Types of wooden windows. Aluminum - wooden window

Today, manufacturers offer a huge selection of models and colors. plastic windows. And these are no longer just the white “rectangles” that we are all accustomed to. Modern window designs allow you to realize any design solution. Let's look at the differences plastic windows and what types of them exist.

Window frame

When they talk about a window frame, they mean the part of the structure that... The forms can be very diverse:

• rectangular;
• triangular;
• arched;
• round;
• bay window;
• trapezoidal.

Color variety

The traditional color is white. But if you want to highlight the external and inner part at home or to focus on a certain style, then different shades of PVC profiles can help with this. Of course, the cost of such windows will be higher than ordinary white ones, but if you want to have an original design, you will have to pay.

Doors

A sash is a part of a window structure that is attached to a fixed frame. Plastic windows can have from 1 to 4 valves. The sash can be opened horizontally, vertically, or in two directions in turn. The doors are:

• deaf. This type of window structure is extremely inconvenient, since it cannot be washed if necessary. In terms of cost, a blind window is the cheapest;
• rotary. They move exclusively in one plane;
• folding The doors can be tilted to a small part of the corner. Typically, such windows are used in medical and educational institutions;
• tilt and turn. This type combines two opening methods. And this is the most expensive type of window construction;
• shulpovye. When you open two doors at the same time, you can see free space without a partition in the middle.

Nowadays, most window frames are made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This material is not that new. It was first created in 1835 by the famous chemist Regnald. The development of industrial production dragged on until 1931, when the technology was introduced by BASF.
The idea of ​​making PVC window frames came even later; the first patent for plastic windows was registered in Germany in 1952.

At first, frames were made of metal, then lined with plastic overlays, which added aesthetics and protected against corrosion. But a little later, the production of hard PVC was mastered, which was suitable as a material for complex loaded structures. Window frames were mainly made of PVC, and contained reinforcing inserts made of wood or metal.
Modern window frames can be divided into several types according to the type of material.

Wooden window frames

Wooden windows are in the highest price category. These are not at all those “old window frames” - cracked, with many cracks and poorly closed, with layers of paint. Currently the wood is processed according to modern technologies and has high performance qualities. For the manufacture of window frames, hard and valuable types of wood are used - oak, ash, beech, bamboo, etc. To maintain popularity, manufacturers advertised such windows as “the most environmentally friendly and retain heat better.”
Wooden windows have all the positive qualities of modern windows, which will be discussed below.

Modern plastic windows

Plastic windows remain the most popular, i.e. made from the same solid polyvinyl chloride with the addition of metal reinforcing structures. Such windows, first of all, differ favorably in price. In terms of price-quality ratio, it is unrivaled.

PVC windows have excellent thermal insulation, are fireproof, reliable, durable and practical. In addition, there are models where the plastic is covered with veneer valuable species wood (imitation wood), which makes such window systems more aesthetically pleasing, while maintaining the positive qualities of PVC, at a reasonable price.

Plastic window frames can be easily manufactured to customer sizes. Therefore, manufacturers mainly produce products in individual sizes.

This window system is sealed and reliably protects the room from drafts, dust and noise. But the introduction of modern windows has brought new requirements to the ventilation systems of houses and apartments.
Since the former breathability of these enclosing structures has disappeared.

They thought of equipping the windows themselves with special ventilators, or at least with the opening of the sash for micro-slot ventilation.

The importance of heat conservation

When choosing any windows, it is important not to forget about heat conservation. As a rule, sufficiently heat-saving frames are made for our climate.
If the windows are directly from a European manufacturer, then you need to check whether they were produced for a mild or even subtropical climate...
But the main heat loss from a window occurs through the glass. In our climate, it is more profitable to install double-glazed windows with increased heat conservation. The usual solution is double-glazed window with sprayed glass.

Aluminum frames

Aluminum windows are mostly used in industrial and public buildings. IN residential buildings they are used much less frequently. There are also combinations of aluminum with other materials, for example, wood-aluminum windows, the inside of which is finished with valuable wood veneer.

The widespread use of aluminum window frames is hampered mainly by two reasons - aesthetic and psychological. Not many people like the metallic shine of window frames, and almost everyone doesn't like the cold, unprotected look of such windows. Indeed, aluminum is one of the best conductors of heat, but window frame designs using seals and heat insulators generally have thermal insulation that meets the standards.

Since aluminum frames are very durable, they are mainly used in very large, as well as complex, curved window openings.

Division by opening type

In addition to dividing by type of material, windows are also divided by type of opening.

The most common are hinged or pivoting windows.
Everyone is familiar with the way to open window sashes when they rotate around a vertical axis.
This is the simplest and most economical design. And the most convenient. After all, the window opening opens completely, and besides, the care and maintenance of such windows does not cause problems.

There are also tilt and turn windows.
The first ones have a way of opening by turning around horizontal axis(which is usually at the bottom of the window) and usually they have an opening at the top.

Tilt and turn windows combine the properties of swing and tilt windows.
With a certain turn of the handle, they only swing open (open completely), and with a different position of the handle, they recline into the room with their upper part. The tilt-and-turn window opening system is most widespread in PVC windows.

Typically windows are managed like this. When the handle is turned from the locking lower position to the horizontal position, the windows swing open completely. When you turn the handle up, the windows recline.

The mode when the windows are folded back is also called the ventilation mode. Indeed, it is very convenient and comfortable. After all, the influx of fresh (colder air) occurs in the upper part of the room, which promotes uniform mixing of air in the room and prevents the occurrence of drafts.

Fixed (non-openable) windows also have their own area of ​​application, which is determined by security and law enforcement considerations. For example, only fixed windows are used in shop windows or in high-rise public buildings.

The building is “built around its windows”. Windows are the most key element the entire architecture of the building and interior design. Therefore, it is better not to make mistakes when choosing the size and shape of window openings, and the selection of the windows themselves.

Essay

Shape, design and types of windows

1. Window shape

2. Classification of windows

3. Window opening options

4. Sizes and location of windows

5. Window design

6. Additional accessories for modern windows

7. Wooden windows

8. Aluminum windows

9. PVC windows

10. Fiberglass windows

11. Combined windows

12. Overlay windows

13. Dormer windows

Bibliography

1. Window shape

Windows to some extent determine the appearance of buildings. Window non-standard forms decorate the facade of the house and can even give it some originality. The small single-pane windows on the façade are depressing, giving the building the appearance of a prison.

Modern technologies make it possible to create windows of various shapes. It is possible to recreate windows of any historical styles, preserving the facades of buildings representing historical value. Windows can be as simple as rectangular shape, and represent complex arched or pointed structures. On the gables of buildings you can often see round, square or triangular windows. The impression of a window is created by its single or multi-leaf design. Modern windows are decorated with trims or decorative ornamental profiles made in various combinations of color and decor. Transoms are used in window designs. A rectangular window may have bevels.

Windows are a necessary part of the interior to create comfort in the house, as well as to save money on heating the interior. It follows that the shape of the window is related to functional use premises, as well as with the opening capabilities required from the window.

· steel;

· fiberglass;

· combined (wood-aluminum, wood-polyvinyl-chloride, etc.)

According to the options for filling the translucent part of the product, they are divided into:

· with sheet glass;

· with double-glazed windows;

· with sheet glass and double-glazed windows.

According to their intended purpose, products are divided into those intended for use in residential, public, industrial and other types of buildings and structures.

Products are classified according to design options:

by design type: single, twin, separate, separate

paired;

by number of rows of glazing:

With single glazing (for unheated rooms);

With double glazing;

With triple glazing;

With quadruple glazing;

by the number of sashes in one row of glazing:

Single leaf;

Double-leaf;

Multi-leaf;

in the direction of opening the doors:

Indoors;

Double-sided opening;

Left opening;

Symmetrical opening;

according to the methods of opening the doors:

WITH swing opening- with rotation of the sash around the vertical extreme axis;

Suspended - with the sash rotating around the upper extreme axis;

Folding - with the sash rotating around the lower extreme axis;

Tilt and turn - with the sash rotating around the vertical and lower outer axes;

Mid-rotation - with rotation of the sash around a horizontal or vertical axis, offset from the edge of the sash;

Sliding - with horizontal movement of the doors;

Lifting - with movement of the sash in a vertical plane;

Combined - combining different types of sash openings in one design;

Not opening;

depending on the glazed elements:

With glazed sash elements;

With glazed boxes;

With combined glazing;

on the design of devices for ventilation and regulation of the temperature and humidity conditions of the room:

With windows;

With doors with tilting (tilt-and-turn) adjustable opening;

With transoms;

With valve flaps;

With ventilation valves;

With climate valves;

With self-ventilation systems;

By constructive solutions sash vestibules:

With an impost porch;

With a postless (shtulpovy) vestibule;

according to the number and location of sealing contours in the vestibules:

With one sealing circuit (for unheated rooms);

With middle and inner seal;

With external and internal seal; with external, internal and middle seal;

By type of corner joint:

Non-separable (adhesive, welded, pressed, etc.);

Collapsible (with mechanical connections).

According to architectural drawings, products are divided into:

· rectangular;

· figured (triangular, polygonal, arched, round, oval, etc.);

· with decorative bindings;

· with a complex pattern (for example, arched with slab binding).

Products are classified according to their main performance characteristics:

· reduced resistance to heat transfer, air and water permeability,

Sound insulation, overall light transmittance, resistance

· wind load, resistance to climatic influences.

3. Window opening options

Fixed (non-openable) or blind windows.

They are used when there is an initial need to have a fixed window sash. In such windows, the frame itself can hold the glass. Blind sashes are mounted as an isolated element. In order to lighten the load on the window structure, a lintel is built above the window at a certain width. When a roller shutter box is installed, it takes on the vertical load.

Fixed or fixed windows are often round or triangular windows on the gable of a building.

A fixed or fixed window can only be washed from outside.

Attention! When installing such windows, if they are the only opening options in the room, it is necessary to think in advance about the method of ventilating the room. Ventilation valves are built into modern PVC windows.

Exposed windows.

Exposed windows are essentially fixed windows, the frame of which can be removed for, for example, cleaning and cleaning.

Pivot or casement windows.

Pivot or hinged windows can open both inside and outside the room; they can be either with an impost or hinged.

Pivot or casement windows are easy to clean. With the help of such windows you can perfectly ventilate the room.

Hinged windows (with bottom hinge).

Hinged windows open from the top. Such windows are called transoms. They are used on stairwells as they are the least safe, since casement windows can be a source of danger for children without adult supervision. Hinged windows are installed in basements, industrial and other rooms where open sashes may be in the way. When installing this type of window, remember that they must be accessible for maintenance and cleaning.

For transoms, only the folding type of opening is suitable, and there are various options for transom fittings that allow you to control the opening depending on the size and design features of the window.

Tilt and turn windows.

A tilt-and-turn window is a window, the same sash of which, at a certain position of the same handle, can be opened either by rotating around a vertical axis at an angle of up to 160°, or tilted on the lower hanger, resulting in a gap for ventilation. There are special fittings that allow you to fix the opening angle, protect the doors from spontaneous slamming, etc.

Tilt-and-turn windows provide full ventilation of the room instead of traditional vents. At the same time, installing a window with a window makes the tilting opening option pointless, which only leads to an additional increase in cost compared to the usual rotary opening option.

Hanging windows.

Hanging windows can be classified as tilting windows. Their peculiarity is that the window opens by turning around the upper extreme axis or from the upper suspension.

Mid-hung windows.

Mid-hung windows are windows rotating around a vertical or horizontal axis located in the middle of the window vertically or horizontally, respectively.

Mid-hung windows are very easy to clean. They ventilate the room perfectly.

Sliding windows.

Sliding windows are windows whose sashes move parallel to the window installation plane, moving relative to each other or retracting into the walls.

Sliding windows save space. They are built into any design and even decorate it, but are more expensive than other windows due to the complexity of the design and the presence of additional fittings and mechanisms. Sliding windows are especially often used for balconies and loggias.

Lift-and-hing, lift-and-slide, tilt-and-turn windows.

These are the same hinged, sliding and tilting windows, only relative to the lifting horizontal axis.

Opening possibilities are associated with the development of window fittings. The more opportunities the fittings provide for designers and constructors, the more diverse the windows will become.

4. Sizes and location of windows

According to building regulations, the minimum amount of light enters the room if the area of ​​all glass surfaces is 10-12.5% ​​of total area wall surfaces.

Optimal lighting conditions according to physiological indicators are achieved with a window width equal to 55% of the width of the living room.

If we talk about window sizes, then everyone knows the rule of the golden ratio - 3:5 This is the ratio of sizes perceived by people as the most successful.

If the width of the window opening is more than 2 m, use a three-leaf window design. Usually the two side sashes of such a window are made the same size, creating symmetry.

5. Window design

Window opening - an opening in a wall or roof for the installation of one or more window units.

The design of the window opening also provides for the installation of a mounting seal, slopes, drains and window sill boards.

Window block is a translucent structure designed to:

· for natural lighting of the room;

· for room ventilation; And

· to protect the premises from atmospheric and noise influences.

Window frame - assembly unit of a window block:

· made in the form of a rectangular frame with selected quarters;

· designed for hanging sashes;

· Fixed to the walls of the window opening.

Window frame is part of a window element that is rigidly connected to the wall.

A window sash is a movable element of a window.

A double-glazed window is a package consisting of two or three sheets of glass, hermetically fixed to a metal frame. Inside the bag there is rarefied air or inert gas. It has good thermal insulation, sound insulation and tightness, does not sweat and does not become dirty inside. The glass unit is fixed in the sashes using glazing beads.

· PVC does not support combustion;

· no need for additional finishing (the original color is retained during the entire service life);

· high rates of thermal protection and sound insulation;

· no problems associated with the disposal of production waste;

· the possibility of more precise fitting of frame parts, high manufacturability of finished windows.

Disadvantages of plastic windows:

· if damaged, in most cases it is necessary to replace the entire unit;

· absence in Russia of a system for recycling used windows.

The quality of a PVC window is affected by the following:

· components of the window itself: quality of profiles, fittings, seals, glass, double-glazed windows;

· build quality;

· quality of window installation.

10. Fiberglass windows

Fiberglass windows are the “youngest” of windows.

Fiberglass is a fabric glass composite (FGK), a material consisting of 70% fiberglass. Its hardness is given by special thermoactive resins, which are binders. The use of fiberglass was hampered by the lack of technologies that would make it possible to produce profiles of the required complex configuration from it. It became possible to obtain profiles of any configuration with the introduction of the pultrusion process into practice. This process involves drawing fiberglass material impregnated with a thermosetting resin through a heated die. At the exit from the die, a finished product is obtained - a window profile.

Advantages of fiberglass windows:

· durability (warranty - 25 years);

· low thermal conductivity, comparable to wood, but does not rot or change color,

· strength and durability of the metal, resistance to corrosion,

· resistance to all types of meteorological influences: biological stability, moisture and weather resistance,

· high soundproofness,

low energy intensity during production,

· ease of care.

Disadvantages of fiberglass windows:

· manufacturing forms can only be rectilinear.

11. Combined windows

Combined windows combine the advantages of different materials, while compensating for the disadvantages of others.

The disadvantage of a combined window is its cost, which is quite high today.

The following combinations of different materials are used in combined windows: aluminum (copper) + wood; aluminum + plastic; aluminum + wood + plastic and others.

Wooden-aluminum windows.

Wooden-aluminum windows are the most common today. Wood is natural material with good heat insulating properties, low heat and sound conductivity, high frost resistance, creating comfort in the home. Its dependence on the external influence of the atmospheric environment and others is compensated by the properties of aluminum, from which the outer sash is usually made or from which the outer lining is made.

Windows are wood-gap-aluminium.

A material made of polyamide is used as a gap, removing mechanical tension between wood and aluminum and creating additional thermal insulation.

Aluminum windows with hardwood trim strips.

In such windows, wooden decorative strips made of hard wood (for example, oak) cover the metal profile from the inside of the room. From the outside, such a window is clean aluminum window, with all the ensuing properties. And inside the room there is a wooden window, cozy, warm and lively, perfectly combined with all the interior details.

There are also combined windows consisting of the following combinations of materials:

· wooden windows with a plastic shell, which has the function of protecting the wood

· plastic windows with a metal shell, which is used for decorative purposes.

Another new variety combined windows- these are window profiles that combine three different materials:

· a tree that performs a decorative function;

· plastic that performs the function of heat protection;

· metal that protects other materials from atmospheric influences.

We see that there are many types of combined windows. And if wooden-aluminum windows have already occupied a niche in the market, then combined windows “wood-plastic-metal” are still experimental windows, in the designs of which optimal, constructive solutions are still being sought.

12. Overlay windows

An overlay window is a window designed to protect old window sashes. The overhead window improves noise, sound and heat insulation, thanks to the additional air layer that appears. At the same time, old windows dry out and the development of rot stops.

The frame of the overhead window is made of weather-resistant aluminum. The edges are covered steel profile with plastic lining.

An overhead window is suitable for mounting on windows that open indoors, but there may be other options.

Installation of an overhead window is carried out on the outside of the building. For small windows, installation can also be done from inside the room.

13. Dormer windows

Dormer windows:

· help to use more efficiently attic space,

· made of high-quality wood impregnated with antiseptic or PVC;

· can be fixed from above in the slightly open position when opening on the lower suspension;

· have a mid-hung horizontal opening type.

Dormer windows carry the same load and function as the roof covering, since they are an element of the roof, and therefore must meet the same requirements as a modern roof. On the other hand, these are still window systems, the main function of which is attic lighting, ventilation, heat protection, room tightness, fire safety.

Thermal protection in roof windows is provided by several factors: the design of the double-glazed window, the thickness of the window frame, sealing contours, the depth of the window in the roof and, of course, correct installation in the thermal contour of the roof.

The glass unit in modern roof windows is usually single-chamber, this is due to the need to minimize the weight of the structure in order to reduce the load on the rafter system. On inner side A special selective silver coating is applied to the glass unit to reflect thermal radiation, which helps retain heat in winter and prevents overheating of the room in the summer. The space between the glasses is filled with inert gas. As a rule, this is argon, which has good heat-energy-saving characteristics. An indicator characterizing the thermal insulation of a window system is the coefficient of reduced heat transfer resistance (Ro) of the glass unit and the window as a whole. Requirements of the State Standard of the Russian Federation for class D1 glass (used in roof windows) Ro window (wooden window block) - 0.40. Accordingly, in order to be sure that the window will not be a source of heat loss, it is necessary to make sure that the Ro indicators of the window are not less than those required by GOST.

The thickness of the window frame is a guarantee that the window will not freeze and temperature regime the room will be comfortable. Manufacturers of roof windows presented on Russian market, show different indicators. An important factor is also the installation system proposed by a particular manufacturer. Correct installation guarantees the durability and reliability of the roof window, and, therefore, protects people from the negative influences of the external environment. The current maximum window installation depth in the roof is 60 mm for flat roofing. Such a deep installation allows you to “recess” the window into the thermal contour of the roof and significantly reduce heat loss. Windows installed in this way are more harmoniously combined with the overall appearance of the building and roof. Also, the most convenient distance is 185-205 cm from the floor to the handle for opening the window.

There are several generally accepted standards for installing roof windows: for proper air circulation, the lower slope of the window must be perpendicular to the floor, and the upper slope must be parallel. It is recommended to install the heating source directly under the window; the window itself is approximately 1m - 1.3m above the floor level.

Another relevant aspect is the tightness of the room, including the roof windows. In this case, it is, first of all, window waterproofing. In modern roof windows, this is provided by a system of drainage gutters, the so-called flashings, which contribute to a tight connection between the window and the roof. Some models also have special rubber plugs in the lower parts of the window frame, which protect the window from capillary penetration of moisture.

Different types of salaries have been developed:

· for tiles and corrugated sheets;

· for a group of windows;

· for flat roofing materials.

Roof windows should also have sealing contours to achieve maximum structural integrity. Depending on the model, this may be 1, 2 or even 3 circuit - seals. In skylights, fittings are used that allow you to adjust the uniform pressure of the rubber seals without dismantling the window.

Wood is the main material from which roof windows are made. In the case of attic equipment, wood is especially environmentally safe, reliable and aesthetically pleasing. It is preferable to use knot-free pine wood. Wooden elements windows are coated with environmentally friendly varnish water based and soaked in antiseptic vacuum chamber. PVC roof windows are also common.

The safety of staying in the attic and operating roof windows is an important factor for modern man. Dormer windows can be equipped with special smoke, rain and wind sensors. First of all, safety of operation is ensured by double glazed windows. Tempered glass can reliably protect the attic from atmospheric phenomena such as hail.

There are also double-glazed windows that will help reliably protect the attic from unauthorized entry from the outside. There are models of roof windows in which double-glazed windows with a triplex system are installed. Triplex is 2 glasses glued together with a special film. Such glass is often used in store windows. It is quite difficult to break such a double-glazed window, and if this does happen, the glass hangs on the film and requires considerable time to remove it. The glass unit can also be protected from removal by special devices.

Dormer windows can protect the attic from the elements environment when ventilating. Modern anti-condensation all-weather ventilation systems provide ventilation of the room when the window is closed and even in the case of insufficient or non-functioning main ventilation. A special filter prevents dust, dirt and insects from entering the attic. At any time of the year, the air, passing through the labyrinthine ventilation valve system, is cleaned and warmed.

Unlike facade windows, dormer windows can solve problems of evacuation from the premises in the event of fire and smoke or other extreme situations. There are models of evacuation windows, which, provided the roof and interior are equipped with special steps and fences, are recommended as an element of the emergency exit of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. Such a window normally operates in a mid-turn opening mode, and in case of danger, with the help of special holders, the sash is tilted along the upper axis by 68°. There are also casement windows, which open in a similar way to façade windows and allow you to easily leave the room.

Dormer windows can be equipped with curtains, blinds, and awnings.

Dormer windows have firmly established themselves in the Russian market as reliable, durable and safe window systems for attic lighting. They are the ones who make it possible to transform non-residential attic into a cozy, bright attic and ensure comfort and safety

Bibliography

1. http://www.oknopolis.ru

2. http://www.Shara.org.ua

3. GOST 23166. Window general technical conditions. Date of introduction 2001-01-01.

4. Double-glazed glass plus aluminum, wood or plastic. P.T. Burns. 1998

5. V.A. Tarasov, JSC "KBE Window Technologies".

6. Economic Review No. 23 (471)

Plastic, aluminum and wooden window frames used in glazing houses and apartments differ significantly from each other. Moreover, these differences concern not only appearance, but also functional parameters.

Let's figure out what the features of different products are, and what you should pay attention to when choosing/manufacturing window frames.

Selecting a frame by material

Option 1. Metal-plastic profile

Windows without frames, that is, with glass fixed directly in the opening, in housing construction are used extremely rarely. So whatever one may say, when designing a house or planning an apartment renovation, we will have to choose frames.

The most common option today is structures made of metal-plastic profiles. Their key features:

1. Universal configuration. The shape of the product allows not only to securely fix the window in the opening, but also to connect several frames together. In addition, such products are compatible not only with double-glazed windows (fixed glazing), but also with sashes.

Before removing the plastic window from the frame, you need to either remove the sash from its hinges or remove the glazing beads that hold the glass unit from the grooves.

1. Plastic case. All surfaces in contact with external environment, are made of resistant polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This not only protects the window from moisture, but also makes cleaning easier. For example, we don’t have to spend a long time trying to wash the frames of plastic windows - they can be easily cleaned with a damp cloth, but if necessary, they can also withstand the effects of more active household chemicals.

1. Internal reinforcement. Plastic is an elastic and quite soft material, therefore, to give the frame rigidity, metal inserts (square or U-shaped) are installed in it. It improves mechanical properties design, but complicates the work with products. For example, before reducing the frame of a plastic window, you have to saw it at the corners and shorten it metal reinforcement and weld the cut parts again.

1. Drainage and ventilation. Despite the almost complete tightness, the design of the plastic frame provides for the presence of technological holes. So that water in the frame of a plastic window does not stagnate after rain and does not provoke corrosion, drainage grooves are almost always made in its lower part.

Option 2. Aluminum profile

Despite the fact that a plastic window is today considered the “default” option, there are still alternatives to such products. And one of the most technologically advanced alternatives is windows with aluminum frames.

Here you need to keep in mind the following aspects:

1. Two aluminum profile options. A cold window frame is made without thermal insulation inserts, but also weighs less. “Warm” aluminum retains energy indoors much better, but weighs more and is more expensive than many PVC structures.

1. Not the best thermal insulation. Even a profile with internal inserts is inferior in energy saving to plastic products with metal reinforcement.
2. High strength. This applies to both resistance to deformation and wear resistance. This is why aluminum is chosen for glazing industrial and public buildings. But if the window is already out of order, then repairs will be quite expensive and time-consuming.

It is advisable to choose products coated with powder paint - it is the most durable, and restoration of the appearance will not be necessary for at least 10 years after installation.

Option 3. Wooden beams

Manufacturing of window frames and their parts from wood - traditional technology, which remains relevant today. The most important features of wooden windows are:

1. There are products in a very cheap segment. As a rule, these are single or double frames designed to accommodate single glazing. The advantages are low price and light weight, but in houses and apartments they are trying to get rid of such structures.

1. Eurobeam is a functional analogue of metal-plastic. Modern wooden frames are made from laminated veneer lumber so that a sealed double-glazed window can be installed in them. In terms of thermal insulation, they are almost as good as plastic products, and in appearance they outperform them “by a landslide.”

1. Difficulty in packaging. Most manufacturers have accessories for wooden windows, but they are more expensive than standard kits. Therefore, by default, the simplest latches and hinges are installed on the frame - canopies, and advanced mechanisms are installed when finances allow.

Another advantage of wooden frames is that they can be repaired and even made at home. Of course, this will require suitable material, tools and skills. But if you are interested in the technology of making wooden windows with your own hands, we advise you to study the next section.

Making your own window frame

How to make a simple wooden frame with your own hands - we will tell you step by step in the table:

Illustration	Work stage
	Manufacturing of blanks. We cut out parts from a flat pine beam, the dimensions of which should be slightly larger than the dimensions of the future window.
	Profiling of blanks. Using a milling machine, we make cuts on the beams for installation of glazing. At the same time, we align all planes of the parts.
	Marking for connection. In the places where the parts of the frame will be connected, we apply markings using a tape measure and a square. If the marking is done accurately, and all the details can be cut out cleanly, then putty at the joints will not be needed!
	Formation of spines. On the transverse parts of the frame we cut out tenons that will be used to fasten parts. They can be done either using a router, or simply sawing off fragments with a hacksaw and then cleaning them.
	Formation of grooves. Opposite every thorn in vertical racks We select grooves, the size of which should be equal to or slightly smaller than the size of the tenon. The most convenient way to do the work is with a wood cutter.
	Frame assembly. We assemble the structure by inserting the tenons into the grooves and pressing the parts with a mallet.
	Fixation of parts. We glue the joints with moisture-resistant wood glue. While gluing, we fix the frame with clamps. Additionally, all corners can be tightened with self-tapping screws, twisting them from different sides.

Of course, this is not the only answer to the question “how to make a frame yourself.” But the described design organically combines sufficient reliability and ease of manufacture.

Conclusion

Making window frames with your own hands is both time-consuming and troublesome. But if of all available options If you have chosen wooden structures, then the tips and videos in this article, as well as consultations in the comments, will help you cope with this task. You'll also save money!

If you want to express gratitude, add a clarification or objection, or ask the author something - add a comment or say thank you!

The illumination of rooms mainly depends on the size, shape and location of windows in the room.

In living rooms of apartments, the area of ​​windows to ensure normal illumination is taken to be in the range of 1/8 of the floor area and no more than 1: 5.5.

The shape, size, proportions and placement of windows on the facade are important elements, significantly influencing the architectural appearance of the building and its overall architectural expressiveness.

The design of windows must strictly meet thermal technical requirements - this is important not only for maintaining heat in the premises during the cold season, but also for eliminating the possibility of freezing and fogging of the glass. In addition, the design of the windows must provide sound insulation from outside noise.

Windows can be single, double or triple glazed. Windows with one layer of glass are used in the southern regions of the country or in unheated buildings. In areas with temperate climate For residential buildings and other civil buildings, windows are made mainly of two layers of glass with an air gap between them.

In regions of the Far North, windows with three layers of glass should be used, i.e., with two air gaps between them.

Standard sizes of wooden windows and balcony doors of residential and public buildings are given in GOST 11214-65.

The width of a single-leaf window is usually taken to be at least 600 mm, a double-leaf window - 900, 1100 and 1300 mm and a three-leaf window - 1600-1800 mm. The height of the windows should be 1150-1300 mm less than the height of the floor.

Elements that fill the opening left in the wall are generally called filling the window opening (Fig. 170). Filling consists of window boxes, glazed window frames and window sill boards.

Window box is a frame into which window sashes are inserted. Boxes may have additional internal bars - vertical and horizontal, called imposts, or middlemen. Imposts are used for hanging bindings, as well as for providing rigidity to large boxes.

Window sashes are divided into casement (having opening parts - sashes) and blind (non-opening). The top part of the binding is called transom. In heated civil buildings, sashes are mostly made with double glazing; The outer binding is called summer, and the inner binding is called winter.

The elements of sashes, transoms and blind frames are bindings(bars located around the perimeter) and croakers, i.e. narrow horizontal or vertical bars located inside the contour formed by the strapping. The slabs divide the area of ​​the sash, transom or blind frame into smaller cells, allowing you to arrange a window. or reduce the size of the glass.

To install glass in frames and slabs, quarters called folds are chosen. Glass inserted into the folds is reinforced with wire pins with putty or wooden glazing beads with strips of rubber or oiled paper placed between them and the glass. The glazing beads are reinforced with thin nails or screws. The planks designed to cover the gaps of the vestibule are called stripes.

In external frames, the lower frames of sashes, transoms and vents have ebbs on the outside - protrusions designed to drain rain and melt water.

According to the method of opening, bindings are divided into those that open inward, in different directions, sliding and lifting.

The most commonly used bindings are those that open inward. It should be noted that the internal bindings must be made larger in height and width than the external ones in order to ensure free opening of the latter. The difference in size between the inner and outer bindings is called at dawn, the dawn is usually 50-75 mm (25-37.5 mm on each side).

Designs for filling window openings

Window frames are made both separately (separately for the outer and inner frames, Fig. 171, a), and in common for both frames (Fig. 171.6). Currently, mostly common boxes are used.

Boxes in brick walls are reinforced in the openings with ruffs driven into the masonry seams, or nails driven into antiseptic wooden liners placed during the masonry process. side faces opening. Each vertical block of the box is strengthened in two places.

The gap between the frame and the masonry of the opening is carefully caulked with tow soaked in gypsum mortar. The lintels of the opening are plastered outside and inside. Caulking and plaster, as well as quarters in the opening, are removed by blowing air through the gaps between the masonry and the frame.

In modern industrial construction, all elements of filling a window opening are assembled at the factory into the so-called window unit, consisting of a common box with hung, primed and glazed covers, equipped with instruments. Such blocks are brought assembled to the construction site and, using cranes, installed in window openings simultaneously with the laying of walls.

Bindings according to the cross-sectional shape of the bindings are available with overlay and without overlay. Fused is the protruding edge of the binding that closes the gap between the binding and the box.

The distance between the outer and inner bindings in accordance with GOST is taken to be 130 mm. To seal windows, gaskets made of polyurethane foam, porous rubber or wool blend are placed around the perimeter of the sashes. When carefully executed, the airflow of overlaid bindings is significantly less than for non-overlaid bindings, resulting in reduced heat loss. You dare to say that the damage makes it difficult to control compliance with the thickness of the gap in the rebate, and if the sealing gasket is defective, it complicates the pasting of the rebates with paper.

In Fig. 172, and shows a vertical section of summer and winter bindings with overlay, installed in a common box.

Are economical paired bindings(Fig. 172.6), in which the outer and inner bindings are brought together until they are in direct contact and form, as it were, one binding with two glasses. In windows that open inward, the inner frame is hung on the frame, and the outer frame is hung on the inner frame. Both bindings are fastened together with screws or mortise hooks and separated only to remove dust and wipe the glass from the inside. The distance between the glasses is 47 mm.

To eliminate blowing and to seal the recesses, the paired sashes have an overlay and a gasket made of porous rubber strips around the perimeter of the sashes.

Windows with paired sashes provide more light, save about 30% of wood, they are 10% cheaper than windows of other designs and are 1.5 times lighter in weight. In addition, such frames are convenient to install in thin walls (for example, in large-panel walls of small thickness).

At the same time, as operating experience has shown, the use of paired window sashes in buildings worsens the thermal conditions of the premises during the cold season. Thus, in a 5-story building, the heat loss of windows with paired sashes when sealing the window sashes with half-woolen blast is 25% higher than the heat loss of windows with double separate sashes. On the upper floors this difference is even higher. Taking this into account, windows with double separate sashes, especially in high-rise buildings, are more reliable in operation due to the interglazed space, which reduces the speed of cold air filtering into the room.

The main window devices include hinges (hinges), window latches and window brackets (handles). Paired bindings are equipped with tension devices that attract the bindings to the box when closing. All window devices are attached to the frames and frames with screws.

The method of installing window blocks with paired sashes in large-panel walls is shown in Fig. 173. Window blocks can be installed simultaneously with the manufacture of the panel (Fig. 173, a) or afterwards in pre-fabricated panels (Fig. 173.6). The wooden box is fastened to the panel with anchors with a diameter of 4-5 mm.

If high precision in the manufacture of wall panels is ensured, window filling can be installed without a frame (Fig. 173, c). In this case, the binding is attached to steel strips, asbestos-cement or plastic plugs (80x 80x100 mm) installed during the manufacturing process of the panel.

A more economical design compared to paired bindings are double glazed windows, installed in single bindings. Double-glazed windows are made of two glasses with a layer of dry air between them (which eliminates the possibility of condensation); along the contour of the glass are hermetically glued with strips of glass placed between them and framed with a frame made of rubber or plastic.

Plastic window frames are promising, they are significantly superior to wooden ones: they do not rot, do not dry out and always maintain the tightness of the narthex. In addition, they do not need to be painted.

Window frames from aluminum alloys They have great strength, durability and a beautiful appearance. The design of window frames made of aluminum alloys is described in § 70 (see Fig. 229).

In Fig. 174, and the design of a plastic window sash is shown. The frame, sashes, impost are made of fiberglass, and the sashes and impost have hollow profiles with walls 2-3 mm thick. The hollow part of the profile is filled with thermal insulation material, the frame is glazed with double-glazed windows.

New types of filling window openings are fencing made of glass profiles and wood-aluminum frames (Fig. 174, b), in which the outer part of the sashes is made of aluminum, and the internal load-bearing part is made of wood. This design allows you to increase its strength and durability, as well as... improve appearance.

In Fig. 175 shows a cross-section of a window opening filled with glass profile in the form of hollow elements open at the top and vertically placed at the bottom. Glass profile elements are installed in the lower and top harness from steel corners, with the lower ends of the elements resting on porous rubber gaskets. The same gaskets are placed in the seams between adjacent elements and then the seams on the outside are filled with special mastic.

Shop displays can be glazed from the outside and inside; The goods on display are placed between the glasses (Fig. 176, a). The distance between the outer and inner glass is taken from 600 to 1800 mm.

In the upper and lower parts of the outer frames, holes with a diameter of 25-35 mm are installed to supply cold air into the space between the glasses, which protects them from fogging and icing. The inner binding is carefully sealed so that warm air V winter time didn't get between the glasses. Otherwise, the moisture condensing on the outer glass, coming from the room, freezes.

The design of a display case with one outer glass is more advanced (Fig. 176, b), for which it is recommended to use double-glazed windows for the purpose of reliable thermal insulation and protection against fogging and icing. For a better view of the goods on display, it is advisable to install the outer glass of display cases not vertically, but with a slight tilt forward, not exceeding 12-15°. If, instead of double-glazed windows, only one outer glass is installed in shop windows, then to prevent icing in winter, it is blown from the inside with a stream of thermal air, which is heated either in local heating devices or in special chambers.

Showcase glass is installed in wooden, reinforced concrete or metal frames. The latest bindings for store displays are preferable both for aesthetic reasons (due to their small thickness they are hardly noticeable) and for durability.

Windows with wooden profiles can be classified according to the following criteria:

1. Wood species, from which the frame is made, and its pre-processing (solid solid wood or laminated veneer lumber with lamellas of various methods of splicing).

2. Availability auxiliary materials (plastic, aluminum).

In addition to profiles made of timber and solid wood, wooden windows also include structures additionally reinforced with aluminum or plastic, which allows increasing the performance characteristics and service life of the products.

Wood-aluminum– the most common type of combined windows in which wood profile on the street side it is protected by a metal frame painted to match the base material.

This design increases the service life of products up to 80 years, protects the wood from moisture and insects, and preserves all the benefits of wood.

Wood-plastic– the essence is the same as that of wood-aluminum windows, only the metal is replaced by PVC. In Russia, this design is not very common and is practically not manufactured.

3. Surface Finish:

• transparent (varnish),
• translucent (paint),
• covering (veneer).

4. Double-glazed window formula(1-8 cameras).

5.Door opening mechanism:

• swing and swing;
• tilt and turn;
• transom-folding;
• sliding portal;
• blind (non-opening) window.

The most common types of designs are: with separate sashes and paired binding and separate sashes/separate binding.

Types of ready-made structures

1. Russian windows

They are called “Russian” or “Soviet”, but this does not change the essence - the design includes a frame made of solid wood and sheet glass. Today, such windows are still made in carpentry workshops, but mass production, due to poor tightness and low thermal insulation qualities, no longer exists.

2. Finnish windows

A modern modification of Soviet-style windows. Cardinal difference– the thickness of the box and the glass unit in addition to the sheet glass. Such windows are much warmer than their predecessors, but are not suitable for installing a tilt-and-turn mechanism.

The doors open only in one plane, ventilation is carried out using a window or transom. They are made of solid wood, less often - of two-layer laminated veneer lumber.

3. German windows

A design that we used to call “Euro-window”. It is characterized by the absence of windows; the main “components” are double-glazed windows and sashes that can open in two planes.

The material for the profile is three-layer laminated veneer lumber.

4. Scandinavian (Norwegian, Swedish) windows

A modern modification of Russian windows and European designs. Frames for Scandinavian windows are made of solid wood, mainly coniferous trees (pine, larch), but sheet glass is not used - only double-glazed windows. Standard thickness boxes – 98 mm, doors – 68 mm. This thickness is achieved due to a special design invented to effectively withstand frost.

The window consists of:

• outer frame with wooden or aluminum profile and single glazing;
• internal wooden frame with double chamber glass.

Unlike German windows, Scandinavian windows are mounted not with sealant, but with a rubber gasket. Double-glazed windows are held in the frame using glazing beads and self-tapping screws. Another feature of this type of window is a condensation prevention system: special molecular sieves are installed that absorb excess moisture, preventing frame deformation.

5. English windows

Characteristic feature of windows English sample– no swing loops. To open such a window, you need to lift and fix the frame at the top (it’s not for nothing that this structure is called a “guillotine”). The frames themselves are narrow, with a large number of squares on the binding. The main advantage of such windows is space saving, because when opened, the frame takes up minimal space. But if the opening mechanism fails, there is a high risk of injury.

6. French windows

Panoramic glazing, which combines the functions of a window and a door, and provides maximum light in the room, is possible when installing French-type structures. For such windows, a lifting, folding or portal (parallel-sliding) opening system is used.

The double-glazed window, as in an English window, is divided by the frame into square sections. The material for the frames is laminated veneer lumber.

Hide

There are several types of plastic windows and a large number of models. Often, it is because of the diversity that the buyer has problems making a choice.

Main types of PVC products

You can find varieties on sale that differ not only in frame material, shape, color, but also in the properties of the glass unit. The frame can be made of PVC, this material is the most common; aluminum or wood can be found less often.

There may be radical differences in design. For example, windows differ in the way they open; they can be hinged or sliding; there are also blind structures that cannot be opened. There are twin, single and separate types on sale. Double-glazed windows can have one or more air chambers, filled with air or argon. Another noticeable difference is the shape of the windows.

Selection of sash, frame

The sash is a movable element. It is driven by the use of fittings. Whatever types of plastic windows are installed in the house, at least several of them must be able to open. This is necessary for regular ventilation of the room.

Thanks to the chosen one, you can ensure that the window sash tilts, slides or swings open. Some structures can rotate around a horizontal, less often a vertical axis. The sash can open in any direction, which is convenient if you have limited space or indoor furniture is located close to the window.

Doesn't have that ability. It is devoid of sash and fittings in general. Such a window can be used in conjunction with others that can be ventilated. It is not recommended to install several blind windows in one room without equipping it with opening structures. Plastic models do not allow air to pass through, and the room will be stuffy, and condensation may begin to accumulate. For health, it is important that fresh air is regularly supplied to the room.

Different types of PVC windows may have different characteristics: for example, designs often have different widths glass unit. When choosing a window, you should pay attention to this criterion Special attention. You should not overpay for too thick a double-glazed window if you live in a relatively mild climate and a quiet place; If there is a serious minus on the street or the windows face a noisy highway, you should think about installing the thickest possible double-glazed window. It should be noted that the glass itself can be ordinary, tempered or armored. These parameters affect its strength and resistance to mechanical damage.

PVC windows, the most varied types of which can be a universal solution for any room.