Modern linguistic processes in the Russian language. Active processes in the vocabulary of modern Russian language

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Valgina N.S.

Active processes in modern Russian language

Valgina N.S. Active processes in modern Russian language. - M.:Logos, 2003. - 304 s. . - (Textbook of the XXI century)EBook. Slavic languages. Russian studies. Russian language

Abstract (description)

For the first time, a holistic concept of active processes in the Russian language is given, based on the study of oral and written speech in various spheres of social life. The active processes in the Russian language at the end of the 20th century are covered. - in pronunciation and stress, in vocabulary and phraseology, in word formation and morphology, in syntax and punctuation. Language changes are considered taking into account the internal sources of language development against the background of historical transformations in the life of society. Linguistic variation is widely represented in its relation to the literary norm. Particular attention is paid to the vocabulary of the media as the most obvious source of changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas and specialties of “Philology”, “Linguistics”, “Journalism”, “Book Science”, “Publishing and Editing”. Of interest to linguists, philosophers, cultural experts, press workers, literary scholars, teachers and professors, as well as a wide range of readers.

Contents (table of contents)

Preface
Principles of sociological study of language
Laws of language development
Variation of a linguistic sign
(The concept of variation and its origins. Classification of options)
Language norm
(The concept of a norm and its characteristics. Norm and occasionalism. General linguistic and situational norm. Motivated deviations from the norm. Basic processes in the normalization of linguistic phenomena)
Changes in Russian pronunciation
Active processes in the area of stress
Active processes in vocabulary and phraseology
(Basic lexical processes. Semantic processes in vocabulary. Stylistic transformations in vocabulary. Determinologization. Foreign borrowings. Computer language. Foreign language lexemes in Russian vernacular. Extraliterary vocabulary in the language of modern press)
Active processes in word formation
(Growth of agglutinative features in the process of word formation. The most productive word-formation types. Production of names of persons. Abstract names and names of processes. Prefix formations and complex words. Specialization of word-formation means. Intergradate word formation. Collapse of names. Abbreviation. Expressive names. Occasional words)
Active processes in morphology
(Growth of analyticism in morphology. Shifts in forms of grammatical gender. Forms of grammatical number. Changes in case forms. Changes in verb forms. Some changes in adjective forms)
Active processes in syntax
(Dismemberment and segmentation of syntactic constructions. Connecting members and parceled constructions. Binomial constructions. Predicative complexity of the sentence. Activation of inconsistent and uncontrollable word forms. Growth of prepositional combinations. Tendency towards semantic accuracy of the statement. Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction. Weakening of syntactic connection. Correlation of affective and intellectual in the field of syntax)
Some trends in modern Russian punctuation
(Period. Semicolon. Colon. Dash. Ellipsis. Functional and intended use of punctuation. Unregulated punctuation. Author's punctuation)
Conclusion
Literature
Approximate program of the discipline “Active processes in the modern Russian language”

For the first time, a holistic concept of active processes in the Russian language is givenke, based on the study of oral and written speech in various fieldsrah of social life. Active processes in the Russian language of the end are coveredXX century - in pronunciation and stress, in vocabulary and phraseology, in word formationtion and morphology, in syntax and punctuation. Language changes of raceslooked at taking into account the internal sources of language development against the background of historyical transformations in the life of society. Widely represented languagevariation in its relation to the literary norm. Particular attentionlexis of the media as the most obvious sourcethe history of changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language.

For students of higher educational institutions studying in the field ofpits and specialties “Philology”, “Linguistics”, “Journalism”, “Books”no business”, “Publishing and editing”. Of interest tolinguists, philosophers, cultural experts, press workers, literary scholars,teachers and educators, as well as a wide range of readers.

Book's contents:

Publisher: Logos (Moscow).
Year: 2003.
Pages: 304.
ISBN: 5-94010-092-9.

Textbook for university students.
For the first time, a holistic concept of active processes in the Russian language is given, based on the study of oral and written speech in various spheres of social life. The active processes in the Russian language at the end of the 20th century are covered. - in pronunciation and stress, in vocabulary and phraseology, in word formation and morphology, in syntax and punctuation. Language changes are considered taking into account the internal sources of language development against the background of historical transformations in the life of society. Linguistic variation is widely represented in its relation to the literary norm. Particular attention is paid to the vocabulary of the media as the most obvious source of changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas and specialties of “Philology”, “Linguistics”, “Journalism”, “Book Science”, “Publishing and Editing”. Of interest to linguists, philosophers, cultural experts, press workers, literary scholars, teachers and professors, as well as a wide range of readers.

Content:
Preface.
Principles of sociological study of language.
Laws of language development.
Variation of a linguistic sign.
(The concept of variation and its origins. Classification of options).
Language norm.
(The concept of a norm and its characteristics. Norm and occasionalism. General linguistic and situational norm. Motivated deviations from the norm. Basic processes in the normalization of linguistic phenomena).
Changes in Russian pronunciation.
Active processes in the area of stress.
Active processes in vocabulary and phraseology.
(Basic lexical processes. Semantic processes in vocabulary. Stylistic transformations in vocabulary. Determinologization. Foreign borrowings. Computer language. Foreign language lexemes in Russian vernacular. Extraliterary vocabulary in the language of modern press).
Active processes in word formation.
(Growth of agglutinative features in the process of word formation. The most productive word-formation types. Production of names of persons. Abstract names and names of processes. Prefix formations and complex words. Specialization of word-formation means. Intergradate word formation. Collapse of names. Abbreviation. Expressive names. Occasional words).
Active processes in morphology.
(Growth of analyticity in morphology. Shifts in forms of grammatical gender. Forms of grammatical number. Changes in case forms. Changes in verb forms. Some changes in adjective forms).
Active processes in syntax.
(Dismemberment and segmentation of syntactic constructions. Connecting members and parceled constructions. Binomial constructions. Predicative complexity of the sentence. Activation of inconsistent and uncontrollable word forms. Growth of prepositional combinations. Tendency towards semantic accuracy of the statement. Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction. Weakening of syntactic connection. Correlation of affective and intellectual in the field of syntax).
Some trends in modern Russian punctuation.
(Period. Semicolon. Colon. Dash. Ellipsis. Functional and intended use of punctuation. Unregulated punctuation. Author's punctuation).
Conclusion.
Literature.
Approximate program of the discipline “Active processes in the modern Russian language.”

At the moment, the state of the Russian language causes a lot of discussion and controversy, since its state cannot have an unambiguous assessment. Since the relationship between language and society is quite complex, it is not so easy to determine the specific direction in which the Russian language is moving.

Many philologists, linguists, journalists and politicians are in favor of cleaning the Russian language from foreign words and slang expressions, which have already seeped into the speech used in the media.

But there is another opinion - it is believed that such a movement of the language is useful and natural; it is precisely such transformations that will make the Russian language more accessible and expressive. Many also pay attention to the widespread speech errors and illiteracy in printed publications.

It is obvious that language serves as a reflection of everything that happens in society. And Russia has gone through many transformations recently: perestroika, post-perestroika, the formation of a new, separate state and its accelerated development.

These moments had a huge impact on the revolutionary transformation of the Russian language. At the moment, such active processes in the Russian language are distinguished - changes in the conditions of the functioning of the language, in the construction of the text and in the language system.

Problems of language ecology

The most obvious changes are changes in the conditions of language functioning. The widespread use of public speech makes the Russian language for most people a means of expressing their individuality and their personal opinions.

The language becomes relaxed and liberated, and at the same time reveals all its pronounced defects. This is the main problem of the ecology of the Russian language.

Lack of culture and ignorance are manifested through language. This is not to say that the liberation of the language is definitely bad; on the contrary, it has its positive aspects that will help the language improve. But the Russian language should not become loose and personify permissiveness.

The abundance of speech and spelling errors indicates that people disrespect their own language and do not take into account its historical significance. In modern society, they have stopped paying attention to the criteria for correct speech; this is not a mandatory attribute for those who constantly speak in public.

But the grace of speech and its artistry speaks volumes and makes a person more educated, and therefore more successful, and someone who could become a role model. But it is important to note that this situation did not change the language system, and language norms remained the same.

A similar process refers to the lack of speech culture, which modern society does not strive to develop and improve. This leads to constant contamination of the language, and even those who are not prone to speech errors gradually adopt a similar format of communication from others.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

"SAMARA STATE AEROSPACE UNIVERSITY

NAMED AFTER ACADEMICIAN S.P. QUEEN"

PRINTING INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLISHING AND BOOK DISTRIBUTION

TEST

by discipline

"ACTIVE PROCESSES

IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE"

on the topic: "Euphemisms in modern Russian speech

using materials as an example

print and electronic Russian media"

Completed by: student of group No. 4311z

Murtazaeva Irina Olegovna

Checked by: Natalya Viktorovna Pryadilnikova

Samara 2008

WORK PLAN

Introduction

1. Definition and classification of euphemisms in linguistic literature

2. Specifics of euphemization

2.1. Target settings

2.2. Topics and areas

2.3. Language means and methods

3. Euphemisms as a means of manipulation in the language of the media

Conclusion

List of references used

Introduction

In the modern Russian language, stylistically neutral words or expressions are increasingly used, used instead of a synonymous linguistic unit that seems indecent, rude, harsh or tactless to the speaker (writer). In the linguistic literature, this common process is given the term “euphemization.”

It is noteworthy that, being quite “sensitive” to public assessments, euphemisms often change their status, turning into unacceptable rudeness, requiring another euphemistic replacement. At one time B.A. Larin wrote: “Euphemisms are short-lived. An essential condition for the effectiveness of a euphemism is the presence of a “crude”, “unacceptable” equivalent. As soon as this implied, unpronounceable expression goes out of use, the euphemism loses its “ennobling” properties, since it goes into the category of “direct” names, and then requires a new replacement."

Another linguist L.P. Krysin notes that “the stricter the social control of the speech situation and the speaker’s self-control of his own speech, the more likely the appearance of euphemisms; and, on the contrary, in poorly controlled speech situations and with high speech automatism (see communication in the family, with friends, etc. .) "direct" designations, or dysphemisms, that is, more rude, disparaging designations, may be preferred to euphemisms

The object of study of this work is the euphemistic vocabulary of the modern Russian language. The subject of the study is its features and application scenarios.

The empirical basis of the study was euphemistic units: words, phrases, sentences extracted from journalistic, official business and scientific texts.

1. Definition and classification of euphemisms in linguistics

literature

The term "euphemism" was used by ancient authors. Its genesis is well known: the term itself comes from the Greek words “good” “rumor” (“speech”). It was originally interpreted as saying “words that have a good omen, abstaining from words that have a bad omen (especially during sacrifices), reverent silence.” Such an understanding of euphemism brings it closer to taboo, but does not equate it. Subsequently, the second part of the definition (“reverent silence”) was lost.

In the XX-XXI centuries. a number of works were prepared specifically devoted to the problems of euphemistic vocabulary or affecting it in connection with other linguistic phenomena [Paul G., 1960; Shore P.O., 1926; Larin B.A., 1961; Krysin L.P., 1996; Kurkiev A.S., 1977, Senichkina, 2006, etc.].

In the linguistic literature there are various formulations of the concept of “euphemism”. In most of them, the main feature of euphemism is its ability to replace, “veil” unpleasant or unwanted words or expressions.

For example, O.S. Akhmanova offers the following definition: “Euphemism (antiphrasis) is a trope consisting of an indirect, covered, polite, softening designation of an object or phenomenon” [Akhmanova, 1967].

Perhaps one of the most successful is the formulation of L.P. Krysin, who defines euphemism as “a way of indirect, periphrastic and at the same time softening designation of an object, property or action...” [Krysin, 2000].

There are different views on the classification of euphemisms. However, they all reveal a common reason for the euphemization of speech - the desire to avoid conflict in communication.

According to B.A. Larin, it should be based on the “social nature of euphemisms.” He identifies three types of euphemism:

1) commonly used euphemisms of the national literary language;

2) class and professional euphemisms;

3) family and everyday euphemisms. [Larin, 1961]

In historical retrospect, the first and second groups are moving closer together, and in moving towards the future, the second group is melting away until it disappears completely. The third group of euphemisms, which are used primarily in colloquial speech, are characterized by a limitation to the range of ideas from the field of human physiology and anatomy.

A.S. Kurkiev identifies five groups of euphemisms, classifying them according to their generating motives:

1) arising on the basis of superstitions (to be sick - unhealthy, ill);

2) arising from a feeling of fear and displeasure (to kill - to nail, to slap, to kill);

3) arising on the basis of sympathy and pity (the patient is not all at home);

4) generated by modesty (illegitimate - bastard, bastard);

5) generated by politeness (old - in years, advanced age). [Kurkiev, 1977]

L.P. Krysin, in turn, believes that there are two spheres of euphemization - personal life and social life.

V.P. Moskvin believes that “euphemisms are used in six functions:

1) to replace the names of frightening objects;

2) to replace definitions of various kinds of unpleasant, disgusting objects;

3) to denote what is considered indecent (so-called everyday euphemisms);

4) to replace direct names for fear of shocking others (etiquette euphemisms);

5) to “disguise the true essence of the designated”;

6) to designate organizations and professions that seem not prestigious" [Moskvin, 2007].

E.P. Senichkina takes a broad approach to understanding euphemisms, sharing the point of view of A.A. Reformatsky, L.P. Krysin and other scientists and believing that euphemisms are characteristic not only of neutral, but also of other styles of the Russian language.

E.P. Senichkina proposes to distinguish the following types of euphemisms: euphemisms-tabooisms, optional euphemisms, de-euphemisms, historical euphemisms, euphemisms by origin, linguistic and occasional. To classify euphemisms, the scientist proposes to use a morphological approach. This classification is based on the criterion of lexico-grammatical attribution of words representing the category of semantic uncertainty.

3conclusion

Modern Russian language is increasingly enriched with various euphemisms. From the definition of euphemism it follows that it is not only more adequate to the communicative situation, but also “more decent” than the word being replaced. It is obvious that in the process of euphemization there is a decrease in the degree of obscenity.

The classification of euphemisms can be carried out on several grounds.

Unlike ordinary vocabulary, euphemisms are extremely sensitive to public assessments of certain phenomena as “decent” and “indecent.” Related to this is the historical variability of the status of euphemism: what seems to be a successful euphemistic name to one generation may be regarded by subsequent generations as undoubted and unacceptable rudeness, requiring a euphemistic replacement.

Euphemism as a way of indirect, periphrastic and at the same time softening designation of an object, property or action is correlated with other speech techniques - with litotes, meiosis, oxymoron, etc.

The process of euphemization is closely intertwined with the process of nomination - one of the three fundamental processes that shape human speech activity (the other two are predication and evaluation). Objects that, for ethical, cultural, psychological or any other reasons, are not named or are difficult to name, need euphemistic designation; the renewal of nominations is dictated by the need again and again to veil or soften the essence of what is considered inconvenient, indecent, etc. in a cultural society.

Euphemism has its own specificity. It manifests itself both in the linguistic essence of euphemism, and in topics that are most often subject to euphemism, areas of use of euphemisms, in the types of linguistic methods and means by which they are created, in the difference in social assessments of euphemistic ways of expression.

Euphemisms have enormous manipulative potential when used in media language. Manipulative euphemisms either obscure or hide the true state of affairs, or demobilize public opinion, since a softened, neutral formulation does not cause reciprocal irritation in the recipient’s mind, unlike a direct nomination.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARIES

Akhmanova, O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms [Text]. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: KomKniga, 2007. - 576 p..
Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius 2007 [Electronic resource]: Modern. Univ. grew up encycl. : 14 CD [Electronic. text and graphic given: more than 88 thousand articles, 39 thousand multimedia objects, 860 audio and 570 video fragments, more than 520 maps in the interactive atlas of the world]. - 7th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Cyril and Methodius, 2006. - Cap. from the cover.
Weisman, A. D. Greek-Russian Dictionary / Reprint of the 5th edition 1899 - M.: Greek-Latin Cabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 2006. - 706 p.
Dahl. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language [Electronic resource]. - Electron. text data - M.: IDDK GROUP, 2005. - 1 CD. - Cap. from the screen. - Add. material: Full author's text "Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people"; "On beliefs, superstitions and prejudices of the Russian people."
Illustrated encyclopedic dictionary of F. Brockhaus and M. Efron [Text]. - M.: EKSMO, 2006. - 986 p.
Krysin, L.P. Explanatory dictionary of foreign words [Text]. - M.: EKSMO, 2005. - 944 p. - (Dictionary Library Series).
Ozhegov, S. I., Shvedova, N. Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language [Text] / Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov, Natalia Yulievna Shvedova. - 4th ed., add. - M.: ITI Technologies, 2005. - 944 p..

2. TEXTBOOKS AND TUTORIALS

Valgina, N. S. Active processes in modern Russian language [Electronic resource]: textbook. for universities / Nina Sergeevna Valgina; Mos. state University of Printing. - Electron. text, graph. Dan. - M.: State. University of Press, November 20, 2002. - flash resource. - (MSUP Library). - Cap. from the screen.
Senichkina, E. P. Euphemisms of the Russian language [Text]: special course: textbook. allowance for university students, special education. "Philology" / Elena Pavlovna Senichkina. - M: Higher School, 2006. - 151 p.

3. SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

Baskova, Yu. S. Euphemisms as a means of manipulation in the language of the media: based on the material of the Russian and English languages [Text]: abstract. dis. ...cand. Philol. Sci. / Yulia Sergeevna Baskova; Kuban. state univ. - Krasnodar: [b. i.], 2006. - 23 p.
Vavilova, L. N. On the issue of euphemization of modern Russian speech [Electronic resource] // Russian and comparative philology. System-functional aspect: collection. M-lov scientific. conf. February 5-10, 2003 / Kazan. state univ. - Kazan website. state un-ta. - Access mode: http://www.ksu.ru/fil/kn7/index.php?sod=11
Kovshova, M. L. Semantics and pragmatics of euphemisms: A brief thematic dictionary of modern Russian euphemisms [Text]: monograph. / Maria Lvovna Kovshova. - M.: Gnosis, 2007. - 320 p.
Krysin, L.P. Euphemisms in modern Russian speech [Electronic resource] // Russian philological Internet portal " Philology.ru". - Access mode: http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/krysin-94.html
Kurkiev, A. S. On the classification of euphemistic names in the Russian language. Classification of euphemisms by generating motives [Text] / A. S. Kurkiev. - Grozny, 1977.
Larin, B. A. About euphemisms [Text] / Boris Aleksandrovich Larin // Larin B. A. Problems of linguistics: Collection. articles dedicated to 75th anniversary of academician I. I. Meshchaninova. - Leningrad: Leningrad State University, 1961. - (Uch. Zap. Leningrad. University, No. 301: Ser. Philol. Sciences: Issue 60). - P. 110-124.
Moskvin, V.P. Euphemisms in the lexical system of the modern Russian language [Text] / Vasily Pavlovich Moskvin. - 2nd ed. - M.: Lenard, 2007. - 264 p.
Paul, G. Principles of the history of language / Trans. with him. ; Ed. A.A. Kholodovich. - M.: Foreign publishing house. lit., 1960. - 500 p.
Shore, R.O. Language and society / Rozalia Osipovna Shor. - M.: Education worker, 1926. - 152 p.

Extralinguistic ( from lat. extra - outside + lingua - language) - extralinguistic, extralinguistic; belonging to real or imaginary reality, but not to language or linguistic reality.

Obscene vocabulary - from Lat. obscenus (disgusting, obscene, indecent) - a segment of abusive vocabulary, including the grossest (obscene, obscenely vile, vulgar) abusive expressions, often expressing a spontaneous verbal reaction to an unexpected (usually unpleasant) situation. Linguists share concepts profanity And taboo vocabulary from obscene language. Obscene vocabulary is only one type of these two linguistic phenomena.

One should not mix swearing and obscenity. Swearing may not be obscene (go to hell!), One of the varieties of obscene vocabulary in the Russian language is Russian swearing.