering stories” rooted in the commonality of religious and cult elements of pre-Christian Europe. The Baptism of Rus' and the era of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir became the core of an extensive Christian epic cycle, which is based on reliable historical events and personalities. Andrey Ryabushkin. A feast of heroes at the affectionate Prince Vladimir. 1888.
The group of heroes associated with Prince Vladimir and the city of Kiev is divided into senior and junior. Victor Vasnetsov. Knight at a crossroads. 1878.
Only Svyatogor, Volga Svyatoslavich and Mikula Selyaninovich are considered senior heroes; adds Samson, Sukhan and then Polkan, Kolyvan Ivanovich, Ivan Kolyvanovich, Samson Ivanovich, Samson Samoilovich and Molofer or Malafey; Don Ivanovich and Danube Ivanovich are also added. Bogatyrs personify various natural phenomena: older heroes - formidable phenomena, hostile to people, occurring during winter; so, for example, in the image of Svyatogor the gigantic clouds that cover the entire sky are personified; younger heroes are also natural phenomena, but beneficial for humans, occurring in the summer; the walking Kaliki are wandering clouds shedding rain; Initially, both of them were represented as deities, but some were their elder generation, titans, destroyers, and others were protectors of people.
"Svyatogor". 1942 Nicholas Konstantinovich Roerich
"Samson" - the central fountain of the Peterhof palace and park ensemble
Younger heroes Younger heroes are divided into native and visiting; the latter include: Solovey Budimirovich, Churilo Plenkovich, Duke Stepanovich and others. Some scientists divide the heroes into types belonging to the pre-Tatar, Tatar and post-Tatar era, or Moscow: to the first group they include Dobrynya Nikitich, Ivan Danilovich and Alyosha Popovich; to the second: the heroes at the outpost, Idolishche, Ilya Muromets, Vasily Ignatievich and the heroes who “transferred”; to the third: Mikulu Selyaninovich, Khoten Bludovich, Churil Plenkovich, Dyuk Stepanovich, Danil Lovchenin, forty caliks with a calico, Solovy Budimirovich. In addition, the heroes are divided into only Vladimir himself, Dobrynya, as well as Volga Svyatoslavich, Stavr Godinovich, Ivan Danilovich, Churil Plenkovich and partly Ivan Godinovich.
Andrey Ryabushkin. Mikula Selyaninovich. 1895.
Andrey Ryabushkin. Volga Vseslavevich. 1895.
Ivan Bilibin. Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber
Andrey Ryabushkin. Alesha Popovich. 1895.
Victor Vasnetsov. Fight between Dobrynya Nikitich and the seven-headed Serpent Gorynych. 1913-1918
Andrey Ryabushkin. Sadko, a rich Novgorod guest. 1895.
The presentation was prepared by a teacher of Russian language and literature at the Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 20 named after A.A. Khmelevsky” in Kursk Olga Nikolaevna Maltseva Thank you!
Project Russian epics
Introductory article
Epics (old) - heroic-patriotic songs and tales telling about the exploits of heroes and reflecting the life of Ancient Rus' of the 9th-13th centuries; a type of oral folk art, which is characterized by a song-epic way of reflecting reality.
The main plot of the epic is some heroic event, or a remarkable episode of Russian history (hence the popular name of the epic - “starina”, “old woman”, implying that the action in question took place in the past).
Bylinas, as a rule, are written in tonic verse with two to four stresses.
The term “epics” was first introduced by Ivan Sakharov in the collection “Songs of the Russian People” in 1839. He proposed it based on the expression “according to epics” in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” which meant “according to the facts.”
Glossary of obsolete words
Name - call, name.
Welcome - come for a visit.
Razdolitsa (smart. Affectionate) - expanse.
Kaftan - Russian ancient men's long-skirted clothing.
Grosh – antique coin, valued at 2 kopecks.
Obzy - the plows were shafted.
Bipod – a plow is a primitive agricultural tool for plowing the land.
Rogaczyk - plow handle.
Guzhiki – leather loops in the collar, which with the help of an arc attach the shafts to the harness.
