Human worldview: structure, typology, characteristic features. The concept of worldview, its levels and structure
Worldview is an important part of a person’s life. As a rational being, he must have his own thoughts, views, ideas, perform actions and be able to analyze them. What is the essence of this concept? What is its structure and typology?
Man is a rational being who lives consciously. It is characterized by mental activity and sensory perception. He is able to set goals and find means to realize them. This means he has a certain worldview. This concept is multifaceted and consists of several important definitions. 
Worldview is:
- belief system person to the real, objective world;
- attitude of a rational being to the surrounding reality and to one’s own “I”;
- life position, beliefs, ideals, behavior, moral and ethical values and the concept of morality, spiritual world personality, principles of cognition and application of experience related to the perception of the environment and society.
Defining and developing a worldview involves studying and perceiving only those views and ideas that have the utmost generalization.
Subjects this concept are personality, individual, and social group, society. An indicator of the maturity of both subjects is the formation of a stable, unshakable view of things, which directly depends on the material conditions and social existence with which a person is connected.
Levels
Human individuality cannot be the same. This means that the worldview is different. It is associated with several levels of self-awareness. 
Its structure consists of a series important components, having their own characteristics.
- First level- everyday worldview. Most people are on it, because it is a system of beliefs that are based on common sense, life experience and human instincts.
- Second level– professional. It is possessed by people engaged in a certain field of scientific and practical activity. It arises as a result of gaining knowledge and experience in a specific field of science, politics, and creativity. A person’s thoughts and ideas that arise at this level are educational in nature and are capable of influencing and being transmitted to other people. Many philosophers, writers, and public figures had this worldview.
- Third level– the highest point of development is theoretical (philosophy). At this level, the structure and typology of a person’s views on the world and himself is created, studied, analyzed and criticized. The specificity of this level is such that particularly outstanding personalities, theorists of philosophical science, reached it.
Structure
In the structure of the world vision, more specific levels are distinguished:
- elemental: the components of the worldview are combined and realized in everyday consciousness;
- conceptual: basis – ideological problems – concepts;
- methodological: concepts and principles that form the center, the core of the worldview.
| Components of worldview | Characteristic features | Types and forms |
| Knowledge | A unified circle of information about the world around us, necessary for an individual to successfully navigate it. This is the primary component of any worldview. The wider the circle of knowledge, the more serious a person’s life position. |
|
| Feelings (emotions) | A person's subjective reaction to external stimuli. It manifests itself in various psychological states. |
|
| Values | A person’s personal attitude to what is happening around him. They are perceived through the prism of their own goals, needs, interests and understanding of the meaning of life. |
|
| Actions | Practical, behavioral manifestation of one's own views and ideas. |
|
| Beliefs | Personal or public views that are accepted by others without question or as a result of doubt. This is the unity of knowledge and will. This is the engine of the masses and the basis of life for especially convinced people. |
|
| Character | A set of personal qualities that contribute to the formation and development of a worldview |
|
These structural components have their own characteristics. From them one can judge how complex and contradictory the beliefs of a person are when he tries to combine knowledge, feelings, values, actions, and his own character traits coming from the outside.
Types
Depending on the level of development of a person’s belief system and the characteristics of his individual perception of the world around him, there are following types worldviews: 
- Ordinary(everyday) arises in the conditions of habitual Everyday life. Usually it is passed on from the older generation to the younger, from adults to children. This type characterized by clarity of position and ideas about oneself and the environment: people and the environment. From an early age, an individual realizes what the sun, sky, water, morning, good and evil, etc. are like.
- Mythological implies the presence of uncertainty, the absence of separation between the subjective and objective. A person understands the world through what is known to him by virtue of existence. In this type, the worldview ensured the interaction of generations through mythical connections of the past and the future. The myth became reality; they compared their own views and actions with it.
- Religious- one of the most powerful and effective types, associated with belief in supernatural forces that control the will, knowledge, moral and physical actions of people.
- Scientific consists of specific, rational, factual thoughts, ideas, devoid of subjectivity. This type is the most realistic, reasoned and accurate.
- Philosophical includes theoretical concepts and categories that are based on scientific knowledge and justification of natural, social and personal phenomena in accordance with logic and objective reality. Philosophy, or “love of wisdom” contains the highest meaning of scientific comprehension of the world and selfless service to the truth.
- Humanistic stands on the fundamental principles of humanism - humanity, which state that:
- man is the highest global value;
- every person is a self-sufficient person;
- every person has unlimited opportunities for their own development, growth and manifestation of creative abilities;
- every person is capable of changing himself, his character;
- Every individual is capable of self-development and a positive impact on others.
In any type of worldview, the main thing is the person, his attitude towards himself and the world around him.
Despite some differences, the functions of each type are aimed at ensuring that a person changes and becomes better, so that his thoughts and ideas do not harm either him or those around him.
What role does vision of the world play in a person’s life?
A man goes through in his life different stages. The formation of personality takes place in constant searches and doubts, contradictions and discoveries of truth. If a person is truly interested in his own development and wants to reach the highest point of knowledge, he must develop his personal life position based on his own worldview.
Personal views can bring together different points of view and ideas. Their transformation allows a person to become a person, an individual.
Video: Worldview
Worldview is a generalized system of a person’s views on the world as a whole, on the place of individual phenomena in the world, on one’s own place in it, a person’s understanding and assessment of the meaning of his activities and the destinies of humanity; a set of scientific, philosophical, political, legal, moral, religious, aesthetic ideals and beliefs of people.
Worldview is a necessary component of human consciousness and cognition. This is not just one of its elements among many others, but their complex interaction. Heterogeneous “blocks” of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, aspirations, hopes, united in a worldview, appear as a more or less holistic understanding of the world and themselves by people.
The worldview has a certain structure:
Attitude - sensory perception of the surrounding world (for example, optimist and pessimist). Here individual, external manifestations of being are recorded, the world of phenomena, not entities;
Worldview - based on the worldview of the surrounding world in ideal images(adequate and inadequate). Here a complete picture is created, the relationship between processes and phenomena is indicated, and their identities and differences are recorded. Here sensory experience predominates rather than rational thinking;
Understanding the world is a cognitive and intellectual activity aimed at identifying the essence of ongoing processes. It is the worldview that philosophy represents. This is the highest level of worldview, a theoretically formulated, systemically rational worldview.
There are three main types of worldview:
Everyday (everyday) worldview - exists in the form of common sense, spontaneous, unsystematized, traditional ideas about the world. It includes attitude, worldview, worldview;
Religious worldview is associated with the recognition of the supernatural principle of the world, its basis is expressed in an irrational and emotionally figurative form;
A philosophical worldview is a worldview; it appears in a conceptual, categorical form, based on the achievements of the sciences of nature and society and possessing a certain measure of logical evidence; which summarizes the experience of spiritual and practical exploration of the world;
Based on a rational understanding of the culture of philosophy, it develops new ideological orientations. The scientific worldview includes theoretical views on the world around us, based on scientific data.
Based on the nature of formation and method of functioning, two levels (layers) of worldview can be distinguished: vital-practical and theoretical levels of worldview.
The life-practical level of worldview develops spontaneously and is based on common sense, extensive and diverse everyday experience. The formation of this level of worldview is significantly influenced by national, religious traditions, levels of education, intellectual and spiritual culture, character professional activity and much more.
The life-practical worldview includes skills, customs and traditions passed on from generation to generation, and the learned experience of each individual. The life-practical worldview finds its generalized expression in mythology and religion. At the same time, it should be noted that this level of worldview is not distinguished by deep thoughtfulness, systematicity, or justification. It often contains internal contradictions and persistent prejudices.
These shortcomings are overcome at another, higher level of worldview, which is theoretical in nature. Along with science, philosophy also belongs to this level of solving ideological problems.
Unlike all other forms and types of worldview, philosophy lays claim to the theoretical validity of both the content and methods of achieving generalized knowledge about reality, as well as the norms, values and ideals that determine the goals, means and nature of people’s activities.
Worldview in content can be: scientific and non-scientific, materialistic and idealistic, conservative and reformist, revolutionary and liberal.
Worldview can be: mythological, religious, scientific, philosophical, etc. In cognitive terms: dogmatic and skeptical (skeptics doubt the legitimacy of the existing picture of the world, they are correlated with destructive force).
The worldview can be: collectivist (altruistic) or egoistic (reasonable egoism is better than unreasonable collectivism).
The worldview can be: optimistic and pessimistic; systemic (based on one doctrine, religion) and unsystematic; consistent or inconsistent; rational and intuitive, etc.
Worldview is a personal factor and has a way out through practice (we don’t care what he thinks, but we don’t care what he does).
The connection between worldview and philosophy:
1) General is the search for answers to the questions:
1. What is nature and the world around us?
2. What is a person’s place in this world?
3. Can a person know the world and how is knowledge achieved?
4. How should a person behave towards other people?
5. What is truth, goodness, beauty, etc.?
2) Differences:
1. Worldview appears long before philosophy arises.
2. Philosophy, unlike worldview, is not the property of the broad masses.
3. Philosophy implements the ideological function on the basis of a theoretical attitude to reality.
Those. philosophy is the theoretical core of a worldview. The latter is wider, because includes other historical types of worldview: mythological and religious. The main components of the philosophical worldview: scientific and theoretical knowledge; spiritual practice; value orientation.
Modern society exists in an era when problems have become more acute, on the solution of which depends the answer to Hamlet’s question: to be or not to be for man and humanity on Earth.
You can, of course, try to hide from these painful problems according to the principle, “my house is on the edge”... But is this worthy of a person?
And the search for answers to all the new large-scale questions put forward by life - problems of man and nature, man and society, the technosphere and the biosphere, many issues of relationships between social systems and states, etc. – requires the ability to self-determinate, figure out ways to solve these and many other issues, and most importantly, find your place and role in these complex processes. But this requires a prerequisite such as the ability to think, a fairly broad view of things as a condition for a conscious, reasonable orientation in the surrounding reality.
However, the ability to think rationally is not innate, it must be formed and developed, and one of better ways to this is the assimilation of the achievements of philosophical culture. Philosophy is not at all something floating in the clouds of pure thought. On the contrary, its main purpose is associated with solving the fundamental issues of life itself. After all, ultimately, at the center of philosophy is the question of man and his place in the world, his place in society, the meaning of his life. And the main purpose of philosophy is to help a person navigate the endless complexities of life, in solving those equations with many unknowns that constantly arise along the path of life.
The study of philosophy is a school that helps to cultivate a culture of rational thinking, the ability to freely lead the movement of thought, to prove and disprove. It is clear that the science of thinking cannot be rented; mastering it requires effort and strain of intellectual abilities. Of course, this is not at all easy and requires, in particular, familiarity with the history of philosophy in order to trace step by step how “eternal problems” were solved over many centuries, and most importantly, to prepare oneself to understand the ways of solving them in modern philosophy, including including in dialectical-materialist philosophy.
The role of philosophy today is also great in the implementation of humanistic ideals, because only through the prism of humanism can scientific and technological progress gain the necessary orientation, and can be resolved in the interests of man and humanity global problems– from removing the threat of thermonuclear war to eliminating the threat to the genetic foundations and human psyche. At the same time, philosophy should not be artificially fenced off from the philosophical process in other countries, because no one is the owner of the ultimate truth on any issue. What is needed here is exchange and systematic acquaintance with the achievements of modern world philosophical thought. The central task of philosophy is to solve a whole complex of ideological problems, to develop, from the standpoint of reason, a system of generalized views on the world as a whole. What are these problems that can rightfully be called eternal?
What forms the basis of the world? How does the world work, how are the spiritual and material related in it? Did the world have a beginning in time or does it exist forever? Is there a certain order in the world or is everything chaotic in it? Is the world evolving or is it constantly spinning in one unchanging circle? Is it possible to know the world?
Is it by chance that these questions arise before man and humanity? No, not by chance. They arise from the need for a general orientation in the world.
By solving them one way or another, a person, as it were, sketches out a coordinate grid within the framework of which both his activity and the work of his thought will unfold. The theoretically based solution of these and other worldview problems is the purpose of philosophy, and at the same time the significance of its development.
Worldview is the core, the core of consciousness and self-awareness of an individual. It acts as a more or less holistic understanding by people of the world and themselves, their place in it. Everyone has it. But its level, its content, its form are different. It should be noted, firstly, that the worldview is historically specific, since it grows on the soil of the culture of its time and, along with it, undergoes serious changes. Secondly, society in every era is socially heterogeneous; it is divided into various groups and communities with their own interests. In addition, people themselves differ not only in their place in society, but also in their development, their aspirations, etc. In other words, the worldview of each era is realized in many group and individual variants. In addition, the worldview as a system includes a number of components. First of all, this is knowledge that is based on truth, and along with this, values that are most clearly expressed in the moral and aesthetic components of the worldview, which have goodness and beauty as their basis.
Not only the mind, but also feelings participate in the development of a worldview. This means that the worldview includes, as it were, two sections - intellectual and emotional. The emotional and psychological side of the worldview is represented by attitude and worldview, and the intellectual side by worldview.
Naturally, the ratio of these sides is different at different levels of the worldview, their representation in the worldview is not the same in different eras, and finally, the proportions of these sides are different in the worldview different people. Moreover, the emotional coloring of the worldview itself, expressed in feelings, moods, etc., can be different - from joyful, optimistic tones to gloomy, pessimistic tones.
The second level of worldview is worldview, which is based primarily on knowledge, although worldview and attitude are not given simply next to each other: they are, as a rule, united. This unity of them is visible in beliefs, where knowledge and feeling, reason and will are given together, where a social position is formed, for the sake of which a person is sometimes capable of much. The power of beliefs lies in a person’s trust in their essence and meaning. And this means that the worldview includes in its structure confidence, and therefore faith (this can be religious faith, and faith in ghosts and miracles, and faith in science, etc.). Reasonable faith does not exclude doubt, but is alien to both dogmatism and boundless skepticism, which completely deprives a person of support points both in knowledge and in activity.
Two levels of worldview should be distinguished: everyday life and theoretical. The first develops spontaneously, in the process of everyday life. This is the worldview of broad sections of society. This level of worldview is important, it must be taken into account, although it differs: 1) insufficient breadth; 2) a peculiar interweaving of sober positions and attitudes with primitive, mystical, philistine ideas and prejudices; 3) a large emotional load.
These disadvantages are overcome at the theoretical level of worldview and worldview. This is a philosophical level of worldview, when a person approaches the world from a position of reason, acts based on logic, justifying his conclusions and statements.
If we approach it historically, then philosophy as a special type of worldview was preceded by mythological and religious types of worldview. Myth as a special form of consciousness and worldview was a peculiar alloy of knowledge, albeit very limited, religious beliefs And various types art.
The interweaving of elements of knowledge about the world with religious and artistic fantasy in myth is expressed in the fact that within the framework of myth, thought has not yet acquired complete independence and is most often clothed in artistic and poetic forms, which is clearly visible in “Myths.” Ancient Greece", "Iliad", "Odyssey", national folklore, etc. And at the same time, myths already painted a picture of the world as a whole in the form of theosophy, a search was underway for ways to affirm the unity of nature and society, the world and man, past and present , worldview problems were solved in a unique form.
The further development of the worldview went along two lines - along the line of religion and along the line of philosophy.
Religion is a form of worldview in which the development of the world is carried out through its doubling into the earthly, natural and otherworldly, supernatural, heavenly. Moreover, unlike science, which also creates its second world in the form of a scientific picture of nature, the second world of religion is based not on knowledge, but on faith in supernatural forces and their dominant role in the world, in people’s lives. In addition, religious faith itself is a special state of consciousness, different from the confidence of a scientist, which is based on rational principles; in religion, faith is realized in cult and through cult.
The reason for religion is the dependence of people on natural, natural and social forces beyond their control. It acts as an illusory compensation for a person’s weakness in front of them. The long evolution of religion led to the idea of God as the manager of earthly and heavenly affairs. Religion at one time played a positive role as a means of social regulation, creating awareness of the unity of the human race and universal human values.
The common thing that religion and philosophy have in common is the solution of worldview problems. But the nature of the approach to these problems within their framework, as well as their solution itself, is deeply different. In contrast to religion, with its emphasis on faith, philosophy has always relied on knowledge and reason. Already the first step of philosophy was to search for the unity in everything, to search for the fundamental principle of the world not outside of it, but in itself.
1.2. Philosophical worldview and its key problems:
Worldview is a set of views, beliefs, and values of a person on the world and a person’s place in this world. Worldview questions: who created man. The peculiarity of world issues is that they are this moment or, in principle, there cannot but be an unambiguous answer.
1) vitally practical or level of everyday creation;
2) theoretical or scientific.
The formation of the first level is influenced by skills, customs, traditions, levels of professional and spiritual culture, and so on. This level is often contradictory and has certain shortcomings (unfounded, ill-conceived, unsystematic, and so on). These shortcomings are overcome at the theoretical level, to which philosophy belongs. Philosophy claims to have theoretical validity, both the content and the methods of achieving generalized knowledge.
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Idealism is a direction in philosophy that considers the ideal, subjective, mental, etc. as its basis.
The main question of philosophy and various options its solutions.. the main questions of philosophy mean those from the implementation of which.. substantial substance is the basis of the essence or being of the sensory world, this is the question..
If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:
What will we do with the received material:
If this material was useful to you, you can save it to your page on social networks:
| Tweet |
All topics in this section:
Structure of philosophical knowledge (FL)
The main sections of philosophical knowledge are: 1) Ontology: this section studies being and non-being, space and time, the development of movement, change, and so on. 2) Epistemology
Basic ideological forms
Historically, mythology is considered the first form of worldview - this is a form of worldview that arose in the early stages of human development, the basis of which is the
Functions of philosophy
The connection of philosophy with life is manifested in the philosophies that it carries out. 1) Worldview is main philosophy, so it coincides with its content. This philosophy is intended to form
The concept of being, substance, matter
In the process of understanding the world, philosophy forms fundamental concepts - categories that capture the most general essential properties and relationships of reality. The category with which it begins
The law of unity and struggle of opposites. The concept of opposition, contradiction, the essence of law
Opposites are those features, sides of an object that mutually complement and mutually negate each other and cannot exist without each other. Opposites apply: 1)
These are its functions
this is a place in a certain process. Quantity is the degree of one or another qualitative certainty. Quality and quantity interact with each other to
Possibility and reality, their relationship
Possibility and reality are correlative categories that characterize different aspects of the same subject. Opportunity is a trend, prerequisites arose
The nature of consciousness
The concept of consciousness arose in ancient times, and it was identified with the concept of the soul; The ancients understood the soul as the whole mental processes: ability to see, hear, feel, experience
Levels and forms of reflection of reality
Reflection is the ability of objects to reproduce in their features the features of interacting bodies. Features of reflection: 1. dependence of reflection on display
Human consciousness and animal psyche
Human consciousness differs from the psyche of animals in 2 circumstances: 1. The presence of abstract thinking in concepts. 2. The presence of self-awareness, which is an integral part of consciousness
Rational cognition or abstract thinking
Rational cognition is mediated by knowledge obtained through the senses. It is expressed in three main forms: 1) concept; 2) judgment; 3) inference.
The concept of social structure of society
To qualitatively characterize society, the concept of social structure of society is explored. The social structure of society is a set of interconnected and interacting
Social stratification theory
In Western sociology, based on class-forming characteristics, a theory arose social stratification(when analyzing the concept of social structure of society), developed by Pitirim Sorokin. This one
Man as a personality
To qualitatively characterize a person, the concept of “person”, “individual”, “individuality” is used. Man is a concept related to the human race as a whole and expressing those social
Socialization of personality
The process of personality formation outside of society is not possible at all. Socialization is a process that begins in childhood and continues throughout life; Socialization
Hellenistic
A feature of this period is the problem of values and meaning human life. It was especially evident in the early Hellenistic period (IV – V centuries BC). Cynics, Epicureans, Stoics, Skepticism
Moksha is the highest level of moral perfection of the soul, the final salvation of the soul, the only way of liberation from endless rebirths
4. Ahimsa is the unity of all forms of life on Earth, non-violence and non-infliction of harm to everything around us. The peculiarity of Indian philosophy is its intellectual tolerance
The criterion of progress is an indicator of the degree of development of society
There is no consensus among philosophers not only on the question of the existence of socio-historical progress as applied to all human history, but also on the question of whether progress exists
Formal development of society
The creator is Karl Marx. “There are five forms: primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist. Fo
Civilizational approach to the development of society
This approach was founded by the Russian philosopher N.Ya. Danilevsky, German philosopher O. Spengler, English historian and cultural scientist A. Toynbee. The idea of civilization
Culture and civilization
The word culture is one of the most popular in discussions about eternal philosophical problems. There are hundreds of different definitions of culture and dozens of approaches to its study. In the most general sense
Worldview – it is a set of views and beliefs, assessments and norms, ideals and principles that determine a person’s attitude to the world and regulate his behavior in everyday life.
Worldview is not all views and ideas about the world around us, but only their ultimate generalization is an extremely generalized, ordered system of a person’s views on the world around him, natural phenomena, society and himself, as well as the basic principles arising from the general picture of the world life positions people, beliefs, ideals, principles of knowledge and evaluation of material and spiritual events; this is a kind of diagram of the world and man’s place in it. Worldview is the unity of knowledge and beliefs, reason and faith, emotional and intellectual, assessments and norms, attitude, worldview and worldview, individual and social. Worldview finds its expression both in the consciousness of an individual (individual consciousness) and in the consciousness of large masses of people (social consciousness).
Worldview structure: knowledge; beliefs and beliefs; values and norms; emotional-volitional component.
You can also include practical activities, since they are partly included in the structure of the worldview and are connected with a person’s spirituality. By themselves, individual components do not provide a holistic worldview, but only in the aggregate of all components of the worldview structure.
There are concepts of “worldview”, “general picture of the world”, “attitude”, “worldview”, “worldview”, “worldview”.
There is a close connection and unity between all these concepts. They are often used as synonyms. However, there are also differences between these concepts.
General picture of the world, or picture of the world is a synthesis of people’s knowledge about nature and social reality. The totality of natural sciences forms a natural scientific picture of the world, and social sciences form a socio-historical picture of reality. Creating a general picture of the world is the task of all areas of knowledge. There are also sensory-spatial pictures of the world, spiritual-cultural, metaphysical, physical, biological, philosophical, and causal-mechanical pictures of the world (the latter developed during the Enlightenment). A worldview is characterized by an even higher integration of knowledge than in the general picture of the world, and the presence of not only an intellectual, but also an emotional and value-based attitude of a person to the world. Worldview plays a regulatory and creative role, acting as a methodology for constructing a general picture of the world. Not a single specific science in itself is a worldview, although each of them necessarily contains a worldview principle.
A person asserts himself in objective world not only through thinking, but also through all of our cognitive abilities. Holistic awareness and experience of the reality affecting a person in the form of sensations, perceptions, ideas and emotions form worldview, worldview and worldview. The primary forms of man’s mastery of the objective world—attitude and worldview—are associated, first of all, with his emotional and sensory sphere. Attitude arises due to certain experiences, a certain emotional mood. The different worldviews that arise in a person become the basis for the formation of visual images in his mind. Here we are talking about worldview. However, attitude and worldview do not allow a person to understand the essence of events, understand their causes, and evaluate the consequences of their actions. This possibility appears on the basis of a worldview, which is a fusion of a person’s mind and faith, his beliefs and values, which develops in the process of explanation and practical development of reality. Worldview represents the conceptual, intellectual aspect of the worldview.
The concept of “worldview” is correlated with the concept of “ideology,” but they do not coincide in content: a worldview is broader than ideology. Ideology covers only that part of the worldview that is focused on social phenomena.
Worldview as a whole refers to all objective reality and to man. Therefore we can talk about different sides worldview, emphasizing its single indivisible integrity. The analytical approach allows us to differentiate sides (subsystems) of worldview:
educational, including a) knowledge of nature, space, the universe as a whole, the natural essence of man (naturalistic aspect) and b) knowledge of the social nature of society and man (humanitarian aspect);
axiological(value), including objective and subjective values. Object values include one or another assessment of objects human activity, social relations and natural phenomena included in their range. Subjective value acts as normative ideas, attitudes and assessments in the public consciousness and guidelines for human activity;
praxeological(aimed at the spiritual and practical activity of a person). Includes regulations, principles, norms of behavior and communication and, mainly, beliefs (a person’s faith in the correctness of acquired knowledge and ideas). A person's set of beliefs is sometimes defined as a worldview. The realization of beliefs is possible through the volitional component and practical activity.
Levels of worldview: life-practical (“so-called “ life philosophy”); artistic and figurative, poetic and spiritual; theoretical (conceptual-rational).
In the life-practical (everyday) worldview, the psychological element predominates; Logic is often violated in it, there is no consistency, evidence, or systematicity. At the theoretical level of worldview, science and philosophy dominate. The theoretical level of worldview differs from the practical level in that it develops its own specific language (categorical apparatus), characterized by rigor and high level abstraction. On the basis of artistic and imaginative spiritual exploration of reality, a mythological and religious worldview is formed. Levels of worldview are inextricably linked. Without life-practical experience it would be impossible to achieve artistic, figurative and theoretical levels of worldview. In turn, the worldview at its theoretical and artistic levels has a significant impact on the everyday views of people, especially nowadays through the media and the Internet. Worldview is a contradictory spiritual formation. It can exist in everyday practical and theoretical levels simultaneously. For a person is not able to develop scientific and theoretical concepts for all occasions in life. Many of his ideas, abilities and skills are formed on the basis of common sense and everyday experience.
Worldview knowledge serves as a basis for beliefs, which is usually understood as confidence in the truth of knowledge and readiness to follow it. Beliefs form a kind of bridge between knowledge and practical actions. They are added up and asserted as a property motive. Formation motive how the internal drive to action is associated with the integration of cognitive, emotional and strong-willed qualities personality.
To historical types of worldview usually include: mythological; religious; scientific (naturalistic); philosophical.
Philosophy and mythology. Mythological worldview formed in spiritual life primitive man. It presented knowledge about the world and man, beliefs, ethical and aesthetic views, etc. in a single, universal, undivided (syncretistic) form.
Typical of mythology was the following:
humanization of nature, or explicit and implicit anthropomorphism(with explicit - the properties and appearance of a person are attributed to objects of nature, with implicit - only the properties, actions of a person, his motives are attributed natural phenomena, and the appearance is given inhuman (beast, monster));
sociomorphism, or likening the relationships between fictional creatures to the relationships between people in society;
symbolization of nature (according to Schelling);
insufficiently clear division of subject and object, spatial and temporal relations, thing and word, object and sign, being and its name, origin and essence, natural and supernatural, historical and eternal, material and spiritual, emotional and rational;
indifference to contradiction;
bringing objects closer together based on secondary sensory qualities, on the border of space and time, using objects as signs of other objects, etc.
Differences mythological worldview from scientific approaches:
the scientific principle of explanation was replaced in mythology by total geneticism and etiology: the explanation of a thing and the world as a whole was reduced to a story about origin and creation;
Mythology is characterized by a sharp distinction between mythological, early (sacred) and current, subsequent (profane) time:
everything that happens in mythical time acquires the meaning of a paradigm and precedent, i.e. sample to reproduce. Modeling turns out to be a specific function of myth;
If a scientific generalization is built on the basis of a logical hierarchy from the concrete to the abstract and from causes to effects, then the mythological generalization operates with the concrete and personal, used as a sign, so that the hierarchy of causes and effects corresponds to hypostatization, hierarchy mythological creatures, having semantic and value meaning;
what's in scientific analysis acts as similarity or another type of relationship, in mythology it looks like identity, and the logical division into signs in mythology corresponds to division into parts.
Prerequisites The mythological worldview was driven by man’s inability to isolate himself from the environment and the indivisibility of mythological thinking, which was not separated from the emotional sphere. These were still undeveloped and specific forms of thinking, comparable to child psychology, which were characterized by such features as concreteness, physicality, emotionality, and the projection of human qualities onto objects in the surrounding world.
Functions of the mythological worldview:
generalizing, in contrast to philosophical and scientific generalization, is based on sensory ideas and is devoid of mediation; explanatory; modeling; regulating, approving the system of values and norms of behavior accepted in a given society.
The form of manifestation of mythology was myths (from the Greek mythos - legend, legend, word). Myth- this is the most ancient form worldview at the level of worldview and worldview, which is characterized by a symbolic, fantastic, fantastically imaginative, holistic idea of nature, society and man.
Myth usually combines two aspects: diachronic (a story about the past) and synchronic (an explanation of the present or future). The content of the myth seemed real to the primitive consciousness, and even in the highest sense real, because embodied the collective, “reliable” experience of understanding reality by many generations, which served as a subject of faith, not criticism. Myths approved the system of values accepted in a given society, supported and sanctioned certain norms of behavior.
The myths of Ancient Greece are well known and Ancient Rome about nature, the origin of man and his achievements. The myth of the Sphinx personifies the secret of nature, which is never fully revealed to man; the myth of the centaurs symbolizes the origin of man from the animal; the myth of Prometheus reveals the history of the origin of fire; the myth of Icarus embodies man's desire to rise to the sky; The myth of Sisyphus is an attempt to find out what the meaning of life is.
The mythological worldview was expressed not only in stories, but also in actions (rites, dances, etc.). Myth and ritual in ancient cultures constituted a certain unity - ideological, functional, structural, representing, as it were, two aspects primitive culture– verbal and effective, “theoretical” and “practical”.
Already on early stages development, mythology is associated with religious-mythical rituals and is an essential part of religious beliefs. As an undivided synthetic unity, mythology included the beginnings of not only religion, but also philosophy, political theories, various art forms, That is why the task of distinguishing between mythology and forms of verbal creativity that are close to it in genre and time of origin is so difficult: fairy tales, heroic epics, legends, historical traditions. The mythological background is preserved in the later, “classical” epic. Through fairy tales and heroic epics, literature, including narrative literature, is also connected with mythology.
In philosophy, the appearance of myths is often associated with the formation of paganism with its tribal consciousness and cult practice, and they are most often assessed negatively as essentially alien truth, as darkening and enslaving the human spirit. Philosophy contributed to the formation of personal self-awareness and the liberation of thinking from the power of myths in order to freely search for truth (Logos against myth). Neoplatonism, however, interpreted myth as a symbol of the highest truth and reconciled ancient philosophy with the pagan understanding of life. This was rejected by early Christianity.
The language of mythology is used various shapes public consciousness, expanding and reinterpreting mythological symbols. In particular, in the 20th century. There is also a conscious appeal of some areas of literature to mythology (J. Joyce, F. Kafka, T. Mann, G. Marquez, J. Giraudoux, J. Cocteau, J. Anouilh, A. Camus, Ch. Aitmatov, etc.), Moreover, there is both a rethinking of various traditional myths and myth-making - the creation of one’s own poetic symbols.
In the 20th century myth is understood as a way of thinking that is not necessarily associated with paganism. “A myth is a memory of a mystical event, a cosmic mystery” (V. Ivanov). In myth one finds involvement in existence and religious faith. The presence of myth is discovered at the highest stages cultural development; It is recognized that the figurative-mythological form of presenting what is revealed in human spiritual experience has a number of advantages over the rational-philosophical one. But the social myths of the 20th century. have become the main means of enslaving personal and public consciousness, they have nothing to do with the spiritual calling of man and must be rejected.
Some features of mythological thinking may persist in mass consciousness along with elements of philosophical and scientific knowledge, strictly scientific logic. Under certain conditions, mass consciousness can serve as a basis for the spread of “social” or “political” myth (for example, German Nazism revived and used ancient German pagan mythology, and also created various myths– racial, etc.), but in general, mythology as a stage of consciousness has historically outlived its usefulness. In a developed civilized society, mythology can only be preserved in fragments, sporadically at some levels.
Philosophy and religion. Religious worldview. In primitive society there was a close connection between the mythological and religious worldview. Religion arose at a relatively high stage of development of primitive society. The emergence of a religious worldview is associated with a level of development of human intellect when the rudiments of theoretical thinking and the possibility of separating thought from reality appear: general concept separated from the designated object, transformed into a special object of faith. The main feature of a religious worldview is belief in the supernatural. Initially, tribal ones arise, then national ones (for example, Confucianism, Shintoism, Judaism, Hinduism, which still exist today) and world or supranational ones - Buddhism (YI-Y centuries BC), Christianity (I century) and Islam (YII century). V.).
The essence of a religious worldview is that its core is religious faith, religious feelings, religious experience, a system of beliefs and values. Religion presupposes appropriate behavior, lifestyle, specific actions (cult), which are based on belief in the existence of the supernatural, the sacred.
On the basis of the mythological, religious worldview, the rudiments of accumulated knowledge, the prerequisites for philosophical thinking are formed.