In a ballad, the beginning is the climax and the denouement. Development of an open lesson on literature Lesson topic: “Once on Epiphany evening the girls wondered...” (Reflection of the life of the Russian people in the ballad “Svetlana.”)

Prepare a short (plot) retelling of the ballad, defining the plot, climax, and denouement.

At Christmastide, “on Epiphany evening,” as was customary, the girls tried to guess their fate through various fortune-telling, which Zhukovsky lists at the beginning of the ballad. Svetlana, bored in separation from her fiancé, was also advised to try her luck. This is an exposition of a ballad. Svetlana chooses one of the most terrible fortune telling - with mirrors. The appearance of the groom and his invitation to go to church to get married is the beginning. The action develops rapidly. The horses are flying fast, there is a blizzard all around, there is steppe desolation all around. The pale and despondent groom is silent. The horses rushed past the church in which a memorial service was being held for the deceased. Everything portends trouble. “The raven croaks: sadness!” The horses approached the hut under the snow. Everything disappeared: the horses, the sleigh, the groom. Lonely Svetlana entered the hut with a prayer and saw a coffin covered with a white blanket. A dove fawns over her. But then the dead man in the coffin began to stir. The climax of the ballad comes - Svetlana recognizes her fiancé in the dead man, and awakening occurs. Svetlana believes that the dream portends bad things. However, a happy ending is approaching: the groom joyfully arrives.

The same love is in his eyes, the same pleasant glances; The same conversations on Mila’s sweet lips. Open, O Temple of God; You fly to heaven, Faithful vows.

The ballad ends with some morality, the author’s instruction in the spirit of the Orthodox worldview - not to believe in dreams and fortune-telling, but to believe in the Providence of God. Here are my sense of ballads:

Remember the description of girls' fortune telling on Epiphany evening. Which of them do you particularly remember?

At the beginning of the ballad, Zhukovsky gives a detailed picture of folk fortune-telling, which girls resorted to during Christmastide in order to find out their fate, mainly related to future marriage. They threw the shoes they had taken off their feet, listened under the window, fed the chickens with counting grain, and told fortunes with wax. But the most important and terrible fortune telling is waiting for the groom in front of mirrors and candles. According to descriptions in the research literature, for example in Sakharov’s book “Tales of the Russian People,” this fortune telling occurs like this. A table for two persons is set in a dark room. It is located between two mirrors facing each other, with a candle lit in front of each of them. The girl should be alone in the room and sit opposite the mirror. Another mirror is behind her. She waits a long time for the arrival of her fiancé. If he doesn't come, it means she's destined to remain unmarried this year. If there is a wedding coming up, then her husband will be the person who appears in the mirror. According to popular beliefs, something terrible can happen, like what happened to Svetlana or Lyudmila. Experienced people advised young fortune tellers not to wait for events to develop (they can be very tragic), but, when they see their betrothed, to cover the mirror with a handkerchief and stop further testing fate.

Try to tell about the heroine of the ballad - Svetlana, about her friends, her fiance. Which of these stories turned out to be more thorough and detailed? Why?

The most detailed story can be about Svetlana, since the ballad conveys her experiences, expectations and adventures. She is the heroine of the work. Svetlana is a highly moral and deeply religious person. She never once betrayed her faith in God: neither during separation from her fiancé, nor during the terrible race. Entering an unknown hut, she crossed herself, sat down under the holy images, and this saved her from Lyudmila’s terrible fate.

The friends are just a background for the development of the plot; they listen to Svetlana’s complaints and advise her to resort to fortune-telling. We know about the groom that he is stately, affectionate, loves Svetlana, did not forget her in separation, expresses love with pleasant speeches.

Describe the pictures of the winter landscape in the ballad. Which lines correspond to the mood and state of the heroine?

In the ballad, Svetlana’s dream depicts a winter blizzard night illuminated by moonlight; There is emptiness and deep snow around the galloping sleigh drawn by horses. This winter landscape is gloomy, it evokes Svetlana’s anxious mood. And even the temple standing to the side reinforces the feeling of darkness and anxiety: from its doors comes the funeral service, there is a coffin there and the words of the memorial service “Be taken by the grave” are heard. After Svetlana awakens, nature is already celebrating the victory of good over evil, happiness over misfortune, evening, night and the moon are replaced by morning, afternoon, and sun.

What artistic devices (comparisons, epithets, metaphors) are most often used in a ballad?

Among the artistic means, bright epithets should be noted: bitter fate, red light, dead silence, dead sleep, plank gates, black corvid, greyhound horses, menacing dream, sweet lips, etc. They are of folklore origin and fit well in folk ballad style. Metaphors and hyperboles are also actively used in them. Material from the site

How can one explain the dancing character of the sound of the verse? What poetic meter does the poet use?

Christmastide is a festive week from Christmas to Epiphany, filled with various folk festivities and entertainment. The happy ending of the ballad also puts us in a festive mood.

Hence the choice of the style of the work, its dance sound, which corresponds to the festive mood of the people. The poetic meter is trochee.

Look at Zhukovsky's drawings. What about them resembles the landscapes of a ballad?

Reference. Everyone chooses a drawing to answer this question according to their own discretion. You can use the book “Drawings of Russian Writers”.

Find lines in the ballad filled with playfulness and fun. How do you explain their appearance in the ballad?

The first lines are taken from wedding folklore; the second is one of the endings to folk tales like “I drank honey, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth.” Or “A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it.”

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Work: Ballad "Svetlana".

View: lesson in learning new material.

Lesson type: lesson using active forms of work.

Lesson topic: Once on Epiphany evening the girls wondered... (Reflection of the life of the Russian people in the ballad “Svetlana”).

Epigraph:

The envious distance of centuries will pass...
A.S. Pushkin

Lesson objectives:

Educational: implementation of the initial idea about Zhukovsky’s personality, about the ballad genre; familiarization with the content and artistic features of the ballad “Svetlana”, identifying the national flavor of the work.
Developmental: ability to analyze what you read.
Educating: nurturing respect for the traditions of one’s people, interest in the creativity and personality of the writer.

Equipment: PC, exhibition of books with works by V.A. Zhukovsky, presentations for messages about the life and fate of the poet, the history of the creation of the ballad “Svetlana”, about Christmas fortune-telling, design of the board, portrait of V.A. Zhukovsky, painting by K.P. Bryullov “The Fortuneteller” Svetlana".

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Introductory speech by the teacher.

Today we have a new meeting in class, and the poet, translator, founder of romanticism in Russia Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky invites us to visit. We will not only get acquainted with his life, fate, creativity, but also plunge into the world of mystery and riddles, into the real and fantastic world, into the world of ballads.

Open your notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson.

3. Acquaintance with the biography of V.A. Zhukovsky.

Our acquaintance begins with the biography of Zhukovsky. (We pay attention to the local history component, Zhukovsky is our fellow countryman).

(Student message, showing presentation No. 1)

Student’s message “V.A. Zhukovsky. Life and destiny."

Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky was born on February 9, 1783 in the village of Mishinskoye, Belevsky district, Tula province.

His father was the landowner Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin, and his mother was the captive Turkish woman Salha, after baptism and adoption of Orthodoxy - Elizaveta Dementyevna Turchaninova.

Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky avoided the fate of an illegitimate child, since at Bunin’s request he was adopted by an impoverished nobleman and distant relative living in their house, Andrei Grigorievich Zhukovsky, who became the boy’s godfather.

As a child, V.A. Zhukovsky lived in the Bunins’ house as a pupil in affection and love, surrounded by everyone’s attention.

Teachers for his education were selected strictly and carefully.

In March 1791, Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin died of a cold, and the family moved to Tula, where they settled in a rented spacious house on one of the central streets of the city.

V.A. Zhukovsky was sent to the Tula boarding school Rode to continue his education, after its closure to the People's School.

Zhukovsky studied with pleasure, and spent all weekends in the house of Maria Grigorievna (the legal wife of A.I. Bunin), whom he called “grandmother.”

One of Zhukovsky’s teachers was Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov, a wonderful scientist and writer; on his recommendation, 14-year-old Zhukovsky entered the Moscow University Noble Boarding School.

It was here that he first wrote poetry - sentimental and a little gloomy, which appeared on the pages of handwritten magazines published within the walls of the boarding house.

Since 1808, Zhukovsky has been visiting Belyov less and less, thinking intensely about the future.

Maria Grigorievna Bunina and Elizaveta Dementievna, having formed, bought Zhukovsky the small village of Kholkh in the vicinity of Belyov with 17 serfs.

In 1811, Maria Grigorievna died and 12 days later, after her benefactress and older friend, Zhukovsky’s own mother, Turkish Salkha, Elizaveta Dementievna, died.

A year later, in 1812, Zhukovsky, together with Vyazemsky and Griboyedov, fought in the ranks of the Moscow volunteer partisans. He was enlisted as a lieutenant in the First Infantry Regiment of the Moscow Militia, took part in the Battle of Borodino and in the battle of Krasnoye; worked in the traveling printing house of his friend, professor at the University of Dorpat Andrei Kaisarov.

In December 1812, Zhukovsky contracted typhus and spent a month unconscious in a hospital in Vilna. Having recovered, he learned that he had been awarded the rank of staff captain and was awarded the Military Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree. Due to illness, he received indefinite leave and in January 1813 he arrived in Muratovo, his mother’s family estate. The events of the Patriotic War and his impressions of the campaign were reflected in the poem “The Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors.”

In the spring of 1815, Zhukovsky was presented to the court by N.M. Karamzin. And since 1826, he worked as a mentor to the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich - the future Tsar Alexander II.

A special page in the life and fate of V.A. Zhukovsky - A.S. Pushkin. They met in Tsarskoye Selo when Pushkin was 16 years old. Sincere friendship and deep mutual understanding between them will remain until the end of days. The famous poet, editor of one of the best Russian magazines will give his young friend his portrait with a touching inscription: “To the winning student from the defeated teacher on the day on which he finished his poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”.” And young Pushkin in the poem “To the Portrait of Zhukovsky” will say very precise words about him:

His poems are captivatingly sweet
The envious distance of centuries will pass.

Teacher: Guys, I want to draw your attention to these words, which we will return to later.

Zhukovsky's poetry is truly Russian poetry. She is imbued with love for the endless valleys and rustling forests of Central Russia, she is surrounded by mystery.

On April 12, 1852, on Easter Sunday (Easter), Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky died in Baden-Baden. But he found eternal peace in Russia: on August 29, his ashes were buried in the cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

4. The history of the creation of the ballad “Svetlana”.

Thus began Zhukovsky’s path to immortality. And his works became immortal. The poet's ballads were of particular importance for the development of Russian romanticism. Let's find out the history of the creation of the ballad "Svetlana".

(Student message, showing presentation No. 2)

Student’s message “The history of the creation of the ballad “Svetlana”.”

Love runs a special line in the life and work of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky.

Zhukovsky's half-sister Ekaterina Afanasyevna Protasova invited him to become a mentor and home teacher to her nieces - 12-year-old Masha and 10-year-old Sasha Protasov.

22-year-old Zhukovsky taught the girls Russian and foreign literature and history. I enthusiastically devoted myself to classes with cute and smart girls. Their training lasted 3 years.

Later Zhukovsky realized that he was deeply in love with Masha. Masha reciprocated. But Ekaterina Afanasyevna was against their marriage in the future. Zhukovsky fought with all his might for his happiness, but there was no hope.

“My heart aches when you think about what and why I was deprived,” he writes.

Masha Protasova marries a good man who loves her, Dr. Moyer, but she retains her love for Zhukovsky for the rest of her life.

As a wedding gift to his second niece, Sasha Protasova, Zhukovsky presented the ballad “Svetlana” - the brightest work based on Russian folk customs and beliefs.

Zhukovsky worked on this ballad for 4 years - from 1808 to 1812.

The ballad “Svetlana” is an adaptation of the plot of the ballad “Lenora” by the German poet Gottfried August Burger. Previously, Zhukovsky had already addressed this plot, creating the ballad “Lyudmila” in 1808.

The poet created and translated about 40 ballads, among which a special place was given to the theme of love. The poet wrote his ballads based on folk, translated and self-invented stories. Zhukovsky turned to the stories of I.V. Goethe, F. Schiller, and W. Scott.

5. Definition of ballad as a genre.

Before we turn to the plot of our ballad, let's get acquainted with the definition of the concept. What is a ballad?

Writing on the board : Ballad- this is choral singing in medieval Western poetry, later - a small plot poem, which is most often based on some unusual incident: many ballads are associated with historical events or legends, with fantastic, mysterious incidents.

6. Analysis of the ballad “Svetlana”.

At home, you familiarized yourself with the text of the work. Let's understand what we read and identify the genre features of the ballad: does our ballad have a plot, an unusual incident, legends, mysterious incidents.

Let's read the beginning of the ballad.

(Reading a passage of a ballad by heart by a student.)

What do we learn about in the first lines of the work? ( About fortune telling).

Message about Christmas fortune telling . (Presentation show No. 3)

From the history.

In the interval from Christmas to Epiphany - 2 weeks are traditionally considered winter holidays, from Christmas Eve (January 6) to Epiphany (January 19) - Christmastide. During Christmas week, people were supposed to give gifts to children and help the elderly and the poor. It was not recommended to work at this time, and it was necessary to attend the festive service in the church at least once. At this time, it was common among the people to tell fortunes, sing carols and have fun.

Fortune telling was carried out in the evenings. Usually they began as soon as candles were lit in the house. And midnight fortune telling began at 12 o'clock at night.

They usually guessed about the betrothed.

The best places for fortune telling were considered to be “bad places”: abandoned houses, bathhouses, barns, basements, hallways, attics, cemeteries.

Those who read fortunes had to take off their crosses and untie all the knots on their clothes.

They went to tell fortunes in secret: they left the house without crossing themselves, they walked silently, barefoot, wearing only a shirt. At Epiphany - on the day of the consecration of water, fortune tellers and mummers plunged into the ice hole, washing away their sins.

Fortune telling with subdial songs.

Young people (at least 6 people) got together in the evening, took rings, rings, cufflinks, earrings and other small things and put them under a dish along with pieces of bread, sometimes they put bread, salt, clay. The dish was covered with a clean towel. After this, those gathered sang a song dedicated to bread and salt. Finally, with the words: “Whoever takes it out, it will come true,” turning away, from under the closed dish they took out any object that fell first into the hand. A prediction was made based on the item taken out and the content of the song sung.

Fortune telling by felt boots.

The girls take turns throwing their felt boots (boots, shoes) onto the road and, by the direction of the “toe,” they find out where the husband will come from. If the boot points to the fortuneteller's house, she will not get married that year.

Fortune telling by chickens.

At midnight, they removed the chickens from their roost and gave them selected millet grains; if the chickens ate everything, the marriage would be successful. If even one grain remains, it foretells poverty. They left water for the chickens and looked: if the chicken drinks, then the husband will be a drunkard, if not, this portends a good husband.

Fortune telling in the snow.

In the evening the girls lay down in the snow. And in the morning they looked at the print. If the print is smooth, then the husband will be flexible; if the print is uneven, ribbed, then the husband will be angry and pugnacious.

Fortune telling with mirrors.

They take two mirrors, place them opposite each other, illuminate them with two candles, so that in one of them a long corridor is formed, illuminated with lights. There should be no cats, dogs, birds, or strangers in the room, except for one or two friends. Girlfriends should not look in mirrors, approach the fortuneteller and talk to her. At the end of this corridor a narrowed one should appear; True, sometimes you had to look for a very long time, and you could see not only your betrothed, but also all sorts of evil spirits.

Teacher: And what kind of fortune-telling, guys, do you know? Maybe your grandmothers told fortunes or told them, or maybe you yourself once wondered and were present at the same time.

Fortune telling with wax (candles)

Take the stubs of white wax or paraffin candles (holiday colored candles are not suitable for fortune telling), put them in a metal bowl, melt them over a fire and immediately pour them into a container with cold water. The figure formed in this case will predict the future that awaits the fortuneteller.

Fortune telling by ring

Take an ordinary glass with smooth walls (without drawing or polishing), pour water into it to 3/4 of the volume and carefully lower the wedding ring, previously cleaned, into the middle of the bottom. Looking closely at the very center of the ring, you can see the betrothed. Just to see it, you have to look into the ring for quite a long time.

7. Physical exercise.

It’s interesting to know your future, although today is not Christmas time, but you and I will also tell fortunes now, dream and relax. Sit comfortably, relax, close your eyes, make a house with your hands and bring it to your face. Make a wish and it will definitely come true.

8. Analysis of the ballad.

Let's identify the genre features of the ballad:

1) A ballad, as an epic work, has heroes and a plot.

Name the heroes. (Svetlana, friends, Svetlana's fiance).

Put the events in order.

Girls tell fortunes on Epiphany evening.
Her friends ask the sad Svetlana to sing, but the girl refuses. She is saddened by the lack of news from the groom.
Svetlana wonders about her sweetheart, looking in the mirror.
Her fiancé appears to Svetlana and takes her away to get married.
Suddenly the groom, sleigh and horses disappear, and Svetlana finds herself alone at an unfamiliar hut.
In the hut, Svetlana sees her fiance in a coffin.
Svetlana awakens from a terrible dream, and her dear friend returns to her.

2) Dialogue plays an important role in revealing an idea.

Find the dialogue between the heroine and her friends during fortune telling. What do we learn from Svetlana's answer?

3) The real is combined with the fantastic.

What elements in the plot are real? (Fortune telling; dream; meeting with a lover)

What is fantastic? (Events that happened in a dream: a meeting; a night journey; a dead man; a raven is a symbol of dark forces; a dove is a symbol of light forces).

4) The ballad as a lyrical work expresses the thoughts and feelings of the author, gives an assessment of what is happening.

(Smile, my beauty,
To my ballad;
There are great miracles in it,
Very little stock...)

5) The ballad has a composition (commencement, climax, denouement).

Let us pay attention to the originality of the composition of this work.

Plot: fortune telling.
Climax: meeting a dead man.
Denouement: awakening, meeting with the beloved.

6) The ballad is distinguished by a wealth of expressive means and artistic techniques (epithets, inversion, repetitions, rhetorical questions and exclamations, etc.)

Let's work with the text and give examples of expressive means (1 option)

Give examples of popular figures of speech, words and expressions (option 2)

- “Svetlana” is one of the first Russian works, where “the Russian spirit, where it smells of Russia.”

What is Russian and national in this ballad? (An image of Epiphany fortune-telling; a dove is a symbol of the Holy Spirit, the protector of a pure soul, snow drifts, a lonely “hut under the snow,” the morning rooster crowing, a troika with bells, the wedding song “Many Years”).

Having listed the genre features of the ballad, what conclusion can we draw?

Conclusion:"Svetlana" is a ballad.

What is the meaning of the ballad? (Optimistic, bright, faith in God; that the Lord arranges everything for the benefit of man; let all sorrows and hardships remain in a dream, a person is worthy of happiness and joy if he is faithful to his people, Christian love, folk customs, if he simply good man:

These are my sense of ballads
“Our best friend in this life
Faith in providence.
The good of the creator is the law:
Here misfortune is a false dream.
Happiness is awakening").

In the plot of this ballad, everything dark and fantastic is relegated to the world of sleep, and the plot receives an unexpected happy ending. At the end of the ballad, a kind, ironic author suddenly appears, who makes the ballad very original. This work can be called a humorous ballad, ironic.

Svetlana has become one of the brightest and most beloved literary images. I want to draw your attention to the fact that the ballad is presented in white light. White light is associated with the name of the heroine: Svetlana (Old Slavonic) - bright, pure. White color is a symbol of purity and innocence.

9. Homework:

1) Write down from the ballad all the evaluative words that relate to the heroine. Based on them, give an oral description of Svetlana.

2) The ballad was written almost 200 years ago. Therefore, it contains archaisms and Church Slavonicisms. Find these words and give an explanation of the meanings of the unclear words.

10. Lesson summary.

Concluding our meeting today, I would like to turn to the epigraph. How do you understand the meaning of these words?

What did you like?

How would you rate your work?

And now I would like to thank you for the lesson, for your active work, I liked the messages and your answers. The lesson is over. Thank you.

Prepare a short (plot) retelling of the ballad, defining the plot, climax, and denouement.

At Christmas time, “on Epiphany evening,” as was customary, the girls tried to guess their fate through various fortune-telling, which Zhukovsky lists at the beginning of the ballad. Svetlana, bored in separation from her fiancé, was also advised to try her luck. This is an exposition of a ballad. Svetlana chooses one of the most terrible fortune telling - with mirrors. The appearance of the groom and his invitation to go to church to get married is the beginning. The action develops rapidly. The horses are flying fast, there is a blizzard all around, there is steppe emptiness all around. The pale and despondent groom is silent. The horses rushed past the church in which a memorial service was being held for the deceased. Everything portends trouble. "The raven croaks: sadness!" The horses approached the hut under the snow. Everything disappeared: the horses, the sleigh, the groom. Lonely Svetlana entered the hut with a prayer and saw a coffin covered with a white blanket. A dove fawns over her. But then the dead man in the coffin began to stir. The climax of the ballad comes - Svetlana recognizes her fiancé in the dead man, and awakening occurs. Svetlana believes that the dream portends bad things. However, a happy ending is approaching: the groom joyfully arrives.

The same love is in his eyes, The same pleasant glances; The same sweet conversations on his sweet lips. Open, God's temple; You fly to heaven, Faithful vows.

The ballad ends with some morality, the author's instruction in the spirit of the Orthodox worldview - not to believe in dreams and fortune-telling, but to believe in the Providence of God. Here are my sense of ballads:

“Our best friend in this life is Faith in Providence. The good of the Creator is the law: Here misfortune is a false dream; Happiness is awakening.” Remember the description of girls' fortune telling on Epiphany evening. Which ones do you particularly remember?

At the beginning of the ballad, Zhukovsky gives a detailed picture of folk fortune-telling, which girls resorted to at Christmas time in order to find out their fate, mainly related to future marriage. They threw the shoes they had taken off their feet, listened under the window, fed the chickens with counting grain, and told fortunes with wax. But the most important and terrible fortune telling is waiting for the groom in front of mirrors and candles. According to descriptions in research literature, for example in Sakharov’s book “Tales of the Russian People,” this fortune telling occurs like this. A table for two persons is set in a dark room. It is located between two mirrors facing each other, with a candle lit in front of each of them. The girl should be alone in the room and sit opposite the mirror. Another mirror is behind her. She waits a long time for the groom to arrive. If he doesn't come, it means she's destined to remain unmarried this year. If there is a wedding coming up, then her husband will be the person who appears in the mirror. According to popular beliefs, something terrible can happen, like what happened to Svetlana or Lyudmila. Experienced people advised young fortune tellers not to wait for events to develop (they can be very tragic), but, upon seeing their betrothed, to cover the mirror with a scarf and stop further testing fate.

Try to tell about the heroine of the ballad - Svetlana, about her friends, her fiance. Which of these stories turned out to be more thorough and detailed? Why?

The most detailed story can be about Svetlana, since the ballad conveys her experiences, expectations and adventures. She is the heroine of the work. Svetlana is a highly moral and deeply religious person. She never once betrayed her faith in God: neither during her separation from her fiancé, nor during the terrible race. Entering an unknown hut, she crossed herself, sat down under the holy images, and this saved her from Lyudmila’s terrible fate.

The friends are just a background for the development of the plot; they listen to Svetlana’s complaints and advise her to resort to fortune telling. We know about the groom that he is stately, affectionate, loves Svetlana, has not forgotten her in separation, and expresses his love with pleasant speeches.

Describe the pictures of the winter landscape in the ballad. Which lines correspond to the mood and state of the heroine?

In the ballad, Svetlana's dream depicts a winter blizzard night illuminated by moonlight; There is emptiness and deep snow around the galloping sleigh drawn by horses. This winter landscape is gloomy, it causes Svetlana to be in an anxious mood. And even the temple standing to the side enhances the feeling of darkness and anxiety: a funeral service can be heard from its doors, there is a coffin there and the words of the memorial service “Be taken by the grave” are heard. After Svetlana awakens, nature is already celebrating the victory of good over evil, happiness over misfortune, evening, night and the moon are replaced by morning, afternoon, and sun.

What artistic devices (comparisons, epithets, metaphors) are most often used in ballads?

Among the artistic means, bright epithets should be noted: bitter fate, red light, dead silence, dead sleep, plank gates, black corvid, greyhound horses, menacing dream, sweet lips, etc. They are of folklore origin and fit well into the folk style of the ballad. Metaphors and hyperboles are also actively used in them.

How can one explain the dancelike nature of the sound of the verse? What meter does the poet use?

Christmastide is a festive week from Christmas to Epiphany, filled with various folk festivities and entertainment. The happy ending of the ballad also puts us in a festive mood.

Hence the choice of the style of the work, its dance sound, which corresponds to the festive mood of the people. The poetic meter is trochee.

Look at Zhukovsky's drawings. What about them resembles the landscapes of a ballad?

Reference. Everyone chooses a drawing to answer this question at their own discretion. You can use the book "Drawings of Russian Writers".

Find lines in the ballad that are full of playfulness and fun. How do you explain their appearance in the ballad? Gather together, old and young; Having moved the bells of the cup, sing in harmony: many years! Or there are great miracles in it, I have very few in stock.

The first lines are taken from wedding folklore; the second is one of the ending options for folk tales like “I drank honey, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth.” Or “A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it.”

Zhukovsky began his poetic career

ballads. This kind of poetry was started and created by him

and approved in Rus'...

V.G. Belinsky

The name of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, friend and teacher of A. S. Pushkin, entered Russian literature as the author of a number of ballads. He resurrected in ballads images of the feudal Middle Ages and folk legends full of naive faith. For the first time, the definition of ballad as a genre was given by V.G. Belinsky. He defined its originality as follows: “In a ballad, the poet takes some fantastic and folk legend or himself invents an event of this kind, but the main thing in it is not the event, but the feeling that it excites, the thought to which it leads the reader... » Most of Zhukovsky’s ballads are translated. The poet himself wrote about the specifics of the poet-translator’s talent: “The translator: in prose there is a slave, in poetry there is a rival.”

Zhukovsky's first ballad was “Lyudmila” (1808), which is a free translation of the ballad of the German poet Burger “Lenora”. Using the plot of the German poet, Zhukovsky gave a different national flavor, transferring the action to Moscow Rus' of the 16th - 17th centuries, gave the heroine the Russian name Lyudmila, and introduced song turns and folklore features inherent in the Russian people.

The next ballad, “Svetlana,” written in 1812, is also based on the plot of the burgher “Lenora.” But in “Svetlana” the national flavor has already been strengthened, which is created by the details of everyday life and pictures of Russian nature. Therefore, “Svetlana” was perceived by readers as a truly folk, Russian work. It was built on a broad and stable folk basis: there are fortune telling, omens, ritual songs, folk legends about the evil dead, and motifs from Russian folk tales.

The plot of the ballad “Svetlana” is in many ways reminiscent of the plot of “Lyudmila”. Sad Svetlana wonders about her sweetheart on Epiphany evening in front of the mirror. She is sad about her fiancé, of whom there has been no news for a long time:

A year has flown by - no news:

He doesn't write to me;

Oh! and for them only the light is red,

Only the heart breathes for them...

Svetlana looks in the mirror and hears the voice of her beloved, who calls her to follow him to get married in church. On the way to the church, she sees a black coffin in the open gates in the dark. Finally the sleigh arrives at the hut. The horses and the groom disappear. The heroine, having crossed herself, enters the house and sees the coffin. A dead man emerges from it and reaches out to her. But Svetlana is saved by a wonderful dove, protecting her from a terrible ghost:

He started up and unfolded his lungs;

He fluttered onto the dead man's chest...

All devoid of strength,

He groaned and grated

He's scary with his teeth

And he sparkled at the maiden

With menacing eyes...

In this terrible ghost, Svetlana recognizes her beloved and awakens. It turned out to be a terrible, menacing dream. At the end of the ballad, a living groom appears. The heroes get together and get married. Everything ends well. The optimistic sound of the ballad is at odds with the ending of “Lyudmila”, in which the deceased groom carries the bride into the kingdom of shadows. Fantastic events - the appearance of a dead groom, the path to his “abode”, the revival of a dead man - reflect the struggle between good and evil. In this case, good wins:

Our best friend in this life

Faith in providence.

The good of the creator is the law:

Happiness is awakening.

The image of Svetlana is contrasted by Zhukovsky to both Lenore Burger and Lyudmila. Sad Svetlana, unlike the desperate Lyudmila, does not complain about fate, does not call the Creator to judgment, does not pray to the “comforting angel” to satisfy her sadness. Therefore, dark forces do not have the power to destroy her pure soul. Inexorable fate gives way to good Providence. Ballad logic is destroyed, the happy, fairy-tale ending refutes the traditional scheme. The bright soul of the heroine turns out to be stronger than the darkness of the night, faith and love are rewarded. The author’s attitude to what happened to Svetlana is expressed in the words:

ABOUT! don't know these terrible dreams

You, my Svetlana...

Be the creator, protect her!

Svetlana in Zhukovsky’s ballad amazes us with the purity of her inner world. Purity, meekness, submission to providence, fidelity, piety - these are the distinctive features of this character. The very name of the heroine sets the theme of light in the poem, opposing the ballad darkness and defeating it. To depict his heroine, the poet used folklore paints, stylizing her as a girl from a folk song or fairy tale.

Svetlana is one of the most important poetic images for Zhukovsky, linking together his fate and creativity. The name Svetlana became for Zhukovsky and his friends a symbolic designation of a special worldview and attitude, a “bright” faith, designed to illuminate with its presence the dark essence of life. It turned out to be a kind of talisman that protects against evil forces. The image of Svetlana inspired the famous Russian artist K. Bryullov to create the painting “Svetlana’s Fortune Telling”. Pushkin more than once recalled “Svetlana”, took epigraphs from her poems, and compared his Tatyana with the heroine of the ballad.

The high poetic skill and romantic national flavor of the ballad attracted the interest of readers to it, and it was recognized by contemporaries as the best work of Zhukovsky, who began to be called the singer of Svetlana. An analysis of Zhukovsky’s literary heritage shows the high artistic value of his poetry and makes it possible to understand how great the importance of this poet is for Russian poetry and literature. The words of A.S. came true. Pushkin, who said about Zhukovsky almost two hundred years ago:

His poems are captivatingly sweet

Centuries will pass in envious distance...

Once on Epiphany evening

The girls were wondering...

(Reflection of the life of the Russian people in V.A. Zhukovsky’s ballad “Svetlana.”)

· Acquaintance with the features of the ballad genre;

· Reading and analysis of the ballad “Svetlana”; how the life of the Russian people is reflected in this ballad;

· Fostering respect for the traditions of one’s people.

Today in the lesson we will continue to study the work of V.A. Zhukovsky, we will get acquainted with the features of the ballad genre, with the ballad “Svetlana”.

Write down the date and topic of the lesson.

I. Literary theory (ballad).

1. What is a ballad?

Ballad (Provence Ballar - to dance) is a lyric epic poem with a historical, heroic or fantastic, fairy-tale plot.

2. Features of the genre:

1) The real in a ballad is often combined with the fantastic.

2) The ballad has a beginning, a climax, and a denouement.

3) A ballad, as an epic work, has a plot and characters, but as a lyrical work, it expresses the thoughts and feelings of the author in relation to what is being told.

II. Introduction to the ballad.

1. Introduction.

The life of a Russian person used to be closely connected with traditions and rituals - signs of fate or nature.

What is a ritual?

a) Ceremony, the order by which something is done;

B) Actions strictly defined by custom, accompanying any acts (usually of a cult nature). – see the textbook.

Once on Epiphany evening

The girls wondered... - this is how the ballad “Svetlana” begins - one of Zhukovsky’s most wonderful ballads. It was completed in 1812.

Who was this ballad dedicated to?

When was it written?

3. Reading a ballad.

4. Let's understand what we read.

1) Let's see if you have understood the plot of the ballad?

Put the events in order.

a) Girls tell fortunes on Epiphany evening.

b) Friends ask sad Svetlana to sing, but the girl refuses. She is saddened by the lack of news from the groom.

c) Svetlana tells fortunes about her sweetheart, looking in the mirror.

d) Her fiance appears to Svetlana and takes her away to get married.

e) Suddenly the groom, sleigh and horses disappear, and Svetlana finds herself alone at an unfamiliar hut.

f) In the hut, Svetlana sees her fiance in a coffin.

g) Svetlana awakens from a terrible dream, and her dear friend returns to her.

2) What is said at the beginning of the ballad?

About fortune telling.

In “Svetlana,” the poet used an ancient belief about fortune-telling of peasant girls on the night before Epiphany. In the early 19th century, fortune telling lost its magical power, becoming a favorite girl's game. The only way to change a girl’s life at that time was her marriage, so the question of who would become her “betrothed” was very important.

3) What do you know about Christmas fortune telling?

(student messages).

Christmas fortune telling.

Christmas fortune-telling was passed down from generation to generation. Therefore, it is almost impossible to accurately determine the moment of the appearance of these rituals.

Fortune telling was carried out in the evenings. Usually they began as soon as candles were lit in the house. And midnight fortune telling began at 12 o'clock at night.

They usually guessed about the betrothed.

The best places for fortune telling were considered to be “bad places”: abandoned houses, bathhouses, barns, basements, hallways, attics, cemeteries.

Fortune tellers had to take off their pectoral crosses and untie all the knots on their clothes, as they blocked the energy fields, which is unacceptable for communicating with the future.

They went to cast a spell in secret: they left the house without crossing themselves, walked silently, barefoot, wearing only a shirt. At Epiphany - on the day of the consecration of water - fortune tellers and mummers plunged into the ice hole, washing away their sins.

Fortune telling with subdial songs.

This is one of the ancient rituals. It happened like this. Young people (at least 6 people) got together in the evening, took rings, rings, cufflinks, earrings and other small things and put them under a dish along with pieces of bread, sometimes they put bread, salt, clay. The dish was covered with a clean towel. After this, those gathered sang a song dedicated to bread and salt, and then others. Finally, with the words: “Whoever takes it out, it will come true,” turning away, from under the closed dish they took out any object that fell first into the hand. A prediction was made based on the item taken out and the content of the song sung. These songs were called subdish songs because they were sung at the table on which the dish was located.

Fortune telling by felt boots.

This is the most famous and widespread type of fortune telling. The girls take turns throwing their felt boots (boots, shoes) onto the road and, by the direction of the “toe,” they find out where the husband will come from. If the boot points to the fortuneteller's house, she will not get married that year.

Fortune telling by chickens.

Fortune telling in the snow.

Fortune telling with mirrors.

The best time for such fortune telling is midnight. They take two mirrors, place them opposite each other, illuminate them with two candles, so that in one of them a long corridor is formed, illuminated with lights. There should be no cats, dogs, birds, or strangers in the room, except for one or two friends. Girlfriends should not look in mirrors, approach the fortuneteller and talk to her. At the end of this corridor a narrowed one should appear; True, sometimes you had to look for a very long time, and you could see not only your betrothed, but also all sorts of evil spirits.

4) The ballad was written almost 200 years ago. Therefore, it contains archaisms and Church Slavonicisms. Let's explain the meaning of unclear words.

You compiled dictionaries of these words at home.

5) Let's return to the theory of literature. Prove that the ballad “Svetlana” belongs to the ballad genre.

O Combination of real and fantastic

real

Fantastic

Meeting with your lover

Events that happened in the dream:

Night travel

Raven (symbol of dark forces)

Dove (symbol of light forces)

O Plot elements:

The plot is fortune telling

Climax - meeting the dead man

The denouement is awakening, meeting with your lover.

O Plot, characters.

The ballad conveys a tremulous girlish dream. Images of the terrible and fantastic: a dead groom, a horse race, the cawing of a raven - a harbinger of misfortune, a coffin in a hut - Svetlana saw all this in a dream. And in life - awakening and a happy meeting.

O Feelings.

The lyrical theme in the ballad is associated with the image of Svetlana, with longing for a dear friend.

6) Let's talk about the main character.

What can you say about Svetlana?

In the image of Svetlana, Zhukovsky reflects the typical features of a Russian girl, this is the ideal of a poet. Svetlana is meek, religious, silent. In separation from her beloved, Svetlana is sad, she does not complain, but seeks relief in prayers and tears. For all this, the poet rewards her: she experiences all the horrors in her dreams, but in reality she will find joy, given to her by Providence for her obedience and patience.

7) What is the meaning of the ending of the ballad?

These are my sense of ballads

“Our best friend in this life

Faith in providence.

The good of the creator is the law:

Here misfortune is a false dream.

Happiness is awakening."

The main idea of the ballad is about the determining role of fate, the highest divine power in human life.

IV. Homework.

1. Learn by heart an excerpt from the ballad “Svetlana”.

In a ballad, the beginning is the climax and the denouement. Development of an open lesson on literature Lesson topic: “Once on Epiphany evening the girls wondered...” (Reflection of the life of the Russian people in the ballad “Svetlana.”)

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