Growing peanuts, business on groundnuts. Peanut planting and cultivation

The deterioration of the environmental situation and climate change on earth require increased efforts to organize a sufficient level of nutrition for the population anywhere on the planet. New varieties appear useful plants, capable of producing crops in different climatic conditions. Along with them, questions arise, for example, how to grow peanuts or other interesting plant. Modern technologies in the field of product manufacturing, they make it possible to create long-lasting, tasty food products. On their basis, a person realizes the main idea of modernity: regime healthy image life based proper nutrition.

Nature created for humanity big choice useful plants suitable for food. The past centuries have taught us how to properly use them as healing agents and food products. Among the countless variety of this kingdom, nuts occupy a special place. They were found in ancient burials and taken with them on campaigns associated with difficult trials to restore strength. They were used in rituals, hoping that they would bring happiness, wealth, health, good luck in everything. And, of course, everyone wanted to admire their tree, inhale the aroma of its foliage and flowers every day. Therefore the question about proper cultivation nuts, for example, has always been important and interesting.

The large list of nuts includes everyone’s favorite peanut. We are so accustomed to small grains hidden in neat bags on store shelves that sometimes it seems that it grows everywhere, always and is easy to grow. And although this representative of warm countries has long become the owner of large, small plantations of other climatic zones, being the closest relative of legumes, we call it groundnut. It received this name because of the peculiarities of fruit formation, which distinguish it from the familiar beans, peas, and soybeans. A flower forms on the ground part of the plant, decorating it for only one day. The mystery of fruit formation occurs underground, hidden from human eyes. In a mysterious cocoon, reminiscent in shape of a mulberry, delicious fruits ripen. How to grow peanuts in the countryside and at home has been well studied. The technology has been tested not only by professionals, but also by amateurs on small scales. summer cottages, even at home.

Benefits of peanuts

Many beneficial features peanuts have been known for a long time. Scientific research, who revealed the chemical composition of peanuts, confirmed the effectiveness of its use in organizing proper human nutrition. Used as a preventive and supportive agent in the treatment of many diseases. Vegetable fats, proteins that are well absorbed by the body, vitamins, and minerals are collected in it into a harmonious complex. It allows you to improve memory, hearing, sleep, attention. Help with exhaustion and overexcitement nervous system. Prevent the occurrence of certain forms of cancer. High value does not lead to weight gain due to the lack of cholesterol. Of course, you need to stick to reasonable amounts recommended by doctors. Great content protein may well reduce the amount of meat consumed. For small snacks, you can eat a peanut butter sandwich and a few tasty nuts. The benefits of peanuts for preventing atherosclerosis and heart disease increase with heat treatment. Healing substances are contained throughout the plant. Shells, stems, and nuts serve not only as food products, but are used in pharmacology, cosmetology, and solving agricultural problems. It will seem even more useful if you find out how to grow peanuts at home, do it yourself, and see all the stages of its development. Some care tips can be found below.

Growing Peanuts

As planting material, you can use fresh seeds of ordinary nuts purchased in the store. First, but important step is to soak them in potassium permanganate. It is recommended to do this at the end of April. They germinate in about 10 days. It is good to get two-week-old seedlings for small plots in peat cups. Plants in them develop quickly, are not damaged by mole crickets, and ripening occurs earlier. When soaking, the shell does not come off. The nuts are kept on a damp cloth until sprouts appear. Germinated seeds are planted in prepared soil. It must be fertile, permeable, and have been dug in the fall. Excess salt content and increased acidity will have a bad effect on the formation of plants. The composition of the soil is improved by adding chalk, lime, dolomite flour. A good effect is achieved by applying phosphorus fertilizers, humus before spring planting groundnut. At the same time, as fertilizers, necessary for the plant, it is recommended to add nitrophoska at the rate of 70 g per square meter area allocated for cultivation. Sowing in open ground produced from the end of May, if established stably temperature regime soil, which is about 15°. The site should be located in an open sunny place with the possibility of effective ventilation. Folk sign, which determines the time of planting peanuts, is the time of flowering of viburnum. This coincides with the planting of melons. Usually, holes are made 10 cm deep. They are placed in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 35 cm from each other and three or four soaked seeds or one or two with a sprout are placed. The seedling method is necessary for growing peanuts in northern places. You can plant individual beans, whole cocoons, on the peel, which are inhabited by beneficial fungi and bacteria. The main thing is not to forget that their germination capacity is completely lost after two years of storage. A distance of 25 cm is left between the rows. When planning a place for growing peanuts, it is recommended to improve the soil structure by proper crop rotation. TO best predecessors Peanuts include potatoes, zucchini, cucumbers, and cabbage. A useful companion for peanuts can be tomatoes, which benefit from such planting conditions due to the opportunity to obtain nitrogen supplied to bacteria developing in the tubers of the nut.

When the time comes for the beautiful little shoots to appear, you need to be careful. The interest of numerous flocks of birds in them greatly increases. Without security, installed scarecrows can quickly be lost significant part crops. Groundnuts are moisture-loving plants. During the initial periods of growth, it is watered at least once a week. The soil should be moist without stagnant water. The best option is the organization of drip irrigation. During flowering and the appearance of ovaries, the plant requires maximum quantity water. This contributes to the appearance of gynophores, special shoots on the formed bush instead of flowers. These are not just ovaries, which are found in any species of the legume family. The gynophores grow upward next to the peanut stems for a very short time. They independently head towards the ground and hide in it. Only then do real groundnut ovaries form on them. At this moment, it is necessary to hill the bush to a height of 10 cm. The process is repeated every 12 days three times a season. During this time, a powerful bush grows, which does not need to be watered, but only loosened and weeded. Mineral fertilizers are applied three times: when the first leaves appear, flowering, and the formation of ovaries.

The germination of peanut seeds depends on many factors related not only to storage conditions. It’s enough not to remove them on time in the fall, allowing them to fall before the first frost, and you can’t count on seedlings next year. Although the taste will remain at the same level. Buying fresh peanuts at regular store, we do not have any information about the variety or quality of the seeds. Therefore, the only right decision would be to purchase seeds the right variety in specialized stores. For peanuts, this is also important because many varieties have now been developed heat-loving plant, adapted for cultivation in climatic conditions that are not ideal for it. All cultivated varieties are usually grouped into four large groups: Virginia, Valencia, Runner, Spanish. The Red and White Tennessee species are designated separately. Signs of this division are taste, the content of various aromatic elements, the size of the nut, and the level of resistance to various diseases. For cultivation on small areas In central Russia you can purchase varieties of local selection. For example. Stepnyak, Klinsky, Adyg, Acorn, Bayan. For large plantings the following varieties are often used:

Runner. Wild species of this peanut are found in various states of the southeastern United States. Back in 1940, having appreciated the excellent taste, the ability to effectively roast, and high plant yields, breeders received a large number of varieties, including from this group. All of them are distinguished by high yields and excellent taste. Among them are Early Runner, Bradford Runner, Southeastern Runner 56-15, AT-108’, and other varieties. They are most often chosen by manufacturers of various peanut products.
Spanish group.
Small fruits of plant varieties of this group are most often grown in the countries of South Africa and the USA. They are inferior in many respects to the new varieties of the first group. But their great advantage, which ensures their popularity even now, is the high percentage of oil. There are many popular varieties in the group. These are Dixie Spanish, Improved Spanish 2B, OLin’, ‘Tamspan 90, and other varieties.
Virginia. Big sizes, taste make this group popular for preparing a variety of peanut products. Namely, they are sold in salted form and in confectionery products. The harvest is formed on shoots and bundles.
Valencia Group. The sizes of fruits and bushes of varieties of this group are the largest. In production, it occupies a privileged position for the creation of boiled peanut products. The crop has almost no small nuts.

Choose one or two varieties. After two years, you get your own plant seeds that are well adapted to their climatic conditions. On a production scale, the transition to the use of a new variety is always associated with a change in planting methods, the introduction of modified types of seeders, harvesting machines, threshers, and other agricultural equipment.

To determine when the crop is ready for harvest, you need to carefully look at the bush. The leaves should turn yellow. Cleaning is carried out on a dry, non-rainy day. Having dug up the bush with a pitchfork, it is carefully shaken off the ground. Later harvesting is associated with the loss of part of the harvest. Because some of the nuts come off the stems on their own, remaining deep in the ground. Dry the nuts along with the above-ground stems in the sun for two weeks. The quality of drying can be determined by the sound that appears when shaking the beans.

Peanuts are affected by the same diseases and die from the same pests as all legumes. First of all, these are caterpillars, aphids, and thrips. Root rot, spotting. Damage to stems viral diseases. To fight them there are chemicals, which are easy to buy and process according to the instructions. Peanuts are not difficult to care for plants. It has long been grown not only on large plantations, but also by ordinary private farms, summer residents and even at home.

Growing in the country

Basic agricultural techniques remain the same. Simply, you need to take into account that for nut beds you need to find a sunny, ventilated place, and not under mature trees. Watering is absolutely necessary. Usually there is an opportunity for this on the territory of dacha associations. Plantings are recommended seedling method. This will speed up the ripening time of groundnuts.

At home

Peanut bushes will decorate a window sill or a greenhouse shelf. Expert advice will tell you how to grow peanuts at home. Planting is done in small cups, and then planted on permanent place. At home, it is important to choose the right size of the pot so that there is room for the stems to descend and be placed freely under a layer of soil. For this, it is recommended to purchase wide pots. Hilling up in them is done by adding fresh soil in the form of a mound in the center of the pot. The pot is placed on a sunny windowsill, bright, warm balcony without allowing drafts. Having shown care and ingenuity, you can treat your relatives to homemade peanuts, admiring them decorative leaves all summer.

Wherever this wonderful plant grows, it attracts attention with its beauty and healing properties, creating a real revolution in the system healthy eating person.

See tips for growing peanuts

Many summer residents like to experiment with growing new crops. It’s nice to surprise guests by putting something so unusual on the table, proudly declaring: “I grew it myself in the garden.” If you are one of these enthusiastic people, try growing peanuts. By the way, this task is not so difficult, and in our article we will introduce you in detail to this crop and agricultural cultivation techniques.

Although peanuts are called nuts, they are actually related to regular beans, because... belongs to the same family - legumes. This plant looks like this:

The bush has a height of 0.5-0.6 m.
The stem is branched.
The leaves are pinnate, dark green.
Flowers - yellow color, small, sometimes their number reaches 2 hundred. The lower ones gradually descend to the ground, penetrate into it and there turn into a bean, which is called a nut. Each shell produces from 1 to 4 light pink seeds. 30-70 nuts are collected from one bush.

About the benefits of peanuts

Of course, peanuts are delicious, especially roasted ones, but these are not all of their advantages, because they contain what the body needs so much:

carbohydrates;
proteins;
fats;
linolenic acid, vitamins B, E, if the beans are processed into oil.

These tasty nuts are also used to make peanut butter, which has the same energy value as meat, but is healthier due to its folic acid content.

We grow peanuts

To grow this legume family plant in our temperate climate, you should buy seeds of the following varieties:

Krasnodarets 13;
Krasnodarets 14;
Steplyak;
Valencia 433;
Klinskaya.

Be carefull: Make sure they don’t sell you processed or roasted beans, otherwise you’ll waste money, time, and never see any sprouts..

To grow peanuts at home, you need to know what they need to grow.

Conditions for plant development

Since nuts can develop exclusively in the ground, a good harvest is possible only in loose chernozem, sandy loam or neutral soil. It is necessary to have magnesium and potassium, as well as humus in large quantities. By hilling the bushes up to 3 times per season, we will increase the amount of ovary.
Since the homeland of peanuts is South America, where it grows as a perennial, the second condition for its successful development is temperature. The optimal temperature is 20-27 degrees C, and as soon as it rises above +30 or drops below +15, the bushes stop growing.
The third condition successful cultivation is good lighting. It is unacceptable to have plants nearby that shade this crop.
It is important that the bed in which this representative of legumes is planted is well ventilated.
When peanuts bloom and underground beans are formed, they require constant moisture, but not stagnant water. In September, when the seeds ripen, excess moisture can slow down this process.
The plant develops well in beds where cabbage, cucumbers, potatoes, tomatoes, grains were previously grown, but in no case beans, peas, i.e. its relatives are legumes. But after peanuts, any crops feel good in the garden.
If you are planning to grow it in large quantities and extract oil from it, then know that the color of peanuts depends on the soil. Beans grown in light soil will produce light oil, while beans grown in dark soil will produce darker oil.

Important: If the conditions necessary for the growth and development of peanuts are violated, the plant begins to hurt - spots appear on the leaves, which indicates the presence of root rot..

How to grow peanuts: ways

Groundnuts are grown through seedlings and by sowing in open ground. How planting material you should take grains collected no more than 2 - 3 years ago, because then they lose their germination capacity. In any case, the seeds should first be germinated. This is done at the end of April:

Dip the seeds into a weak solution of potassium permanganate for disinfection.
Wash and soak for germination. After 10 days, sprouts will appear.
We harden the sprouted seeds by keeping them indoors for 2-3 days at a temperature of about +3 degrees during daylight hours, and at night we transfer them to a place where the temperature is room temperature.

Seedlings are grown from sprouted seeds or sown in a garden bed. First, let's look at how to grow peanuts from seedlings. So:

fill the cups with light soil in early April;
bury the seeds 3 centimeters into the ground;
place the cups on a sunny windowsill;
water moderately;
Meanwhile, we prepare the bed - we dig it up and remove the weeds;
We plant the plants in early June with an interval of 15 - 20 cm from each other and 0.6 - 0.7 m row from row.

If you decide to plant peanuts directly in the ground, then as soon as it is established constant temperature air temperature is at least 20 degrees C, and the ground at a depth of 10 cm warms up to 15 degrees C, we begin to sow the sprouted seeds. The planting pattern is identical to that used when planting seedlings, and the depth is 60 - 80 mm. Sprouted seeds are planted in the ground not only to see the harvest faster, but also to protect them from damage by mole crickets.

Good to know : the shell in which the nuts are located contains many useful microscopic fungi, so it is crushed and also thrown into the ground when planting.

We fight the mole cricket

To destroy the mole cricket, we make bait:

we collect peelings and grain;
dig in the garden bed;
take a piece of roofing felt and cover it;
pour plant debris, manure or humus on top;
We periodically look through the bait and collect mole crickets.

For your information : as soon as the seedlings appear, it is necessary to protect them from birds, since the sprouts can be completely destroyed by crows and blackbirds.

Hilling, feeding peanuts

An important component good harvest is hilling, which is carried out several times per season:

Before the plants bloom, we hill up the bushes to a height of 50 to 70 mm.
10 days after it blooms.
Regularly with an interval of 10 days, gradually reducing the distance between the roots (gynophores) formed after flowering and the soil. We carry out the last hilling in early August.

Three times a season, namely when real leaves begin to form, buds begin to form, and then fruits, we apply mineral fertilizers per 1 hundred square meters:

nitrogen - from 0.45 to 0.6 kg;
phosphorus - from 0.5 to 0.6 kg;
potassium - up to 0.45 kg, but only in sandy loam soil.

Peanuts on a warm bed

When wondering how to grow peanuts in the country, consider this option: warm bed. It is better to prepare it in the fall or very early in the spring as a last resort:

We select a place and begin digging a trench to a depth of a spade bayonet. Optimal width 1 m, and any length.
We store the top layer of soil on one side of the trench, and the bottom layer on the other.
We cover the bottom with plant debris and sprinkle it with soil. Place half-rotted compost on top.
We cover everything with the top layer of soil.

If the soil is healthy, then after 60 days the bed will be filled with warm, nutritious soil suitable for growing groundnuts.

Growing peanuts in a greenhouse

Peanuts are comfortable in a greenhouse, especially when grown in tandem with tomatoes, but provided that the latter are not very densely spaced so that light still reaches the peanuts. Legumes share nitrogen with tomatoes, and you don’t need to hill up the bushes often - 2 times in June is enough. By September the harvest will be ripe.

How to grow peanuts at home on a windowsill

After growing peanut seedlings, you can leave a few plants at home and then harvest them directly on the windowsill. It's easy to do:

We take a wide container and fill it with soil with humus and sand added to it.
We plant a plant in it and place it in the brightest place, making sure that there are no drafts.
We wait until a flower appears and a bean develops from it. It is important that the shoots do not hang outside the container, otherwise the set fruit will not develop.
Water regularly and lightly loosen the soil.
We collect the fruits when the bush stops growing and the leaves begin to turn yellow.

Harvest

Peanuts cannot withstand even light frosts, so harvesting should be done before they occur. Wherein:

we sort the nuts into ripe and unripe;
throw away very small ones;
put it in a ventilated place, dry room for drying;
store in fabric bags;
peel as needed.

If we have provided proper care, we can count on a harvest of 100 to 150 g of dry grains per 1 square meter. m, or even higher.

Watch a video on how to grow peanuts:

Peanut is a beautiful annual erect plant legume up to 50-60 cm high with a taproot that penetrates to a depth of 150 cm.

In the upper layers root system occupies a diameter of up to a meter, which causes high resistance to drought. Peanut leaves are dark green and compound - pinnate. The flowers are collected in inflorescences in the axils of the leaves. The flower is bright yellow or orange.

Each inflorescence blooms one flower at a time, which extends the flowering period from late June until autumn frosts.

The flower opens at 7-8 o'clock in the morning and blooms until lunch. The plant develops up to 2000 flowers, and beans - from 30 to 70.

After a few days, in place of the flower, a young ovary begins to grow in the form of a kind of aerial “root”, which bends and goes towards the soil.

Botanists call such ovaries gynophores. This is how the plant protects its offspring from heat and drought.

Having penetrated the soil, the tip of the gynophore begins to quickly grow into a cylindrical or cocoon-shaped bean, in which 1-4 elongated oval light pink seeds are formed.

Peanut growing technology

Peanut We need areas with warm soils, intense lighting without shading by other plants and good ventilation. The soil should be light sandy loam, chernozem, neutral, with a high content of humus, calcium and magnesium (on acidic soils it is better to add chalk or lime). Peanuts also do not tolerate salinity (then add phosphogypsum or use other methods to reduce soil salinity).

Seeds germinate at a temperature of +12-14 °C, optimal temperature+25-30 °C, after September cold snaps down to +12-13 °C, seeds are not formed. Even slight frosts are destructive, and after autumn frosts below -3 °C, the seeds in unripe beans lose their viability.

Peanuts have great demands on soil moisture, especially during flowering and seed formation in underground beans. There should be no stagnation of water. Excessive moisture in September significantly inhibits seed ripening.

In order for gynophores to quickly reach the soil and begin to grow into underground beans, it is necessary to hill up the plants. In case of violation optimal conditions there is low resistance to diseases - they spread root rot and the leaves become spotted.

How to grow groundnuts correctly

Soil preparation

In the garden, peanuts love crop rotation. It is sown after potatoes, cucumbers and cabbage, under which large doses of organic fertilizers were applied.

You cannot sow the crop after peas, beans and other legumes, after which root rot develops. Peanuts are very responsive to phosphorus fertilizers.

To do this, in the spring, when preparing the soil for sowing, it is better to add nitrophoska at the rate of 50 g per 1 m². During autumn digging, humus is simultaneously added to a depth of 25-30 cm - 1-3 kg per 1 m².

It is useful to add an additional handful of humus to each hole when sowing.

Sowing and watering

Sowing begins in May after warm weather sets in and the soil warms above +14-15 °C. Usually sowing is carried out after melons. In the forest-steppe, these dates fall on May 10-15. In addition to temperature, for seed germination you also need to take into account the possibility of a return of frost from May 20 to 25, which is detrimental to peanuts.

It is better to sow the crop with half-shelled seeds, although whole beans can also be sown. The remains of the valves are thrown along with the seeds, which helps colonize the roots with beneficial microscopic fungi that live on the surface of the valves.

At the dacha, it is better to sow peanuts in a square-cluster method 60×60 or 70×70 cm, 5-6 plants per nest. You can also sow in a wide row with a row spacing of 60-70 cm with a distance between plants of 15-20 cm. Sowing depth is 6-8 cm.

For sowing, only large seeds are used - small and puny ones do not sprout. Watering peanuts different ways, but, naturally, drip or furrow irrigation is better. Watering is carried out once every 10-15 days in July-August in hot and dry weather. Watering is carried out only with water heated in the sun.

Hilling

A crucial point when growing peanuts is hilling the plants, without which the yield will be low.

Spud it 2-3 times. The first time to a height of 5-7 cm 10 days after the start of flowering.

Subsequent hillings are carried out every 10 days.

The main thing is not to rush to pour the soil around the plant in one go.

This will ensure that the soil gradually approaches the young gynophores that form after flowering along the entire length of the stem.

Cleaning

Peanuts are harvested before frost sets in. Beans are sorted into mature and unripe. Very small ones are thrown away. Dry in a dry, ventilated, warm room. Store in bags and husk as needed.

When stored in a cold and damp room, beans and seeds are affected by toxic microscopic mold fungi. The average yield of dry seeds in vegetable gardens is 100-150 g/m².

It can also be higher - everything will depend on growing experience. Keep in mind that peanuts lose their viability after 2-3 years.

How to grow peanuts in the country:

Groundnut fruits are a tasty and healthy delicacy containing a whole range of elements necessary for the body: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, antioxidants. It is loved by adults and children; it is also popular among summer residents: planting peanuts on their plots has already become a habitual activity for many of them. It’s hard to believe, but it’s possible to get nutritious nuts at home if you provide the potted plant with proper care.

Features of culture and choice of location for it

Peanuts originate from the countries of the South American continent - Argentina and Bolivia. It was from there that the culture spread throughout the world, successively conquering India, Japan, the Philippine Islands, Madagascar, China, Turkey, Africa, Spain, France, and the USA. It has been known in Russia since the 18th century. Groundnuts are heat-loving and demanding regarding climatic conditions, but they can still be grown in open ground. On the Eurasian continent it is successfully bred in limited areas: in the southern regions of Ukraine, in the North Caucasus, in Transcaucasia, middle lane Russia.

To plant peanuts in the garden, you need to choose a bright area, which in the spring is quickly cleared of snow and dries out, and in the summer is well warmed up by the sun's rays. It develops best at higher elevations. Even slight shading has a bad effect on the plant, leading to a significant reduction in yield. Cold winds are also destructive for it, so the area must be protected from them.

The peculiarity of peanuts is that their fruits develop in the ground, and the ovaries descend into it after pollination. Therefore, the quality and structure of the soil are of key importance for the plant. This southerner needs neutral soil. If the soil on the site is characterized increased acidity, for planting peanuts it will have to be prepared by adding the following components:

limestone (regular or dolomitized);
limestone tuff;
lake lime (dry drywall).

Peanuts prefer soils rich in calcium and magnesium. It develops best on light, maximally loose, water- and air-permeable soils with a significant admixture of sand. If the soil in the area is dense and moisture stagnates in it, this will complicate the cultivation of the crop. Providing it with good drainage. Soils with a high salt content are not suitable for groundnuts. It is reduced by introducing special compounds (phosphogypsum, building gypsum), after which the soil must be enriched with organic fertilizers.

Planting scheme

Peanuts are planted in open ground late spring, usually in the middle or second half of May. Frosts are detrimental to crops, so you need to wait for those days when their probability becomes minimal. Place the plant seeds in well-warmed soil. Its temperature should be at least 12-15°C. The growing season for groundnuts is long, so in areas with temperate climate its fruits have time to ripen if it is propagated by seedlings. Growing peanuts on the site will be more successful when using seeds of zoned varieties of the crop.

This nut can also be planted in beans. Experienced gardeners recommend this method of breeding it. Beans contain many nutrients that promote the full development of seedlings, so the sprouts will emerge through the soil faster and will be stronger and healthier than when planting peanut seeds.

Sow seeds in pre-prepared holes, placing 3-5 pieces in each hole. Caring for groundnuts is close to the agricultural technology of potatoes and involves periodic hilling of the plantings. So that growing it does not bring trouble, the beds should be made wide - at least 45 cm, and at least 0.5 m of free space should be left between the rows. It is from there that the earth for hilling will be taken. Holes are made every 25-30 cm. Peanuts are planted at an average depth, the soil layer above the seeds should be 5 cm.

You can sow groundnuts in another way. Along the sides of the bed, 2 deep (10 cm) furrows are made. Seeds are placed in them at a distance of 8-10 cm from each other. To make caring for peanuts easier and the plants themselves to develop well, the interval between neighboring bushes should be 15 cm. If seedlings are more frequent, they are thinned out. But this doesn't always happen. Some seeds do not germinate, some are damaged by insects. Therefore, it is better to play it safe and sow them more often. When all the seeds have been spread out, the furrows are covered with soil, leveling the surface of the bed. It is more effective to use a rake for this, turning it over.

Planting groundnuts in open ground is completed with abundant watering. They carry it out with a watering can or a hose, putting a special nozzle on them so as not to erode the soil. Plantings should be watered slowly and weak pressure water, thoroughly moistening the entire surface of the bed. It is better to walk along it 2-3 times to saturate the soil with water as much as possible. The signal for the end of watering will be the appearance of puddles in the garden bed. If lime or gypsum was added to the soil, after a couple of hours its surface may become covered with cracks. This is a natural consequence of the procedures performed; it will eliminate itself after several scheduled waterings.

Specifics of the seedling method

Many gardeners prefer to grow crops through seedlings. The main advantage of this method over sowing peanut seeds directly in open ground is the ability to get more yield. To keep seedlings strong and healthy, it is important to use high-quality planting material. It is better to sow it in peat pots. If they are not available, plastic or cardboard cups and any other shallow containers will do. The procedure is carried out in April.

Containers for future seedlings are filled with loose and nutritious substrate. It is not difficult to prepare it at home; just thoroughly mix the soil from the site with humus and sand taken in equal quantities. Before planting, the seeds are placed in a solution of potassium permanganate. This will reduce the risk of disease affecting tender seedlings.

Having placed the seeds in holes 3-4 cm deep, they are covered with soil. To make them germinate faster, cover the containers with film or glass, and then place them in a warm, bright place where direct sunlight does not fall on them. Sun rays. Caring for peanut seedlings at home: no distinctive features compared to others vegetable crops does not have. It will be possible to transplant the plants to a permanent place in the garden in May, when the soil has warmed up sufficiently and the first frosts will definitely be behind us. Usually this time occurs 2 weeks after emergence.

Growing peanuts indoors

Peanuts are an amazing crop that can produce a harvest even in a pot. It will not be as plentiful as when grown in open ground, but the very fact of getting it at home will bring so much pleasure. Plant seeds or beans in large pots in the spring, observing the requirements of the crop for the composition and structure of the soil. When using a whole fruit, it is recommended to gently squeeze it with your hands so that the shell cracks slightly.

A layer of drainage must be placed at the bottom of the pot. Plant peanuts at a depth of 2 cm, placing the seeds or beans in the center of the container. After thoroughly watering the soil in the pot, cover it with a film in which several holes are made so that the plantings can breathe. You can use a plastic bag. For rapid seed germination at home, it is important that the room temperature does not fall below 20°C.

The soil in the pot should not dry out, but also excess humidity landing will not be tolerated. Watered grown in room conditions nut infrequently, about once every 2 weeks. Caring for it involves regular spraying. The emergence of seedlings can be expected after 2-3 weeks. Outwardly they look like clover. When the sprouts get a little stronger, they are thinned out, leaving 3-4 of the strongest specimens.

Rules of agricultural technology

This nut feels most comfortable in warm weather, when the air warms up to 20°C and above. Temperatures within 15-19°C do not affect the development of bushes, but lower temperatures stop their growth. Therefore, growing peanuts will require constant attention to the weather forecast. When cooler days arrive, he will need protection. The beds are covered with film or special material.

Caring for plantings is simple. It consists of 5 procedures:

regular hilling;
timely removal of weeds;
loosening;
fertilizing;
glaze.

During the growing season, peanuts are hilled 4-5 times. How much harvest the bushes will bring depends on the frequency and correctness of the procedure. The plant itself will tell you the time for the first hilling: its fruitful shoots will descend to the soil. This usually happens 10 days after flowering ends. Plantings should be hilled as high as possible. This will make it easier for the ovaries to penetrate the soil, and more layers of peanuts will be laid down. It is better to carry out the procedure after intensive watering.

During the period of budding and flowering, the bushes need a lot of moisture. But here it is important not to overdo it, since waterlogging of the soil is fraught with rotting of the peanut roots. At this time, plantings are watered a maximum of twice a week. warm water. They will also need to be fertilized with complex mineral preparations with a high content of phosphorus and potassium. Feeding is carried out three times per season. When the groundnut has faded, the frequency of watering is determined by weather conditions. If the summer turns out to be rainy, natural moisture will be enough for it. On dry, hot days, the plantings will still need watering, but it will be rare and not abundant.

In order for peanut fruits to ripen faster, soil moisture is minimized in September, and completely stopped 2 weeks before harvest.

Until the nut closes its leaves, you need to carefully monitor the cleanliness of the beds. Weeds clog young plants, so they are removed regularly. Under mature, well-developed bushes, excess grass simply does not grow.

Growing peanuts on site - great way pamper yourself and your loved ones with delicious and nutritious nuts. Its cultivation cannot be called labor-intensive and troublesome; the agricultural technology of the crop is quite simple, although it will require some knowledge. Planting in properly prepared soil, hilling, watering and fertilizing - following these rules will allow you to get a valuable harvest and fully enjoy the surprise and delight of those for whom peanuts are still an exotic guest on store shelves.

The difficulty in growing groundnuts can only be its exceptional dependence on heat. If it is deficient, the bush will simply stop growing, and you will have to forget about the harvest. Therefore, it can not be grown everywhere, but only in those areas where watermelons and melons have time to ripen during the summer. But even here you will need to carefully monitor the thermometer and constantly be ready to protect your plantings from the cold.

Planting and caring for peanuts (in brief)

Landing: sowing seeds in open ground - in mid-May.
Lighting: bright light.
The soil: moist, light, containing humus, calcium and magnesium, sandy loam or chernozem neutral reaction.
Watering: after the top layer of soil has dried. During flowering - 1-2 times a week in the mornings; after flowering, watering is moderate, but it is necessary to spray the peanuts with warm water in the evening. During drought, sprinkling or watering along furrows between rows is advisable. In a season with normal rainfall, 4-5 waterings will be needed.
Feeding: full mineral fertilizer: 1st – when the seedlings reach a height of 10 cm; 2nd – at the beginning of fruiting.
Reproduction: seed.
Pests: thrips, aphids, caterpillars and wireworms.
Diseases: affected powdery mildew, phyllostictosis, Alternaria blight, Fusarium wilt and gray mold.

Peanut plant - description

Cultivated peanut is an annual plant up to 70 cm high with highly branched shoots. Its root is also branched, taprooted, its stems are erect, pubescent or bare, slightly faceted, with recumbent or upwardly directed lateral branches. Peanut leaves are pubescent, alternate, from 3 to 11 cm long, pair-pinnate, with a grooved petiole and two pairs of pointed elliptical leaflets. Peanuts bloom with whitish or yellow-red flowers, collected in 4-7 pieces in short axillary inflorescences. Although each peanut flower blooms for only one day and fades by evening, the entire plant blooms from late June or early July until late autumn. Peanut fruits are oval, swollen two- to four-seeded beans, one and a half to six centimeters long, with a cobwebby pattern. When they mature, they bend down to the ground, dive into it, and mature there. Peanut seeds are oblong, the size of a bean, covered with dark red, light pink, cream or grayish-yellow skin. Peanut fruits ripen in September-October.

Planting peanuts in open ground

How do peanuts grow?

Peanuts are grown in open areas with intense light without the slightest hint of shadow from buildings or other plants. Peanuts grow at temperatures above 20 ºC - if the temperature drops literally two degrees, the plant stops growing. The easiest way to grow peanuts in Ukraine and other warm regions is to sow its seeds in the ground at the time when acacia is blooming. Peanuts in Russia, especially in areas with a cool climate, are best grown by seedlings.

When to plant peanuts in the ground.

Since peanuts can only be planted in warm soil, this is done after sowing melons, when the soil warms up to 12-14 ºC, which means not earlier than mid-May. Please note that refundable spring frosts harmful to peanuts. Peanuts purchased in a store or market can be used as seed material, but not fried, candied or salted.

Then you can plant peanuts.

When growing peanuts, it is very important to observe crop rotation. It grows best after crops such as cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes and potatoes, especially if these crops have been organic fertilizers. But after legumes (beans, peas, beans, lentils), peanuts are not grown, because the plant may develop root rot.

Soil for peanuts.

The soil for peanuts should be moist, light and neutral, with a high content of humus, magnesium and calcium - black soil or sandy loam. The crop does not tolerate saline soils, and acidic soils must be limed before planting peanuts.

The area for planting peanuts is prepared in advance: during the autumn digging of the soil, 1 to 3 kg of humus is added to a depth of 25-30 cm for each m² of area. In the spring, the soil is dug up again, but not so deeply, and 50 g of Nitrophoska is added to the soil for each m² of plot.

How to plant peanuts.

How to plant peanuts? Peanuts are planted in holes 10 cm deep, located in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 50 cm from one another. The gap between the rows is left within 25-30 cm. You can sow peanuts in the garden using a square-cluster method according to the 60x60 or 70x70 cm pattern. Peanuts can also be planted in a wide row, maintaining a row spacing of 60-70 cm and a distance between plants in a row of 15- 20 cm. Place 3 large seeds in each hole, since small ones may not sprout. After sowing the seeds, water the bed generously with a hose through a shower head under low pressure so as not to wash away the soil.

How to grow peanuts.

How to grow peanuts in the garden? Caring for peanuts consists of watering the bed during drought, weeding, loosening the soil and fertilizing. Young low seedlings must be protected from weeds. Weeding can be combined with loosening the soil, and vice versa. At the end of flowering, 1.5-2 months after sowing, the expanding ovaries will begin to descend to the ground and grow into the soil, where the peanuts will ripen. As soon as the ovaries begin to bend to the ground, the bushes are covered with moist, loose soil, like potatoes, so that the receptacle can quickly reach the nutrient medium. Instead of hilling, you can add a layer of mulch from humus, sawdust, sand or peat at least 5 cm thick to the bed. On average, 30-50 beans ripen under each bush, each of which has from 1 to 7 seeds.

Watering peanuts.

Groundnuts like moist but not wet soil. You need to water it when it dries out. upper layer soil. During flowering, it is watered abundantly, once or twice a week in the morning; after flowering, it does not need watering as much as spraying in the evening every other day or two. If it rains during the ripening period of peanuts, cover the bed with polyethylene. And during a drought, it is best to sprinkle peanuts, but if this is not possible, then water the peanuts along the furrows between the rows. In total, 4-5 waterings are carried out per season.

Peanut feeding.

The first time peanuts are fed with a solution of 20 g of ammonium nitrate, 45 g of potassium salt and 70 g of superphosphate in 10 liters of water, when the seedlings reach 10 cm in height. The second time is at the beginning of fruiting, although this feeding is optional.

Peanuts at home.

Select strong and healthy peanut seeds and soak them overnight in a bowl with water and a drop of Epin. The next morning they should have small white sprouts. Plant the seeds in loose soil placed in a wide container. Peanuts germinate very quickly, and immediately after flowering, hypophores are formed in place of the flowers, which, bending, go into the ground, where peanut beans develop. Did you know that peanuts develop underground? Keep peanut crops away from drafts, on a southern windowsill, but in the midday hours the plant needs shading. Water your peanuts regularly, but try not to allow water to stagnate in the roots. On hot days, spray peanuts to prevent them from settling. spider mites. Two and a half to three months after germination, the peanut leaves begin to turn red, and this is a sign to you that The peanut fruits in the soil are already ripe.

Peanut pests and diseases

Peanuts can be susceptible to powdery mildew, phyllostictosis, Alternaria blight, Fusarium wilt and gray mold.

Powdery mildew– the first signs of this disease look like single spots of powdery plaque on both sides of the leaves, which grow over the course of the disease and cover the entire leaf, causing it to turn yellow and dry out. The disease affects both stems and even embryos. At severe infection in the fight against powdery mildew they resort to processing peanuts systemic fungicides– Bravo, Quadris, Ridomil, Switch, Skor, Topaz or Horus.

Phyllosticosis, or leaf spotting, not such a harmful disease, but it is necessary to fight it. The onset of the disease can be recognized by small brown spots growing up to 6 mm in diameter. Gradually, their middle fades, the tissue in it dies, and the border becomes brownish-violet. Phyllostictosis progresses during high humidity air. Treatment of plants with broad-spectrum fungicides is effective in combating disease.

Alternaria blight, or black leaf spot, manifests itself in years when, at the end of the growing season, humid and warm weather sets in for a long time. Black spots up to 15 cm in diameter form on the edges of the leaves, which grow and merge as the disease progresses, causing the edges of the leaves to die. On the spots you can see a dense black coating of fungus. To prevent the development of the disease, it is necessary to follow the agricultural practices of the species, which serve to increase the plant’s resistance to the pathogen.

Fusarium wilt manifests itself in the form of root rot, which causes the cessation of growth and development of the plant, yellowing of its above-ground parts and rapid death. The danger of the disease is that it may subside for a while, but during the period of flowering and fruit set it develops with renewed vigor, which leads to the death of plants even before harvesting. Fusarium wilt can be prevented by following agricultural practices and timely harvesting.

Gray rot usually occurs at the end of peanut flowering and appears as rusty-brown spots that move from the leaves along the petioles to the stems, causing them top part withers and dies. Fruits do not form on affected plants, and those that have already formed become deformed. Active development The disease is observed at the end of summer in humid and warm weather. The only way to prevent the appearance of gray rot is by growing peanuts in a high agricultural environment.

Sometimes peanuts can also suffer from dwarfism, dry rot, ramularia and cercospora.

Among the pests that can annoy peanuts are thrips, aphids and caterpillars, which can be gotten rid of by sprinkling the garden bed with a mixture of wood ash and tobacco dust, and against thrips peanuts are treated with insectoacaricides. The worst thing is if the peanuts start to be eaten by wireworms - the larvae of the click beetle living in the soil. Their destructive activity is not prevented even by the fact that the peanuts are in shells - they easily gnaw through them and feed on peanut seeds. To destroy wireworms, pit traps are dug in several places, into which pieces of beets, carrots or potatoes are placed. The traps are covered with boards, pieces of slate or metal, and after a while they are opened and the larvae that crawl in to feed are destroyed.

In order to minimize the risk of pests appearing in the garden, follow crop rotation and agricultural practices of the species, and remove weeds from the area in a timely manner.

Harvesting and storing peanuts

As soon as the peanut leaves turn yellow, dig up a couple of beans and if the seeds come out easily, be ready to harvest. Peanuts are usually harvested when the air temperature remains stable around 10 ºC. Do not delay harvesting until the cold weather, because after the soil freezes, the seeds become bitter and become unsuitable for food. Wait for a nice sunny day and start cleaning. A pitchfork is used to dig up fruits. After being removed from the ground, the beans are separated from the stems and dried on fresh air in the shadow. When the shells are dry, pour the beans into fabric bags and store them in a dry place with good ventilation and a temperature not exceeding 10 ºC.

Types and varieties of peanuts

There are more than 70 types of peanuts in the Legume family. Several species are grown in South America, but outside this continent only two types are cultivated - cultivated peanuts and Pinto peanuts. A huge number of cultivated varieties of peanuts are divided into four groups:

Spanish group (Spanish varieties)

– These small peanuts are grown in South Africa, as well as in the southeast and southwest of the United States. The Spanish type of peanuts is characterized by a higher oil content than in varieties of other types. Spanish peanuts have small kernels in a pink-brown shell, which are used mainly for the production of peanut butter, candied and salted nuts. The largest suppliers of Spanish peanuts are Texas and Oklahoma. The best varieties of Spanish-type peanuts include Dixie Spanish, Spantex, Argentine, Spanet, Natal common, Star, Comet, Spankhoma, Florispan, Spankromm, Tamspan 90, O'Lin, Spanko, Wilko, White Kernel, Shafers Spanish and others.

Valencia Group

represents varieties mostly with large kernels. These are tall plants, reaching a height of 125 cm, with three-seeded smooth fruits. The seeds are oval, in a bright red shell, for which they are often called redskin. This group is a subgroup of Spanish.

Group Runner

– varieties of this group according to taste qualities are superior to Spanish-type varieties; in addition, Runner is better fried and produces higher yields. The kernels of Runner varieties are large and oblong. They are used to produce peanut butter and salted nuts for beer. The best varieties Runner groups are Dixie Runner, Early Runner, Virginia Bunch 67, Bradford Runner, Egyptian Giant, North Carolina Runner 56-15, Georgia Green, Fragrant Runner 458, Southeast Runner 56-15 and others.

Virginia Group

– these selected, large peanuts are fried in the shell and used for confectionery. The best varieties of the Virginia group are Shulamit, Gull, Wilson, Gregory, Virginia 98R, Perry, Virginia 92R, North Carolina 7, North Carolina 9 and others.

Properties of peanuts - harm and benefit

What are the benefits of peanuts? To understand the benefits of peanuts, you need to study its composition. Peanuts contain linoleic, pantothenic and folic acids, vegetable fats, glutenins, easily digestible proteins, starch, sugars, vitamins A, E, D, PP, B1 and B2, iron, macroelements magnesium, phosphorus and potassium. The composition of its fruits includes antioxidants, and this makes peanuts, along with strawberries, pomegranates, blackberries and red wine, one of the most effective means prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Peanut proteins have optimal ratio amino acids, and this is the reason for their excellent digestibility human body. The fats contained in peanuts have a slight choleretic effect, which is useful for gastritis and gastric ulcers. Folic acid promotes cell renewal in the body, and a large number of antioxidants protect cells from free radicals and prevent vascular ischemia, heart disease, early aging, atherosclerosis and the formation of cancer cells.

Peanuts have a calming effect on people with increased excitability, help to quickly restore strength, improve memory, increase potency, enhance sexual desire, and eliminate insomnia.

Due to their high protein content, peanuts increase the feeling of fullness, which is why nutritionists often use them as the basis of weight loss diets. But what peanuts do not contain is cholesterol.

Peanuts are contraindications.

Anyone, even the most useful product, if used in excessive quantities, it can be harmful, therefore, when consuming peanuts, you need to observe moderation, especially for those who suffer from excess weight. Peanuts can be harmful to people who are prone to allergies, especially if the kernels are consumed along with the skin, which contains strong allergens.

Arthritis and arthrosis are also contraindications to eating peanuts. We recommend that you monitor the quality of the product, since moldy or rancid peanuts can lead to poisoning.