Schizoid and cycloid personality types. Let's talk about the hyperthymic type

Representatives of the cycloid personality type tend to alternately be in one of two phases - hyperthymic (good-natured, optimistic) and hypothymic (depressive, sad). Periodically, the cycloid’s performance decreases, the desire to communicate with people disappears, and the psycho-emotional background decreases. During the climb, he is active and cheerful. The cycloid's hobbies are unstable; during periods of decline, he can neglect important matters and responsibilities.

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First manifestations

At an early age, representatives of the cycloid type are practically no different from hyperthyms, who are characterized by optimism, activity, good nature, and hard work. During puberty, the cycloid experiences the first depressive phase. It is usually accompanied by attacks of irritability and sadness.

During this phase, in the first half of the day, the teenager feels weak, everything falls out of hand. Things that used to be easy now require much more effort. Studying becomes harder, and the company of peers begins to seem burdensome. A lively teenager turns into a quiet homebody.

Minor failures that occur due to decreased performance are perceived painfully. The teenager is capable of responding to teachers’ comments with anger, although deep down in his soul these words deeply hurt him. More serious mistakes further aggravate the depression. In the most severe cases, suicide attempts may occur during this phase.

Cycloid accentuation of character is detected in approximately 2-5% of adolescents.

Approximately half of this amount belongs to ordinary cycloids, while the other part belongs to labile ones (they will be discussed below). In adolescence (18-19 years), the number of cycloids increases, and hyperthyms, on the contrary, becomes somewhat lower. It is believed that certain number hyperthyms can transform into cycloids, experiencing short depressive periods.

Labile cycloids in adolescence

In addition to typical cycloids, in adolescence another subgroup is distinguished, the representatives of which are characterized by labile-cycloid accentuation. The periods here are shorter: a couple of days of growth are followed by several days of decline. During depression, there is a decreased emotional background rather than a decline in performance.

Within each period, sometimes there is a short change in mood caused by external events. From labile type this type characterized by the absence of strong emotional reactions. Labile cycloids are also distinguished by their willingness to change their psycho-emotional state for minor reasons: they can become depressed after hearing bad news on TV, or witnessing a quarrel between strangers. Over the years, the phases increase, and the labile cycloid gradually transforms into a typical one.

general characteristics

The phase change of a cycloid is expressed smoothly. Typically, each period lasts approximately 1-2 weeks and may be interspersed with prolonged, even mood.

Hyperthymic phase

During the hyperthymic phase (rise period), the cycloid is characterized by:

elevated mood;
sociability;
high efficiency;
optimism, easy going.

Features of the subdepressive phase

The hypothymic or subdepressive phase usually lasts no more than two weeks. It is characterized by:

low mood;
apathy towards what previously aroused interest;
loss of appetite;
painful perception of critical comments;
weakness in the morning;
the desire to be alone, to avoid society;
decreased interest in the opposite sex.

In the subdepressive phase, the cycloid becomes very vulnerable. He is easily traumatized as his self-esteem drops. He can abandon the work he has started, abandon his goals. Therefore, at this time, it is important to provide support to the cycloid so that it does not lose the achievements that it achieved on the rise. During a recession with a cycloid, it is useful to talk about his character traits and how he can better control himself.

Serious danger to representatives of this type The point is that under stressful circumstances, such accentuation can result in a disease - manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder). Those in whose family there are already cases of mental illness should be especially attentive to their health.

But even if one of the relatives is sick, this does not indicate the inevitable development of the disorder. The disorder always develops not on its own, but as a consequence of long and severe stress. It is from such factors that the cycloid should protect himself, avoiding excessive stress if possible.

Strengths and weaknesses of character

The main advantages of a cycloid character during the hyperthymic phase are optimism, sociability, and cheerfulness. In the subdepressive phase, the advantages are thoughtfulness and the ability to empathize. Disadvantages of a cycloid nature usually appear during a recession: inconsistency, touchiness, lack of initiative, irritability.

A person with cycloid personality accentuation needs to remember that changes in his mood arise and disappear suddenly. The main goal is to avoid making annoying mistakes before the start of a new phase of recovery, such as quarreling with loved ones or abandoning an important project.

Examples

An example of the cycloid type is Don Quixote by Cervantes. A similar accentuation is partly characteristic of Alice, the main character of Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland."

Leonhard's theory of accentuated personalities quickly proved its validity and usefulness. However, its use was limited by the age of the subjects - the questionnaire for determining accentuation was designed for adult subjects. Children and adolescents, lacking relevant life experience, could not answer a number of test questions, so their accentuations turned out to be difficult to determine.

The domestic psychiatrist Andrei Evgenievich Lichko took up the solution to this problem. He modified it for use in childhood and adolescence, reworked the descriptions of the types of accentuation, changed the names for some of them and introduced new types. A.E. Lichko considered it more appropriate to study accentuations in adolescents, since most of them are formed before adolescence and are most clearly manifested during this period. He expanded the descriptions of accentuated characters with information about the manifestations of accentuations in children and adolescents, and the changes in these manifestations as they grow older. Peru A. E. Lichko owns the fundamental monographs “Adolescent Psychiatry”, “Psychopathy and Character Accentuations in Adolescents”, “Adolescent Narcology”.

Accentuations of character from the point of view of A. E. Lichko

A. E. Lichko was the first to propose replacing the term “personality accentuation” with “character accentuation,” citing the fact that it is impossible to unite all a person’s personal characteristics by defining only accentuation. Personality is a much broader concept, including worldview, characteristics of upbringing, education, and response to external events. Character, being an external reflection of the type nervous system, serves as a narrow description of the characteristics of human behavior.

Accentuations of character according to Lichko are temporary changes in character that change or disappear in the process of growth and development of the child. However, many of them can turn into psychopathy or persist for life. The path of development of accentuation is determined by its severity, social environment and type (hidden or obvious) of accentuation.

Like Karl Leonhard, A.E. Lichko considered accentuation a variant of character deformation, in which individual traits become excessively pronounced. This increases the sensitivity of the individual to certain types of influences and makes adaptation difficult in some cases. At the same time, in general, the ability to adapt remains at a high level, and with some types of influences (not affecting the “place” least resistance") accentuated individuals cope easier than ordinary ones.

A.E. Lichko considered accentuations as borderline states between normality and psychopathy. Accordingly, their classification is based on the typology of psychopathy.

A. E. Lichko highlighted following types accentuations: hyperthymic, cycloid, sensitive, schizoid, hysteroid, conmorphic, psychasthenic, paranoid, unstable, emotionally labile, epileptoid.

Hyperthymic type

People with this accentuation are excellent tacticians and poor strategists. Resourceful, enterprising, active, easy to navigate in rapidly changing situations. Thanks to this, they can quickly improve their professional and social position. However, in the long term, they often lose their position due to the inability to think through the consequences of their actions, participation in adventures and the wrong choice of comrades.

Active, sociable, enterprising, always in a good mood. Children of this type are active, restless, and often play pranks. Inattentive and poorly disciplined, teenagers of this type are unstable students. Conflicts with adults often arise. They have many superficial hobbies. They often overestimate themselves, strive to stand out and earn praise.

Cycloid accentuation of character according to Lichko is characterized by high irritability and apathy. Children prefer to be alone at home instead of playing in the company of peers. They experience any troubles hard and become irritated in response to comments. The mood changes from good, elated, to depressed at intervals of several weeks.

With growing up, the manifestations of this accentuation usually smooth out, but in some people they can persist or remain stuck for a long time in one stage, often a depressed-melancholic one. Sometimes there is a connection between mood changes and the seasons.

Sensitive type

It is highly sensitive to both joyful and frightening or sad events. Teenagers do not like active, active games, do not play pranks, and avoid large companies. They are timid and bashful with strangers and give the impression of being withdrawn. They can be good friends with close friends. They prefer to communicate with people younger or older than them. Obedient, love their parents.

It is possible to develop an inferiority complex or difficulty adapting to a team. They place high moral demands on themselves and the team. They have a developed sense of responsibility. Assiduous, prefer complex species activities. They are very careful in choosing friends, preferring older ones.

Schizoid type

Teenagers of this type are withdrawn, preferring loneliness or the company of elders to communicating with peers. They are demonstratively indifferent and not interested in communicating with other people. They do not understand the feelings, experiences, condition of others, and do not show sympathy. Own feelings they also prefer not to show it. Peers often do not understand them, and therefore are hostile towards schizoids.

Hysteroids are distinguished by a high need for attention to themselves and egocentrism. Demonstrative, artistic. They do not like it when someone else pays attention to them or praises others. There is a high need for admiration from others. Teenagers of the hysterical type strive to occupy an exceptional position among their peers, attract attention to themselves, and influence others. They often become the initiators of various events. At the same time, hysterics are unable to organize those around them, cannot become an informal leader, or earn authority among their peers.

Conmorphic type

Children and adolescents of the conforming type are characterized by a lack of their own opinion, initiative, and criticality. They willingly submit to groups or authorities. Their attitude in life can be characterized by the words “be like everyone else.” At the same time, such teenagers are prone to moralizing and are very conservative. In order to protect their interests, representatives of this type are ready to do the most unseemly actions, and all these actions find explanation and justification in the eyes of a conforming personality.

Psychasthenic type

Adolescents of this type are characterized by a tendency to reflect, introspect, and evaluate the behavior of others. Their intellectual development is ahead of their peers. Their indecision is combined with self-confidence; their judgments and views are categorical. At moments when special caution and attentiveness are needed, they are prone to impulsive actions. This type changes little with age. They often have obsessions that serve as a means of overcoming anxiety. It is also possible to use alcohol or drugs. In relationships they are petty and despotic, which interferes with normal communication.

Paranoid type

The types of character accentuation according to Lichko do not always include this variant of accentuation due to its late development. The main manifestations of the paranoid type appear by the age of 30-40. In childhood and adolescence, such individuals are characterized by epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Their main feature is an overestimation of their personality, and, accordingly, the presence of overvalued ideas about their exclusivity. These ideas differ from delusional ones in that they are perceived by others as real, although exaggerated.

Teenagers show an increased craving for entertainment and idleness. There are no interests, no life goals, they do not care about the future. They are often characterized as “going with the flow.”

Emotionally labile type

Children are unpredictable, with frequent and severe mood swings. The reasons for these differences are minor little things (a sideways glance or an unfriendly phrase). During periods of bad mood, they require the support of loved ones. They feel good about how others treat them.

Epileptoid type

At an early age, such children are often whiny. In the older ones, they offend the younger ones, torture animals, mock those who cannot fight back. They are characterized by power, cruelty, and pride. In the company of other children, they strive to be not just the boss, but the ruler. In the groups they control, they establish cruel, autocratic orders. However, their power rests largely on the voluntary submission of other children. They prefer conditions of strict discipline, know how to please management, take over prestigious positions that provide the opportunity to exercise power, and establish their own rules.

We perceive people differently. And at first glance it is impossible to determine a person’s character, especially if he is changeable. Each individual is unique and has his own character. Today we will talk about the cycloid personality type, labile and much more.

First about accentuations

Classifications of character accentuations were presented by A. E. Lichko and K. Leonhard. The typology of the first consisted of 11 personality types, each of which has special manifestations observed in adolescence. He also identified types:

Explicit accentuation. This is when a person's character traits are expressed throughout life.
And hidden. Acute characteristics emerge in difficult environments and situations.

Leonhard identified 12 species, some of which coincide with Lichko’s classification. Divided into the following groups:

Emotionality.
Character.
Personal level.

He studied the typology of adult characters.

Causes of accentuations

Accented disposition is formed and developed under the influence of many factors. These include a lack of communication with peers and parents. The main reason is heredity. The appearance of acute traits is influenced by the environment (family and friends), incorrect parenting style (excessive care or lack of attention, love and care). All this becomes the cause. Low self-esteem, dissatisfaction with needs, physical disabilities and psychological illnesses can also lead to accentuation. Now let's start discussing the cycloid personality type.

Let's find out who cyclothymics are

These are people whose mood changes very often, regardless of external factors. Cycloid type personality - an accentuation of character in which a person’s emotional state changes abruptly and without reason. Suddenly, euphoria can give way to sadness. Moreover, the cyclothymic itself does not know why this happens. Let's talk about cycloid

Character traits

Already in early childhood, such people can be recognized by their inherent hyperthymia. They are active, too independent, strive to be leaders, hardworking, kind, friendly, which captivates the interlocutor from the first minute of communication. Very talkative, but at the same time overly charming. Thanks to emotionality and gestures, they can present even the simplest story colorfully and richly, adding a humorous twist.

They easily adapt to a new circle, so they socialize without difficulty. Find it quickly mutual language with others. But there are also some disadvantages, of course:

Instability of character.
Impermanence. They often change hobbies and interests.
Indiscriminateness, for example, in choosing friends, is why people end up in bad company.

It is difficult for the owners of the cycloid type themselves, much less for those around them, to understand their state of mind.

Development of cyclothymics

It is almost impossible to predict or influence the development of character accentuation of the cycloid personality type in early childhood. Behavior and emotionality, although they may need adjustment, do not go beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms and rules in society. The individual can independently control and correct them.

The cycloid personality type, like others, is formed and developed under the influence of many external factors, such as:

Genetic predisposition.
Education and others.

Cyclothymics begin to demonstrate their character already in childhood, but in adolescence it becomes more obvious. This is a quick change in mood, for example from depression to euphoria.

More about adolescence

It is during this period that children experience the first major fragment of low mood. In girls, for example, this phenomenon may coincide with the onset of menstruation. Irritability appears, interest in studying, playing and communicating with peers disappears, and fatigue sets in.

During periods of low mood, you should not ask teenagers with questions, as they may answer rudely. They themselves don’t like it, since they were previously completely different and found a common language with their parents.

Reasons for development

Not clearly defined, but there are a number of factors that can aggravate the development of the cycloid personality type and lead to psychological pathologies. Let's look at them:

These are relatives.
Brain damage (trauma) and infections accompanied by fever and intoxication.
Use of toxic substances.

And, of course, there is a dangerous moment when a psychological traumatic situation or circumstance coincides with a phase of bad mood. This only worsens the dejected state, which can lead to a suicide attempt.

Let's talk about the labile-cycloid personality type

In adolescence, two types of accentuation can be observed:

Typical.
And labile cycloids.

Typical ones, as a rule, in childhood are no different from ordinary children, rather they even resemble hyperthyms. During adolescence, the initial subdepressive phase occurs. There is a tendency towards apathy and irritability. Feeling lethargic and weak. During this period, teenagers are especially vulnerable; criticism from parents and others, failures can lead to deep depression, psychological trauma and even suicide attempts. In typical cycloids, the phases last from 2 to 3 weeks.

In labile cycloids, the phases are much shorter - up to several days. Moreover, during a period of decline in mood, they do not experience lethargy, loss of strength or dissatisfaction, but rather mild sadness. And unlike the labile type, the mood does not change dramatically due to minor events.

Adolescent behavioral reactions of both types are moderately expressed. There is instability in hobbies. Since self-esteem is formed gradually, due to lack of experience it is still inaccurate.

In childhood, such individuals, as a rule, do not stand out among others. Only a few exhibit neurotic reactions. The main feature is the extreme variability of the emotional state. If the mood changes extremely abruptly, and the reason for this is a very insignificant reason, the formation of a labile personality type is evident. In this case, the emotional state will be accompanied by deep feelings, poor appetite and sleep, a desire to be alone or, conversely, to rush into a noisy company, and so on.

Representatives of this personality type are characterized by sensuality and loyal friendship. They are capable of sincere affection for their loved ones if the latter reciprocate (with love and care), even despite frequent petty quarrels.

Labile teenagers like praise, various signs of attention, and encouragement. But they endure reproach, criticism, condemnation hard, deeply worrying, which leads to despondency. Teenagers of this personality type are familiar with the characteristics of their character, they know that they belong to “people of mood”, everything depends on the latter. They invite others to perceive them as they are.

Let's talk about the hyperthymic type

The hyperthymic type of accentuation is characterized by an active life position, elevated mood, and a thirst for communication. Since childhood, hyperthyms are independent and easily adapt to new surroundings. They are very sociable, even talkative, mischievous, prone to pranks and hooliganism. They strive for leadership, are tireless, and are able to make a favorable impression on others. They do not like loneliness and never complete large-scale projects.

They cannot stand monotony, monotonous work, or idleness. They easily change interests and hobbies and love risk. Failures can negatively affect hyperthyms, but not for long. They easily recover and return to their usual emotional state. They can easily apologize.

The hyperthymic-cycloid type can only occur in childhood, when superficial activity, sociability and high spirits are observed. Both stunning ups and sharp downs are possible in their life. But they always find a way out of the situation, although they are unreliable in the partnership business.

So, in our article we learned about the cycloid personality type, characteristics of character and behavior, and also looked at the labile and hyperthymic types.

Accentuation of character or personality accentuation– excessive strengthening of individual character traits. This personality trait determines behavior and actions, leaves an imprint on all areas of its activity: attitude towards oneself, towards others, towards the world. Accentuation is an extreme variant of the norm and is not considered a mental disorder or disease.

Prevalence. Personality accentuations are widespread, especially among adolescents. Among young people, obvious or hidden accentuations are found in 95% of those examined. With age, people will be able to smooth out undesirable features, and the number of accentuations decreases to 50-60%.

The benefits and harms of accentuations. On the one hand, an accentuated trait makes a person more stable and successful in some situations. For example, people with hysterical accentuation are talented actors, and those with hyperthymic accentuation are positive, sociable and can find an approach to any person.

On the other hand, an accentuated character trait becomes a person’s vulnerable spot, complicating life for himself and those around him. Situations that are not significant for other people turn into a test for the psyche. For example, people with a hypothymic type of accentuation experience difficulties when it comes to getting to know each other and establishing contact.

There is a danger that in difficult situations these enhanced character traits can develop into psychopathy, cause neurosis, and become the cause of alcoholism and illegal behavior.

In what cases can accentuations develop into pathology?

Unfavorable environmental conditions that hit the accentuated trait as the weakest point, for example for conformal accentuation, are rejection of the person in the team.
Long-term exposure to this factor.
Exposure to an unfavorable factor during a period when a person is most vulnerable. Most often these are elementary school and adolescence.

If these conditions are met, accentuation worsens and turns into psychopathy, which is already a mental disorder.

How do accentuations differ from psychopathy?

Reasons for the formation of accentuations. It is believed that the formation of accentuations is influenced by the innate properties of temperament. Thus, a person born choleric is prone to developing accentuation of the excitable type, and a sanguine person is prone to hyperthymic type. Strengthening of individual character traits occurs in childhood and adolescence under the influence of chronic traumatic situations (constant humiliation by peers) and characteristics of upbringing.
Degrees of personality accentuations

Explicit– manifests itself in a person’s behavior in most situations, but does not interfere with his ability to adapt to various social situations (acquaintance, conflict, communication with friends).
Hidden– does not manifest itself in life, can only be detected in critical situations that affect accentuated character traits.

Types of personality accentuations. Each scientist who dealt with character accentuations identified his own types. To date, several dozen of them have been described. This article will describe the main ones.
Psychologists began to deal with the problem of personality accentuations in the second half of the twentieth century. Therefore, many controversial issues remain in matters of classification, diagnosis and correction.

Types of accentuation

There are many personality traits, and each of them can be over-enhanced. It is the accentuated traits that determine the personality type and character traits and make a person different from others. Let's give short descriptions main personality types.

Hysterical type

In other classifications demonstrative type. Widely distributed among women. It is especially pronounced in adolescence and young adulthood. Distinctive features:

The desire to attract attention those around you to your person. They seek attention in all ways - through actions, manner of dressing and speaking, appearance. They demand respect, surprise, sympathy, and, in extreme cases, anger from others. The appearance is bright and attractive. Even in the absence of outstanding external data, they know how to look impressive.
Increased emotionality. They are distinguished by high sensitivity and violent reaction. At the same time, they easily endure mental pain, grief and resentment, although they demonstrate strong emotions. Some emotions are quickly replaced by others. There is a tendency towards envy and jealousy. They do not tolerate it if the attention of others is switched to another person.
Artistry manifests itself in all life situations. They easily get used to any role, which makes it easier to adapt to new situations. They are distinguished by arrogant facial expressions and mannered poses.
Developed imagination and imaginative thinking. They themselves believe in what they have invented. Suggestible. They are fond of applied magic and believe in horoscopes. They tend to advertise and exaggerate their victories in their personal lives.
timid. Tend to exaggerate the danger.
Positive features: They are open to communication and easily establish contact with a new person. Adapt well to new situations. They have an active life position. The desire for fame becomes a powerful motivator, which contributes to success in creative professions (actors, singers, dancers, artists).
Flaws: excessive emotionality, an overly acute reaction to all events concerning one’s own personality, while indifference to the problems of others. Difficulties that arise along the way force us to abandon our plans. They do not tolerate routine work. Can easily get sick nervous soil– psychosomatic diseases develop. Loss of authority can lead to thoughts of suicide. They provoke conflicts based on the desire to be the center of attention.

Epileptoid type

In other classifications excitable personality type. People with this accentuation, just like hysterics, strive to attract attention to themselves. But they do this not so demonstratively, but with the help of stuttering, coughing, and complaints. Distinctive features:

Dissatisfaction and irritability. Prone to negative emotions. They constantly grumble and express complaints. They become fixated on the bad and think about the problem for a long time, while dissatisfaction grows until it spills out in the form of a major quarrel. The behavior model of such people is compared to a steam boiler, the temperature in which increases until an explosion occurs. After discharge, they cannot calm down for a long time. This feature distinguishes them from other types. IN family life They show despotism and create frequent scandals over trifles.
Tendency to adhere to previously established order in things, deeds and relationships. They do not like changes or rearrangements. They keep order themselves and force others, especially family members and subordinates. Clutter can cause a major quarrel. Particular attention is paid to rationality rather than purity.
Easy attitude to moral standards. Their actions are guided only by their own opinion, so they can transgress moral standards, especially in a fit of anger. They can be rude, show disrespect for elders, and physical violence towards children and animals. In this case, they will not even notice the offense, and will not be tormented by remorse.
Structured thinking. When making decisions, they are guided by common sense and logic. However, this does not prevent them from going into fits of rage if their wishes are not fulfilled. They don't consider alternatives. They believe that their point of view is the only correct one.
Mistrust based on critical thinking. They don’t take their word for it, they demand proof. They don't trust strangers. They don't believe in horoscopes and predictions.
It is difficult to adapt to a new situation.
Positive features: scrupulousness, increased accuracy, concern for one’s health, the ability to receive benefits, the ability to defend one’s interests. When calm, they show extreme kindness and care for family members and animals. They are energetic and active in matters of maintaining order, which can become part of the profession - managers, managers, caretakers.
Flaws violent attacks of anger, after which they cool down for a long time, gloominess, intolerance of contradictions, lack of respect for other people's opinions. These aspects of character provoke dissatisfaction with others and frequent conflicts in the family and at work. Possible addictions to alcohol, sexual perversions, and sadistic tendencies.

Schizoid type

People with schizoid accentuation are secretive, uncommunicative and outwardly cold. However, this accentuation rarely leads to adaptation disorders. Distinctive features:

Closedness. They do not know how and do not want to communicate with others. They strive for loneliness. After trying to make an acquaintance, they note that they have nothing to talk about with the person, which causes disappointment and withdrawal.
Combination of contradictory properties: shyness and tactlessness, sensitivity and indifference, pliability and stubbornness.
Lack of intuition regarding feelings other people. They cannot understand whether the interlocutor treats them well or badly, how he reacted to their words.
Inability to empathize. They are indifferent and do not show emotions in communication.
Secretive, do not show their inner world. They open up only to like-minded people.
Unusual interests and hobbies. Reading literature of a certain genre, drawing churches, calligraphy, sometimes collecting (for example, only stamps with images of flowers).
Positive features: developed imagination, creativity, creativity, passion for non-team sports to improve your body (cycling, yoga), playing musical instruments(guitar, violin).
Flaws. Sometimes a tendency towards voyeurism or exhibitionism may appear; small doses of alcohol or recreational drugs may be taken to overcome shyness in communication.

Cycloid type. Accentuation causes periodic changes in mood (periods lasting from several days to 2 weeks). Distinctive features:

Wave-like mood changes. Each phase can last 1-2 weeks. Sometimes there are breaks of “equilibrium” between them. Cycloid accentuation often occurs in adolescents and smoothes out with age.
Rising periods– a person is full of energy and desire to work. At this time, cycloids are cheerful and sociable, striving for leadership and achieving success in school and at work. They do not tolerate loneliness, boredom, or monotony.
Recession periods or subdepression– mood and performance decrease sharply. There is no desire to communicate or do anything, and drowsiness develops. They strive for loneliness, entertainment loses its appeal. They become too sensitive to criticism and vulnerable. Self-esteem sharply decreases, thoughts appear about one’s uselessness and inferiority.
Positive features: in the recovery phase, a person is full of strength and desire to work and communicate.
Flaws. Low activity in the decline phase. If the subdepressive phase is prolonged, thoughts of suicide may arise. Under unfavorable circumstances, accentuation can develop into bipolar disorder.

Paranoid type. It is formed late - by the age of 30. Its main characteristics are persistence and perseverance in achieving goals. People with paranoid accentuation feel bad and are afraid of what others will think of them if they find out about their essence. As a result, they often experience fear and shame. Two personalities coexist in them, one they consider worthless and despise. The second is perceived as ideal and omnipotent. Between these two poles, an internal conflict occurs that exhausts a person. Distinctive features:

Projection of one's own character traits onto other people. Attribute their thoughts and intentions to them. This leads to them seeing anger and envy in others. They constantly try to recognize ill will in the behavior of others.
Self-obsession. They are selfish, constantly think about themselves, and experience their own internal conflict.
Excessive sensitivity to comments criticism, refusals.
Grumpiness and a constant desire to defend one’s rights, even if they were not infringed.
Unreasonable jealousy, suspicions of conspiracies.
Inability to refuse. They do not know how to say “no”, but prefer to make promises and not keep them.
Tendency towards exclusivity and uniqueness in clothing and hobbies.
Positive features: persistent and purposeful. Have out-of-the-box thinking, smart, well read. Able to analyze and foresee the results of their own and others’ actions. They have a sense of style. They can deny themselves excesses for the sake of an idea.
Flaws: tendency to hypercontrol over loved ones, suspicion, aversion to people.

Unstable (rampant) type. People with unstable type highlights the desire to have fun. Distinctive features:

Laziness and weakness of will. It's hard to force yourself to do something that doesn't bring you pleasure. Under any pretext, they avoid work or imitate work activity.
Emotional instability. Any event causes a short-term surge of emotions. Therefore, they need frequent changes of impressions.
Need for strict control. Only the knowledge that the result of their work will be controlled can force them to complete the task. However, strict control makes them want to run away or quit.
Tendency to obey an informal leader. They show lack of independence even in the search for entertainment. They follow the lead of others and do what is suggested to them.
Positive features. Carefree, curious, optimistic about the future.
Flaws. Constant search for thrills increases the risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism. They love speed, which increases the risk of accidents when driving a car or motorcycle. Prone to gambling.

Labile type

People experience frequent unpredictable mood swings that occur for any unimportant reason (they didn’t like the tone or look of their interlocutor). Distinctive features:

Mood swings. Mood changes are sharp and profound. People don't just get upset, they fall into despair, and then half an hour later they can experience genuine joy. Their well-being and performance, their idea of their own future and the structure of the world largely depend on these changes. So, if a person is in high spirits, then he feels great, is friendly even to unfamiliar people, and is optimistic about the future. If your mood has dropped, then everything takes on a negative connotation.
High sensitivity to praise and criticism. Praise causes joy and stimulates new achievements, but criticism can cause despondency and abandonment of activities.
Sociability. They are drawn to their peers and are in dire need of communication. They become attached to people and suffer greatly from the breakdown of relationships.
Positive features: sincere, spontaneous, positive, devoted. This accentuation rarely progresses into the phase of psychopathy.
Flaws. They endure losses hard and have extremely low resistance to stress. If they are not ready to deal with difficulties, they may give up on the goal.

Conformal type

People with conformal type accentuation tend to trust their environment and follow it. Distinctive features:

Submission to the majority opinion. Tend to agree with the opinion of the majority in the group to which they belong. There is no critical thinking; they do not analyze how the group decision corresponds to the norms of morality and law.
Following fashion. Stick to fashion trends in clothing, choice of hobby or profession.
The desire to be “like everyone else.” The reluctance to stand out from the group encourages you to be no worse than others in your studies and work. At the same time, they do not have the desire to take the place of a leader, to become better than the majority.
Conservatism. Tend to stick established order imposed by the majority.
They have a hard time breaking up with the group. Expulsion from the group, conflict with its leaders and loss of authority cause serious psychological trauma.
Positive features. They are successful in a positive environment. This accentuation extremely rarely becomes the basis of mental disorders.
Flaws. They do not show independence, independence, or initiative. They experience hostility towards people of other nationalities, towards strangers in the group. When they find themselves in bad company, they follow the lead, consume drugs and alcohol, and break the law.

Astheno-neurotic type

People with an astheno-neurotic type of accentuation are characterized by rapid fatigue, irritability and a tendency to hypochondria. Distinctive features:

Difficulty with mental and physical stress(exams, dissertation defense, competitions). Severe fatigue is caused by mental and emotional stress. They also feel tired from noisy companies and active recreation. If possible, try to avoid stress.
Irritability, appearing against a background of fatigue. Its manifestations are short-term and not too strong outbursts of anger, which are associated with increased fatigue of the nervous system. Against this background, sleep deteriorates and appetite disappears.
Tendency to hypochondria is characteristic of this type of accentuation. They love to be treated, enjoy bed rest, and listen to bodily sensations. They note a connection - the higher the state of health, the better the state of the nervous system. And against the background of a nervous shock, a real, and not a fictitious, illness can develop.
Positive features. Attachment to loved ones, kindness, good intellectual development, conscientiousness.
Flaws. The risk of developing neurosis and neurasthenia, they react painfully to jokes addressed to them, high fatigue prevents them from studying well and working productively.

Psychasthenic type

People with psychasthenic accentuation are prone to introspection. Distinctive features:

Reflection– attention is directed inward. They tend to analyze their feelings, actions, emotions.
Indecisiveness. Avoid situations in which a choice must be made.
Striving to live up to expectations, which are placed on them by family, friends, and superiors. A developed sense of responsibility, combined with increased fatigue, causes a constant internal conflict between “should” and “can”, which depletes mental strength.
Development of obsessions. Obsessive thoughts, memories, fears, actions, rituals, superstitions that appear regardless of a person’s desire and cause negative emotions.
Experiences directed towards the future. They are afraid that something bad might happen to them or their loved ones in the future.
Pedantry. They strictly follow the rules. These rules may be generally accepted (traffic rules, fire safety) or invented by them. The goal is to protect yourself from trouble.
Positive features: kindness, affection for loved ones, adherence to moral principles, high intelligence, developed imagination.
Flaws: indecisiveness, tendency to obsessive-compulsive neurosis.

Hyperthymic type. The main feature of people with a hyperthymic type of accentuation is optimism, and short-term outbursts of anger are very rare. Distinctive features:

A good mood often without good reason - distinguishing feature hypertims, which makes them the life of the party.
Energetic, active, resilient. Everything is done quickly. Sometimes the quality of work may suffer.
Talkative. They like to tell stories, exaggerate, and sometimes embellish the truth.
Sociable. They love to communicate and make new acquaintances. They strive to command. They love jokes and practical jokes.
Positive features: high vitality, optimism, endurance to physical and mental stress, stress resistance.
Flaws: indiscriminate choice of acquaintances, risk of regular consumption of alcoholic beverages. They are restless and do not like work that requires accuracy. They are wasteful, they can borrow and not pay back. Among people with hyperthymic accentuation, there is an addiction to petty theft.

Sensitive type

Very sensitive, yet reliable, serious and silent. Mainly depressed mood.

Impressionability. Even as adults they remain extremely susceptible to everyone external stimuli. They tolerate stress and conflicts very hard and endure them for a long time.
Difficulties in self-management stressful situations . If this situation drags on for a long time, they can become very angry. Which they later regret. In critical situations they are capable of courageous actions.
Diffidence. They picture a strict “I-ideal” in their imagination and worry that they don’t live up to it in real life.
Pessimism. They see the future in dark colors.
Concerns about how others treat them. They worry about what other people will think about them. They are afraid of criticism and ridicule.
Positive features: conscientiousness, diligence, loyalty.
Flaws: passivity, unpredictability in a stressful situation.

Combinations of types of accentuations

ABOUT mixed accentuations They say when not one, but several traits in a person’s character become stronger. It is these options that are found in the vast majority of cases of accentuation.
The most common mixed character accentuations:

Hyperthymic + conformal;
Labile + cycloid;
Sensitive + schizoid;
Sensitive + astheno-neurotic + psychasthenic;
Hysteroid + epileptoid.

Classification of accentuations according to Leonard

German psychologist Karl Leonhard divided all character traits into basic and additional. Basics are the core of personality. They are responsible for her mental health. If one of these traits is strengthened (accentuated), then it determines a person’s behavior. When exposed to unfavorable factors, pathology may develop.

Group	Type of accentuation	Characteristic
temperament how to nature education	Emotive	Kind, compassionate, humane, values close friends, peace-loving, executive, has a heightened sense of duty. But at the same time he is characterized by timidity, tearfulness and shyness.
	Affectively exalted	Sociable, amorous, has good taste, attentive to loved ones, altruistic, capable of high feelings. But at the same time, he is prone to panic, gets lost under stress, and is subject to mood swings.
	Affectively labile	Soft, vulnerable, capable of empathy, has high moral principles. But he is prone to sharp cyclical mood swings, which determine his relationships with people. Does not tolerate loneliness, indifference, or rudeness.
	Anxious	Friendly, loyal, efficient, self-critical. The mood is often low, timid, does not defend his interests, and needs support.
	Dysthymic (hypothymic)	Conscientious, serious, taciturn, highly values friends. But at the same time, he is an individualist, closed, prone to pessimism, and passive.
	Hyperthymic	Sociable, optimistic, active, resilient, hardworking, does not lose control in stressful situations. Frivolous, rarely finishes what he starts. Does not tolerate loneliness and strict control.
Types of accentuations related to character how to social education	Excitable	Characterized by mood swings and violent outbursts of anger. In a calm state, caring, conscientious, neat. During outbursts of anger, he has poor control over his state and is irritable.
	Stuck	Responsible, stress-resistant, persistent, resilient, makes high demands on himself and others. But at the same time suspicious, touchy, boring, jealous, somewhat conflicted. He does not tolerate it when someone else claims to take his place.
	Pedantic	Neat, strictly adheres to the rules, reliable, conscientious, peaceful. But boringness, grumbling, and not working - bureaucracy are often noted.
	Demonstrative	Artistic, charismatic, sociable, has a developed imagination, strives for leadership. But at the same time he is vain and prone to lies, selfish. He does not tolerate it when he is not given attention, and suffers if his authority is undermined.
Types of accentuations related to personalities generally	Extroverted	Sociable, friendly, attentive, efficient, always ready to listen, does not pretend to be a leader. But at the same time, he is talkative, frivolous, easily falls under the influence of others, and is prone to rash, impulsive actions.
	Introverted	Principled, restrained, immersed in his inner world, morally developed, distinguished by a rich imagination. But at the same time he is closed, stubborn, defends his point of view, even if he turns out to be wrong. Does not tolerate interference in his personal life.

Classification of accentuations according to Lichko

Soviet psychiatrist Andrei Lichko viewed accentuations as temporary enhancements of character traits that can appear and disappear in childhood and adolescence. At the same time, he recognized the possibility of maintaining accentuations throughout life and turning them into psychopathy. Since Lichko considered accentuations to be a borderline option between normality and psychopathy, his classification is based on types of psychopathy.

Type of accentuation	Characteristic
Hyperthymic	Cheerful, active, optimistic, self-confident, strives for leadership, resourceful, enterprising. Disadvantages: frivolous, restless, inattentive, does not take his duties responsibly enough, can be irritable.
Labile	Empathy is well developed, he feels the emotions of others and their attitude towards himself. Experiences severe mood swings for minor reasons. Needs support from loved ones.
Cycloid	Cyclically changing mood ups and downs. The frequency is several weeks. During periods of recovery, sociable, energetic, joyful, energetic. During the recession – apathetic, irritable, sad.
Astheno-neurotic	Disciplined, neat. There is increased mental fatigue, which makes a person irritable and overly concerned about his health.
Psychasthenic (anxious and suspicious)	Intellectually developed. He is prone to reflection, introspection, and evaluation of his actions and the actions of others. Inflated self-esteem is combined with indecision. In moments of crisis, he can commit rash acts. Cons: petty, despotic, prone to developing obsessive actions.
Sensitive (sensitive)	High sensitivity to joyful and frightening moments. Obedient, diligent, responsible, calm, makes high moral demands on himself and others. Cons: uncommunicative, suspicious, whiny, difficult to adapt to a new team.
Epileptoid (inert-impulsive)	Strives for leadership, likes to set rules, enjoys authority among management and among peers. Tolerates conditions of harsh discipline well. Cons: can offend the weak, establishes cruel rules, irritable.
Schizoid (introverted)	Closed, prefers loneliness or communication with elders. Cons: indifferent, unable to show sympathy and empathy.
Unstable	Sociable, open, courteous, eager to have fun. Cons: laziness, unwillingness to work and study. Prone to consuming alcohol, drugs, and gambling.
Hysterical (demonstrative)	Artistic, impulsive, proactive, sociable, loves attention, strives to take a leading position, but is not able to achieve authority. Cons: self-centered, prone to lies. The behavior is unnatural and pretentious.
Conformal	Lacks criticality and initiative, tends to obey outside opinions. Strives not to be different from the rest of the group. To please the group, he can commit unseemly acts, while he is inclined to justify himself.
Paranoid	Characteristic features develop by age 30. In childhood, he manifests himself as a teenager with epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Self-esteem is significantly inflated, ideas about one’s exclusivity and genius appear.
Emotionally labile	She suffers from frequent and severe mood swings, needs support, and has a good sense of how people treat her. Cons: emotionally unstable.

Character accentuation test according to Shmishek

The personality questionnaire, developed by G. Smishek, is designed to identify character accentuations. It is based on the classification of accentuations developed by Leonhard. The adult character accentuation test according to Shmishek consists of 88 questions. Each of them must be answered yes (+) or no (-). It is not recommended to think about questions for a long time, but to answer as it seems to you. this moment. The children's version of the test is similar and differs only in the wording of the questions.

Each of the 88 questions characterizes some emphasized feature.

Hyperthymia
Distinctiveness
Cyclothymic
Excitability
Jam
Emotivity
Exaltation
Pedantry
Demonstrativeness

The results obtained are processed using a key. For each trait, the scores are summed up and multiplied by the coefficient corresponding to this trait.

Scale	1 point is awarded for		Coefficient
Scale	The answer is yes	The answer is no	Coefficient
Hyperthymia	1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77		3
Distinctiveness	9, 21, 43, 74, 87	31, 53, 65	3
Cyclothymic	6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84		3
Excitability	20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 75, 86		3
Jam	2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81	12, 46, 59	2
Emotivity	3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79	25	3
Exaltation	10, 32, 54, 76		6
Anxiety	6, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82	5	3
Pedantry	4, 14, 17, 26, 36, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83	39	2
Demonstrativeness	7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88	51	2

Each scale is assigned a score, from 0 to 24.

0-6 – the trait is not expressed.
7-12 – the trait is moderately expressed;
13-18 – severity above average;
19-24 – accentuated feature.

Based on the points obtained, a graph is constructed, which is also very important, since it makes it possible to characterize the personality in general terms.

Features of accentuation in adolescents

Personality accentuations are formed in adolescence. In the same period they manifest themselves especially clearly. The reason for this is the impulsiveness of adolescents and the inability to control their emotions and actions. Some personality accentuations are present in 90-95% of adolescents.

The very presence of an enhanced character trait is not dangerous, but it makes the teenager extremely sensitive to external situations and internal conflicts, and affects relationships with parents and peers. The same accentuations under unfavorable conditions can become a cause of crime, and under the right approach and the right choice of profession will help you achieve success in life.

It is important for parents to know about the presence of character accentuation in a teenager in order to help him adapt to life and build a parenting style that will be as effective as possible. The task of parents is to develop qualities and skills in a teenager that will smooth out the accentuated character trait.

Hysterical type

“Class stars”, activists, participate in all events. They are distinguished by their artistry and desire to stand out from others. They don’t like it if the praise goes to someone else. They react exaggeratedly emotionally to all events (they sob bitterly in front of the audience).
Distinctive feature. Playing for the public, constant need for attention, recognition or sympathy.

Characteristic
As long as they feel loved and all attention is on them, behavior problems will not arise. In everyday life by everyone possible ways attract attention. This is defiant behavior, expressive manner of speaking and bright clothes. They take credit for their achievements. They may boast that they drank a lot and ran away from home. They lie often, mostly their fantasies concern their own person. They cannot stand it when the attention of others is switched to others (a newbie in class, a newborn, a stepfather). They can take actions to get rid of a competitor, “out of spite”, commit actions that their parents obviously will not like. They verbally defend independence, sometimes with scandals, but they need care and do not strive to get rid of it.

Problems
Often behavior problems are an attempt to get the attention of parents. They have suicidal tendencies, but the goal is not to commit suicide, but to avoid punishment or achieve sympathy. Suicide attempts are demonstrative and not dangerous. They are easily suggestible and risk falling into “bad” company. They can drink alcohol, but in small quantities. There are cases of minor offenses (fraud, absenteeism, petty theft). Demonstrative and frivolous behavior, revealing clothing and the desire to show one’s maturity can provoke sexual violence.

Positive sides. If they are held up as an example, they become very diligent. They study well, especially in the lower grades. Artistic, successful in dancing, vocals, and speaking.

How to interact

Encourage people to say only good things about others.
Praise only for real achievements.
Giving a task is to help a peer be the center of attention. For example, prepare a number in which someone else will be the soloist.

Epileptoid type

Personality properties are determined by the passivity of processes occurring in the nervous system. Teenagers with such accentuation are touchy and stay stuck on resentment for a long time.

Distinctive feature. Periods of severe irritability and hostility towards others, lasting up to several days.

Characteristic
Teenagers with epileptoid accentuation are distinguished by their stubborn and unyielding character. They are vindictive and do not forget insults. They put personal interests first and do not take into account the opinions of others. The company is trying to become leaders by uniting the younger and weaker around them. Since they are despotic, their power rests on fear. The process of growing up is problematic. Teenagers can demand not only freedom, but also their share of property. Sometimes they get angry and cry for hours. Strong emotions provoke attacks of anger and aggression. During attacks, adolescents look for a “victim” on whom to pour out their emotions. During these attacks they can reach the point of sadism.

Problems.
Suicidal attempts as a reaction to “unfair” punishment. Tend to drink alcohol in large quantities “to the point of memory loss.” They do not remember the actions they perform in this state. But they rarely consume other toxic drugs. During puberty, they experience a strong sexual desire, which can lead to the development of perversions. There is a predilection for lighting firecrackers and making fires.

Positive sides.
Discipline, accuracy. They know how to win over teachers. They feel comfortable in conditions of strict discipline (boarding school, camp). They love and know how to make anything.
How to interact

Provide safety and mental comfort to reduce irritability and aggression.
Demand strict adherence to the rules established at home (do not give unsolicited advice, do not interrupt). This will allow parents to gain the status of “strong” in the eyes of the teenager.

Schizoid type

This type of accentuation manifests itself even in preschool age: children prefer playing alone to communicating with peers.

Distinctive feature isolation, immersion in a world of fantasy.
Characteristic
They prefer to fantasize and engage in their hobbies, which are usually highly specialized (they sculpt soldiers from plasticine, embroider birds). They do not know how and do not want to establish emotional contact and communicate. They don't express their emotions. They are closed, do not share their experiences, do not reveal their inner world. They consciously choose loneliness and do not suffer from the lack of friends. Difficulties in communication are associated with a lack of understanding of the feelings of others: “I don’t know if this person likes me, how he reacted to my words.” At the same time, they are not interested in the opinions of others. They are not able to rejoice with friends or empathize with the grief of others. They are not tactful, they do not understand when to remain silent and when to insist on their own. The speech is florid, statements are often with subtext, which further complicates communication.
Problems. You may develop a tendency to take drugs to enhance your fantasies and immerse yourself in your fantasy world. Occasionally they can commit illegal actions (theft, damage to property, sexual violence), and they think through their actions to the smallest detail.
Positive sides. Developed imagination, rich inner world, stable interests.
How to interact

Encourage classes in a theater studio - this will help the teenager learn to express emotions and actively use facial expressions. Encourage dancing and martial arts or other sports that train plasticity. They will teach you how to control your body and make your movements less abrupt and angular.
Encourage being in the center. A teenager should periodically feel like he is in the role of an animator, responsible for entertaining others. For example, entertaining younger brother and his friends, he will learn to speak loudly and emotionally. Learn to read the reaction to your actions.
Instill a sense of style. It is necessary to teach a teenager to take care of his appearance and fashion.

Cycloid. Cheerful, sociable and active children in adolescence experience long (1-2 weeks) periods of low mood, loss of strength, and irritability. These are called the subdepressive phase. During these periods, teenagers are no longer interested in former hobbies and communication with peers. Problems begin in school due to decreased performance.

Distinctive feature– alternating cycles of high mood with apathy and loss of strength.
Characteristic
A lack of perseverance, patience and attention leads to the fact that adolescents with cycloid accentuation do not perform monotonous, scrupulous work well. In the subdepressive phase, they do not tolerate changes in their usual way of life. Become very sensitive to failures and criticism. Their self-esteem drops significantly. They look for and find flaws in themselves and get very upset about it. During periods of recovery, they do not like loneliness - they are open, friendly and need communication. The mood improves and a thirst for activity appears. Against this background, academic performance improves. During periods of recovery, they try to catch up with lost time in their studies and hobbies.
Problems.
Serious problems in a teenager in the subdepressive stage can cause an emotional breakdown or even provoke a suicide attempt. They do not tolerate total control and may escape in protest. Absences from home can be either short or long. During periods of recovery, they become promiscuous in their acquaintances.
Positive sides: during the period of recovery, conscientiousness, accuracy, reliability, high productivity.

How to interact
It is necessary to be as tolerant and tactful as possible, especially when a teenager is going through a subdepressive phase.

Protect from emotional overload.
Avoid rudeness and insults, as this can provoke a serious nervous breakdown.
During periods of recovery, it is necessary to help direct energy in the right direction. Support a teenager in his passion, teach him to plan his time and finish what he starts.
Support him in the negative phase, increase his self-esteem, encourage him. Convince that the bad period will end soon.

Paranoid ( paronoid ) or stuck the type of accentuation in adolescents is not distinguished, since its features are formed later by the age of 25-30.
Distinctive feature- high sense of purpose.
Characteristic
Sets a goal and looks for means to achieve it. In adolescence, hostility towards others, as the main feature of this accentuation, does not manifest itself in any way. Future accentuation may be indicated by an exaggerated sense of self-esteem, ambition and perseverance. “Stuck” is also typical, when a teenager cannot move away from a state of affect (strong negative emotions) for a long time.

Unstable or uncontrollable.

Since childhood, such teenagers have been distinguished by disobedience and reluctance to learn. They need strict control. Fear of punishment is the main incentive to study and perform duties.

Distinctive feature - weak will, laziness and desire to have fun.
Characteristic
They love pleasure and need frequent changes of impressions. They avoid any work under various pretexts. This is especially noticeable when there is a need to study or run errands for parents. For them, only communication with friends seems attractive. On this basis, they risk ending up in an antisocial company. Easily susceptible to negative influence.
Problems associated with the desire to have fun. For this reason, people start drinking early and using various intoxicating drugs. The risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism is quite high. “For fun” they can skip school, steal cars, break into other people’s apartments, commit thefts, etc. They have a tendency to wander.

Positive sides. Striving for positive emotions, cheerfulness.

How to interact

Need strict control. This applies to everything from homework to the quality of errands.
Management using the “carrot and stick” method. Discuss in advance what fines will be imposed for failure to complete tasks, and what bonuses the teenager will receive for quality work.
Encourage active exercise and other ways to release energy.

Labile

Frequent and rapid mood swings from delight and wild joy to despondency and tears. Often the reasons for a change in mood are the most insignificant (bad weather, tangled headphones).

Distinctive feature– mood variability for unimportant reasons.
Characteristic
During periods of good mood, teenagers are talkative, active, and eager to communicate. But any little thing can ruin their mood and make them angry. At the same time, they may burst into tears, easily go into conflict, become lethargic and withdrawn.
Problems.
They are very dependent on people they value (close friends, parents). A loss loved one or its location, separation from it, causes affect, neurosis or depression. A bad mood can cause a deterioration in health up to the development of real diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes, migraines, nervous tics). They tolerate criticism and reproaches from teachers, parents, and close friends very poorly. They become withdrawn and react with tears.

Positive sides. Often talented. They have a deep inner world. Capable of strong affection and sincere friendship. They value people for their good attitude towards them. During periods of good mood, they are full of energy, desire to communicate, study and engage in hobbies. Empathy is developed - they unmistakably feel the attitude of others towards them.

How to interact

Show empathy and openness in communication. Let your teenager know that you share his feelings.
Provide the opportunity to care for the weaker, take care of younger family members, and volunteer.
Encourage to expand your social circle and meet peers in extracurricular activities.

Conformal

Extremely susceptible to outside influence. They change their opinions and behavior to please others. They are afraid to stand out from the crowd.
Distinctive feature– conformity, the desire to please others.
Characteristic
The basic desire to “be like everyone else” is manifested in clothing, behavior, and interests. If all your friends are into breakdancing, such a teenager will also do it. If the immediate environment (parents, friends) is prosperous, then such teenagers are no different from the rest and the accentuation is practically unnoticeable. If they fall under bad influence, they may break the rules and the law. They have a hard time bearing the loss of friends, but they can betray a friend for someone more authoritative. They are conservative and do not like changes in all areas. They rarely take initiative.

Problems
Having contacted bad company, they can become an alcoholic and become addicted to taking drugs. To avoid being accused of cowardice, they can commit actions that pose a danger to their health or harm other people. A ban on communicating with the company can provoke a scandal with parents or running away from home.

Positive sides. They value their surroundings. Attached to friends. They love stability and order.

How to interact

Offer to make your own choice, without relying on someone else’s opinion.
Ensure that the teenager is involved in various groups, has the opportunity to communicate with peers at school, sports sections, mugs. This reduces the likelihood that he will end up in bad company.
Help choose authorities who are truly worthy of emulation.

Astheno-neurotic

Teenagers with such accentuation are characterized by increased fatigue and irritability.
Distinctive feature– fears for your health, increased fatigue.
Characteristic
Mental and emotional stress quickly tires them. The result is irritability as teenagers take out their anger on whoever is at hand. Immediately after this, they feel ashamed of their behavior, they sincerely repent, and ask for forgiveness. Outbursts of anger are short-lived and not strong, which is associated with low activity of the nervous system. They are prone to hypochondria - they listen to bodily sensations, perceiving them as signs of illness. They love to be examined and treated. They attract attention by complaining.

Problems– high fatigue, risk of developing neurosis.

Positive sides. Kindness, empathy, high intelligence. Such teenagers do not experience running away from home, hooliganism or other illegal actions.

How to interact

Ignore outbursts of anger that occur against the background of nervous exhaustion.
Praising your successes and noticing even minor achievements will become a serious motivation.
Encourage to play sports morning exercises, take a contrast shower to improve the performance of the nervous system.
Use periods of highest productivity (from 10 am to 1 pm) to complete the most difficult tasks.

Psychasthenic

Such teenagers are characterized by: suspiciousness, a tendency to introspection and fear of the future.
Distinctive feature high demands on oneself and fear of not meeting the expectations of others.

Characteristic
This type of accentuation is formed if parents place too high expectations on their child in school or sports. The discrepancy between their expectations leaves an imprint on the character. Such teenagers have low self-esteem, they are tormented by feelings of guilt and fear of failure, which can further disappoint their parents. Teenagers suffer from increased anxiety. They are afraid that something terrible and irreparable might happen to them or their loved ones. Pedantry develops as a defense mechanism. Teenagers draw up a detailed action plan, believe in omens, and develop rituals that should ensure success (not washing your hair before an exam).

Problem. The risk of developing anxiety, obsessive thoughts and actions that are prone to complications.

Positive sides. In critical situations, they quickly find the right solution and are capable of bold action. Obedient, non-conflict people, as a rule, are quite successful in their studies and become good friends.

How to interact

Model frightening situations and offer to find a solution on your own. For example: “Suppose you are lost in a strange city. What will you do?"
Teach a constructive approach to problem solving. What to do? Who should I turn to for help? What to do to prevent what happened from happening again?

Hyperthymic

They are characterized as cheerful, noisy, restless. They find it difficult to concentrate on their studies and maintain discipline at school. They often become informal leaders among their peers. They cannot tolerate strict control from adults and constantly struggle for independence.

Distinctive feature– optimism and high spirits, which often pushes them to play pranks.

Characteristic
They are very sociable and quickly become the center of any company. They don’t finish the job and are not constant in their hobbies. They make and break promises easily. Despite good abilities, they study mediocrely. They easily provoke conflicts, but they can smooth them out themselves. They quickly gain peace of mind after failures and quarrels. Outbursts of anger are short-lived.

Problems– unable to perform routine work that requires perseverance and intense attention. They are indiscriminate in their choice of acquaintances. If such teenagers find themselves in an unfavorable situation, they may develop an addiction to alcohol and soft drugs. They can commit illegal and antisocial acts (vandalism, hooliganism, petty theft). They are characterized by early sexual relationships. Prone to risk, extreme hobbies and gambling. Finding themselves in conditions of control and strict discipline (hospital, summer camp) they can escape.

Positive sides. Energetic and tireless. They are cheerful and do not lose optimism in difficult circumstances. They find a way out in any situation.

How to interact
The task of adults is to accustom a teenager with hyperthymic accentuation to discipline and self-organization.

Avoid total control.
Advise your teenager to keep a diary, in which you need to write down your plans for the day and independently monitor their implementation.
Come up with a punishment for yourself for every task not completed.
Learn to maintain order on the table, in the closet, in the room. This will stimulate the teenager to systematize and analyze everything that happens.

Sensitive type

Signs of this accentuation can be noticed in childhood. The sensitive type is manifested by numerous fears that replace each other.

Distinctive feature- hypersensitivity.

Characteristic
Teenagers experience everything that happens deeply and for a long time. Praise and criticism are deeply etched in their memory and have a significant impact on their self-esteem, behavior and actions. They are very shy and for this reason unsociable. They have difficulty getting used to the new team. They quickly get tired of mental work. Tests and exams cause them significant stress. They are also very worried about ridicule from their peers. Dreamy, prone to introspection. They are conscientious and have a developed sense of duty. Be sure to finish what you start. They are very worried about the results of their actions (controls, actions).

Problems. Tendency to self-flagellation and development of phobias. Tearfulness. Excessive demands on oneself can cause neurosis. A chain of failures can provoke a suicide attempt.

Positive sides. They are diligent in their studies and take all tasks responsibly. Aspire to become good friend, value loved ones.

How to interact

Increase self-esteem and confidence in own strength. To do this, it is important to give feasible tasks that will not be too simple, otherwise their solution will not inspire self-respect.
Have long conversations to establish contact with the teenager.
Deserved praise and gratitude. Keep criticism to a minimum. Do not criticize qualities, do not attach labels - “lazy”, “sloppy”. Instead, indicate what needs to be done.
Encourage auto-training. Repeat formulas to increase self-esteem: “I feel calm and confident,” “I am brave and confident,” “I am an excellent speaker.”

Most teenagers have several accentuated character traits at once. Therefore, to determine accentuation, it is necessary to use the Schmishek test, and not be guided only by the presented description of accentuation.

Factors influencing the formation of personality accentuations

In the vast majority of cases, accentuation develops in childhood or adolescence. Its appearance is significantly influenced by inharmonious relationships with parents and conflicts with peers.

Overprotection and control from the parents and teachers. Promotes the emergence and aggravation of psychasthenic, sensitive, asthenic accentuation;
Lack of care and parental attention increases the risk of developing hysterical, unstable and conformist personality traits:
cruel attitude excessive severity and authoritarian style of communication provoke an increase in epileptoid traits;
Excessive demands on the child leads to psychasthenic accentuation of character;
Lack of emotional contact may cause an increase in labile, sensitive and asthenic traits;
Excessive attention to well-being And chronic diseases that disrupt the normal way of life. Physical disabilities, defects in appearance and diseases of the nervous system play a major role. The result may be hysterical or astheno-neurotic accentuation;
Serious conflicts with peers in adolescence, when communication is most significant, they can cause the development of conformal or schizoid accentuation.

The development of any type of accentuation can be facilitated by:

Inability to satisfy basic needs for love, care, safety, communication;
Lack of concepts about moral and cultural norms, interests and hobbies;
Misconception about yourself - inferiority complex, inflated self-esteem;
Professional factors. Work-related accentuations often occur among actors, teachers, doctors of certain specialties, law enforcement officers and the military;
Genetic predisposition. Features of the functioning of the nervous system are passed on from parents to children. This is especially true for hyperthymic, cycloid and schizoid accentuation. Therefore, if parents have an accentuated character trait, then there is a high probability that it will be found in the child. Improper upbringing and parental behavior can significantly enhance innate accentuated traits.

Methods for treating accentuations of various types

Treatment of accentuation is based on smoothing the enhanced features. Correction is necessary if personality accentuation disrupts its social adaptation. If normally a person changes his behavior depending on the situation and goals of the activity, then people with pronounced accentuation constantly demonstrate an enhanced character trait, which interferes with themselves and those around them. Although it is impossible to change character, a person can learn to restrain its negative manifestations. Self-improvement and psychocorrection can help with this.

Work on yourself

People with character accentuation rarely seek help from a psychologist, preferring independent work.
To correct accentuated traits, training is necessary that develops character traits opposite to the accented one. At the same time, the development of new behavior patterns and personality harmonization occurs.
To correct pronounced character accentuations, exercises have been developed that must be performed daily.

Hysterical type

"Calm Quiet Speech". Adopt the manner of speaking of a phlegmatic person (quiet speech, minimum facial expressions and gestures). Think about what you want to say. State the facts, not your emotions about what is happening.
"Good deeds". Try to do them quietly and not tell anyone about what you did. Observe the person's reaction without expressing yourself.
"Invisible". When you are in a company for an hour, try to sit silently, observing those around you. Resist attempts to engage you in conversation.
Do auto-training daily. The goal is to love yourself for who you are and increase your self-esteem. When you achieve this, the praise and attention of others will not seem vital.

Epileptoid type.

Forgive and let go of grudges. Realize that being offended is harmful to the mental and physical health of the person being offended.
Train tolerance and kindness to people. Smile at people you know when you meet, or try to show a readiness to smile on your face.
Show generosity take part in charity events.
"Active Listening" Listen to the other person kindly, without interrupting or arguing. Encourage the speaker with phrases: “I understand you,” “I know this.”
Put yourself in others' shoes. This exercise must be done daily. It is important to put yourself in the shoes of the person with whom you want to argue.

Schizoid type.

Learn to copy another person's facial expressions and determine his emotion. For this exercise you will need the help of someone close to you.
"Calm kindness" will be the best style of communication with others. Such an even attitude towards your interlocutor must be practiced daily when communicating with loved ones. Avoid being too friendly or hostile.
« Choleric game" Try to speak louder, faster, more impulsively. Express your opinion during the conversation. Do it kindly with a smile on your face.

Cycloid type.

Keep a diary. It is necessary for planning and describing your emotions and experiences. During periods of decline, it is useful to reread how the same people and events were perceived during periods of emotional upsurge. This helps to realize that difficulties are temporary.
Ask yourself a question, “What can I change in myself so that my negative qualities do not interfere with me and others?”

Paranoid type.

Double check your motives Don't trust other people's first impressions.
“An hour without comments.” For a while, completely abandon criticism and moralizing.
Attend training on communication behavior. Read relevant literature and apply knowledge in life.
Learn practices that force you to be “here and now”- meditation, yoga, zen.
"Compliment". Develop the habit of saying something good to your loved ones every day.

Unstable type.

“I can + I want.” This exercise will help you cope with laziness and force yourself to do the necessary things. If you don’t want to do something, you need to ask yourself the question: “Can I do this? Am I capable of this? The second question: “Do I want to?” Moreover, you can want long-term consequences - I want a salary, so I get a job; I want a slim, healthy body, so I go to the gym.
Increased motivation. Think about what you really want. Write down the goal. Break the path to it into stages and take action. A strong desire (a car, a vacation) will force you to move forward.

Labile type.

Rational approach to problem solving. In any unpleasant situation, answer the questions: why did this happen? (what is the reason) what can be done now? (where to start), how to correct the situation? (long-term plans), what can be done to prevent this from happening again?
"Mood Diary". Keep a diary in which you indicate when and for what reason your mood change occurred.
Separate the rational and the emotional. It is important to accept and love both of these sides of yourself. Treat your “emotional” self with indulgence, but don’t let your emotions control your actions.
Autotraining, which will help balance processes in the nervous system. This will make you less sensitive to situations that make you angry and will help you control your emotions.

Conformal type.

Develop critical thinking. Consider whether the statement might be a lie. What consequences might there be if you do what they suggest to you?
Offer. Try not to immediately agree with what is offered to you. Voice a counteroffer. When they tell you, let's go to the cinema, suggest going to a cafe.
Try something new. Try new dishes, buy clothes in a new style for you, visit places you have never been to, communicate with people outside your circle.

Astheno-neurotic type.

"Superman". Imagine that you have superpowers. Feel how your inner state changes. The purpose of the exercise is to look, move, talk, feeling your importance and exclusivity. The goal is to keep the image as long as possible.
Meeting new people. Set a goal - to meet a new person and start a short conversation with him.
Add some humor. Don't silently swallow ridicule. Learn to answer them with humor; self-irony is also acceptable. To develop a sense of humor, read more humorous literature and watch comedy programs.

Psychasthenic type.

Imagine that what you fear has happened. Calmly think through your plan of action in this situation.
Move away from the established order. Don’t follow your usual rituals (walk on the left side of the street, don’t step on cracks) to make sure nothing bad happens;
"Face exercise." In people with psychasthenic accentuation, the muscles of the forehead and the muscles that lower the corners of the mouth are constantly tense. It is necessary to make grimaces depicting positive emotions (surprise, joy, delight).

Hyperthymic type.

Get things in order. Spend 15 minutes every day to tidy up your desk and closet. This helps to organize your thoughts.
Follow through. Make a promise to yourself to finish what you started, no matter what happens. Be sure to complete it, and then move on to other activities.
Diary. Planning will help you systematize tasks, set priorities, and complete what you started on time. Be sure to indicate exact deadlines for completing each task. Test yourself and reward for success.

Sensitive type.

"Winner". Praise yourself for every success. Break big things down into stages and don’t forget to thank yourself for each successfully completed period.
"My virtues." You need to make a poster on which you list all the virtues that you value in yourself or that people pay attention to. It is advisable to post it in a visible place.
Play the role of the joker. Learn funny stories and jokes to tell in company. Gradually, this will cause less and less psychological discomfort when speaking in front of the public.

The main principle of correction is that you need to do little by little, but every day, what you are not used to, what the accentuated trait resists. Such exercises allow you to smooth out the roughness of your character and make you a harmoniously developed personality.

Help from a psychologist

Psychological correction of personality accentuations usually takes from 3 months to several years. It includes working with a psychologist and completing tasks independently. Main directions:

Individual conversations– the psychologist points out accentuated character traits and the most vulnerable places of the individual. Tells you how to effectively use strengths character. Teaches how to change the way you react and behave in various social situations.
Group classes. Select a group of people with similar accentuations or choose a topic that would be useful to everyone. A psychologist teaches productive behavior patterns in different situations, the rules of communication with others, the intricacies of relationships with family members. The conversation is illustrated with examples from life, and the lesson includes practical tasks for each type of accentuation.
Family therapy – conversation with family members. Aimed at improving relationships with loved ones and improving the psychological atmosphere in the family. One of the main methods when working with teenagers.
Psychological trainings – active training that teaches correct behavior patterns in various situations.
Psychodrama method– a group method of psychotherapy based on playing out an exciting situation (imaginary or real events). Helps to develop the correct model of behavior and communication with people in various situations.

It is important to remember that character accentuation is not a pre-disease. This is the strengthening of certain character traits that make a person more vulnerable to certain influences, but these same traits provide increased resilience

The study of individual differences, in particular character accentuations, belongs to a separate discipline - the field. The works of many scientists - Western and domestic - are devoted to this field.

Rationale for character trait research

Why it is necessary to study the types of accentuation of differences between individuals has two objectives. Firstly, this is a research goal - to identify as many groups as possible and develop specific advice for representatives of each of them. The more classes are identified, the more effective psychological recommendations for their representatives will be.

Secondly, it is necessary to know the types so that the person himself understands the characteristics and reasons for his behavior and can, in accordance with this, correct it.

Often in this regard, everyday psychology is completely insufficient. For example, there is a common belief that fat people are kind. Conversely, a thin person is sometimes perceived as anxious and wary. Of course, such a breakdown into categories may be partly correct. Even Hippocrates did not avoid such an error in classification, although already in the medical field: once upon a time, an ancient doctor directly linked the tendency to apoplexy with obesity.

Soviet psychologist A. E. Lichko, like the German psychiatrist K. Leongard, used the concept of “accentuation” in their research. When applied to a specific property, this term means that it is highlighted more clearly than others, as if emphasized. In other words, accentuation is the expression of a certain character trait. For a person with this or that quality, certain social situations will be very painful, while others will be easily tolerated. This article will discuss the types of accentuation according to Lichko and Leonhard.

The psychology of differences is not a rigorous discipline. Types of accentuation are always descriptive in nature and are practically never found in their pure form. Each person can find himself in two or more types.

It should also be noted that assigning oneself to a certain category should not be aimless. When playing psychological tests, you need to ask yourself the question: “Why am I doing this?” If a person understands that he belongs to one group or another, he needs to develop for himself an appropriate compensation and self-help strategy. To do this, you need to study the advice given by psychologists for representatives of different classes and apply them to life.

Classification by A. E. Lichko

A Soviet psychologist studied the types of accentuation of adolescents. In total, he identified eleven groups. The features of the types of character accentuation in his theory have much in common with the classification of Karl Leonhard. Let's look at them in order.

Hyperthymic type

A high level of energy, the ability to quickly find contact with people, a desire for leadership - all this distinguishes the hyperthymic type of accentuation. Lichko considered hyperthymia general characteristic characteristic of adolescence. High emotional tone makes representatives of this category leaders in any company. They are not aggressive. They can enter into conflict, but only if they encounter sharp opposition to their activity. Therefore, it is better not to stand in their way, but, on the contrary, to encourage them to act.

Superficiality of interests is a negative feature that the hyperthymic type of accentuation has. Its representatives may have many abilities, but their interests are unstable.

Cycloid type

The main characteristic of this category is mood variability. An elevated state is replaced by despondency and irritability. Moreover, this happens every two to three weeks.

Labile type

The emotional tone of these teenagers, Lichko noted, cannot be defined as consistently low or high. Their mood is unstable and can change very quickly. Within this category, two subtypes can also be distinguished: reactive-labile and emotionally labile. The former are prone to mood changes due to external factors. The condition of others is more determined by internal experiences.

Representatives of the labile type sometimes seem indifferent to others. But this is far from true - the real problem for some of them may be the ability to correctly express their feelings. Having deep attachments to loved ones, they do not know how to communicate them.

Astheno-neurotic type

Those who belong to this category are the main visitors to medical institutions. Their main difference is the concentration of attention on the state of their body. As soon as they feel unwell, they may suspect that they have a fatal illness - their suspiciousness reaches such proportions.

Sensitive type

The main characteristic of adolescents in this category, Lichko noted, is increased sensitivity, which is reflected in their behavior. People of the sensitive type are also characterized by painful irritability. Their weak point is large companies. They always feel uncomfortable in them, try to carefully observe what is happening, and sometimes copy the behavior of others. Representatives of the sensitive type can attract the attention of the entire company, for example, by going on some kind of prank. But they succeed poorly in this, and they return to the previous state only with even more aggravated timidity.

The advantage of representatives of the sensitive type is diligence, responsibility, and the ability to make and maintain deep friendships.

Psychasthenic type

Characterized by indecisiveness. Any everyday situation can become a source of painful uncertainty for a psychasthenic. They are distinguished by high intelligence and confidence in their conclusions. But the latter is rarely confirmed by deeds. Psychasthenics are prone to impulsive actions just at those moments when it is worth weighing the pros and cons.

Schizoid type

Despite the fact that they are very vulnerable internally, schizoids have virtually no ability for empathy - they are not sensitive to the pain of others. The schizoid type of accentuation has a positive side - they make good inventors. Most of those people who moved forward the progress of mankind were schizoid. Their main feature, which immediately catches the eye, is their eccentricity. “Not of this world,” this can safely be said about schizoids.

Epileptoid type

The most pedantic and picky type. It would seem that what is good about these character traits? But representatives of other types are difficult to imagine in some professions. For example, best teachers mathematicians or physicists are epileptoids. Their accuracy and attention to detail are undeniable advantages in teaching the exact sciences.

Hysterical type

For this category, all life is one huge stage. Some people may initially find it unpleasant to be in company with a hysterical person. After all, their main quality is a constant desire to be in the center of attention. But for certain professions, belonging to this class (its analogue in Leonhard is a demonstrative type of accentuation) is an advantage. For example, hysterics make excellent salespeople, actors, and singers.

Unstable type

Lichko's representatives of this category turned out to be the most irresponsible teenagers. These were those who had no stable interests and practically did not think about their future. Unstable people cannot concentrate for long labor activity, they are distinguished by a constant craving for idleness and entertainment.

Conformal type

A distinctive feature of conformists is the desire not to differ from their environment. Their credo is “to be like everyone else.” A negative feature of this category is the tendency to betray in a difficult situation. A conformist person will not suffer from remorse - he will always find justification for his actions.

Types of character accentuation according to Leonard

Karl Leonhard identified twelve. In many ways, his classification overlaps with Lichko’s theory, and some types in them are identical. Leonhard created three categories: the first was associated with accentuations of character, the second with accentuations of temperament. The criterion for identifying the third group is personal characteristics (focus on oneself or the outside world).

First, we need to clarify the difference between temperament and character. People unfamiliar with psychology often confuse these concepts. But even some psychologists tend to believe that temperament and character are one and the same thing.

Temperament is the speed of a person’s reaction to current events. This quality is, rather, a physiological property of the nervous system. Temperament includes emotionality, degree of response, balance. Character is public education. Starting from birth, those around them seem to leave their mark on the child. Such social interactions “sculpt” his personality.

So, I carried out the classification in accordance with character, temperament and personality traits, and the criteria for identifying categories were the styles of human social interaction.

Accentuations associated with temperament

Hyperthymic type. The main characteristics are mobility, sociability. In childhood, hyperthyms have good memory and are easy to learn. In adolescence, conflicts are possible, since the group does not always allow hypertim to take a leading position. As adults, representatives of this category remain sociable and energetic. It’s easy to find a common language with them if you don’t confront them.
Dysthymic type. Sullenness, phlegmaticity, and inhibition of reactions are the main features of dysthymics. They are silent and seem to be incorrigible pessimists. The positive side of the dysthymic type is responsibility and a developed sense of justice.
Labile type. He, as in Lichko’s classification, is distinguished by the ability to quickly change mood. Even a harshly spoken word can have an effect on a representative of the labile type. Good mood It can even get spoiled because it rains.
Exalted type. Representatives of this type are non-conflict, love society, and are attentive to others. The exalted type of accentuation is distinguished by amorousness, a tendency to sublime feelings, and sociability. Such people are very quickly influenced by events in the outside world - they are easily delighted by the positive ones, and panicked by the negative ones. Many designers, musicians and artists have an exalted type of accentuation.

Anxious type. The main feature is a feeling of anxiety for no apparent reason. Anxious children are quickly recognized by their peers, and because of their indecisiveness, they can become an object of ridicule. Having become adults, they remain no less suspicious than they were as children. It is difficult for such people to insist on their own. However, the anxious type of accentuation has its advantages - its representatives have a rich inner world, and are also always able to adequately assess their capabilities. Among other types, they perceive reality most clearly.
Emotive type. It is believed that representatives of this category “think” with feelings. Their main characteristics are kindness, responsibility, the ability to empathize, and low conflict. People can feel relaxed only in the company of close people. They are soft-hearted, compassionate, and also appreciate the beauty of nature more than others. When communicating with them, their feelings are always recognized. The main value for them is good relationships in the family and at work. Representatives of the emotive type are very vulnerable to callousness and rude behavior.

Accentuations in accordance with character traits

Stuck type. A person belonging to this category can carry certain feelings within himself for years. If these are negative emotions that were not correctly expressed, then they torment the stuck person for a long period of time. The pursuit of a goal is the most important characteristic of this accentuation. The stuck type will get his way no matter what. Often for this he strives to find good travel companions. Those who get stuck become good leaders in any activity. However, if their fate is not so rosy, they may become leaders of gangster groups. In addition, like the demonstrative, stuck type of accentuation needs recognition from society. However, this must be truly deserved respect, glory that has a basis.

Pedantic type. Like the epileptoids in Lichko’s classification, the main features of representatives of this group are scrupulousness and attention to detail. Pedantic people are highly valued in an office environment for their responsibility and efficiency. This emphasis also manifests itself in caring for one’s own health and the absence of bad habits. Downside medals for such people is a constant fear of making a mistake, perfectionism.

Excitable type. Impulsiveness, irritability, the desire to satisfy surging impulses immediately - this is what characterizes the excitable type of accentuation. People belonging to this group are usually endowed with high level conflict, which often prevents them from building meaningful relationships. The advantage is that they live entirely in the present.
Demonstrative type. It is easy to identify, starting from the age of two. Such kids, having once been the center of attention, then try to win it at all costs. If this tendency is supported by parents, then they almost always have an inflated self-esteem that is not really supported by anything. Students of this type can be set as an example to others. Therefore, it is not always easy to recognize that their abilities in a certain area are hardly above average. On the other hand, the demonstrative type of accentuation is distinguished by artistry and good taste in clothing.

Types of accentuations according to personality characteristics

Introverted type. Characterized by focusing on one’s experiences and avoiding social contacts. Reality for them is secondary to inner world. Introverts are responsible, unobtrusive, and love privacy.
Extroverted type. Its representatives are self-confident people who love being among people and receive energy from communication. They do not tend to get hung up on aspects of their inner life and always act in accordance with what reality presents to them.

Currently, Lichko's theory is more widely used among psychologists, since the scientist conducted his research on healthy people(teenagers). Leonhard's classification is more often used by psychiatrists. Despite the names presented in both classifications, these groups have nothing to do with mental disorders. The schizoid type of accentuation, for example, in no way means the presence of schizophrenia - all terms are conditional. Various types Accentuations mean the severity of a characteristic is within normal limits.

Schizoid and cycloid personality types. Let's talk about the hyperthymic type

First manifestations

Labile cycloids in adolescence

general characteristics

Hyperthymic phase

Features of the subdepressive phase

Strengths and weaknesses of character

Examples

Accentuations of character from the point of view of A. E. Lichko

Hyperthymic type

Sensitive type

Schizoid type

Conmorphic type

Psychasthenic type

Paranoid type

Emotionally labile type

Epileptoid type

First about accentuations

Causes of accentuations

Let's find out who cyclothymics are

Character traits

Development of cyclothymics

More about adolescence

Reasons for development

Let's talk about the labile-cycloid personality type

Let's talk about the hyperthymic type

In what cases can accentuations develop into pathology?

How do accentuations differ from psychopathy?

Types of accentuation

Hysterical type

Epileptoid type

Schizoid type

Labile type

Conformal type

Astheno-neurotic type

Psychasthenic type

Sensitive type

Combinations of types of accentuations

Classification of accentuations according to Leonard

Classification of accentuations according to Lichko

Character accentuation test according to Shmishek

Features of accentuation in adolescents

Hysterical type

Epileptoid type

Schizoid type

Unstable or uncontrollable.

Labile

Conformal

Astheno-neurotic

Psychasthenic

Hyperthymic

Sensitive type

Factors influencing the formation of personality accentuations

Methods for treating accentuations of various types

Work on yourself

Help from a psychologist

Rationale for character trait research

Classification by A. E. Lichko

Hyperthymic type

Cycloid type

Labile type

Astheno-neurotic type

Sensitive type

Psychasthenic type

Schizoid type

Epileptoid type

Hysterical type

Unstable type

Conformal type

Types of character accentuation according to Leonard

Accentuations associated with temperament

Accentuations in accordance with character traits

Types of accentuations according to personality characteristics

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