In what areas are fasteners used? Classification of fasteners

The interstate standard GOST 27017-86 fully complies with the ISO 1891-79 standard and should be used in conjunction with GOST 11708-82 “Thread. Terms and Definitions".

Bolt- fastener with metric external thread shaped like a rod or cylinder, with a head at the opposite end. The bolt head can be hexagonal, cylindrical (imbus bolt), or spherical (furniture bolt). Bolts form a connection using a nut or a prepared threaded hole in the product being connected. Bolts come with full or partial threads.

Screw- one of the fasteners designed to form a connection and fixation. It is made in the form of a cylinder with external thread and structural element on the other, to transmit translational torque. Heads come with a spitz, with knurling, or simply a slot in the end of the rod in the absence of a head.

Wood screw- a popular fastener, in everyday life it is called a self-tapping screw. It has the shape of a pointed, conical rod with an external special thread, and a head at the other end. The screw thread has a larger cavity width compared to the width of a tooth with a triangular pointed profile. A thread is formed in the hole of the wooden or plastic product being connected by screwing.

Hairpin (Stud)- a fastener in the form of a rod or cylindrical rod with a cut external thread along the entire length of the product or only at the ends on both sides.

Pin- a special fastener in the shape of a cylindrical or conical rod. Designed for fixing various products during the assembly process.

Nut- a fastener with a metric threaded hole. For constructive transmission of torque, nuts can be multi-faceted, hexagonal, knurled on the side surfaces, with a slot, end and radial holes, etc. The design of the nut can be different: cap nut, extension nut (coupling), mustache, etc.

Washer- a type of fastener, a product with a hole placed under the head of a bolt, screw or nut to increase the supporting surface of the fastening structure and prevent self-unscrewing.

Split pin— a special fastener is in the form of a semicircular wire rod, folded in half at the bend to form a head.

Rivet (Rivet)- a smooth cylindrical fastener in the form of a rod with a head, used to obtain a permanent connection, forming a head on the opposite end of the rod through plastic deformation.

Hardware- shortened phrase " hardware" The concept of hardware unites a very wide range of various goods obtained and made from metal. Conventionally divided by purpose: general purpose and industrial.

General purpose hardware- metal products used in Everyday life: scissors and knives, agricultural items: pitchforks, shovels, rakes, various saws, hacksaws and much more.

Industrial hardware- metal wire, steel ropes, steel tape, nails, metal grid, spring washers, adjustable cotter pins, crutches and rivets used in railway construction, railway rails, telegraph hooks.

Fasteners- This is a type of product that allows you to fasten parts together. The more durable the material from which various fastener elements are made, the strength and durability of the product as a whole depends.

In fact, such a concept as fasteners appeared long before our birth. For example, historians and archaeologists say that the first nail was not metal at all, but from a fish bone, sometimes from plant thorns, or simply cut from rock solid wood. By the way, the original construction fasteners were wooden and at the same time quite strong, as evidenced by the strength of the Kizhi structures that have survived to this day and still amaze tourists with their strength. Moreover, up to the 15th century inclusive, everything threaded connections were made piece by piece, by hand. At the same time, the bolt and nut were quite expensive and one nut fit only one bolt. Bolts and nuts, as the most effective and time-tested fasteners in the form of a bolted connection, became widespread along with the development of electrical metalworking.

The main types of construction fasteners and fasteners indispensable in the construction of buildings and carrying out repair work indoors.

Construction fasteners- direction of fasteners used in construction for connection building structures and various structures. This group includes the following fasteners: self-tapping screws, bolts, screws, anchors, studs, nuts, clamps, couplers, nails, screws, dowels, screws, cotter pins, washers and similar products.

Metric fasteners- these are fasteners that have a thread pitch of a certain size (thread pitch is a rule for determining a particular distance between any two points). This type of fastener includes bolts, nuts, screws, and studs.

Stainless steel fasteners It has high degree to corrosion resistance and thus has an advantage over other types of fasteners. Corrosion resistance in unfavorable conditions is much higher for stainless fasteners, and it also has excellent resistance to oxidation in alkaline, acidic environments, and chloride solutions.

Thanks to the long service life of hardened fasteners of stainless steel, they are classified as high-strength fasteners. High strength fasteners one of the types of engineering fasteners, so called because it can withstand more significant loads and has a strength class of 8.8, 10.9, 12.9, and does not lose its strength characteristics at high temperatures.

Anchor- a fastener of the construction fastener category, there are varieties: anchor bolt and anchor nut. The anchor is able to stay inside foundations or a solid wall (strong, inelastic, non-fragile structure). Designed for fastening construction and other equipment as well as various designs. Anchors are usually used on all construction sites, from dams, nuclear power plants, up to and including a standard building.

Classical dowel used for fastening any parts in a solid, non-fragile and durable wall or ceiling panel. The principle of fastening the dowel is the expansion during installation from a screw or screw, which creates a holding friction force.

Clamp- another type of fastener. Clamps are mostly made to connect any types of pipes made of metal and plastic. Plastic clamps They are used to fasten less durable material than metal clamps, but they provide greater mobility of pipes.

Modern construction rigging makes it possible to select fasteners for various types of construction work. This type of rigging such as an eye nut and an eye bolt are used to organize the lifting and movement of loads during lifting and rigging work. Steel rope or wire rope is used for lifting heavy loads in construction, these positions are important detail operating lifting mechanism, both for manual hoists and for cranes. A chain is also one of the types of rigging. Steel chains are used in various lifting mechanisms, from manual to cranes. Steel chains, like steel ropes, are used for lifting and moving loads for various purposes and designs.

Each fastener is manufactured for a specific purpose, so there are a great many types of fasteners, because fasteners are developed and used for a specific material and from specific parts. For example, using certain types of fasteners, you can connect metal to plasterboard, metal to metal, metal to gypsum fiber, and metal to wood.

Alternative types of connections have both advantages and disadvantages. For example, the so-called “liquid nails” - due to the ease of fastening, they really easily connect parts together. However, what is glued together cannot last happily ever after. Glue - has a chance to come off in one day, that's why it's glue! Nobody canceled fasteners or hardware!

Without reliable fasteners, it is impossible to build a house or renovate an apartment yourself, or with help. You won't be able to fasten rafter leg with a beam, you won't be able to hang a shelf, you'll never assemble furniture. Here is an incomplete list of what you cannot do without having a nail, screw, self-tapping screw or bolt at hand. Many will say, what will this article be about if you just listed all the popular fasteners. In principle, all that remains is to add anchors, rivets, dowels, confirmations and screws. That's all, in fact, these are just names of hardware, and fasteners have a slightly different classification.

Most likely, this concept was invented artificially in order to combine all the details that can be used to connect various building elements and.

This group of fasteners includes screws, self-tapping screws, nails, dowels, etc. There are also types of construction fasteners, namely dowels, anchors, metric products and self-tapping screws.

Separate group The stainless steel fasteners stand out. As a rule, it is manufactured according to the DIN standard (Germany). Such fasteners have an almost unlimited service life, since they are not exposed to precipitation and are quite resistant to chemical reagents. Moreover, the aesthetic appearance of this fastener will not be spoiled.

If there is a need for reliable fastening anything, then anchors will come to the rescue. An anchor is a special type of fastener consisting of two parts, a pin or core and a sleeve. The use of anchor fasteners is not regulated, but, as a rule, builders use anchors for greater reliability of fastening. So, if you need to secure a heavy element to a hollow base or concrete, then an anchor is perhaps the only way to do this. You can often see the use of anchors when PVC installation windows Depending on the problem that needs to be solved with the help of an anchor, the necessary or most suitable anchor is selected - a frame anchor, an anchor with a hook, a driven anchor, an anchor with a ring and an anchor bolt.

There are also dowels that have the same purpose as an anchor, but are used for lighter loads.

Chemical anchors stand in a separate group - these are devices that are structurally different from the classic anchor. A chemical anchor is more of a method of attaching a pin to a base. As a rule, such anchors are used for maximum loads that conventional anchors cannot withstand. To secure the anchor, a hole of the required diameter and depth is made. The dimensions of the holes are strictly regulated by the manufacturer of the chemical anchor. Then, using a special gun, a certain amount of chemical glue is placed into the hole, then the anchor itself is inserted into the hole filled with glue. As a result chemical reaction glue with the base and body of the anchor, mutual penetration of one into the other occurs. The end result is a permanent connection that can withstand enormous shear, torsion and bending loads.

High strength fasteners

By by and large anchor fasteners can be classified in this group. However, it all depends on the grade of steel used and production technology. Required mechanical properties high-strength fasteners class 8.8. 10.9 and 12.9 is achieved by sequential heat treatment, a combination of heating and cooling (quenching and tempering). Also, high-strength fasteners have greater resistance to precipitation and chemical attack compared to conventional ones.

Inch fasteners

IN English speaking countries– UK, Australia, USA widely used inch threaded fasteners different pitches(large - UNC and small UNF). The only difference between this fastener and the metric one is that the unit of measurement is inch, not mm. Those. We receive fasteners that meet the standards of the countries listed above.

Almost all of its types listed above can be safely classified as furniture fasteners. There are also nails, bolts, and screws. Only screeds are specifically used. This compound is not used anywhere else except in furniture production.

Welded fasteners

This type of fastener is used for various technologies welding Structurally, nails, bolts, bushings, and threaded rods are used for welding.

Brass fasteners

The main advantage of this fastener is its low cost compared to stainless steel fasteners. At the same time, the products withstand aggressive influences much better external environment. In addition, like stainless steel fasteners, brass has the same decorative qualities. It is also worth noting the absence of magnetization, as a consequence, the absence of interference when used in electronic devices.

A special group stands out for rigging fasteners. This is a fastener that is used for rigging and lifting operations. These are staples, thimbles, lanyards, belts.

Requirements for construction fasteners.

1. Securely fasten structures.

2. Have a convenient and easy way to use.

3. Fasteners must be maximally protected from aggressive environmental influences and have excellent decorative properties where it is needed.

Types of metric fasteners used in construction and repair
Vibrating slats: types and purpose

To efficiently assemble and install interior elements, it is used furniture fasteners. Depending on the location of fixation and method of connection, there are several varieties. These elements not only make the assembly and installation procedure easier, but will also be invisible after the process is completed.

The design and type of fastener will depend on the purpose of the furniture on which it is fixed. The elements can hold the product together inside, creating its frame, and also secure the base of the furniture to the wall or floor. Today the following types of fasteners are used:

• Furniture corner;
• Confirmation;
• Dowel;
• Screeds;
• Shelf supports;

Each of these types has its own characteristics and features that distinguish them from each other. To find out which element is needed to assemble furniture, it is recommended to consider in detail the advantages and disadvantages of each category.

Furniture corner

This element belongs to a simple and outdated type of furniture fastener. It would seem that if a detail is outdated, then why talk about it? It's simple - such a corner will be useful for beginning assemblers. He will also become an assistant in independent design furniture products and subsequent assembly. In addition, its installation does not require any special equipment or skills. According to the production material, there are 2 types of furniture corners:

1. Plastic - fastened with self-tapping screws, has a more miniature appearance and is relatively light weight. This corner is convenient to use for fastening light furniture panels or for supporting furniture parts;
2. Metal - has stiffening ribs and is produced at an angle of 90 degrees. To fix the part, plastic or metal screws and couplings are used. There are holes on one side of the corner and grooves on the opposite side.

Such fasteners are used to tie the roof or bottom of a sliding wardrobe with its walls or when assembling a cabinet kitchen furniture. Plastic options equipped with a special plug that gives the product a finished look. Metal ones are considered affordable and very durable. The disadvantages of fastening include the gradual loosening of surfaces fixed with corners, as well as the unattractive appearance.

Plastic

Confirmat

This name is usually used to refer to ordinary furniture screws. In another way they are called euroscrews, as well as euroscrews. The fastener is easy to install and does not require precision; a screwdriver or drill is required to fix it. In the screw head there is a hole for a hex key, which is also necessary for work.

To install this part, you need to drill two holes: one in the end of the part, and the other in the element that will be attached. The ease of assembling furniture using a confirmat allows the furniture maker to drill holes on site. It takes a minimum of time to complete the job. You can simplify the process as much as possible if you use a special drill for confirmation for installation. However, many furniture makers claim that over time this device becomes loose and the cutters become clogged with wood shavings. Therefore, for frequent use, standard drills are used.

The most popular and used confirmat size is 7x50 mm. Below are the pros and cons of using this fastener.

Based on the information provided, it is worth noting that these furniture fastenings are convenient and reliable. But if you can use them, then it is better to give preference to an eccentric coupler.

Dowel

Hidden types of fastening are a feature of furniture assembled using dowels. This is a small wooden cylinder, its dimensions are often 35x8 mm. The first number shows the height of the element, and the second indicates the diameter of the fastener. The essence of fastening with dowels is as follows:

• Holes are drilled in each of the two parts;
• The holes must be coaxial - that is, coincide in the location of the axis;
• A dowel is inserted into one hole, which only goes halfway deep;
• A second piece of furniture is placed on the cant protruding from the furniture piece - this is how they are tied together.

In order for the connection to have increased strength, the hole is treated with PVA glue, which additionally fixes the dowels and makes them motionless. The big advantage of this type of furniture fastener is that it remains invisible: it cannot be seen from the outside or the inside. The dowel connection has some disadvantages: it is done once, so it is extremely difficult to disassemble such furniture without damage. The second disadvantage is that precise drilling of holes is required for a perfect fit of the two components. This nuance creates the need to use special devices.

Devices for installing dowels are called conductors. They can be factory-made or home-made. The former are considered the best in quality, but the latter can be made independently.

Ties

Today, there are two main types of furniture screeds - eccentric and intersectional. It is necessary to consider in more detail each of these types separately:

1. Eccentric tie – this element is used only in conditions of factory assembly of furniture. To put him on furniture board you need to use a device to drill an exact hole. The main advantage of such fasteners is the ability to remain invisible, then the furniture acquires a neat and attractive appearance. Another advantage, compared to confirmed ones, is that such furniture fasteners allow you to assemble and disassemble furniture several times without losing rigidity. In addition, using an eccentric coupler it is possible to fasten parts at an angle;
2. Intersectional tie - represented by a screw and a nut, with the help of which two perpendicular furniture elements are tightened. An intersectional screed is convenient for fixing the headboard and bottom of the bed, as well as tabletops. It is necessary to select fasteners based on the thickness dimensions particle board.

The most popular tie size is 32 mm, but this figure can reach 50 mm.

Eccentric

Intersectional

Shelf supports

A large number of shelf holders allows us to divide them into 2 subgroups: for parts made of chipboard and glass. IN furniture showrooms you can find many models where glass is harmoniously combined with wooden base. To efficiently hold two materials of different composition together, shelf holders are used.

Each type can be separately divided into two more categories: with and without fixation. Let's take a closer look at how to fix glass in furniture, as well as how to use a shelf holder for chipboard.

When installing shelves in a cabinet or cabinet, you cannot do without shelf supports. They should ideally match the style of the furniture and be combined with general principles interior

Previously, the bolt-nut system was widely used to fix furniture parts. With this connection, a hole was drilled in both surfaces through which the bolt was threaded. On the other side of the cabinet wall, this bolt was secured with a nut. Today a screw with a nut is also used - it is the most simple type connections of furniture parts. The screw is equipped with a semicircular head, which, after connecting to the nut, does not rotate, but remains motionless. This fastener is easy to use, but with the advent of new materials, it has faded into the background. Bolts with nuts are suitable for use by craftsmen entry level assemblies.

The advantages of such fasteners are:

• Possibility of self-assembly;
• Availability of parts;
• Possibility of reusable assembly and disassembly of furniture.

Among the disadvantages is the visibility of the fasteners, which is why they have ceased to be relevant. Another significant drawback– the ability to connect only parallel surfaces.

Types, depending on the material to which it is attached

Modern manufacturers today use not only chipboard to make furniture. Glass is widely used metal parts, as well as plastic elements. Fastenings for furniture made of chipboard were discussed throughout the material, and options for fastening objects made from other raw materials are discussed below:

1. Glass - screw-type holders are used that are screwed into a wall made of concrete or plasterboard. They are used to fix shelves and mirror surfaces without damaging the coating of the part. For glass doors the use of furniture hinges is suitable for the cabinet;
2. Metal – for connecting shelves metal shelving screw fastenings are used. They are screwed into the racks using a drill or screwdriver. An attractive cap is installed on the front side;
3. Plastic – plastic parts can be fixed using any chipboard fasteners.

Separately, it is worth highlighting the fastening dovetail– it is used to connect boxes. The essence of the connection is to cut out a comb surface on each part, which is inserted into another part, resulting in end-to-end fixation. Choose only the type of fastening that suits you best. Before purchasing, be sure to calculate the thickness of the material so that during the assembly process screws and screws do not protrude on the surface.

The quality of furniture assembly and the reliability of its operation are largely influenced by fasteners designed to connect individual elements to each other and used for installation of products. Of course, the type and design features of the fasteners depend on the category of furniture and the conditions of its use.

Modern industry offers sufficient quantity new fastening accessories that greatly facilitate the assembly of furniture and increase the durability of its use in the most unfavorable conditions. For example, kitchen samples made from cheap particle board are more likely to fail through panel delamination or peeling. decorative covering than they will fail due to poor quality or reliability of fasteners.

Today, with industrial and self-production For furniture products, quite a few types of fasteners are used, differing in functionality, method of fixation, size and protective coating.

Fastener categories

If half a century ago the main elements for assembly components furniture were wooden dowels, and installation of various pieces on site was carried out using nails or screws, today the range of accessories for connecting individual parts and elements of furniture has expanded significantly.

Modern fastening and connecting parts can be divided into several categories, including both highly specialized products and universal fittings:

The most common types of furniture fasteners

Let's consider the most common groups of connecting and fastening fittings for furniture, the features of their installation and operation.

Screws with a semicircular or decorative head and bolts with a fixing mustache or square head are the main types used for fastening individual panels of frame furniture. Thanks to the fixing mustache or square head, the bolt (screw) is fixed in the hole of the particle board, which prevents it from turning. Due to this design feature The assembler has the ability to tighten the nut without additional fixation of the screw.

Universal screws with a countersunk or semi-countersunk head have slots various shapes(cross, with internal hexagon, straight slot and others) and intended for fastening individual assembly parts inside furniture structures. They are used for:

On a note!

When using universal screws, either screwdrivers with replaceable bits or sets of screwdrivers with replaceable tips are used.

Confirmats (euroscrews) in modern production furniture are the most popular type of fastening and fixing devices. This type is used for fastening any parts made of chipboard or MDF panels.

Before screwing in the Euroscrews, holes are pre-drilled in the parts using a special confirmatory drill, the diameter of which depends on the diameter of the fixing element. To screw this type of fastener, use either special bits or screwdrivers with seed tips. The type of bit or attachment depends on the type of slot.

Eccentrics are another fitting, bearing the somewhat exotic name of rasteks and minifixes, which allow you to connect and attract panels located at right angles to each other. Despite the obvious advantages of this category of fasteners, their main disadvantages are:

• need for additional milling furniture panels, for installing individual fasteners;
• relatively high cost.
• high precision of marking and difficulty in installing individual fasteners;

On a note!

To install individual minifix parts you will need three various types woodworking tools - one end mill and two drills of different diameters.

Furniture corners have proven themselves to be a reliable, easy-to-install element. Today they can be made either of metal or of special, high-strength plastic. At industrial production The color of the plastic corner is matched to the color of the furniture.

Modern furniture dowels made of wood, plastic or metal. Their main advantages are the low cost and ease of connecting furniture parts together. To increase the reliability of the connection, there is a corrugation on the surface of the dowels.

Special types of fastening accessories

Today, furniture, individual parts of which are made of glass sheets or in the form of mirrors, is becoming increasingly popular. If ten years ago glass was mainly used as doors furniture cabinet and showcases or doors of racks and shelves, then today glass table top magazine or dining table you won't surprise anyone.

To connect glass parts and furniture elements made from other materials, special types of fittings are used, which are attached to glass surfaces using special adhesive compositions, by wrinkling the clamps with rubber gaskets or by drilling holes in the glass. When choosing this category of fittings, you must pay attention to the weight that it can withstand, which is specifically stated in the instructions for its use.

This review will focus on new furniture fittings.