Southeastern Europe. Population of southeastern Europe
The video tutorial allows you to get an interesting and detailed information about the countries of Eastern Europe. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of Eastern Europe, the characteristics of the countries of the region, their geographical location, nature, climate, place in this subregion. The teacher will tell you in detail about main country Eastern Europe - Poland.
Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe
Lesson: Eastern Europe
Rice. 1. Map of subregions of Europe. Eastern Europe is highlighted in red. ()
Eastern Europe- a cultural and geographical region that includes states located in eastern Europe.
Compound:
1. Belarus.
2. Ukraine.
3. Bulgaria.
4. Hungary.
5. Moldova.
6. Poland.
7. Romania.
8. Slovakia.
In the post-war period, the industry actively grew and developed in all countries of the region, with non-ferrous metallurgy relying mainly on its own raw materials, and ferrous metallurgy on imported ones.
The industry is also represented in all countries, but is most developed in the Czech Republic (primarily machine tool manufacturing, production household appliances and computer technology); Poland and Romania are distinguished by the production of metal-intensive machines and structures; In addition, shipbuilding is developed in Poland.
The chemical industry of the region lags far behind that of Western Europe due to the lack of raw materials for the most advanced branches of chemistry - oil. But we can still note the pharmaceuticals of Poland and Hungary, the glass industry of the Czech Republic.
Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes occurred in the structure of the economy of the countries of Eastern Europe: the agro-industrial complex emerged, and specialization of agricultural production took place. It was most clearly manifested in grain farming and in the production of vegetables, fruits, and grapes.
The economic structure of the region is heterogeneous: in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland, the share of livestock farming exceeds the share of crop farming, while in the rest the ratio is still the opposite.
Due to the diversity of soil and climatic conditions, several crop production zones can be distinguished: wheat is grown everywhere, but in the north (Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) important role Rye and potatoes play a role, vegetable growing and horticulture are cultivated in the central part of the subregion, and the “southern” countries specialize in subtropical crops.
The main crops grown in the region are wheat, corn, vegetables, and fruits.
The main wheat and corn regions of Eastern Europe were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria).
Hungary has achieved the greatest success in grain growing.
Vegetables, fruits, and grapes are cultivated almost everywhere in the subregion, but there are areas where they primarily determine the specialization of agriculture. These countries and regions also have their own specialization in terms of product range. For example, Hungary is famous winter varieties apples, grapes, onions; Bulgaria - oilseeds; Czech Republic - hops, etc.
Animal husbandry. Northern and central countries regions specialize in dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, and the southern ones specialize in mountain pasture meat and wool animal husbandry.
In Eastern Europe, lying at the crossroads of routes that have long connected the eastern and western parts of Eurasia, transport system formed over many centuries. Nowadays, railway transport is the leader in terms of transportation volume, but road and sea transport are also intensively developing. The presence of major ports contributes to the development of external economic ties, shipbuilding, ship repair, fishing.
Poland. Official name- Republic of Poland. The capital is Warsaw. Population - 38.5 million people, of which more than 97% are Poles. The majority are Catholics.
Rice. 3. Historical center of Warsaw ()
Poland borders Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Russia; in addition, it borders the sea areas (zones) of Denmark and Sweden.
About 2/3 of the territory in the north and center of the country is occupied by the Polish Lowland. In the north there is the Baltic ridge, in the south and southeast - the Lesser Poland and Lublin Uplands, along the southern border - the Carpathians (highest point 2499 m, Mount Rysy in the Tatras) and the Sudetes. Large rivers - Vistula, Odra; dense river network. The lakes are mainly in the north. 28% of the territory is under forest.
Minerals of Poland: coal, sulfur, iron ore, various salts.
Upper Silesia - region of concentration industrial production Poland of pan-European significance.
Poland generates almost all its electricity at thermal power plants.
Leading manufacturing industries:
1. Mining.
2. Mechanical engineering (Poland occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production of fishing vessels, freight and passenger cars, road and construction machinery, machine tools, engines, electronics, industrial equipment and etc.).
3. Ferrous and non-ferrous (large-scale zinc production) metallurgy.
4. Chemical (sulfuric acid, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, perfumes and cosmetics, photographic products).
5. Textile (cotton, linen, wool).
6. Sewing.
7. Cement.
8. Production of porcelain and earthenware.
9. Production of sporting goods (kayaks, yachts, tents, etc.).
10. Furniture production.
Poland has a highly developed agriculture. IN agriculture crop production predominates. The main grain crops are rye, wheat, barley, oats.
Poland - major manufacturer sugar beets (over 14 million tons per year), potatoes, cabbage. Important exports apples, strawberries, raspberries, currants, garlic, and onions.
The leading branch of livestock farming is pig farming, dairy and beef cattle breeding, poultry farming (Poland is one of Europe's largest suppliers of eggs), and beekeeping.
Homework
Topic 6, P. 3
1. What are the features geographical location Of Eastern Europe?
2. Name the main areas of specialization in Poland.
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions/ A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Atlas with a set of outline maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.
2. The most complete edition typical options real tasks Unified State Exam: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.
4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.
5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Exam 2011. - M.: MTsNMO, 2011. - 72 p.
6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.
7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
8. Textbook on geography. Tests and practical assignments in geography / I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.
9. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.
10. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for training students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.
11. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
12. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.
13. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Typical exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National education, 2011. - 288 p.
14. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
Demographic features. In total, up to 60.5 million people live in the region. The demographic situation is characterized by the same trends as in most European countries. It is characterized by a sharp decline in the birth rate and
natural increase, which is due to socio-economic factors. The birth rate and, accordingly, natural population growth are the highest in Montenegro (3.5%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.35%), Albania (0.52%) and Moldova (0.28%), and in Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia , Croatia - it is negative (on average -0.05%). The age composition of the population is favorable for reproduction labor resources: children under 15 years old - 19%, people of working age (15-64 years old) - 69%, pensioners (65 years old) - 12%. Everywhere there are more women (51%) than men.
Racial composition. In most countries in the region, representatives of the southern group of Caucasians predominate. They have more intense skin pigmentation than other Caucasians, predominantly dark, sometimes wavy hair, and dark eyes. In the northern regions, the majority of the population belongs to Central European racial types.
Ethnic composition. South-Eastern Europe is a very heterogeneous region in national-ethnic and religious terms. This leads to numerous conflicts dating back to the historical past of peoples - several powerful states fought for influence over them: Orthodox Russia, Protestant Germany, Muslim Türkiye, Catholic Austria and Bavaria, Hungary. Constant military conflicts gave rise to significant population migrations. The consequence of this is the specific settlement of vast territories (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Albanian villages are located nearby).
The countries of the region have a high percentage of national minorities, and in some of them there has been territorial mixing of ethnic groups (Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia). In Bulgaria, national minorities include Turks (8%), in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Serbs (32%), in Macedonia - Albanians (22%), in Moldova - Ukrainians (14%) and Russians (13%), in Romania - Hungarians (9%) and Roma (1.1%), in Kosovo (Serbs - 8%).
Most of the inhabitants of the region belong to the Indo-European language family: the Slavic group (Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Bosnians (Muslims), Bulgarians) the Albanian group (Albanians) the Romance group (Romanians, Moldovans).
In the south of Bulgaria, Macedonia and Albania live a small number of Turks who belong to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family. In the west of Romania (Transylvania) live many Hungarians belonging to the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic family.
Religious composition. The vast majority of the population professes Christianity (Orthodox - Bulgarians, Romanians, Moldovans, Serbs, Montenegrins, Substantial part Macedonians, and Catholics - Slovenes, Croats, part of the Romanians and Hungarians) and Islam (Albanians, Kosovo Albanians, Bosnians, Turks). Albania is the only country in Europe in which almost the entire population is Muslim.
Population distribution. The population is evenly distributed. Its low density can be traced in the higher regions of the Carpathian and Balkan mountains, the highest in the valleys of the Danube and its tributaries: Sava, Drava, Tisa, Prut.
Urbanization has an increasingly noticeable impact on the distribution of the population; it is associated primarily with the movement of rural residents to cities. This causes high rates of urban population growth, an increase in the number of new cities, concentration of people in big cities, formation of urban agglomerations. However, in terms of the share of the urban population (53%), the degree of “maturity” of agglomerations, and the level of urbanization of rural areas, the countries of South-Eastern Europe lag significantly behind most countries in other regions of Europe. In some of them (Bosnia, Moldova, Albania) more than 2/3 of the population lives in rural areas, mainly in small villages.
The largest agglomeration is Bucharest (2.3 million people).
Labor resources. There are more than 23.4 million people, of which 15.6 million are in Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia. Employment in agriculture is very high - 24%, and in Albania - 55%, the highest figure for Europe, 38% of the population is employed in industry, construction and transport, 38% in the service sector (one of the lowest rates in Europe). The population is especially crowded in ancient industrial areas, capital cities and their environs, and areas of intensive agriculture.
One of important issues is to overcome the socio-demographic and religious-ethnic crisis that has arisen in the territory former Yugoslavia. The democratic development of some countries in the region largely depends on this.
IN recent months During the Second World War, popular fronts were formed in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, which included various parties and the majority of social groups. The years 1944-1946 went down in the history of these countries as the period of “people's democracy”. The emergence and strengthening of the Soviet regime in the region was influenced by the following factors:
- Soviet army units were located on the territories of these European countries;
- The USSR abandoned the Marshall Plan.
These factors also influenced the elimination of the multi-party system in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and created the conditions for the autocracy of the communist parties.
In 1948-1949, the communist parties in power set out to build socialism, and market economy replaced by a centrally planned economy. As a result, a totalitarian socialist society arose in these countries. Private property was abolished, entrepreneurship and individual peasants were reduced to a minimum.
Among the countries of “people's democracy,” Yugoslavia was the first to spoil relations with the USSR. The Union of Communists of Yugoslavia, which opposed Soviet rule, was expelled from the Communist Information Bureau at the end of 1948.
In 1949, to coordinate economic development socialist countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was created, and in 1955 these same countries joined the Organization Warsaw Pact, uniting their armed forces.
The death of Stalin and, especially, the criticism of the cult of personality contributed to a change in the political climate in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. In the autumn of 1956, a crisis arose in Poland, which was eased by the partial democratization of the political system.
On October 23, 1956, mass demonstrations began in Hungary. Imre Nagy, the elected head of the Hungarian government, announced on November 1 that Hungary would withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. On November 4, Soviet tanks entered Budapest and literally drowned the liberation movement in blood. Imre Nagy was accused of treason and executed.
In 1968-1969, events called the “Prague Spring” took place in Czechoslovakia.
The Czechoslovak Communist Party, under the leadership of A. Dubcek, adopted a “Program of Action” to build a model of socialist society that would correspond to the conditions of modern Czechoslovakia. The USSR and some socialist countries reacted negatively to this idea.
Troops of the USSR, Poland, East Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria invaded Czechoslovakia. In August 1968 A.
Dubcek and his associates were arrested and deported to Moscow. In 1969, place A.
The policy of “perestroika” in the USSR and the collapse of the empire in the late 1980s and early 1990s provoked the paralysis of the socialist system in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Poland was the first to fall out of the socialist system.
As a result of the collapse of the socialist system, the “Balkan Empire” - Yugoslavia - collapsed along with the USSR. She broke up into independent states: Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia,
Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia. And Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Central and Southeastern Europe in the 1920s
Following the results of the First World War in Europe, state borders were changed at the request of the Entente. The largest territorial gains were made by Romania (Transylvania, Bessarabia and Dobrudja) and Poland (Galicia, Upper Silesia and Pomerania). On the contrary, territories were carved out from Bulgaria and Hungary. The formation of two multinational states - Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia - led to an aggravation of interethnic problems.
The economic crisis after the First World War brought democratic forces to power. They began to modernize the economy (especially successfully in Czechoslovakia). The following transformations were carried out:
- concentration of production and capital;
- carrying out agrarian reform;
- attracting foreign investment.
In Poland and Romania, agrarian reform met resistance from large landowners. Polish peasants could buy land By market value. Romanian peasants were given land of up to 5 hectares. In Yugoslavia, the land remained with large owners.
In the 1920s, authoritarian regimes formed in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. This was facilitated by the desire of the population strong hand ruler to lead the country out of the post-war crisis. The first countries to strengthen their power were carried out in Poland (General Piłsudski) and Hungary (Admiral Milos Horthy). In other countries, the establishment of an authoritarian regime was associated with the preservation of the monarchy. For example, in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the coup was initiated by the king himself.
Central and Southeastern Europe in the 1930s
In the 1930s, the strengthening of authoritarian regimes in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe continued. In 1930, in Romania, Carol II, relying on nationalists, began to militarize the economy. In 1934, with the support of Tsar Boris, the political group “Zveno” and its leader Kimon Georgiev seized power. Having come to power, the new rulers suspended the functioning of the constitution, prohibited the activities political parties And public organizations, which led to the establishment strong government states.
Authoritarian dictatorships received popular support. This was explained by the curtailment of reforms and the restoration of patriarchal moral values. The people were proclaimed to be a supra-class value, which led to the spread of nationalism. The differences between the authoritarian regimes of Central and South-Eastern Europe from fascist dictatorships were the absence of a national political leader(Pilsudski and Horthy are the exception rather than the rule) and the politicization of the masses.
The unification of the countries into the Little Entente was considered by European states as protection from the revolutionary influence of Soviet Russia.
Definition 1
The Little Entente is a military alliance of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania. Poland supported them and sought to join the union.
Increased German aggression in the late 1930s led to an attack on Czechoslovakia and Poland, to which territories with a German population were annexed under the Treaty of Versailles. In 1938, the Munich Agreement formalized the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. In 1939, Germany attacked Poland.
Central and Southeastern Europe in World War II
During the Second World War, the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe turned into a zone of influence of the Third Reich.
Note 1
Poland and Yugoslavia were subjected to German aggression and were dismembered. Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary became satellites of Germany and provided troops to the eastern front.
Hitler's Germany planned to use the countries' resources to wage war in the east. But she did not take into account the patriotic spirit of the people. All four years of occupation failed to suppress the desire for national liberation. Since 1944, despite the weakness of the Resistance movement, the expulsion of fascists from the territory of states begins. The liberation armies relied on support Soviet army and the armies of the Allies (USA and UK). A regime of people's democracy has been established in almost all countries.
A productive economy developed in the Aegean region before the middle of the 7th millennium BC. We do not yet know whether this Neolithic way of life was brought in to some extent by new settlers, or whether the corresponding ideas penetrated here from Anatolia gradually and without large-scale migrations over many generations. And what happened to the Mesolithic population, was it absorbed? Judging by the available data, all of these factors could play a role. Indeed, in the earliest Neolithic settlements of the Southeast
Europe's main types of livestock.___________ sheep and goats are
already fully domesticated. Significant transformation
LEDE.T-GIS JTom9.il G NIU ANIMAL NI. L DITVOY fhjlVнOT"t Y3.- Vt AVTf^tyUCi J\ GT I iT"rt e ll n f* th TTIWY LL^K And "CHT-K^G"T"NT"TY НЯ1М Hf^OTTW-
tic settlements,
assumptions that both people and livestock were once
went to Europe from other places
Gimbutas M. Civilization I Great Goddess
Unfortunately, we have almost no archaeological data about the period preceding the Neolithic. Climate warming during the post-glacial period led to rising sea levels, and it is possible that many Mesolithic sites on the Aegean islands and coastal areas were largely submerged. Traces of Mesolithic and Neolithic dwellings were discovered only in the Argolid region of the Peloponnese, in the Franchti cave, but cultural continuity is not entirely obvious here either. The skeletal remains found in this cave allow us to put forward two assumptions: either the original population belonged to local Mesolithic groups or was of eastern origin
Heterogeneity of physical type
Anthropological material discovered further north, in Greek Macedonia (the settlement of Nea-Ni-komedia), is heterogeneous from the point of view of taxonomy. As Angel points out, there were several types represented: the Dinaric - Mediterranean type and the so-called basic white type with Cro-Magnon features. This variability is explained by the gradual mixing of agricultural populations with hunter-gatherers over the centuries. Heterogeneity of physical type is also noted in the Starčevo culture of the Central and Northern Balkans (see Chapter II).
On the Danube, in the area Iron Gate, it is possible to trace an unbroken cultural continuity that existed from the late Paleolithic and throughout the Mesolithic, as evidenced by the stability of the local European, Cro-Magnon population, stone processing methods, religion and art. This is the so-called “Balkan-Danubian culture of Epigravettian and Mesolithic”, or “Lepenski Vir culture” (Lepenski Vir is one of the fourteen excavated settlements, famous for their sanctuaries and sculptures, to which we will return in Chapters II and VII). The productive economy came here along with the Central Balkan (Starcevo) culture brought by Neolithic tribes around 6000 BC
I I R IIT e TTTTTGI e s YUTYA GRATTILNYR ST^e GTI How NOL/f OTSHT-ъT
or displaced those who inhabited this region for more than May-
f 1 \L"П¥ ГТчТ Y V P 1"H \L il T FT".L T TTT AT1 TT \ZHR f4 TT o f" 1 T*eTT.e¥ TT i f\ j-ътжжжтту"\\гт^ s*
mixed with each other 9
Navigation and trade exchange - important
catalysts for developing cultures
Apparently, seafaring skills, trade and natural exchange, increasing the intensity of contacts between people, served as a catalyst for the unprecedented flowering of Neolithic culture. Starting from the 8th millennium BC, i.e. Even before the onset of the Neolithic, one can find traces of the existence of a trade exchange of flint and obsidian 10. After the establishment of the productive system, the constant increase in contacts is evidenced by the obsidian, marble and Spondylus shells brought to these places. Obsidian is a volcanic glass formed from lava saturated with quartz and is ideal for sergg blades and cutting instruments.
kilometers from the mining sites. The main source of obsidian for both the Aegean region and the whole of Greece was the island of Melos, located in the southern part of the Aegean basin." myoybmpGyutgm*
Sicily. And the Carpathian basin and the Danube valleys were supplied with Carpathian obsidian from Northeastern Hungary and Northwestern Romania. the marble from which bowls, dishes, jewelry and figurines were made may have come from many places, but it seems that the main sources were the islands of Paros and Skyros, located respectively in the southern and northern parts of the Aegean Sea, since it was there that Neolithic settlements. Spondylus shells, characteristic of the Aegean basin, were used to make beads, pendants and bracelets. From the shores of the Aegean Sea they are in large quantities they reached the north, to Bulgaria and Romania, and then, along the Danube, to Central Europe. Shells from the shores of the Adriatic were circulated in the western parts of Yugoslavia and North-Eastern Italy.
Chapter I. Origin and spread tion earthDelia
Advanced Neolithic cultures in Greece
by 6500 BC.
By 6500 B.C. In the coastal regions of Greece and in the adjacent lowland areas, there was a developed Neolithic mode of subsistence, characterized by the production of pottery and the domestication of sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and dogs. A full range of domestic animals appeared here five hundred years earlier than in South-West Asia. The population already grew wheat, barley, vetch, lentils, peas and flax. It is possible that emmer rye and sheep were brought here from Anatolia during the domestication of KDvnHoro cattle and pigs occurred in South-Eastern Europe, regardless of outside influences.
entered"
or from deer antlers hoes, wood Rice. 1-1
wood or bone sickles with blades
Viami m obsidian sherta or
kprmnya (pur 1-1) and chrgsptrpk "m ptvti
III, p™„ ^R NOGE R KI ""U"-