Systems approach and general systems theory. Professional programming
Name: Organization Theory. Systems approach: Textbook
Author: Istomin E.P., Sokolov A.G.
Publishing house: Andreevsky Publishing House
Year: 2009
ISBN: 978-5-902894-20-9
Pages: 315
Language: Russian
Quality: scanned pages
Format: pdf
Size: 72.4 MB
The textbook reveals the issues of studying an organization as a complex social formation - a socio-economic system with an orderly internal structure, a variety of connections between elements, including human relations, requiring some specific methods and approaches. The organization is viewed and studied using systemic, structural, functional, process, behavioral, information and situational approaches.
The textbook was developed taking into account the requirements of state educational standards and is intended for higher education students educational institutions economic and non-economic specialties, can be used as methodological material in training, retraining and advanced training of personnel in the field of management, as well as in scientific and practical activities.
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION THEORY. ORGANIZATION - SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM
1.1. General concepts systems theory
1.2. Organizations as a system
1.3. The theory of organization in the system of sciences
1.4. Evolution of views on organization
2. STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATION
2.1. Complexity of the organization
2.2 Formalization
2.3. Ratio "centralization / decentralization"
2.4. Basic types of organizational structures
3. FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
3.1. Decision making in organizations
3.2. Coordination
3.3. Organizational communications
3.4. Organizational effectiveness
4. PROCESSES IN THE ORGANIZATION
4.1. The main and supporting activities of the company
4.2. Rules for identifying processes in an organization
4.3. Business process management system
4.4. Modern techniques descriptions of business processes
4.5. Reengineering
5. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO AN ORGANIZATION
5.1. Leader - manager leader
5.2. Organizational culture
5.3. Intergroup relations in the organization
5.4. Trust in organizations
6. SITUATIONAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATION
6.1. Diagnostics and situation analysis
6.2. Models of the situational approach to organization
6.3. Forms of organization in Russia
6.4. Integration of organizations
6.5. Organizational change and development
7 INFORMATION APPROACH TO THE ORGANIZATION
7.1. Influence information systems for the organization
7.2. Information in the organization
7.3. Creation and implementation of information systems
7.4. The role of information systems in the activities of organizations
7.5. E-business and e-commerce
CONCLUSION
WORKSHOP ON ORGANIZATION THEORY
P1. General recommendations for studying the course
P2. Guidelines
P3. Practical topics
P4. Materials for implementation in the learning process
LIST OF SOURCES USED
Through a system of connections they influence the state of others, therefore maintaining balance and harmony between them is the main task of management. 2. Modern performance about the systems approach So, the systems approach to management is based on the fact that every organization is a system consisting of parts, each of which has its own goals. ...
Towards management; 2. justification of the factors and conditions for the effective functioning of the systems approach; 3. Development of scientific and practical recommendations. Object course work is an organization, the subject is a systematic approach to the management of an organization. The methodological basis was the works of domestic and foreign specialists in the field of management, such as M. Kh. Meskon, M. ...
... “Minskmebel” has passed, and today, in a competitive environment, skillful advertising and constant serious marketing research of the market are becoming the main thing. 3. Development of a systematic approach in the management of Minskmebel LLC. The use of a systematic approach in management allows you to see the organization in the unity of its constituent parts, which are inextricably linked with external environment. In this case it is necessary...
It arose in American psychology at the beginning of the 20th century. and became the subject of attention of managers who were especially interested in the issues of workers’ reactions to various incentives to work. From the second half of the 30s. the school of human relations was supplemented with behavioral concepts. American scientists contributed to the development of this concept Abraham Maslow(1908-1970) and Douglas McGregor (1906-1964). A. Maslow...
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Presentation on the topic: Systematic approach to management
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Systems approach to managementApproaching management as a system Systems are more than just a concept. This is: a way of intellectual life; attitude; the concept of the nature of reality and how to study it. “Traditional” thinking: Analysis → Synthesis Systemic thinking: Synthesis → Analysis
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Basic system concepts System (Greek) - a whole made up of parts; a certain set of elements combined to achieve a goal. An element is the smallest link in the structure of the system, internal structure which is not considered at the selected level of analysis. Connections are what connect the elements and properties of the system into a whole. The structure of the system is a set of elements and connections between them that determine the organization of the object as an integral system.
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Basic system concepts Subsystem - a system included in the system under consideration. Supersystem - a system that includes the system under consideration. External environment of the system - a system consisting of elements that do not belong to the system under consideration. Signal - information about the state of the element. Message - a set of signals. System inputs - elements of the system to which input influences are applied or to which input signals are received. System outputs are elements of the system that exert influence or transmit a signal to another system.
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The most important properties systems 1. Relationship between environment and system.2. Integrity. “The whole, conceived as many.” Primacy of the whole: it is not the elements that make up the whole, but on the contrary, the whole gives rise to elements when it is divided. The role of the elements is to ensure the functioning of the whole. Each element can only be considered in its connection with other elements. The functioning of the system cannot be reduced to the functioning of individual elements.3. Goal orientation - the system has goals for its development and moves towards achieving these goals.4. Information content. For the system to function, it is necessary to have communication channels and be full of them with signals.
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The most important properties of systems 5. Non-additivity - a system is not equal to the sum of the subsystems included in it. n nС ≠ Σ PSi or C = Σ PSi + Δ , i=1 i=16. Isolation – relative isolation, autonomy of systems (presence of borders).7. Stability is the ability of a system to fend off external influences and persist (deviations in small quantities).8. Uncertainty. 8.1 Fundamental uncertainty 8.2 Incomplete observability.9. Emergence - the target functions of individual subsystems, as a rule, do not coincide with the target function of the system itself.
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The most important properties of systems 10 Synergy is the unidirectionality of actions in the system, which leads to strengthening (multiplication) of the final result.11. Infinity is the impossibility of complete cognition and comprehensive representation of systems by a finite set of descriptions.12. Hierarchy (nesting).13. Continuity of operation - the system exists as long as it functions.14. The ability for self-development is the complication of the system, increasing its internal diversity. The source of self-development is the continuous process of the emergence and resolution of contradictions.15. Controllability – conscious organization purposeful functioning of the system and its elements.16. Compatibility – all elements must have the properties of “affinity”, mutual adaptability, and mutual adaptability.
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Conclusions: If each part of the system considered separately is forced to work with maximum efficiency, the system as a whole will not function as efficiently as possible. The effectiveness of the system depends not so much on the work of the elements individually, but on their interactions. The sum of the best solutions for the individual parts , will not the best solution for the whole.
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Laws of development of systems (according to G.S. Altshuller) 1. Laws of statics. They determine the beginning of life of systems that arise as a single whole through synthesis from parts. 1.1 The law of completeness of the parts of the system. A necessary condition The viability of a system is the presence and minimum performance of its main parts. 1.2 The law of system conductivity. A necessary condition for the viability of a system is the end-to-end flow of costs and results across all its parts. 1.3 The law of coordinating the rhythm of parts of the system. A necessary condition for the viability of a system is the coordination of the rhythm of all its parts.
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Laws of development of systems (according to G.S. Altshuller) 2. Laws of kinematics. They determine the development of systems regardless of specific economic, physical and other factors. 2.1 The law of increasing the degree of ideality of systems. The development of all systems is in the direction of increasing the degree of ideality, i.e. improvement of the system is manifested in the constant reduction of costs per unit of useful effect. An ideal system is one that does not exist, but its functions are performed. 2.2 The law of uneven development of parts of the system. The development of parts of the system is uneven; the more complex the system, the more uneven the development of its parts. 2.3 The law of transition to the supersystem. Having exhausted the development possibilities, the system is included in the supersystem as its part; At the same time, development occurs at the supersystem level.
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Laws of development of systems (according to G.S. Altshuller) 3. Laws of dynamics. They characterize the development of systems under the influence of specific technical, physical, organizational, economic and other factors. 3.1 The law of transition to the micro level. The development of the main elements of the system occurs first at the macro and then at the micro levels. This means that first the main issues of the organization’s development are resolved at upper levels management, and then partially transferred to lower levels.3.2 The law of increasing the degree of entrepreneurship. The development of systems is in the direction of increasing their entrepreneurial spirit, i.e. systems that are not independent or have little independence become more independent with a more pronounced individuality.
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Types of systems and models 1. Deterministic - systems and models that neither the whole nor their parts are purposeful (for example, a mechanism, a plant...). Example of use: Corporation - Mechanism2. Animated (animate) - systems and models that, as a whole, pursue certain goals, and their parts are non-purposeful (for example, animals (including people)). Example of use: Corporation - Organism3. Social (public) - systems and models in which both their parts and they as a whole are purposeful (for example, a corporation, a nation...). Example of use: Corporation - Union of Individuals
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Some laws of systems (“for business”) S. Beer’s Law: improving the performance of individual elements does not lead to improving the functioning of the system as a whole. The golden rule of management: “Do not repair what works well” (“The best is the enemy of the good”). Law background Bertalanffy (s-equifinality) - a certain final state of an open system does not depend on its initial state and is determined by the characteristics of the processes occurring inside and the nature of its interaction with the environment. (“We are born equal, but not the same.” A saint and a robber can grow into the same family.) For open systems, there is always not one, but many ways to achieve the same result. Conclusions: there are always several options for the correct solution; the manager’s task is not to come up with something new, but to imagine all the solutions in a fairly complete manner and choose the most suitable one; the shortest solution path is not always the fastest; quickly achieving a result is not always the most effective.
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Some laws of systems (“for business”) The law of necessary diversity (R. Ashby’s principle) - only diversity can absorb diversity. The point is that in order to maintain a system in a controlled state, it is necessary that in the event of any external influence that could throw the system out of balance, there would be a reaction that returns the system to the desired state. Trap – norms of response to positive influences. (Russian mentality - no one expects good things, so our families and organizations are more likely to fall apart in a situation of prosperity, prosperity and success than due to fire, inflation, illness). Rules: identify the maximum set of external and internal influencing factors (“What if?...”); develop a response technology.
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Question about system boundaries ☻ closed systems– strive to minimize interaction with the environment, limit their inputs and outputs to the limit, and make them as controllable as possible. “-” - lack of required information (and other resources) → the need to “have everything inside” → growth and complexity of the system → loss of controllability → death.☺ open systems– wide contact with the environment, maximum consideration of the needs of the environment “-” - danger of dissolution in the environment (in other systems), loss of integrity → death. Image – a ship on the open ocean. There is a given direction and changing environmental conditions (wind, currents, reefs...). Options: strictly following a given direction, fighting the elements - all resources can be spent on this fight, the crew will forget about the purpose of the journey (closed system); refusal to fight the elements, following the will of the waves - we will move on tacks, sometimes in the opposite direction, we may end up on reefs (open system).Exit → MEASURE.
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Blauberg I.V.
M.: Editorial URSS, 1997.- 448 p.
Series "Philosophers of Russia of the 20th century"
ISBN 5-901006-08-9
Format: DjVu 10 MB
Quality: scanned pages
Russian language
The monograph of the prominent Russian philosopher and methodologist of science Igor Viktorovich Blauberg (1929-1990) publishes his main works on philosophy, methodology and history of systems research. Published in the series “Philosophers of Russia of the 20th Century,” this monograph contains important material on the history of the development of systems research in the Soviet Union in the 60-90s and it outlines theoretical and methodological system concepts and ideas that have not lost their significance at the present time. The monograph is designed on philosophers, methodologists of science and scientific workers, interested in the problems of philosophical and methodological tools for scientific research.
Igor Viktorich Blauberg. Life and scientific creativity (E. M. Mirsky, V. N. Sadovsky) 5
Section one. THE PROBLEM OF INTEGRITY AND WAYS OF ITS RESEARCH 53
The problem of integrity in physical geography 55
Part and whole 75
The concept of integrity and its role in scientific knowledge 83
- Integrity problem in scientific research 83
- Generalizing function of the concept of integrity 93
- Ideas about integrity as a guide cognitive process 101
- Methods of dismembering the whole 120
Integrity and consistency 134
Section two. SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND SYSTEMS APPROACH 163
The place of systemic ideas in modern science 165
Current state of systems research 172
Philosophical aspects of systems research 186
- Systemic “picture of the world” 188
- Theoretical-cognitive problems of the systems approach 192
- The problem of time in systems research 199
Problems of logic and methodology of systems research 224
- Logical-methodological analysis as a special area of the systems approach. Content and formal aspects of the methodology and logic of systems research 224
- The study of an object that is a system, and the study of an object as a system 233
- Processes of analysis and synthesis in systems research. 236
- The concept of “system” and its functions in system-structural studies 240
- Other system concepts 249
- Some principles of methodological analysis of generalized system concepts 258
Systems approach and biology 267
Systematic approach to social cognition 277
Prospects for the development of systems research 282
- Literature for the second section 292
Section three. PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLE OF SYSTEM, SYSTEM APPROACH AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS 305
Philosophical principle of consistency and systems approach 307
Systems approach and systems analysis 329
- Criticism of system analysis and its lessons 331
- Structure of modern systems research. Integrity problem 335
- The problem of the relationship between the system and the environment 340
Section four. SYSTEM REFLECTION OF MODERN SCIENCE AND PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 347
Studying scientific discipline as one of the ways comprehensive research science 349
Scientific knowledge in the system of innovation process 367
On the integrity of perception global problems 380
Section five. FROM THE HISTORY OF SYSTEM RESEARCH 389
Systematic approach as a subject of historical and scientific reflection 391
From the history of systems research in the USSR: an attempt at situational analysis 407
List scientific works Igor Viktorovich Blauberg 429
Name index 440