Development of agriculture in Russia: realities and prospects. Current state and prospects for the development of crop production Prospects for the development of agriculture at the international level
CONTENT
Introduction…………………………………………… ……………….…………. 3
1 The place and role of crop production in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
2 Location of crop production industries on the territory of the Russian Federation.. 6
3 Main technical and economic indicators of crop production development for 1997 – 2006. ……………………………………………………………………………… …10
4 Problems of crop production development. Industry development prospects…….… 15
Conclusion…………………………………… ………………………………. 17
List of references……………………………………………………….. 18
Introduction
The main branches of agriculture are crop production and livestock farming. Crop production sectors produce more than 40% of the country's total agricultural products. Crop production is the basis of agriculture. The level of livestock farming in Russia also depends on its level of development.The leading role in the structure of crop production belongs to grain farming. It is grain crops that occupy almost 55% of all sown areas in the country.
Cultivated area in all categories of farms in 2002. amounted to 91.7 million hectares compared to 117.7 in 1997.
Average annual grain yield in Russia in 1996-2004. was at the level of 13.0 centner/ha (3-4 times less than in Western European countries). However, the cost of producing 1 c. Our grains are relatively small, and they are of higher quality (particularly thanks to durum wheat varieties).
Russia ranks first in the world in the production of barley, oats and rye, and one of the first in the gross wheat harvest. In general, the country ranks fourth in the world in the production of grains and leguminous crops (following China, the USA and India). 1
Grain farming is one of the main branches of crop production. The wide distribution of grain crops throughout the agricultural developed territory of Russia is due to the significant diversity of their biological characteristics, variety of species and varieties. Cereal grains are of great food value and also serve as valuable animal feed.
The natural basis of agriculture is land, and, above all, agricultural land.
Agricultural land is the portion of land used for agriculture. They have a complex structure; a significant part of them is arable land, hayfields and pastures. In Russia, agricultural lands occupy 220 million hectares (13% of the country's area), of which arable land - 120 million hectares (7% of the country's area), hayfields - about 20 and pastures - 60 million hectares. Their area is slowly and gradually decreasing due to the increasing demand for the territories of a variety of settlements, primarily cities, industrial and production construction, transport and other types of infrastructure construction. Compared to other countries in the world, Russia has a high supply of agricultural land, including arable land. At the same time, in different parts of the country, the specific indicators of the provision of residents with agricultural land, including arable land, vary significantly, as does their quality. The degree of agricultural development of the territory increases from north to south.
In this regard, the chosen topic of the test is relevant.
The main objectives are:
1. The place and role of crop production in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation
2. Location of crop production industries on the territory of the Russian Federation
3. Main technical and economic indicators of crop production development for 1997 – 2006.
4. Problems of crop production development. Industry development prospects
1. The place and role of crop production in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation
The total area of agricultural land in Russia in the mid-90s. exceeded 200 million hectares, or accounted for only 12% of the country's territory. The structure of agricultural land was dominated by arable land - 60%, 11% was hayfields and 29% was pastures.
During the years of Soviet power, until 1975, there was an increase in sown areas in Russia, largely due to the development of virgin and fallow lands in the eastern regions of the North Caucasus, Trans-Volga region, in the Southern Urals and Western Siberia. By 1975 Russia's cultivated area more than doubled compared to the pre-revolutionary period and reached 126.5 million hectares, and then began to decline, which continues to this day (see Fig. 1). More than half of all cultivated areas in Russia (53%) are occupied by grain and leguminous crops (2/3 under spring crops and 1/3 under winter crops). However, due to the more than twofold increase in the average yield of winter grains compared to spring grains, winter crops predominate in the total volume of grain production in Russia.
Fig.1. Dynamics of cultivated areas in Russia 2
Bread and bakery products have always occupied a dominant position in the diet of Russian residents due to their high nutritional value, excellent taste, inedibility, good digestibility and satiety, ease of preparation, comparative stability in storage and low cost. According to biological nutritional standards, on average per capita per year in our conditions, 120 - 140 kg of bread products are needed. But, in addition to bread products, a person needs meat, milk and other products.
Crop production provides 40% of all agricultural production in Russia: 43% in 1970, 42% in 1980, 37% in 1990, 55% in 2000. Livestock farming has always depended on its development, since its food supply is largely provided by crop production.
A particularly tense situation in the grain economy of modern Russia occurred in the lean year of 1995, when grain production in the country fell to 428 kg per capita (see Fig. 2). This is the level of 1948 or Tsarist Russia at the beginning of the century. Experts say that if this figure drops to 400 kg, then rationed distribution of products will be inevitable. And 300 kg per capita will result in real hunger. Fortunately, for Russia the next year is 1996. was more productive, which avoided serious supply difficulties population bakery products, and livestock - concentrated feed.
In recent decades, the area under barley has increased particularly rapidly and the gross harvest of this crop has increased, as a result of which today it has firmly taken second place among the country's grain crops after wheat. Next in terms of total harvest are oats and rye. All other grain crops (corn, millet, buckwheat, legumes and rice) do not play a significant role either in the sown area or in the overall grain yield in the country.
1928 1945 1960
1990
Fig.2. Gross grain harvest in Russia in 1928 – 1997 3
Of the industrial crops, fiber flax and hemp are of great economic importance. Their fiber is used in the textile and hemp industries for making linen, ropes and other products. From the seeds of these plants, flaxseed and hemp oils are produced, consumed as food, and also used in various branches of industrial production. Waste from processing fiber flax and hemp seeds is used as livestock feed. Industrial crops - fibrous, oilseeds, sugar plants - provide the production of raw materials for the light and food industries: textiles, oil extraction, sugar, etc. Industrial crops occupy only 5% of the total sown area (6 million hectares), but they are more expensive and the share in gross agricultural output is much higher.
- 2. Placement of crop production industries on the territory
The nature of the distribution of agricultural crops throughout the country is determined both by their biological characteristics, corresponding to certain types of the natural environment, and by socio-economic factors. The degree of correspondence of the biological characteristics of cultivated plants to one or another type of natural environment must be considered in close connection with modern farming systems and the economic efficiency of production. This makes it possible to explain the differences between the current distribution of crops and the areas of their possible cultivation.
Each agricultural crop corresponds to a natural complex and its individual elements. For example:
growing season (rye - 100 days, corn - 160 - 180 days);
the required amount of positive temperatures required during the growing season (rye - 1000 - 1100 ° C, cotton - 4000 ° C);
soil quality (wheat - chernozem and chestnut; rye is less demanding, it tolerates podzolic and sod-podzolic soils well);
degree of moisture (rice, cotton - irrigated crops, millet - drought-resistant crop);
light requirements (flax is a long-day crop, corn is a short-day crop).
The main areas of distribution of winter wheat in Russia:
Northern Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region primarily), Central Black Earth region, right bank part of the Volga region.
The main areas of distribution of spring wheat: the Volga region, the Southern Urals (Bashkiria, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg and other regions), the south of Western Siberia (south of the Siberian railway), the south of Eastern Siberia (also south of the main line, including Khakassia), the Far East ( the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region).
Spring and winter wheat crops make up the “wheat belt”. To the south and north of it there are also wheat crops, but they occupy relatively small areas.
Barley crops are distributed from the Primorsky Territory in the east, the Arkhangelsk region in the north to the Caucasus in the south. Spring barley is sown in all economic regions of the country. Its crops are especially extensive in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central Black Earth and other regions of the European part of Russia, as well as in the south of Siberia. Winter barley crops are located mainly in the North Caucasus.
Currently, barley is grown primarily for feed purposes, although it also has food value, and the germinated seeds (malt) are used in brewing.
Oats are common in forest zones in areas with a milder climate, often on poor sandy loam soils. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, the importance of oats in the composition of grain crops decreases. In addition to the non-chernozem and forest-steppe regions of the European part of Russia, oats are sown in Siberia and the Far East.
Corn crops are small and concentrated mainly in the North Caucasus - the only region of Russia whose natural conditions (in its western part) are comparable to the famous “corn belt” in the US Midwest. In the central zone of the European part of Russia, in the south of Siberia, corn is also sown, but for green fodder and silage, which are valuable feeds, and not for grain.
Peas are most often cultivated in the Non-Black Earth zone, lentils in the northern zone of the Central Black Earth region, beans and soybeans as crops of tropical origin are cultivated in the more southern parts of Russia. Soybean is a more moisture-loving plant; significant areas of it are concentrated in the Far East (on the Zeya-Bureya Plain and in the Khanka Lowland).
Cereal crops (millet, buckwheat, rice) occupy a very small area. They have different distribution areas due to their biological characteristics.
Millet is cultivated mainly in the steppe zone, in areas of lighter soils within the European part of Russia. The main areas of distribution are the Volga region and the south of the Urals.
Buckwheat, unlike millet, does not tolerate drought well and is demanding on soil moisture. The yield of buckwheat is increasing due to the development of beekeeping in the areas where it is cultivated due to better pollination of flowers, which are valuable honey plants. The area for cultivating buckwheat is extensive: from the Arkhangelsk region to the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region in the European part of Russia, as well as Siberia and the Far East.
Rice crops in Russia are located in the floodplains of the Don and Kuban rivers in the North Caucasus, in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain of the Astrakhan region, the Sarpinskaya lowland in Kalmykia and in the Far East in the Khanka lowland.
The cultivation of industrial crops results in a much more intensive use of land compared to grain crops (the yield per hectare is much higher in value terms). However, the cultivation of industrial crops does not have such a wide geographical distribution as cereals. Industrial crops are distributed in narrowed areas because: they are strictly limited to the region of natural conditions necessary for their cultivation compared to grain crops; growing most industrial crops is a very labor-intensive process; the high material intensity during their processing determines the territorial concentration of crops in close proximity to processing enterprises (for example, sugar beet crops gravitate towards sugar factories).
Unfortunately, due to climatic conditions, not all industrial crops can be grown in Russia. This is, first of all, cotton - an important industrial crop for complex use (textile fiber, vegetable oil, valuable cellulose, and raw materials for many chemical industries). The areas where sugar beets and soybeans can be effectively cultivated are also relatively small in Russia.
About 1/2 of all land allocated for industrial crops in Russia is occupied by sunflower crops. Its crops are predominantly located in the steppe and dry-steppe zones. There are significant areas of this culture in the forest-steppe. The main producer of sunflower seeds is the North Caucasus economic region. It accounts for more than 60% of the Russian sunflower seed harvest.
Large tracts of technical varieties of this crop outside the North Caucasus are located in the Central Black Earth and Volga economic regions. The area of distribution of sunflower crops for silage is more extensive and somewhat shifted to the north of the main areas occupied by its technical varieties.
Of all the other oilseed crops cultivated in Russia, soybean stands out, grown mainly in the south of the Far East (Primorsky Territory and the south of Khabarovsk Territory).
Sugar beet - multi-purpose crop. In Russia, both technical (intended for sugar production) and fodder varieties are grown, but the former predominate. After processing industrial sugar beets into sugar, a large amount of waste is obtained, which is valuable succulent feed for cattle and pig breeding.
To obtain stable and high yields of sugar beets, cultivated soils (preferably chernozems) and good and uniform soil moisture throughout the summer are required. The highest yield and maximum sugar yield per hectare of crops are achieved in the forest-steppe zone, especially in its western parts, where the frequency of droughts decreases. Sugar beets do not tolerate acidic soils well. An important condition of its agricultural technology is increased labor intensity, and therefore technical varieties of sugar beets can be cultivated only in areas with a good labor supply.
About 1/2 of the gross domestic sugar beet harvest comes from the Central Black Earth region, about 1/4 from the North Caucasus. Outside these main areas, technical varieties of sugar beets are cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region, the Urals, and on a very small scale in the southeast of Western Siberia (Altai Territory).
Sugar beets occupy 1.5 million hectares, mainly in the steppe zone. Near? The gross harvest falls on the Central Black Earth region (where the first sugar factories in Russia arose in the last century), about? - in the North Caucasus (mainly in the Krasnodar region). Along with these regions, sugar beets are cultivated in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Povolzhsky, Ural and West Siberian regions, but their share in all-Russian production is low.
The question of the inexpediency of cultivating beets in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, partly in the Volga, Ural and especially in the West Siberian regions has been repeatedly raised. However, it should be taken into account that the former USSR satisfied more than 1/3 of its sugar needs by importing raw sugar (mainly Cuban), and within the USSR, about 60% of sugar was produced in Ukraine. Therefore, Russia is now struggling to meet its sugar needs, mostly through imports, the cost of which has risen sharply, while transport costs have also increased. That is why at this stage it has become necessary to grow sugar beets in all of the listed areas, without expanding the sown area for this crop.
In the European part of Russia, sugar beets are also grown in the south of the forest zone, but there are fewer sunny days here, and, consequently, the sugar content of the tubers is lower. Therefore, fodder varieties of sugar beet predominate in these areas.
As already noted, sugar beets are a labor-intensive crop, therefore, at this stage, when unemployment has overwhelmed all sectors of the national economy and regions as a whole, the reduction or elimination of sugar beet crops will lead to a sharp increase in unemployment in the agro-industrial complex.
The main area of flax growing is confined to the southern part of the Russian Non-Black Earth Region. In recent years, the Central economic region provides about 60% of the domestic gross flax fiber harvest, the Northern and Volgo-Vyatsky regions - approximately 10% each. And all eastern regions of Russia account for only 5 - 7% of the harvest of this crop.
Despite the deep decline in domestic flax growing, which intensified during the years of the socio-economic crisis, Russian flax growing has good prospects for further development. In recent decades, prices and demand on the world market for natural linen fabrics have sharply increased, and Russia, which has favorable agro-climatic conditions for this crop and has extensive production experience, could well not only fully meet its own needs for linen fabrics, but also produce them locally. export. However, this requires a radical reconstruction of the industry and, first of all, the widespread introduction of modern mechanized technologies into flax growing.
Curly flax (oilseed) crops are widespread in the central and eastern parts of the forest-steppe zone of Russia. Camelina, which differs from oil flax in its shorter growing season and drought resistance, is cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia.
Mustard, which has high drought resistance, is widespread in the Lower Volga region, in the Stavropol Territory and in the south of the Urals.
The biological characteristics of potatoes allow it to be cultivated over vast areas. However, the territories of forest and forest-steppe zones are more favorable for its cultivation, especially in their western and central regions with a mild climate and better moisture conditions. The placement of potatoes as a very labor-intensive crop is also influenced by economic factors, in particular labor resources. Potato crops are 90% concentrated in the European part of Russia (Central region). Potato farms have been established near large cities and potato processing enterprises.
Due to its relatively low heat requirements, fiber flax crops are located in many economic regions of Russia: Central (Tver, Kostroma, Smolensk and Yaroslavl regions), Northwestern (Novgorod and Pskov regions), Northern (Vologda region), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod region) , Kirov region). Ural (Udmurtia and Perm region), in Western Siberia (Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk regions).
- Main technical and economic indicators
- development of crop production for 1997 – 2006
The gross grain harvest in the Russian Federation in 2003, according to preliminary data, amounted to 67.2 million tons (by weight after processing), which is 22.6% less than in 2002. The reduction in its production is due to a decrease in the yield of grain crops and a decrease in harvested areas (by 14.6%). 4
Last year, the gross yield of the main industrial crops increased - sugar beets (factory), sunflower seeds, as well as potatoes and vegetables. The increase in the production of sugar beets and sunflower seeds occurred as a result of increased yields and expansion of harvested areas (by 18.8 and 28%, respectively); gross harvests of potatoes and vegetables increased mainly due to increased yields. Flax fiber production increased due to increased yields and expansion of harvested areas (by 5.2%).
Data on gross yields and yields of the main agricultural crops are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Dynamics of the main indicators of crop production in the Russian Federation 5
Compared to the average annual production in the pre-reform five-year period (1986-1990) in 2003. There was an increase in gross harvests of sunflower seeds (by 58%), potatoes (by 1.9%) and vegetables (by 32.1%). At the same time, the gross production of grain (in mass after processing) was 35.6%, sugar beets (factory) - 41.9%, and flax fiber - 2.2 times less than the annual average in 1986- 1990
In 2003 with a decrease in the yield of most grain crops compared to the previous year, the gross harvest of corn for grain, buckwheat and millet increased. The dynamics of grain production by type of crop can be seen from Table 2.
Table 2.
Dynamics of grain production
From the data in Table 2 it follows that the gross harvests of virtually all major grain crops are still significantly less than the average annual yield in the last five years, which preceded the beginning of a radical change in agrarian relations in the country.
Fig.3.
In the structure of grain production in 2003, compared with the pre-reform years, the share of wheat increased (from 41.8% on average per year in 1986-1990 to 50.8% in 2003) and barley (from 23.1 to 26.8%), the share of corn for grain remained stable (3.2%), the share of oats decreased (12.1 and 7.7%, respectively), rye (12 and 6.2%), and grain legumes (from 4.2 to 2.9%), as well as cereal crops (from 3.6 to 2.4%). 6
Fig.4.
The main producers of grain and industrial crops are agricultural organizations. In 2003 they produced 84.2% of grain compared to 86.9% in 2002. (in 1995 - 94.4%), sugar beets (factory) - 88.9% (in 2001 - 91.9%, in 1995 - 95.9%), sunflower seeds - 76.9, 78, respectively .5 and 86.3%.
In the structure of production of these crops, the share of gross harvests from peasant (farm) farms has increased. In 2003 farmers received 14.4% of grain from the total harvest in farms of all categories (4.7% in 1995), sunflower seeds - 21.8% (12.3%), sugar beets - 10% (3.5%) .
Potato production is concentrated in households. In 2003 They grew 92.8% of the total harvest of this crop (in 1995 - 89.9% 7). The largest share of vegetables is also produced in households (in 2002 - 80.1%, in 1995 - 73.4%).
The decrease in gross grain harvests last year to a certain extent caused a systematic increase in prices for food grains. If at the beginning of November 2003 the average price (purchase and sale) of class 3 wheat in Moscow and the region was 5000-5300 rubles/t, in the Central region - 4800, in the Southern Urals and Trans-Urals - 4325 rubles/t, then by the end of December it was 5800-6000, 5400, 4843 rubles/t, respectively. In this regard, in order to stabilize prices on the grain market, the government, albeit belatedly, began commodity interventions on it. 8
The main results of 2002 characterize it as a period of relative stability in production and the adoption of a number of decisions that ensure further market transformations in the agricultural sector. 9 Compared to 2001, the volume of agricultural production increased, but the relatively high growth rates that took place in 2000 and 2001 could not be maintained. For the second year in a row there has been a good grain harvest. Thanks to a particularly favorable foreign trade environment, Russia emerged in 2002 as one of the largest net exporters of grain on the world market.
During 2002, prices for basic agricultural products fell and prices for industrial inputs increased, exacerbating the problem of price disparity. The financial condition of agricultural producers continued to deteriorate, and their debt obligations grew. Important events in 2002 were the practical completion of the first stage of land reform, including the cadastral valuation of agricultural land, government procurement interventions to regulate the grain market, subsidies from the federal budget of 2/3 of the Central Bank discount rate on loans received by enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex, including including for medium-term loans for a period of up to three years. 10
In 2002, compared to 2001, the sown area and gross harvests of wheat, rye, and corn for grain increased, which led to an expansion of the acreage of all grains and leguminous crops by 1.6 million hectares and an increase in their gross harvests by 1.3 million tons. The entire increase in the gross harvest of grain crops occurred due to an increase in the production of winter grain crops and corn for grain. Gross yields of spring wheat, spring barley, cereals and leguminous crops decreased. The yield of all grain crops increased by only 0.2 centner/ha. Thus, the main source of growth in grain production in 2002 was the expansion of sown areas in the main grain-producing regions. Relatively high grain yields and low domestic grain prices contributed to an increase in grain exports from 3.3 million tons in 2001 to 12-13 million tons in 2002 (according to the Center for Economic Studies). 11 Grain exports, combined with low domestic prices, provided large profits for trading companies. The interests of trading companies do not always coincide with the interests of the state and manufacturers. It may turn out that, having sold grain abroad at relatively low prices in 2002, the country will be forced to purchase it at higher prices in 2003. The prerequisites for a decrease in grain production in 2003 already exist - the sown area of winter grain crops for the 2003 harvest has decreased by 2 million hectares, wintering conditions have worsened in most of the European part of Russia, and due to low domestic grain prices, the motivation of producers to expand plantings has decreased areas and increasing the production of grain crops.
In 2002 compared to 2001 The sown area of sugar beet (factory) and sunflower expanded, which, along with an increase in productivity, led to an increase in the gross yield of these crops by 6.3% and 35.2%, respectively. The production of potatoes, vegetables, fodder crops and flax fiber decreased.
- 4. Problems of crop production development. Industry development prospects
The main steps taken in recent years to structurally restructure the agro-industrial complex of the country as a whole, as well as its regions, are aimed at implementing ways out of the crisis.
The main goals of the structural restructuring of the agricultural economy are: social reorientation of the economy, the formation of a highly developed consumer sector capable of ensuring a sufficient level of well-being for all segments of the population.
To achieve these goals, first of all, it is necessary to stabilize agricultural production and create a modern base for processing and storing agricultural products. 12
etc.................
Crop growing as an agricultural sector. State and prospects for the development of crop production in Russia.
Crop farming is one of the main branches of agriculture and is engaged in the cultivation of all agricultural crops and the use of wild vegetation. The plant growing industry includes all sub-sectors related to the cultivation of plants: field cultivation, meadow farming, vegetable growing, fruit growing, viticulture, floriculture, forestry.
The main tasks of crop production:
1. The most complete food supply for the population.
2. Providing feed for livestock farming.
3.Providing industrial raw materials.
The ultimate goal of crop production is to obtain high yields.
Plant growing arose in ancient times in India, China, Syria, Central and South America. The first plants were wheat, barley, millet, broad beans, beans and flax. On the territory of Russia, plant growing arose in 946 BC. e. Currently, more than 20 thousand plants are grown. Crop production in Russia has its own characteristics:
it develops in less pleasant soil and climatic conditions.
The frost-free period in Russia is 90-180 days; the period of heat and moisture is 3 times less.
According to chemical indicators, Russia has many acidic soils with low fertility, which decreases every year.
The economic situation in the Russian Federation does not allow large investments in agriculture. Therefore, crop production decreases.
Production of basic crop products and the need for them.
The main reasons for the low gross yield of agricultural crops:
1). Low yield
2). Reduction of cultivated area
3). Large losses during harvesting and transportation.
Ways to increase crop production:
1). Increasing the yield of agricultural crops due to intensive factors, i.e. due to fertilizers - by 55%, new varieties - by 25%, agricultural techniques - by 25%.
2). Switch to cultivating new, more productive varieties.
3). To create a system of machines, reliable, light in weight, multi-operational for growing agricultural crops.
4). Carry out more intensive, environmentally friendly protection of plants from weeds, diseases and pests of agricultural crops.
5). Reducing losses during cleaning and storage. for example, when harvesting potatoes, losses are 50%, during storage - up to 20%.
6). Increased production of processed products.
7). Introduction of new waste-free cleaning technologies.
8) Increase in sown areas.
2.Crop production as a science. Research methods in plant growing. Development of scientific foundations of crop production in Russia.
Plant growing is a science that studies various forms of field crops, their biological characteristics and develops technologies for obtaining high yields. It deals only with field crops, but as an industry it studies all agricultural crops. Plant growing is associated with other disciplines such as agrochemistry, agriculture, breeding, seed production, and plant protection.
Research methods in plant growing:
The main method of research in plant growing is field experiment, which is carried out on experimental plots using generally accepted methods. The purpose of field experiments is to study new varieties of agricultural crops, new methods of agricultural technology and plant protection.
Laboratory and field experience is necessary to study certain issues, for example, the study of new plant species.
Vegetation experiment is a method when plants are grown in special rooms, in vessels filled with nutrient solutions. The effect of individual factors on plants is studied. Laboratory experience is used to properly ensure these results.
The best options, which were obtained in field experiments, are put into production conditions to study their effectiveness in soil, climatic and economic conditions. Production experiments are carried out on large plots.
Development of scientific foundations of crop production in Russia.
In Russia, the founder of plant growing was M.V. Lomonosov, who created a “class of agriculture” at the Russian Academy of Sciences, and then a free economic society. Lomonosov was the first to describe and explain the emergence of chernozem soils. He made a number of valuable proposals for growing agricultural crops in Russia. Further development is associated with the names of I.M. Komov, who generalized the experience of cultivating potatoes and perennial grasses, and A.T. Bolotov, who studied the issues of soil cultivation and fertilization.
The main achievements in the development of crop production date back to the 19th and early 20th centuries. K. A. Timiryazev created the scientific physiology of plants and developed theories of photosynthesis.
D. N. Pryanishnikov is the founder of domestic agrochemistry. He created the theory of mineral nutrition and described the role of fertilizers in crop formation, and for the first time pointed out the possibility of using biological nitrogen.
I.A. Stebut summarized all the experience of plant growing and created the first textbook on plant growing.
N.I. Vavilov developed the doctrine of the world centers of origin of cultivated plants and formed the law of homological series, which became the theoretical basis for the selection of new forms of plants, and created the All-Russian Institute of Plant Growing.
In the second half of the 20th century, an important achievement was a new direction in crop production - programming the yield of agricultural crops, which was developed by I.S. Shatilov. With the help of breeding work, high-yielding varieties and hybrids that were more resistant to climatic conditions were created. About 40 varieties of winter wheat were created (Spartanka, Skifyanka with a yield of up to 100 c/ha). Wheat-rye hybrids (triticale) were created for the first time. Sunflower varieties are high-yielding and high-oil bearing (oil content up to 50-55%). Single-seeded varieties and hybrids of sugar beets that have reduced the cost of manual labor.
The state of development of the crop production industry characterizes the reliability of food supply, socio-economic and political stability in the country, and its food security.
However, over the years of reforms, the level of technical equipment in the crop production industry has sharply decreased.
As the results of the analysis showed, the volume of application of mineral and organic fertilizers and plant protection products has decreased, and the seed production system has been destroyed. Depending on the weather, the yield of the most important crops varies significantly from year to year, and these fluctuations are intensifying.
As Russian agriculture integrates into the global economy, the increasing degree of lag of the domestic agro-industrial complex from the world's leading food producers is becoming more and more tangible in all components of scientific and technological development. And this gap in technological development may increase without taking emergency measures.
Currently, a great deal of world experience has been accumulated in “public” management of technological development processes. The achievement of significant successes in the technological breakthrough of a number of countries was facilitated by the development of long-term target forecasts and their use as guidelines for organizing mutually agreed upon activities of government bodies, science and business.
Research shows that long-term forecasting of technological development of crop-growing industries is advisable to carry out using a regulatory-target approach. This approach is most acceptable during periods of transition economy, during crises, transformations of technological structures.
Historically, Russia is an agricultural country, but despite this, today there are a number of unresolved problems in this sector of the economy that limit its development.
The country's land is quite large, but only a small part of it is used for crops and livestock development. The reason for this is that most of Russia's land lies in the zone of risky agriculture. Crop yields fluctuate greatly under the influence of weather conditions.
In many countries, both developed and developing, agriculture accounts for a significant portion of GDP. In our country, although this figure is increasing every year, it still remains low.
The main role in the development of crop production belongs to grain crops. Russia has excellent conditions for the production of durum wheat grain in the Volga region, the Southern Urals, and the North Caucasus. Grain production is decisive in the development of the country's agriculture. The rate of effective and stable growth of all industries largely depends on the level of its production. The high level of mechanization of production processes ensures low labor intensity of grains in relation to other crops.
The country's food security depends on the development of this industry. It is these crops that occupy almost half of all cultivated areas in Russia. The sown area in all categories of farms in 2014 amounted to 855.4 thousand hectares, compared to 2012 this is an increase of 8.2%. Russia ranks fourth in the world in the production of grain crops.
Increasing the economic efficiency of grain production is associated with an increase in the level of intensification and the introduction of progressive technologies, providing for optimal application of fertilizers, the use of high-yielding zoned varieties, timely and high-quality implementation of all agrotechnical techniques in the optimal time frame.
In Russia, agriculture accounts for about 4.7% of gross domestic product and about 6% of the value of national income. Moreover, more than 60% of gross agricultural output is produced in crop production. Therefore, today the pressing problems of agricultural development are issues related to increasing the volume of crop production, and therefore increasing the acreage and yield of agricultural crops.
In recent years, positive trends have emerged in the production of crop products in our country. Thus, over the past years, the harvest of grain products has increased at an average rate of 5% per year. Moreover, in 2011, a record harvest of grain (94.2 million tons) and sunflower (9.7 million tons) was collected in the history of modern Russia. Yield indicators in the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Oryol, Lipetsk, Rostov regions, Krasnodar and Stavropol territories exceeded those of previous years. Consequently, Russian agriculture has sufficient resource potential to increase grain production in a short time. At the same time, despite the long-term dynamics, the gross grain harvest still lags behind the indicators achieved in the RSFSR.
Sunflower grain production has increased significantly in the Southern and Volga Federal Districts.
An important sub-sector of crop production is beet growing - one of the effective and highly profitable branches of the agro-industrial complex. In recent years, due to the increase in world prices for raw sugar, the profitability of beet sugar production in our country has increased. The consequence of this was a reduction in the volume of raw sugar imports from 6.5 to 3 million tons per year.
Consequently, the soil and climatic potential of our region allows us to achieve an increase in agricultural yields and thanks to this, crop production remains profitable, despite the economic difficulties in agriculture. In addition, today the region is taking a number of measures to reduce the costs of commodity producers for the production of agricultural products, in particular, subsidizing part of the interest on bank loans, part of the costs of insurance premiums, as well as the cost of fuels and lubricants, etc. However, this volume of subsidies is not enough; further development of tools and directions for subsidizing the costs of rural commodity producers of all forms of ownership and management, including peasant (farmer) and personal subsidiary plots is required.
Thus, the emerging positive trends cannot be considered sustainable. Further work is needed to consolidate the achieved results, solve existing problems in the industry and further improve the efficiency of crop production. The situation is aggravated by the fact that Russia cannot take Western countries as a model and blindly adopt their experience. It is necessary to go largely blind and to deduce your own optimal reform paths based on trial and error. This is inevitable, since otherwise, domestic agriculture could be lost forever.
In particular, in recent years the problem of rational use and protection of land resources has become more acute. This is a multifaceted, complex problem and the approach to solving it should also be ambiguous and comprehensive. One of the most important conditions ensuring an increase in soil fertility and, accordingly, an increase in crop production is the correct use of arable land and improvement of the structure of crops.
The rational use mechanism is characterized by a set of measures to improve the efficiency of land use, including the use of highly efficient and low-waste technologies. This is an increase in the general culture of agriculture, improvement of the structure (composition) of sown areas of agricultural crops, control of pests, diseases and weeds, improvement of agricultural technology for cultivating crops, rational use of agricultural machinery.
The goal of the development and use of low-waste and resource-saving technologies is to create closed technological cycles with full use of incoming raw materials and waste. Resource-saving technologies ensure, for example, the production of agricultural products with the lowest possible consumption of fuel and other energy sources, as well as raw materials, materials and other resources. These include the use of recycled resources and waste disposal. Thus, low-waste technology solves two main problems: the efficient use of natural raw materials and their processed products, on the one hand, and the protection of the environment from various types of pollution and waste, on the other. A gradual transition to low-waste and resource-saving production complexes will significantly reduce the burden on the environment, especially at the regional level.
In order to preserve and increase soil fertility, the widespread use of organic and mineral fertilizers and the sowing of perennial grasses, especially legumes, are also important. The application of fertilizers allows you to optimize the mineral nutrition of cultivated crops, increase the content of nutrients in the soil and improve its physical properties, which leads to increased crop yields and improved quality of products.
Unfortunately, at present, work on these measures to improve the efficiency of land use is being carried out very ineffectively.
Chemicalization of crop production makes it possible to use land resources most rationally, and also plays a significant role in increasing soil fertility and crop yields. In the total number of factors determining the increase in agricultural production, the share of chemicals currently accounts for 50-60%.
The main indicators characterizing the level and efficiency of chemicalization of agriculture are: supply and application of mineral fertilizers in total, by type per unit area, for individual crops; the use of chemical and biological means of protecting plants from diseases, pests and weeds. Thus, the level of use of mineral fertilizers remains extremely low due to the low material security of agricultural enterprises. In recent years, the volume of fertilizer application in the country does not exceed 1.3-1.4 million tons. The same situation is observed in the volume of supply and application of organic fertilizers. As a result of an ineffective solution to this problem in agriculture, soil fertility continues to decline, which leads to difficulties in obtaining high yields and increasing the gross yield of agricultural crops.
The use of special sowing methods (strip, side-by-side and stubble sowing) is also important.
To protect soils from water erosion, deep plowing and various methods of regulating snowmelt should be used - seeding, rolling snow, swathing and others. To combat wind erosion, flat tillage instead of plowing, leaving stubble, strip planting of crops, widespread use of perennial grasses, and grassing of heavily eroded lands are required.
In relation to the current stage of development, the problem of increasing the efficiency of crop production cannot be successfully solved in isolation from the problems of updating the machine and tractor fleet, allocating funds for the variety renewal of agricultural seeds, timely acquisition of fuel, chemicals and fertilizers. Therefore, one of the most pressing issues remains the lack of funds for the purchase of machinery, technological equipment and the necessary material resources for the accelerated implementation of highly efficient technologies. But adherence to scientifically based cultivation technology is the basis for obtaining high-quality crop products.
The level of development of agriculture as a whole can be judged by the technical equipment of agricultural production. The technical equipment of the farm depends on the availability of agricultural machinery and equipment, as well as on the quantity and quality of purchased agricultural machinery. Due to mistakes made during the reform of the country's economy in general and the agro-industrial complex in particular, there is a reduction in the machine and tractor fleet, as well as moral and physical aging and deterioration of technical condition. In recent years, there has been a significant reduction in the number of agricultural machinery and equipment supplied to rural areas: the purchase of tractors decreased by 16.3 times, trucks - by 25.7, grain combines - by 14.1 times. The purchase of seeders, plows and harrows has been practically suspended, which has an extremely negative impact on the development of agricultural production. Despite the fact that at present the equipment renewal rates at enterprises are gradually increasing, they still remain very low (3-4%) compared to the retirement rates (8-11%). To achieve an optimal level of provision of agriculture and the agro-industrial complex in general with machinery and equipment, it is necessary to increase the existing fleet by 3 - 3.5 times. The fleet of machines for applying mineral and organic fertilizers requires almost complete restoration.
The technical re-equipment of agriculture today should have a clear focus on automation. To achieve price competitiveness on the world market, it is necessary to achieve high efficiency of sowing and harvesting work, which can be achieved, among other things, by avoiding manual labor. However, agricultural enterprises, whose purchasing power has sharply decreased, are unable to purchase the technical equipment they need. At the same time, machines and equipment in use become unusable. As a result, the technical base of Russian agriculture has changed in recent years not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. The modern machine and tractor fleet is represented by agricultural machines that have reached the end of their service life and require additional costs to maintain them in working condition.
In turn, a reduction in the size of the machine and tractor fleet leads to an annual reduction in the acreage of agricultural crops, production volumes and sales of crop products and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the profit margin of farms. Due to a decrease in the level of mechanization of agricultural production compared to the pre-reform period, Russia has been losing at least 30% of its crop yield in recent years. Losses from non-compliance with agrotechnical deadlines for spring sowing, sowing winter crops, harvesting, as well as violations of cultivation technology are especially significant. Extension of harvesting time due to shortcomings of combine harvesters in some regions leads to the fact that, in addition to significant losses during harvesting, the grown crop does not have time to be harvested before snow falls and autumn storms.
From the above it follows that the state of the material and technical base of the agro-industrial complex is at a critical level, requiring drastic measures to be taken with the support of government authorities. And yet, in the current situation, no concrete steps have been taken in this area recently.
In addition, among the unresolved problems hampering the development of agriculture in Russia, increasing price disparity occupies a special place. This problem in agriculture arose due to the difference in the growth in the cost of industrial and agricultural products. This causes a complication in the financial situation of agricultural enterprises, which ultimately leads to a reduction in the volume of purchases of agricultural machinery and equipment, petroleum products (the price of which usually increases sharply during the sowing and harvesting period), mineral fertilizers and plant protection products. There is a constant rise in prices for energy and other resources consumed by agricultural producers. The problem of disparity in prices for industrial and agricultural products is one of the most pressing in Russian agriculture.
Another traditional problem in modern agricultural production is low wages. For this reason, there is currently no renewal of personnel in agricultural production. Young qualified personnel do not return to rural areas after training due to the lack of necessary working and living conditions. Incomes are low due to low labor productivity. Labor productivity, in turn, is low due to the dilapidation of the equipment in use. Accordingly, we can conclude that low salaries are only a consequence of the previous points.
One of the most pressing issues remains the provision of agricultural enterprises with fuels and lubricants. Due to the lack of financial capacity to pay for fuel, since the price of fuel and lubricants increases especially sharply during the period of sowing and harvesting, agricultural producers lose some or receive low-quality products. It should be noted that this problem has been actively solved in recent years. Reducing the financial burden on agricultural enterprises was achieved as a result of the active work of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture together with the Russian Ministry of Energy and leading oil companies with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation. From this we can conclude that the Government is taking steps towards improving the state of agriculture in the field of supply of fuels and lubricants
From the above, we can conclude that in recent years there has been an increase in the production of grain products, sunflowers, and vegetables due to the measures taken by the Government and agricultural management bodies to provide financial support to agricultural producers, expand the scope of insurance of sown areas, and develop the leasing of agricultural equipment. However, taking into account the listed problems in agriculture, it can be argued that more active government support is necessary for the transition of the crop production industry to the stage of sustainable development.
Currently in Russia the level of state support for domestic agricultural producers and, in particular, producers of crop products is significantly less than in countries with developed agriculture. European countries actively use various government instruments to stimulate exports, maintain an acceptable level of domestic prices and reduce production costs. At the same time, Russia’s agricultural policy is not only ineffective, but also sometimes contradicts trends emerging in the world market:
1) while the United States and European countries in every possible way support the demand for the products of their agricultural producers, in Russia not only there is no systematic support for grain exporters, but also high export duties are periodically introduced;
2) due to the policy of the leadership of the domestic financial system, preferential leasing contracts and loans for the purchase of agricultural machinery cover the annual need for updating the machine and tractor fleet by only 65%. In addition, these benefits are not government support, since they only reduce the cost of loans to the level of developed countries.
Consequently, there is currently a need to implement additional measures to support and develop agricultural production. The competitiveness of domestic agricultural producers on the world market depends on how fully and effectively they can use internal reserves to improve the organization of production and increase its efficiency.
Introduction
Agriculture today employs half of the world's population, but its role varies significantly around the world.
In some developing countries, such as Nepal, about 90 percent of the population works on the land. By comparison, in industrialized countries such as the UK and US, farms employ only 2-3 percent of the working population. However, thanks to highly efficient technologies using the latest scientific advances, the United States is a leading food exporter.
In developing countries, most people are engaged in subsistence farming. They produce only enough food for their family's needs, and have little left to sell. In developed countries, most farms are commercial. There are tribes in developing countries, such as the Pygmies of Central Africa and the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert, who to this day are hunters and gatherers, leading a way of life almost indistinguishable from that which dominated our planet before the advent of agriculture.
The abstract consists of seven points. It addresses such issues as general concepts about agriculture, its economic role; differences between agriculture in developed countries and agriculture in developing countries; Agriculture in the USA, Great Britain, and also in Ukraine is considered. The issue of development prospects and current trends in global agriculture is also considered.
1. Basic concepts about agricultural production and its economic role
Agriculture is a sector of the country's economy that produces agricultural products, meeting the needs for most food products and raw materials for the textile, footwear, perfume, and food industries. Agriculture includes crop production, livestock farming, hunting, forestry and fishing.
Agriculture is aimed at providing the population with food and obtaining raw materials for a number of industries. The industry is one of the most important in almost all countries of the world. World agriculture employs about 1.1 billion economically active people. Sciences, such as agronomy, animal husbandry, land reclamation, crop production, forestry and other sciences, are directly or indirectly related to the problems of agriculture.
There are about 50 different types of agriculture, which are divided into 2 groups: commodity and consumer.
Commercial agriculture includes both intensive farming and livestock breeding, horticulture and vegetable gardening, as well as extensive fallow and fallow farming and pasture farming.
Consumer agriculture includes more backward plow and hoe farming, pastoralism, nomadic pastoralism, as well as gathering, hunting and fishing.
In developed countries, highly commercial, highly specialized agriculture predominates. It has reached the maximum possible level of mechanization and chemicalization. The average yield in these countries is 35-40 centners per hectare. The agro-industrial complex in them has acquired the form of agribusiness, which gives the industry an industrial character.
In developing countries, traditional consumer farming predominates with an average grain yield of 15-20 centners per hectare and below. The consumer sector is represented by small and tiny farms growing consumer crops; Along with this, there is also a highly commercial economy, represented by large and well-organized plantations (banana plantations in Central America, coffee in Brazil).
2. Agriculture in developed and developing countries
Agriculture in developed countries is characterized by a sharp predominance of commercial agriculture. It is developing on the basis of mechanization, chemicalization of production, the use of biotechnology, and the latest selection methods.
Technical re-equipment and intensification of production have led to an increase in the share of large farms with narrow specialization. At the same time, agriculture is industrial in nature, since it is included in a single agro-industrial complex with processing, storage, transportation and marketing of products, as well as the production of fertilizers and equipment (the so-called agribusiness).
Agriculture in developing countries is more heterogeneous and includes:
> traditional sector - consumer agriculture, predominantly crop production, with small peasant farms providing themselves with food;
> modern sector - commercial agriculture with well-organized plantations and farms, using the best land and hired labor, using modern technology, fertilizers, the main products of which are aimed at the foreign market.
The high share of the traditional sector in the agriculture of developing countries determines their significant lag in the development of this industry.
3. Crop and livestock production
Crop production is developed in almost all natural areas of the world, except for the tundra, arctic deserts and highlands. The current level of technological development and the development of new varieties make it possible to expand the boundaries of the placement of individual agricultural crops.
World grain production has reached 1.9 billion tons per hectare and continues to grow. The largest grain producers are China, the USA, India and Russia, which account for about 54% of the world's gross grain harvest. Other large grain producers are France, Canada, Ukraine, Indonesia, Brazil.
Wheat was known in the states of Western Asia as early as 6-5 thousand BC. It is currently grown in 70 countries. The predominant part of the gross harvest comes from China, the USA, India, Russia, and France. Specialized wheat farming areas have been formed in the USA, Canada, Australia, as well as in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.
Among the main exporters of wheat are: USA, Canada, France, Australia; rice - Thailand and USA; corn - Argentina and the USA.
Vegetable crops are common in all countries of the world, but they have limited areas, usually associated with cities. Vegetable farming is currently the leading branch of the so-called suburban agriculture. It is highly intensive and uses the latest technologies in the field of agriculture. Among tuber crops, the leading role belongs to potatoes. Latin America is considered the birthplace of potatoes, but currently the largest potato harvest is in Europe, India, China and the USA. The main potato producing countries: Poland, Russia, China, Ukraine, Germany, USA, India, Belarus, the Netherlands.
Sugar crops are represented by sugar cane (cultivated in tropical, subtropical and monsoon climates) and sugar beets (grown in the temperate zone). The main producers of sugar cane are Brazil, India, Cuba, China; sugar beets - Ukraine, France, Russia, Poland, USA. The main product of international trade is raw cane sugar, whose cargo flows are directed from Brazil, Cuba, Australia to Foreign Europe, the USA, CIS countries, China, Japan and the newly industrialized countries of Asia.
The main exporter of tea is India, coffee is Brazil, cocoa is Ivory Coast.
Cotton growing is concentrated in nine large areas:
East, Southeast and South Asia (China, India, Pakistan, Thailand);
Central Asia and Transcaucasia (Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan);
South-West Asia (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan);
North and Northeast Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania);
Western and Central Africa (Nigeria, Zaire);
South Africa (Mozambique, Madagascar);
North America (USA, Mexico);
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela);
Australia.
The main exporters of cotton are: USA, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, China, India, Egypt.
Natural rubber (hevea) is common in South and Southeast Asia. These countries account for more than 90% of world production. Main producing and exporting countries: Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines.
The largest producer of tobacco is China; it is produced in much smaller volumes by India, Brazil, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Cuba, and Japan.
Animal husbandry.
The bulk of livestock production comes from countries located in the temperate climate zone.
The location of livestock industries directly depends on the feed supply, i.e., on the procurement of succulent feed, dry feed (including feed grain) and silage.
Livestock farming is the leading branch of agriculture in most countries of Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Livestock farming includes cattle, pigs, sheep, mules, poultry farming, beekeeping, and sericulture.
Livestock farming is divided into sectors according to the types of livestock. There are three leading industries: cattle breeding, pig breeding, and sheep breeding.
Cattle breeding - breeding cattle (cattle) - produces the largest volume of production.
The largest cattle populations among the countries of the world are: India, Brazil, USA, China, Russia, Argentina.
Fishing is widespread almost everywhere; Fish and seafood production reached 100 million tons per year. More than 1/2 of all world catches come from 6 countries - Japan, China, Russia, USA, Chile and Peru. Recently, artificial fish farming, or aquaculture, has been increasingly developed. Fish farming is most typical for China and Japan.
4. Agricultural production in the USA
The population of the USA is about 300 million people. Approximately 22 million people are employed in the production, processing, transportation and sale of agricultural goods and food products. Including, 4.6 million of them work directly on the land.
Introduction 3 1 Theoretical aspects of the study of crop production as a type of economic activity 5 1.1 Crop production as a type of economic activity: concept, essence, structure 5 1.2 Factors and conditions for the functioning and development of crop production in the country 10 2 Analysis of modern processes of development of crop production in the Russian Federation 14 2.1 Trends and problems development of crop production in Russia 14 2.2 Territorial structure of crop production 25 3 Prospects for the development of crop production in Russia 30 Conclusion 38 References 41
Introduction
At present, it is quite difficult to overestimate the role of the agro-industrial complex for the country's economy. In the Republic of Belarus, agriculture is one of the most important areas of material production, which ensures not only the food security of the country, but also the social stability of society as a whole. The relevance of this topic is due to the importance of crop production as an integral part of agriculture, which satisfies the food needs of the population, and also provides industry with the necessary raw materials. Therefore, at the present stage of development of a market economy, it becomes important to determine the main directions for increasing the efficiency of crop production, as well as methods for determining it. In the broad sense of the word, efficiency is understood as the ratio of the effect, result to the costs, expenses that were spent to achieve this effect. In crop production, this is obtaining the maximum amount of production per unit area at the lowest cost. When analyzing and justifying all indicators of economic efficiency, factors for increasing the efficiency of crop production in improving production and the main directions of development are taken into account. These areas cover complexes of organizational and socio-economic measures, technical, on the basis of which savings in costs and resources, human labor, and improved quality and competitiveness of products are achieved. The purpose of this work is to study the current state and prospects for the development of crop production. In this case, the following main tasks can be identified: - study crop production as a type of economic activity: concept, essence, structure - consider the factors and conditions for the functioning and development of crop production in the country - identify trends and problems in the development of crop production in Russia - consider the territorial structure of crop production - analyze development prospects crop production in Russia. The object of this study is Russian crop production. The subject is the current state and prospects for the development of crop production. The information base of the course work includes: statistical materials, works of leading domestic and foreign authors devoted to the problems of crop production, articles published in periodicals, as well as Internet resources. The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters of the main text, a conclusion, a list of sources used, and applications. The content of the work is presented on 42 pages of typewritten text, and includes 12 figures, 5 tables. The bibliography consists of 20 sources
Conclusion
Based on the results of this work, the following conclusions can be drawn: Crop production is the largest branch of agriculture, also known under the names field cultivation, agriculture or agriculture. Its main goal is to grow various agricultural crops. Crop production contains many branches, which this article will talk about. The topic of problems in Russian crop production, its state within the country and in the global context will also be touched upon. The field of crop production is one of the oldest areas of human labor activity. The products of this industry are used everywhere, and are represented not only by food products, but also by components of light industry (for example, cotton). The production of crop products is well established all over the world, but the cultivation of some crops is possible only in certain countries with the appropriate climate. All crops belonging to this agricultural direction are divided into varieties in accordance with production classification. But the industry itself is divided into several types, in accordance with the types of cultivated vegetation. The directions of the crop growing industry are regulated by the tasks performed within them: Supplying the population with food products. Supplying consumers with industrial raw materials. Supplying the livestock industry with feed. Obtaining high yields of agricultural crops. All branches of crop production in Russia are divided into the following categories: - Melon growing. The basis of this direction is the cultivation of melons and melons. These are watermelons, melons and pumpkins known to many. In total, this plant growing industry contains 114 genera, which, in turn, contain 760 plant species. At first, melons were not available for cultivation in northern latitudes, but the work of breeders made it possible to cultivate melons in our cold regions. The African, American, and Asian subtropics and tropics are considered the homeland of melons and melons. - Grain farming. Vast areas of land are allocated in Russia for the cultivation of oats, rye, barley, and wheat. The grain subsequently obtained from these crops is used to produce bread, confectionery and pasta. The elements remaining after their processing are used in the livestock industry, as livestock feed, in the preparation of animal feed, etc. - Floriculture. This branch of crop production has become widespread. Within its framework, the selection and cultivation of flowers and flowering vegetation takes place. In Russia, the floriculture sector is characterized by the highest share of imports (about 90%). - Viticulture. As part of this crop production direction, different varieties of grapes are grown for the purpose of their further processing into food products (raisins, juice or wine). - Meadow farming. Specialists in this industry are engaged in the cultivation of fodder crops. It should be noted that grassland farming is closely interconnected with the livestock industry, because within the framework of this area, vegetation is grown, which is subsequently used as animal feed on farms and livestock farms. - Cotton growing. This industry deals exclusively with the cultivation of a plant called cotton. Cotton is subsequently made from it. Cotton growing is included in the category of technical crop production. With its help, a complete supply is provided. - Vegetable growing. The main goal of this crop growing industry is the selection and cultivation of vegetable crops. In Russia, vegetable growing is developed everywhere, which makes it possible to saturate the local market with the vegetable products the buyer needs. - Seed production. One of the problems of crop production in Russia is the lack of development of seed production as a basic area. Despite its fundamental nature, the seed industry in Russia is currently still in decline. Although regarding modern seed farming, many attempts are being made for revival and some of them are becoming successful. The essence of this direction in plant growing lies in the selection and cultivation of seeds for the cultivation of various types of useful garden plants. - Highly specialized areas of crop production. This category includes such industries as gardening, hop growing, tobacco growing, and beet growing.
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