The flower of the sun in your flowerbed is helianthus. Gatsaniya – sunny flower

Novoselova Lyubov

Research project of the section "Wildlife".

At work, a student conducts experiments with seeds cultivated plants, grows a sunflower, observes the growth of the plant, shares the collected information about the plant, offers various options its creative embodiment.

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MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 11

PROJECT

FLOWER OF THE SUN

1st grade student, 6 years old

Novoselova Lyubasha

Teacher: Novoselova

Svetlana Vasilievna

Serov, December 2010

On one of our summer trips, when we were vacationing in Volgodonsk, I saw huge fields of sunflowers and I wantedlearn about these plants.

I was wondering:

Why was the plant called that?
When and where did it appear in our country?
Why is it grown in fields?
Is it difficult to grow?
What is its use?
How can you make it yourself?

Hypothesis:

Probably a sunflower unpretentious plant and brings great benefits to humans, otherwise they would not have grown it in the fields in such quantities.

My research route.

"Sunny grass"or, as it is also called,"Peruvian sun flower», brought to Europe by a Spanish expedition fromNorth America in the 16th century.

For the first time in Europe, a sunflower bloomed in a flowerbed in botanical garden Madrid. Then the sunflower went “for a walk” across the countries and began to decorate the front gardens of the poor. IN Scotland's flower was seen by Peter I , and his journey began around Russia, where he was loved. It was grown as an exotic even near the walls of the Kremlin.

Why was the plant called that?

"Sunflower", abbr. - “sunflower” (scientifically – helianthus) translated from Greek means"sunny flower", because his head always turns towards the sun, whether it is a clear day or a cloudy one. The sunflower can very well serve as a compass. Golden heads on a long stem, as if locators are looking for the Sun, are constantly reaching towards it. It seems that even after the sunset of our star, they are waiting for its new sunrise. Sunflower - faithful"satellite of the sun"This is why it got its name.

The cap of a sunflower turns to follow the sun during daylight hours. I learned that this fact hasscientific basis. The stem of a sunflower contains a phytohormone auxin responsible for growth. That part of the stem that does not receive enough light accumulates auxin , side effect is the movement of a sunflower behind the sun. This movement of a plant behind the sun is calledheliotropic property. When the growth of a sunflower is completed, the cap no longer moves with the sun and remains turned to the east all the time. Auxin , a plant growth hormone that stimulates cell elongation, accumulates on the side of the plant that is inshadows(in case the lighting is unevenly distributed). As a result of this accumulation, the dark side of the plant grows faster than the side exposed to the sun. Thus, the stem leans towards the sun.

Is it difficult to grow?

Sunflower is one of the fastest growing plants.

I grew several sunflowers on our plot.

First, I put the seeds on damp gauze and within a day the roots appeared.
Then I planted them in a designated area in the greenhouse because it was May and it could get colder.
Sprouts appeared in the greenhouse and within 2 weeks the height of the plants exceeded 25 cm.
On June 3, my mother and I planted sunflowers on the site so that we had a shady house for my games and a beautiful hedge.
During the summer my sunflowers grew to 2 meters in height, the summer was warm, so they ripened.
At the beginning of September, we happily cracked the seeds, and the flying birds helped us.

Procuring sunflower seeds yourself is a fascinating and meaningful activity, if you add to this the “competition” with birds.

This was my first practical work.

What is its use?

From the encyclopedia I learned that

The Indians prepared a kind of concentrate from the seeds in the form of balls and used it during long marches and hunting. In addition, sunflower seeds were used to make flour and baked bread, also obtained from crushed seeds by extraction in boiling water oil . The husks from the roasted seeds also found use - they used it to prepare hot drink , which tasted like coffee. The plant was used for fevers and chest pains, as well as as a means from snake bites. Purple-violet was obtained from petals and pollen paint for tattoos and fabrics, hair was lubricated with oil.

It was the Russians who began to eat sunflowers and get amazing benefits from the seeds. vegetable oil. This discovery for his country and the whole world was made by a simple Voronezh serf named Bokarev.

I decided to experiment and find out whether sunflower seeds really contain a large number of fats and other substances necessary for humans.

1.I took sunflower, pumpkin, and zucchini seeds and tried to grind each one on paper.

Only the sunflower seeds left a greasy mark.

2. I took and peeled a tablespoon of seeds, and then chewed them thoroughly; I felt a sweetish taste, which indicates a high content of carbohydrates necessary for humans.

Slide captions:

In the garden by the path there is a sun on a leg. Only the yellow rays are not hot.

FLOWER OF THE SUN Project completed by: Novoselova Lyubasha, student of grade 1 “a” of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 11 Supervisor: Novoselova S.V.

On one of our summer trips, when we were vacationing in Volgodonsk, I saw huge fields of sunflowers and I wanted to know about these plants. SELECTION OF THE TOPIC PURPOSE

MY QUESTIONS Why was it called that? How can you make it yourself? When and where did it appear in our country? Is it difficult to grow? Why is it grown in fields? What is its use?

Hypothesis: It is likely that the sunflower is an unpretentious plant and brings great benefits to humans, otherwise it would not be grown in the fields in such quantities.

Then the sunflower went “for a walk” across the countries and began to decorate the front gardens of the poor. In Scotland, Peter I saw the flower, and his journey began across Russia, where he was loved. “Sun grass” or, as it is also called, “Peruvian sun flower”, was brought to Europe by a Spanish expedition from North America in the 16th century. It was grown as an exotic even near the walls of the Kremlin.

"Sunflower", abbr. - “sunflower” (scientifically – helianthus) translated from Greek means “sunny flower”, because its head always turns towards the sun, whether it is a clear day or a cloudy one. The sunflower can very well serve as a compass. Golden heads on a long stem, as if locators are looking for the Sun, are constantly reaching towards it. It seems that even after the sunset of our star, they are waiting for its new sunrise. Sunflower is a faithful “companion of the sun”, which is why it got its name.

The cap of a sunflower turns to follow the sun during daylight hours. I learned that this fact has a scientific basis. The sunflower stem contains the phytohormone auxin, which is responsible for growth. The part of the stem that does not receive enough light accumulates auxin; a side effect is the movement of the sunflower behind the sun. This movement of a plant behind the sun is called heliotropic property. When the growth of a sunflower is completed, the cap no longer moves with the sun and remains turned to the east all the time. A sunflower flower is a thousand small flowers that will later turn into a thousand seeds. Auxin, a plant growth hormone that stimulates cell elongation, accumulates on the side of the plant that is in the shade (if the light is unevenly distributed). As a result of this accumulation, the dark side of the plant grows faster than the side exposed to the sun. Thus, the stem leans towards the sun.

Sunflower is one of the fastest growing plants.

I also grew sunflowers on our plot.

The Indians of North America made flour from sunflower seeds, a drink from the husk, paint from the petals and leaves, as well as medicine for snake bites and chest pains, rolled them into balls and took them when they left their home for a long time, as a food product, They made a kind of oil with which they lubricated their hair and worshiped this flower.

It was the Russians who began to eat sunflowers and obtain amazing vegetable oil from the seeds. This discovery for his country and the whole world was made by a simple Voronezh serf named Bokarev.

PRESENCE OF FATS I took sunflower, pumpkin, and zucchini seeds and tried to grind each one on paper. Only the sunflower seeds left a greasy mark.

PRESENCE OF CARBOHYDRATES I took and peeled a tablespoon of seeds, and then chewed them thoroughly, I felt a sweetish taste, which indicates a high content of carbohydrates necessary for humans.

sunflower TREAT (SEEDS) HONEY-BEARING PLANT DYE BIOFUEL (HUSK) RUBBER PLANT (RUBBER) FORAGE PLANT (CAKE) ORNAMENTAL PLANT MEDICINAL PLANT

Van Gogh Claude Monet

AND HERE ARE MY DRAWINGS:

SUNFLOWERS WITH YOUR HANDS

Growing a sunflower is not difficult if you take care of it: water it, tie it up, remove weeds. Sunflower seeds contain a large amount of fats and carbohydrates necessary for humans. This plant is unique in that it is entirely used by humans and brings economic benefits. If you get creative, you can immortalize this flower in your works: drawings and crafts. My conclusions

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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In the spring, you can increasingly see these flowers in flower beds, attracting the eye with their bright, rich yellowness. They are so elegant that they invariably evoke a feeling of festiveness and fun, driving away the remnants of the winter blues.

This doronicum (Doronicum ) from the family Asteraceae ( Compositae (Asteraceae ), herbaceous rhizomatous perennial. According to various sources, the genus Doronicum includes 30-36 plant species common in the mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. Doronicums have a weakly branched, erect stem; a few with a jagged edge are collected mainly in the rhizome zone in a kind of rosette. Lower leaves- ovate-heart-shaped on long petioles, upper, on stems with flowers, oblong. Flower - a basket of dazzling yellow color with a diameter of 4 to 12 cm, depending on the type. Along the edge of the basket there are reed flowers in one or two rows, in the center - tubular ones. The height of the peduncle ranges from 15 cm of eastern doronicum (cultivar Gold Dwarf ) up to 140 cm for plantain.

About 10 species of Doronicum are common in culture, but most often only two species are found: doronicum eastern And Doronicum plantain.

Doronicum eastern (D. orientale ) - an ephemeral perennial native to the mountain forests of the Caucasus, Balkans and Mediterranean. The bead-shaped horizontal rhizome is densely covered with leaves; in the first half of May, flower stalks 30-50 cm high develop. large flowers up to 6-8 cm in diameter. Flowering lasts about a month, then the leaves begin to die off.

Two varieties are known: Gold Dwarf - early flowering dwarf plants only 15 cm high and Spring Beauty (Fruhlingspracht ) - 40-45 cm high with double inflorescences.

Doronicum plantain (D. plantagineum ) is widespread in garden floriculture since the 16th century. It is found naturally in France, the Pyrenees and even in the south of England. Distinguished by its large sizes: height 1 m or more, flowers with a diameter of 10-12 cm (variety Excelsum ). The leaves and stems are slightly pubescent, the root is tuberous. It blooms for a month in May-June, after which the leaves die off.

Doronicum cordate (D. pardalianches ) comes from Western Europe. It is characterized by the presence of one pair of lower ovate-heart-shaped leaves, collected in a rosette. Plant height is up to 40-70 cm, flowers are 4-6 cm in diameter.

Doronicum Clusi (D. clusii ) is found in the Carpathians and Alps, along the banks of streams and in wet rocks. It reaches a height of 30-40 cm, a single basket with a diameter of up to 5-6 cm, convex and slightly hairy. Flowering occurs in July-August.

Doronicum Columna (D. Columnae ) is distinguished by a long tuberous root. The branching stems reach a height of 80 cm, the plant blooms in June, the flowers are 6 cm in diameter.

Care. Doronicum is one of the most unpretentious plants for the garden. It grows well in any soil, although on sandstones it grows slightly below the normal norm. On loose, fertile soil it grows more luxuriantly and blooms more profusely. It tolerates open sun well, but still feels better in light shade. In close proximity to tree trunks it feels depressed and grows much worse.

Due to the creation of moisture reserves in thick rhizomes, Doronicum is relatively drought-resistant, but at the same time the flowering period is reduced. Therefore, in dry weather during the period of formation and growth of buds, it must be periodically watered abundantly. It is not demanding of additional fertilizers; fertile soil is usually enough for it. To do this, rotted organic matter is added around the bush when digging. If this is not possible, then feed with a solution mineral fertilizers during the active growing season (April-June). After flowering is complete, the flower stalks can be cut off if you do not need to collect the seeds.

Doronicum can grow in one place for many years, but it is still better to divide old bushes after 4-5 years. When digging, the rhizomes are divided and planted in new places. Reproduce It is most often vegetatively grown, in spring or autumn, although it is possible even during the flowering period, keeping a large lump of earth on the roots. Doronicum is easily propagated by seeds, which are sown in open ground in early May. When grown in a greenhouse or indoors, seedlings are sown in April, and transferred to open ground in August, planting seedlings at a distance of 30-50 cm from each other.

Doronicums have good winter hardiness and successfully spend the winter in conditions middle zone Russia. If there is snow cover, they do not need additional shelter. In winters with little snow, a cover of compost or spruce branches would be useful. Spring frosts Plants tolerate well even in flowering state. The flowers are very decorative and stand out well as cut flowers.

Doronicum looks very beautiful in compositions with bulbous plants, in rock gardens and in group plantings with tall perennials. In such groups it dominates in the spring, and in the summer and later other flowers grow, covering the Doronicum, which by that time was exposed, with its foliage. Single and group plantings of Doronicum on lawns create beautiful bright yellow flowers in the spring, significantly enlivening the overall picture. This is one of the most ornamental plants blooming in spring gardens. But, unfortunately, it is not yet found among amateurs as often as it deserves.

Imagine orderly rows of powerful plants that meet the morning sun and turn their beautiful caps to follow its rays. This is helianthus, known to us as “sunflower” - the most light-loving crop. If you think that you can only find it in the fields where sunflowers are grown industrial scale, then you are deeply mistaken. Helianthus occupies not the last place in decorative floriculture. Thanks to the work of breeders, many hybrid varieties with interesting colors have been developed, and the unpretentiousness of the crop and its proud, regal appearance attract the attention of lovers of simple but original forms.

Decorative sunflowers are often used to make bouquets, because after cutting the plant retains fresh look within 2 weeks.

Growing helianthus is a pleasure. It develops practically without human help, without needing daily care. Even a single plant in a flowerbed becomes the center of attention, and group compositions from different varieties of sunflowers, and even in combination with other flowers, create a unique masterpiece. We invite you to take a closer look at the decorative sunflower and its popular types, and also learn about the features of cultivation, so that everyone can choose a plant to their liking and decorate their area with it.

The sunflower received its scientific name due to the shape of the inflorescence, reminiscent of the sun, and Greek language, in which “helianthus” means two words: “sun” and “flowers”. That is why it is often called the “flower of the sun.”

What is a decorative sunflower?

Helianthus is a member of the Asteraceae (Asteraceae) family. All of him hybrid varieties bred on the basis of wild annual sunflower - a medium-sized plant up to 1 m high with a large number of inflorescences in the form of sun caps. The inflorescence itself is a basket with small tubular petals inside, and large lingual petals along the edge. At the end of flowering, the petals wither and fall off, and black faceted seeds ripen under them.

Sunflower seeds have very good germination rate: even after 3 years they are able to germinate.

Varietal diversity of helianthus

Today, there are almost 200 species of helianthus that are used in decorative floriculture, but breeders do not stop there, inventing new varieties of this unique plant. Among them there are both dwarf specimens, not exceeding 30 cm in height, and real giants, more than 3 m in height. The color of the caps is no less varied: from the characteristic yellow color, to unique white petals and even dark purple. What can we say about terry varieties- their stuffed, lush heads will decorate the flowerbed.

Scientists also worked on the shape of the inflorescence itself, developing varieties similar to dahlias, chrysanthemums or gerberas. And the shape of the petals itself differs from the standard type of sunflower - they can be round or oval, curved or twisted.

It is worth noting that most modern hybrids are absolutely sterile. They do not have pollen, therefore, an allergic reaction to a sunflower bouquet is excluded.

Depending on the shape of the plant, the following species groups of helianthus flowers are distinguished:

variegated (with a pattern on the leaves);
Californian (with stuffed inflorescences);
multi-flowered (multiple inflorescences are located along the entire stem, giving the sunflower the appearance of a pyramid).

Based on the overall height of the bush, they are distinguished:

giant varieties with a height of 1.8 to 3 m with large caps with a diameter of up to 30 cm;
medium-sized sunflowers with a height of 1.2 m;
dwarf varieties not exceeding 60 cm in height.

Among the most beautiful views The following varieties of helianthus are worth noting:

Where and when is it better to plant a sun flower?

The main thing that needs to be taken into account when growing helianthus is that this plant loves the sun very much and simply cannot live without it. If there is the brightest and warmest spot on your property, it is simply meant for sunflowers. In addition, such an area should not be flooded with melt water.

To admire the colorful caps until frost, you can plant the plant in several passes, starting from April and ending in August.

Planting helianthus is carried out mainly with the help of seeds, placing them in holes of 2 pieces. The second seed is usually used as a backup; if both seeds germinate, one plant can always be replanted. In general, sunflower seeds have good germination rates. There is no need to deepen the seeds too much; 2 cm is enough - in the future, the powerful roots themselves will firmly settle in the hole.

The distance between the holes depends on the specific variety and averages about 40 cm. If it is an erect species that has few branches, the holes can be made closer to each other. Lush, abundantly branching bushes should be planted less often so that they have enough space to develop.

If you decide to grow helianthus seedlings (this option is also possible), you should consider that it does not tolerate transplantation well.

Dwarf varieties can be grown as potted crops, placing containers on summer period on outdoors in the garden. Perennial helianthus are propagated by dividing the bush, which is carried out in the third year after planting in early spring or in the fall.

Caring for decorative sunflowers

Despite its size and powerful structure (rarely any other garden flower has such a strong trunk, not counting the bushes), helianthus is the most unpretentious plant. Almost all the main activities for its cultivation are carried out at the planting stage. Choosing for culture appropriate place, caring for helianthus in the future will not cause trouble, because by its nature the sunflower has good vitality, having adopted it from its ancestors. Its developed root system firmly anchors the plant in the soil, be it compact species or tall varieties, and is able to obtain nutrition from the lower layers.

As for watering, helianthus prefers moderate humidity. You should not flood the plantings so that the roots do not start to rot, but in dry, hot summers you will need to add water more often to the bushes.

During the season, it is advisable to feed the decorative sunflower twice to replenish the balance of nutrients that the plant’s powerful root system has selected from the soil. But even if this is not done, the helianthus will not disappear, it will simply not be able to reveal its beauty in full force.

After sunflowers, only legumes can be planted next season, because they greatly deplete the soil. Even after applying fertilizers, the soil will only be able to fully recover after several years.

After the inflorescences fade, they must be cut out to prolong the overall flowering of the bush (the largest caps should be left to collect the seeds). In addition, pruning will help relieve stress on the stem, and it will not bend. Tall varieties of helianthus need additional support.

To speed up the flowering of helianthus, some gardeners use one trick: they pluck out the stepsons and small buds that grow under the central one.

If everything is clear regarding annuals (they must be planted annually), then a few more words should be said about perennial decorative sunflowers. This applies to wintering a flower in open ground - when growing perennials in cold regions, they may require shelter, especially if the winter has little snow. Otherwise, caring for perennial crops is no different from growing annual helianthus.

As you have already seen, the sun flower is actually very flexible and incredibly beautiful. Stock up on seeds and grow this versatile plant in your garden. Tall giants with their large hats will reliably hide your dacha from the neighbors, miniature babies with fluffy heads will decorate summer veranda, and perennial sunflowers for a long time will meet you at the gate, nodding their heads in greeting.