A model of perpetual motion machines for a schoolchild with his own hands. Do-it-yourself perpetual motion machine, its description and types

A perpetual motion machine is a mechanism that can work without stopping until it is specifically stopped. It propels itself independently without recharging or additional assistance. Centuries-long attempts to create such a system have determined the exact concept of the term. In addition, engineers understood why it is impossible to make a perpetual motion machine.

Definition and classification of engines

Although the device It remained imaginary; during attempts at implementation, two subspecies were established.

History of the theory

The theory of never-ending work mechanism has been considered since ancient times. Aristotle and his contemporaries denied the possibility of creating such a system artificially. They explained their point of view by the fact that the conditions that can satisfy this system do not work on Earth. The closest bodies that meet these requirements are in space. At the beginning of the 10th century, an Indian poet and scientist described a circle with continuous movement. The Middle Ages are considered the apogee of the development of the theory, when the structure of temples, cathedrals, and palaces developed to their maximum.

Examples

During the development, the main models were identified, which in their principle resemble a perpetual motion engine. They work from the following sources:

• gravitational field;
• a magnetic field;
• water flow;
• hydraulics.

The principle of operation, based on gravity, involves the use of the forces of the Universe. They are known to provide uniform motion and complete rest in space. The main advantage can be described by the following example. If you fit the entire Universe into some plane and tear out one piece, then active changes will begin inside. There will be patching of holes to return to the previous order as soon as possible. This indicates maintaining its normal state even in the event of changes - self-medication or recharging. It is impossible to create an anti-gravity engine with your own hands, or even a model today.

Magnetic gravity engine works on the principle of recharge from a conditionally eternal power source. By placing several weights around the main magnet and moving it in a circle, you can achieve such an interaction in which the forces of gravity and permanent magnets will alternate, which will make it possible to work continuously. To activate it, just push it and it will spin up to maximum speed. Assembling a mechanical perpetual motion machine is quite simple and you will need:

• plastic bottle;
• plywood;
• small diameter tubes.

The bottle is cut along its length, and a piece of plywood is inserted into the resulting gap as a partition. Next, a tube is installed that passes through the bottle and the septum. It is important to ensure complete insulation and fill all voids in a home generator. A hole is cut at the bottom into which gasoline or freon is poured. The liquid does not reach the cut and the septum. Air surrounded by liquid exerts heat on its surroundings. Gravity prevents the liquid from turning into condensate and returns it back. A wheel is installed under the tubes, which is driven by condensate.

water engine

A fairly simple model for assembling a house, because you will need available materials. To create a water generator with your own hands, you will need a hydraulic pump and two containers. One of the vessels should be slightly larger than the other. The pump is as simple as possible, without connecting to a 220 volt network. An L-shaped thin tube is inserted into a flask with a check valve . Pipe hole must be sealed to prevent air from leaking through. Due to atmospheric movement, the pump pumps liquid from one flask to another.

It is impossible to invent an electric motor because the use of electricity completely contradicts the operation of a perpetual generator. However, the electric motor can be considered as closely resembling the operating mechanism as possible. As long as there is a network connection, the work will theoretically last forever. Scientists are trying to create something similar to a perpetual generator using different energy sources. At the moment, only Chinese designers have created a quantum engine that can operate without the use of external energy.

Many scammers tried to show their creations to the public, presenting the projects as eternal. An engineer from Saxony demonstrated a machine with a shaft diameter of 3.5 m. The engine was started in a room, the speed was measured, and after a month they were convinced that it remained the same. The swindler received many offers to purchase the project. The public tried to reveal the secret and offered their own options, including that the wheel moves through the efforts of third parties. This guess turned out to be true.

Working prototype of the MD-500-RU magnetic motorwith speed

rotation up to 500 rpm.

The following variants of magnetic motors (MM) are known:

1. Magnetic motors, working only due to forcesinteraction of magnetic fields, without control device(synchronization), i.e. without consuming energy from an external source. "Perendev", Wankel et al.

2. Pulse magnetic motors operating due to interaction forcesmagnetic fields , with a control device (CU) or synchronization device, the operation of which requires an external power source.

The use of control devices makes it possible to obtain MD on the shaftincreased power value, in comparison with the MD indicated above. This type of MD is easier to manufacture and configure to the modemaximum rotation speed.
3. Magnitic engines usingOptions 1 and 2, for example MDCarry Paul Sprain, Minato and others.

***

Layout of a modified version of a working pulse magnetic motor
(MD-RU)

with a control device (synchronization),providing rotation speeds up to 500 rpm.

1. Technical parameters of the MD_RU engine: .

Number of magnets 8 , 600 Gs.
Electromagnet 1 PC.
RadiusRdisk 0,08 m.
Weightmdisk 0.75 k G .

Disk rotation speed 500 rpm

Revolutions per second 8,333 r/sec..
Disk rotation period 0.12 sec. (60sec/500rpm=0.12sec).
Angular speed of the disk ω= 6.28/0.12 = 6.28/(60/500) =52,35 glad ./sec.
Disk linear speedV= R * ω = 0.08* 52,35 = 4,188 m/sec.
2. Calculation of the main energy indicators of MD.
Total moment of inertia of the disk:
Jpmi = 0,5 * m To G * R 2 = 0,5*0,75*(0,08) 2 = 0,0024 [To G * m 2 ].
Kenetic energy Wkeon the motor shaft :
Wke = 0,5* Jpmi* ω 2 = 0.5* 0,0024 *(52,35) 2 = 3,288 j/sec= 3,288 W*sec.
The calculations were carried out using the “Handbook of Physics”, B.M. Yavorsky and A.A. Detlaff, and TSB.

3. Having received the result of calculating the kinetic energy on the disk (rotor) shaft in

Wattah ( 3,288 ), to calculateenergy efficiency of this type of MD,

it is necessary to calculate the power consumedcontrol device(synchronization).Power consumed by the control (synchronization) device in watts, reduced to 1 second:

for one second, the control device consumes current atthroughout 0,333 sec, because for the passage of one magnet, the electromagnet consumes current for 0,005 sec., magnets 8 , 8.33 revolutions occur in one second, soThe time of current consumption by the control device is equal to the product:

0,005 *8 *8,33 rps = 0 ,333 sec.
-Control device supply voltage 12 IN.
-Current consumed by the device 0,13 A.
-Current consumption time during 1 seconds equals - 0,333 sec.
Therefore power Ruu, consumed by the device for 1 second of continuous disk rotation will be:
Puh= U* A= 12 * 0.13A * 0.333 sec. = 0,519 W*sec.
It's in ( 3 ,288 W*sec) /( 0,519 W *sec) = 6,33 once more energy consumed by the control device.

Fragment of the MD design.

4. CONCLUSIONS:
It is obvious that a magnetic motor, operating due to the forces of interaction of magnetic fields, with a control or synchronization device, the operation of which requires an external power source, the power consumption from which is significantly less than the power on the MD shaft.

5. A sign of normal operation of the magnetic motor is that if, after preparing for work, it is slightly pushed, it will then begin to spin up to its maximum speed. .
6. It must be kept in mind that this type of engine rotated at a speed of 500 rpm. no load on the shaft. To obtain an electric voltage generator based on it, a direct or alternating current generator should be mounted on its rotation axis. In this case, the rotation speed will naturally decrease depending on the strength of the magnetic field.clutches in the gap between the stator and the rotor of the generator used.

7. The manufacture of a magnetic motor requires the availability of a material, technical and instrumental base, without which it is practically impossible to manufacture devices of this kind. This can be seen from the description of patents and other sources of information on
the topic under consideration.

For this type of MD, the most suitable magnets are “medium square”
K-40-04-02-N (length up to 40 x 4 x 2 mm) with magnetization N40 and clutch 1 - 2kg.
***

8. Considered view of a magnetic motor with a synchronization device

(controlling the inclusion of an electromagnet) belongs to the most readily available type of MD, which is called pulsed magnetic motors.The figure shows one of the known variants of pulsed MDs with an electromagnet, "acting as a piston", similar to a toy. In a real utility model, the diameter of the wheel (flywheel), for example,bicycle wheel, must be at least a meter and, accordingly, the path of movement of the electromagnet core must be longer.

Creating a pulsed MD is only 50% of the way to achieving the goal - manufacturing a source electrical energy with increased efficiency. Speed ​​and torque on the MD axis must be sufficient to rotate a DC or AC generator and obtain the maximum value of the received output power, which also depends on the rotation speed.

8 . Similar MDs:
1. MagneticWankelMotor, http ://www. syscoil. org/index. php? cmd= nav& cid=116
The power of this model is only sufficient toto move the air, nevertheless, it suggests the waytowards achieving the goal.

2. NARRYPAULSPRAIN
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCANbMBujjQ&mode=related

3 . Perpetual motion machine " "PERENDEV"
Many people don’t believe it, but it works!
Cm: http://www. perendev - power. ru /
Patent MD "PERENDEV":
ht tp://v 3. espacenet. com/textdoc? DB = EPODOC & IDX = WO 2006045333& F =0
A 100 kW engine-generator costs 24,000 euros.
It’s expensive, so some craftsmen make it with their own hands in 1/4 scale
(photo shown above).

Drawing of a working prototype of the developed pulse magnetic motor
MD-500-RU, supplemented asynchronous generator alternating current.

New designs of perpetual magnetic motors:
1. http ://www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 qF3 v9 LZmfQ& feature= related

From the translation of the commentary and the author’s answers it follows :

Author magnetic motor( perpetuum )uses a fan motorthe axis of which is mounted on a wheel with permanent magnets, two or threefixed coils that are wound into two wires.

A transistor is connected to the terminals of each coil. The coils contain a magnetic core.The magnets of the wheel, slipping past the coils with magnets, induce an emf in them,sufficient for generation to occur in the coil-transistor circuit, thenThe generator voltage, presumably through a matching device, is supplied to the windingsengine that rotates wheels, etc.

Details of yourperpetuum author invention does not reveal why he is called a charlatan. Well, as usual.

***

Magnetic engine LEGO ( perpetuum ).

It is made on the basis of elements from the LEGO construction set.

Slow scrolling of the video - it becomes clear why this thingrotates continuously .

3. "Forbidden design" of a perpetual motion machine with two pistons.Contrary to the well-known “cannot be”, slowly, but it rotates .

It's about simultaneous use of gravity and the interaction of magnets.

***

4.Gravitational-magnetic engine.

It looks like a very simple device, but it is not known whether it will pull a generator

DC or AC?After all, simply rotating the wheel is not enough.

Listed types of magnetic motors (marked: perpetuum), even if they work - they are very low-power. Therefore, in order for them to become effective for practical use, their sizes will inevitably have to be increased, withIn this case, they should not lose their important property: to rotate continuously.

The strange “rocking chair” of the Serbian inventor V. Milkovich, which,Oddly enough, it works.
http://www.veljkomilkovic.com/OscilacijeEng.html

Brief translation:
A simple mechanism with new mechanical effects, representing a source of energy. The machine has only two main parts: a huge lever on the axle and a pendulum. The interaction of the two-stage lever multiplies the input energy convenient for useful work (mechanical hammer, press, pump, electric generator...). For a complete overview of the scientific research, watch the video.

1 - "Anvil", 2 - Mechanical hammer with a pendulum, 3 - Hammer lever axis, 4 - Physical pendulum.
The best results were achieved when the axis of the lever and pendulum were at
the same height, but slightly above the center of mass, as shown in the figure.
The machine exploits the difference in potential energy between the weightless position state (top) and the maximum force (effort) state (bottom) during the pendulum's energy generation process. This is true for centrifugal force, for which the force is zero at the top position and reaches its greatest value at the bottom position, where the speed is maximum. A physical pendulum is used as the main link of the generator with a lever and a pendulum.
After years of testing, consultation and public presentations, many
was said about this car. Simplicity of design for self-production at home.
The effectiveness of the model can be due to an increase in mass, as the ratio of the weight (mass) of the lever to the surface of the hammer striking the “anvil”.
According to the theory of generation, the oscillatory movements of the “rocking chair” are difficult to analyze.
***
Tests have indicated the importance of the frequency synchronization process in each model. The generation of a physical pendulum must occur from the first start and then be maintained independently, but only at a certain speed, otherwise the input energy will attenuate and disappear.
The hammer works more efficiently with a short pendulum (in the pump), but it works for a long time (longest) with an elongated pendulum.
The additional acceleration of the pendulum is a consequence of gravity. If you contact

To the formula: Ek = M(V1 +V 2)/2

And after calculating the excess energy, it becomes clear that it is due to the potential energy of gravity. Kinetic energy can be increased by increasing gravity (mass).

Demonstration of the device operation.
***

RUSSIAN ROCKING CHAIR (resonant to achalka RU)

3. The free energy generator is of greatest interest, operating from a 12 - 15V DC source, which at the output “pulls” several 220V incandescent lamps.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_kCVhG-jl0&feature=player_embedded
However, the author does not disclose the technical features of manufacturing this type of electrical energy generator, with so-called self-powering.
Still from this video clip.

For whom do talented seekers of “free energy” create such devices?

For yourself, for a potential investor or for someone else? The work, as a rule, ends with the well-known formulation: I received a “technical miracle,” but I won’t tell anyone how.
Nevertheless, this type of self-powered generator is worth working on.
It contains a 15-20 V DC source, a 4700 µF capacitor connected in parallel with the power source, a high voltage transistor generator (2-5 kV), a charger and a coil containing several windings wound on the core
assembled from ferrite rings (D~ 40mm). You will have to deal with it, look for a similar design from many similar ones. Naturally, if there is a desire.
A coil similar to the one used can be viewed at: http://jnaudin.free.fr/kapagen/replications.htm
http://www.001-lab.com/001lab/index.php?topic=24.0
SUCCESS!

5 . Below is a sketch of the Naudin generator. Analysis of the scheme raises some doubts. A natural question arises: what power does the trans consume, for example, from a microwave oven (220/2300V), inserted into a “free energy” generator, and what power do we get at the output in the form of incandescent lamps? If the trans is from a microwave, then its input power consumption is 1400 W, and the output power from the microwave is 800 - 900 W, with a magnetron efficiency of about 0.65. Therefore, connected to the secondary winding (2300V) through a spark gap and a small inductance, the lamps can blaze not only from the output voltage of the secondary winding and quite decently.

With this variation of the scheme, it may be difficult to achieve a positive effect.
The element designated by the letters MOT is a network transformer 220/2000 ... 2300V,
in most cases from a microwave oven, Rinput up to 1400W, Routput (microwave) 800W.

PRODUCING HYDROGEN USING THE RESONANCE FREQUENCY OF WATER

HYDROGEN CAN BE PRODUCED BY IRRADIATING WATER WITH HF VIBRATIONS.

http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:John_Kanzius_Produces_Hydrogen_from_Salt_Water_Using_Radio_Waves
John Kanzius
The authors have shown that NaCl-H2O solutions of concentrations ranging from 1 to 30%, when exposed to a polarized RF radiofrequency beam at at room temperature, generate an intimate mixture of hydrogen and oxygen which can be ignited and burned with a steady flame Patent of John Kanzius…

Translation:
John_Kanzius showed that a NaCl-H2O solution with a concentration ranging from 1 to 30%, when irradiated with polarized radiofrequency RF radiation with a frequency equal to the resonant frequency of the solution, is of the order 13.56 MHz, at room temperature it begins to release hydrogen, which, when mixed with oxygen, begins to burn steadily. In the presence of a spark, hydrogen ignites and burns with an even flame, the temperature of which, as experiments show, can exceed 1600 degrees Celsius.
Specific heat of combustion of hydrogen: 120 MJ/kg or 28,000 kcal/kg.

An example of an RF generator circuit:

A coil with a diameter of 30-40 mm is made of single-core insulated wire with a diameter of 1 mm, the number of turns is 4-5 (selected experimentally). Connect a 15 - 20V power supply at the right end of the 200 µH inductor. Tuning into resonance is produced by a variable capacitor. The coil is wound over a cylindrical container of salt water. The vessel is filled 75-80% with salt water and tightly closed with a lid with a pipe for removing hydrogen, at the outlet there is a tube filled with cotton wool to prevent free penetration of oxygen into the vessel.

***
More details can be found at:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/36600371/Kanzius-Hydrogen-by-RF
Observations of polarized RF radiation catalysis of dissociation of H2O–NaCl solutions
R. Roy, M. L. Rao and J. Kanzius. The authors have shown that NaCl–H2O solutions of concentrations ranging from 1 to 30%, when exposed to a polarized radiofrequency beam at 13.56 MHz...

Answer to reader question:
I obtained hydrogen by pouring an aqueous solution of caustic soda (Na2 CO3) onto an aluminum plate (100 x 100 x 1 mm). In water, soda ash reacts with water
2CO3 − + H2 O ↔ HCO3 − + OH− and forms hydroxyl OH, which strips the aluminum of the film. Then the well-known reaction begins:
2Al + 3H2 O = A12 O3 + 3H 2 with the release of heat and intense release of hydrogen, similar to the boiling of water. The reaction takes place without electrolysis!

The experiment should be carried out carefully to prevent fire and explosion of hydrogen. Or immediately provide for the removal of hydrogen from a lidded vessel with working components. During the hydrogen evolution reaction, after some time, the aluminum plate begins to become covered with reaction waste, calcium chloride CaCl2 and aluminum oxide A12 O3. The intensity of the chemical reaction will begin to decrease after some time.
To maintain its intensity, waste should be removed, the caustic soda solution and the aluminum plate replaced with another one. Once used, after cleaning, you can use it again, etc. until they are completely destroyed. If duralumin is used, the reaction proceeds with the release of heat.
***
Similar development:
Your house can be warmed up this way. (Your home can be heated this way)
Inventor Mr. Francois P. Cornish. European patent No. 0055134A1 dated June 30, 1982, in relation to a gasoline engine, it allows the car to move normally using water and a small amount of aluminum instead of gasoline.
Mr. Francois P. in his device, he used electrolysis (at 5-10 kV) in water with aluminum wire, which was previously cleared of oxide before introducing it into the chamber, from which hydrogen was removed through a tube and supplied to the bicycle engine.

Here the waste product of the reaction is A12 O3.

The design of this thing
The question arose, what is more expensive per 100 km of travel - gasoline or aluminum with a high-voltage source and battery?
If the "lumn" is from a landfill or from kitchen utensil waste, then it will be cheap.
***
Additionally, you can see a similar device here: http://macmep.h12.ru/main_gaz.htm
and here: "A simple folk method of producing hydrogen"
http://new-energy21.ru/content/view/710/179/,
and here http://www.vodorod.net/ - information about a hydrogen generator for 100 bucks. I wouldn't buy it because... The video does not show any obvious ignition of hydrogen at the outlet of the can with components for electrolysis.

In 1685, in one of the issues of the London scientific journal Philosophical Transactions, a project of a hydraulic perpetuum mobile proposed by the Frenchman Denis Papin was published, the operating principle of which was supposed to refute the well-known paradox of hydrostatics. As can be seen from the picture, this device consisted of a vessel that tapered into a C-shaped tube, which curved upward and its open end hung over the edge of the vessel.

The author of the project assumed that the weight of water in the wider part of the vessel would necessarily exceed the weight of the liquid in the tube, i.e. in its narrower part. This meant that the liquid, with its gravity, would have to squeeze itself out of the vessel into the tube, through which it would again have to return to the vessel - thereby achieving the required continuous circulation of water in the vessel.

Why do you suppose the “perpetual motion machine” works in the video?

Unfortunately, Papen did not realize that the decisive factor in this case is not the different quantity (and with it the different weight of the liquid in the wide and narrow parts of the vessel), but, first of all, a property inherent in all communicating vessels without exception: the pressure of the liquid in the very the vessel and the curved tube will always be the same. The hydrostatic paradox is precisely explained by the peculiarities of this essentially hydrostatic pressure.

Otherwise called Pascal's paradox, it states that the total pressure, i.e. The force with which the liquid presses on the horizontal bottom of the vessel is determined only by the weight of the column of liquid above it, and is completely independent of the shape of the vessel (for example, whether its walls narrow or expand) and, therefore, the amount of liquid.

Sometimes even people who worked at the very forefront of contemporary science and technology were victims of such misconceptions. An example is Denis Papin himself (1647-1714), the inventor of not only the “Papa boiler” and the safety valve, but also the centrifugal pump, and most importantly, the first steam engines with a cylinder and piston. Papin even established the dependence of steam pressure on temperature and showed how to obtain both vacuum and increased pressure based on it. He was a student of Huygens, corresponded with Leibniz and other major scientists of his time, and was a member of the English Royal Society and the Academy of Sciences in Naples. And such a person, who is rightfully considered a major physicist and one of the founders of modern thermal power engineering (as the creator of a steam engine), is also working on a perpetual motion machine! Not only that, he proposes a perpetual motion machine, the fallacy of the principle of which was completely obvious to contemporary science. He publishes this project in the journal Philosophical Transactions (London, 1685).

Rice. 1.. Model of a hydraulic perpetual motion machine by D. Papin

Papin's perpetual motion machine idea is very simple - it is essentially a Zonka tube turned upside down (Fig. 1). Since the weight of water in the wide part of the vessel is greater, its force must exceed the force of the weight of the narrow column of water in the thin pipe C. Therefore, the water will constantly drain from the end of the thin tube into the wide vessel. All that remains is to place the water wheel under the stream and the perpetual motion machine is ready!

Obviously, this won't actually work; the surface of the liquid in a thin tube will be established at the same level as in a thick one, as in any communicating vessels (as in the right side of Fig. 1.).

The fate of this idea by Papin was the same as that of other versions of hydraulic perpetual motion machines. The author never returned to it, having taken up a more useful business - a steam engine.

The story of D. Papin’s invention prompts a question that constantly arises when studying the history of perpetual motion machines: how to explain the amazing blindness and strange behavior of many very educated and, most importantly, talented people, which arise every time as soon as it comes to the invention of a perpetual motion machine?

We will return to this issue later. If we continue the conversation about Papin, then something else is unclear. Not only does it not take into account the already known laws of hydraulics. After all, at that time he was in the position of “temporary curator of experiments” at the Royal Society of London. Papin, with his experimental skills, could easily test his proposed idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine (just as he tested his other proposals). Such an experiment can easily be carried out in half an hour, even without the capabilities of an “experiment curator”. He didn’t do this and for some reason sent the article to the magazine without checking anything. Paradox: an outstanding experimental scientist and theorist publishes a project that contradicts an already established theory and has not been tested experimentally!

Subsequently, many more hydraulic perpetual motion machines were proposed with other methods of raising water, in particular capillary and wick (which, in fact, are the same thing) [. They proposed lifting liquid (water or oil) from the lower vessel to the upper one through a wetted capillary or wick. Indeed, it is possible to raise a liquid to a certain height in this way, but the same forces of surface tension that caused the rise will not allow the liquid to flow from the wick (or capillary) into the upper vessel.

What's happening in the video?

When liquid is poured into a funnel, then, according to the law of communicating vessels, the levels should be the same, but it flows into the tube with a large delay, therefore, under the wooden stand there is also a vessel from which water is pumped, since it will stop in the middle and will not flow. This hydraulic perpetuum mobile of the Middle Ages, which contains an error, as supposedly the greater weight of the funnel will displace water from the tube, but this is not so. Any tube diameter and any shape does not matter, the levels simply level out

Is it possible to create a perpetual motion machine? What force will work in this case? Is it even possible to create an energy source that does not use conventional energy sources? These questions have been relevant at all times.

What is a perpetual motion machine?

Before we move on to discussing the question of how to make a perpetual motion machine with your own hands, we must first define what this term means. So, what is a perpetual motion machine, and why has no one yet succeeded in making this miracle of technology?

For thousands of years, man has been trying to invent a perpetual motion machine. It must be a mechanism that would use energy without using conventional energy carriers. At the same time, they must produce more energy than they consume. In other words, these must be energy devices with an efficiency greater than 100%.

Types of perpetual motion machines

All perpetual motion machines are conventionally divided into two groups: physical and natural. The first are mechanical devices, the second are devices that are designed on the basis of celestial mechanics.

Requirements for perpetual motion machines

Since such devices must operate constantly, special requirements must be placed on them:

• complete preservation of movement;
• ideal strength of parts;
• possessing exceptional wear resistance.

Perpetual motion machine from a scientific point of view

What does science say about this? She does not deny the possibility of creating an engine that will operate on the principle of using the energy of the total gravitational field. It is also the energy of vacuum or ether. What should be the operating principle of such an engine? The fact is that it must be a machine in which a force continuously acts, causing movement without the participation of external influence.

Gravitational perpetual motion machine

Our entire Universe is evenly filled with star clusters called galaxies. At the same time, they are in a mutual power balance, which tends to peace. If you lower the density of any part of stellar space, reducing the amount of matter it contains, then the entire Universe will certainly begin to move, trying to equalize the average density to the level of the rest. Masses will rush into the rarefied cavity, leveling the density of the system.

As the amount of matter increases, masses will disperse from the region under consideration. But someday the overall density will still be the same. And it doesn’t matter whether the density of a given region will decrease or increase, what is important is that the bodies will begin to move, bringing the average density to the level of the density of the rest of the Universe.

If the dynamics of the expansion of the observable part of the Universe slows down by a microfraction, and the energy from this process is used, we will get the desired effect of a free eternal source of energy. And the engine powered from it will become eternal, since it will be impossible to record the consumption of the energy itself using physical concepts. An intra-system observer will not be able to grasp the logical connection between the dispersion of part of the Universe and the energy consumption of a specific engine.

The picture will be more obvious to an outside observer: the presence of an energy source, the area changed by the dynamics, and the energy consumption of a specific device itself. But this is all illusory and immaterial. Let's try to build a perpetual motion machine with our own hands.

Magnetic-gravitational perpetual motion machine

You can make a magnetic perpetual motion machine with your own hands using a modern permanent magnet. The principle of operation is to alternately move auxiliary and also loads around the main stator magnet. In this case, the magnets interact with force fields, and the loads either approach the axis of rotation of the motor in the zone of action of one pole, or are repelled in the zone of action of the other pole from the center of rotation.

Engines of the second type are machines that reduce the thermal energy of a reservoir and completely convert it into work without changes in the environment. Their use would violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Although thousands of different variants of the device in question have been invented over the past centuries, the question remains of how to make a perpetual motion machine. And yet we must understand that such a mechanism must be completely isolated from external energy. And further. Any eternal work of any structure is carried out when this work is directed in one direction.

This avoids the cost of returning to the original position. And one last thing. Nothing lasts forever in this world. And all these so-called perpetual motion machines, operating on the energy of gravity, and on the energy of water and air, and on the energy of permanent magnets, will not function constantly. Everything comes to an end.

How to make a real perpetual motion machine with your own hands at home from magnets and other energy

When was the first perpetual magnetic engine created? In 1969, the first modern working design of a magnetic motor was produced. The body of such an engine itself was made entirely of wood, and the engine itself was in perfect working order. But there was one problem. The energy itself was only enough to rotate the rotor, since all the magnets were quite weak, and others simply had not been invented at that time. The creator of this design was Michael Brady. He devoted his whole life to developing engines, and finally, in the 90s of the last century, he created a completely new model of a perpetual motion machine based on a magnet, for which he received a patent. Based on this magnetic engine, an electric generator was made, which had a power of 6 kW.

The power device was a magnetic motor that used exclusively permanent magnets.

However, this type of electric generator is not without its certain disadvantages.

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For example, engine speed and power did not depend on any factors, for example, the load that was connected to the electric generator. Next, preparations were underway for the manufacture of an electromagnetic motor, in which, in addition to all permanent magnets, special coils called electromagnets were also used. Such a motor, powered by an electromagnet, could successfully control the force of the torque, as well as the rotor rotation speed itself. Based on the new generation engine, two mini power plants were created. The generator weighs 350 kilograms.
Groups of perpetual motion machines

Magnetic motors and others are divided into two types. The first group of perpetual motion machines does not extract energy from the environment at all (for example, heat). However, at the same time, the physical and chemical properties of the engine still remain unchanged, without using energy other than its own. As mentioned above, precisely such machines simply cannot exist, based on the first law of thermodynamics. Perpetual motion machines of the second type do exactly the opposite. That is, their work is completely dependent on external factors. When working, they extract energy from the environment. By absorbing, say, heat, they convert such energy into mechanical energy. However, such mechanisms cannot exist based on the second law of thermodynamics. Simply put, the first group refers to the so-called natural engines. And the second to physical or artificial engines.

But to which group does a perpetual magnetic motion machine belong? Of course, to the first one. When this mechanism operates, the energy of the external environment is not used at all; on the contrary, the mechanism itself produces the amount of energy that it needs.

Creation of a modern perpetual magnetic engine

What should a real new generation of perpetual magnetic motion machine be like? So, in 1985, the future inventor of the mechanism, Thane Heins, thought about this. He thought about how to significantly improve the power generator using magnets. Thus, by 2006, he finally invented what he had dreamed about for so long. It was this year that something happened that he never expected. While working on his invention, Hines connected the drive shaft of a conventional electric motor together with a rotor containing small round magnets. They were located on the outer rim of the rotor. Hines hoped that while the rotor was spinning, the magnets would pass through a coil made of ordinary wire. This process, according to Hines, should have caused the flow of current. Thus, using all of the above, a real generator should have been obtained. However, the rotor, which was working on the load, gradually had to slow down. And, of course, at the end the rotor had to stop. But Hines had miscalculated something. So, instead of stopping, the rotor began to accelerate to incredible speeds, causing the magnets to fly apart in all directions.

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The impact from the magnets was truly enormous, damaging the walls of the laboratory.
Conducting this experiment, Hines hoped that with this action a special force magnetic field should be established, in which an effect should appear, completely inverse to the EMF. This outcome of the experiment is theoretically correct. This outcome is based on Lenz's law. This law manifests itself physically as the ordinary law of friction in mechanics.

But, alas, the expected outcome of the experiment was beyond the control of the test scientist. The fact is that instead of the result that Hines wanted to get, ordinary magnetic friction turned into the most magnetic acceleration! Thus the first modern perpetual magnetic engine arose. Hines believes that rotating magnets, which form a field using a steel conductive rotor and shaft, act on an electric motor in such a way that electrical energy is converted into completely different, kinetic energy. That is, the back EMF in our particular case accelerates the motor even more, which accordingly causes the rotor to rotate. That is, in this way a process arises that has positive feedback. The inventor himself confirmed this process by replacing only one part. Hines replaced the steel shaft with non-conductive plastic tubing. He made this addition so that acceleration in this installation example would not be possible.

And finally, on January 28, 2008, Hines tested his device at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. What's most amazing is that the device actually worked! However, there was no further news about the creation of a perpetual motion machine. Some scientists are of the opinion that this is just a bluff. However, there are so many people, so many opinions.

It is worth noting that real perpetual motion machines can be found in the Universe without inventing anything on your own. The fact is that such phenomena in astronomy are called white holes. These white holes are the antipodes of black holes, thus they can be sources of infinite energy. Unfortunately, this statement has not been verified, and it exists only theoretically. What can we say if there is a statement that the Universe itself is one big and perpetual motion machine.

Thus, in the article we reflected all the main thoughts about a magnetic motor that can work without stopping. In addition, we learned about its creation and the existence of its modern analogue.

The explanation that the inventor himself tried to make directly in the patent does not explain anything in principle, since it is more aimed at avoiding the accusation of creating a “perpetual motion machine”, because Howard Jones introduces and calls for help the phenomenon of unpaired electrons , which is supposedly observed in magnetic materials. And that it is unpaired electrons that supply energy to this motor.

However, not everything is so simple. For even such an explanation runs counter to the provisions of official science. Therefore, according to official science, the Howard Jones motor operates with an incomprehensible violation of the law of conservation of energy. And official science, as always, acts “wisely” and simply pretends that such a motor does not exist, or that it only works for Howard Jones himself, who knows a secret with which he does not want to share. Meanwhile, Howard Jones provided information about his motor to everyone with a detailed description of all the parts of this motor, and anyone with a head on their shoulders and straight hands can assemble such a motor.. Thanks to Dragons'Lord, we have the opportunity to get acquainted with the patent US 4151431, which Howard Jones received for his motor. The quality of the translation is high, but I think that the translator suffered with the so-called unpaired electrons, about which nothing is written even in official physics textbooks, at least Russian ones. I also don’t agree with Dragons’Lord’s condescending tone that the Howard Jones motor is a toy that violates the law of conservation of energy. A toy based on the competent management of etheric flows is no longer a toy, but an inexhaustible source (generator) of energy obtained from an environment whose capabilities we do not yet fully imagine. Or sometimes we get an idea of ​​it when we get into a car or plane crash, when a rocket falls on our houses, or when someone breaks someone else’s nose. And if anyone thinks that there is no smell of ether here, they are very mistaken.
Below, in green text, is the material for US Patent 4,151,431. I hope that the reader will go through this material in order to subsequently understand that Howard Jones accomplished the same feat that Tesla accomplished by creating a polyphase alternating current motor. Because both types of motors are rotated by a magnetic field. Only with Tesla, the rotating magnetic field is set by the stator coils, and the field drags the rotor along with it. And in the Howard Jones motor, a properly “curved” magnetic field is created initially due to the interaction of the magnets of the rotor (armature) and the stator, and initially it is rigidly connected to the magnets of the rotor (armature), therefore the curvature of the “magnetic” field of the rotor rotates the rotor and rotates with him. The patent itself does not contain the concept of a rotor, but there is an armature that rotates around a stationary stator. And if you understand the principle of “deformation” of the magnetic field, which made it possible to rotate the armature in the Howard Jones motor, then it will become possible to make magnetic motors based on this principle of a variety of designs. And we must also understand that the magnetic field is a specific form of ethereal vortices, in which the differences in ethereal pressure are similar in shape to an Archimedes screw closed on itself, which rotates clockwise when viewed along its course from the north pole to the south outside the magnet and from the south pole to the north pole inside the magnet. But we will discuss this in more detail after we get acquainted with the patent.

The invention is based on the method of using the energy of rotation of unpaired electrons in ferromagnetic and other materials - sources of magnetic fields, to create an energy source without an electron flow, which occurs in normal conductors; and aims to use this method to create permanent magnet motors as energy sources.

In the practice of the invention, the rotation of unpaired electrons occurring in permanent magnets is used to produce motive energy solely through the superconducting characteristics of the permanent magnet, and the magnetic flux created by the magnets orients the magnetic forces so as to produce useful continuous work, such as displacement of the stator relative to rotor.

The location and orientation of the magnetic forces in the rotor and stator components created by the permanent magnets to make the motor operate are made with the proper geometric relationships of these components.

FIELD OF APPLICATION OF THE INVENTION

The invention belongs to the field of permanent magnet devices that use exclusively magnetic fields to create motive energy.

HISTORY OF INVENTION

Conventional electric motors use magnetic forces to produce any rotational or linear motion. Electric motors operate on the principle of generating motive force by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field.

In a conventional electric motor, the rotor, stator, or both, have windings in such a way that the magnetic fields created by the electromagnets create attraction or repulsion between the components, which causes movement.

Conventional electric motors may have permanent magnets in the stator or rotor components, but to create the driving force by the orientation of the magnetic fields, in addition, electromagnets with a switching and process control system must be used.

It is my belief that the full potential of magnetic forces existing in permanent magnets has not been recognized or exploited due to incomplete information and theory regarding the atomic motion occurring in permanent magnets. I believe that, hitherto unrecognized, atomic particles are associated with the movement of electrons of a superconducting electromagnet, and with the lossless flow of Ampere current in permanent magnets.



The flux of unpaired electrons is the same in both situations. This small particle is obviously opposite in charge and at right angles to the moving electron, and this particle may be small enough to penetrate all known elements in their various forms and compositions, unless they have other unpaired electrons to neutralize them .



Ferro electrons are different from most similar elements in that they are not connected, and when disconnected they rotate around the nucleus in such a way that they respond to magnetic fields as well as creating similar fields themselves. If they were connected, their magnetic fields would cancel out. However, being unpaired, they create a measurable magnetic field if their rotations are oriented in the same direction. Rotations are carried out at right angles to their magnetic fields.



In niobium superconductors in a critical state, magnetic field lines cease to be at right angles. This change is due to the presence of certain conditions for spinning unpaired electrons instead of electron flow in a conductor, and the fact that the very powerful electromagnets that can be formed from superconductors illustrates the great advantage of generating magnetic fields by spinning unpaired electrons rather than by ordinary electron flow.



In a superconducting metal, where the electrical resistance becomes greater than the proton resistance, the flux turns into spinning electrons and positive particles flow in parallel, similar to what is found in a permanent magnet, where a powerful stream of magnetic positive particles, or magnetic flux, causes unpaired electrons to spin under right angles.



In cryogenic superconducting states, freezing of the crystals allows continued rotation, and in a permanent magnet, the orientation of the grains of the magnetized material allows parallel flow to continue as a result of these rotations.



In a superconductor, first the electron flows and the positive particle rotates; later, under critical conditions, a change occurs, that is, the electron rotates and the positive particle flows at a right angle. These positive particles will thread or work their way through the rotation of the electrons present in the metal.



In a sense, a permanent magnet can be considered a superconductor at room temperature. It is a superconductor, because the flow of electrons does not stop, and this flow of electrons can do work through the magnetic field that it creates. Previously, this energy source was not used because it was not possible to change the electron flow to perform the functions of switching the magnetic field.



Such switching functions are present in a conventional electric motor, where electric current is used to align a much larger electron flow into the iron poles and concentrate the magnetic field at the desired locations, creating enough thrust to move the motor armature. In a conventional electric motor, such switching is accomplished by brushes, commutators, alternating current, or other known means.

To perform the switching function in a permanent magnet motor, it is necessary to close the magnetic leakage so that it does not become a loss factor. The best method to accomplish this is to use the magnetic flux of a superconductor and concentrate it in a place where it will be most effective.



Timing and switching can be achieved by flux concentration and the use of proper motor rotor and stator geometry to achieve the most efficient use of the magnetic fields created by spinning electrons. By the proper combination of materials, geometry and magnetic concentration it is possible to achieve a high ratio mechanical device greater than 100 to 1, capable of generating a continuous motive force.



As far as I know, previous work related to permanent magnets and propulsion devices using them have not achieved the desired success in practice, but with the right combination of materials, geometry and magnetic concentration, the presence of magnetic rotations in permanent magnets can be used as a motive force.



DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION



The purpose of the invention is to use the phenomenon of rotation of unpaired electrons found in ferromagnetic material to produce mass movement in a certain direction, which will make it possible to create a motor operating entirely on permanent magnets. In the practice of inventive concepts, motors of any linear or rotary type can be created.



The purpose of the invention is to provide the proper combination of materials, geometry and magnetic concentration to utilize the force generated by the rotation of unpaired electrons existing in permanent magnets as a source of energy.



Whether the motor is intended for the linear version or the rotary version, in each case the stator may consist of a plurality of permanent magnets mounted relative to each other in a spatial relationship to determine what form of motion the motor is intended for.



The armature magnets are positioned in spatial relation to the stator magnets so that there is an air gap. The length of the armature magnets is determined by the poles of opposite polarity, and is positioned relative to the track defined by the stator magnets in the direction of the armature magnet's path, as displaced by magnetic forces.



The stator magnets are installed so that the poles of the same polarity are located to the armature magnets and since the armature magnets have poles that either attract or repel, both attractive and repulsive forces act on the armature magnets creating a relative displacement between the armature and the stator magnets.



The driving force producing displacement between the armature and the stator magnets depends on the ratio of the lengths of the armature magnets in the direction of its path of movement, as well as related to the dimensions of the stator magnets, and on the interval in the direction of the path of movement of the armature magnets.



This ratio of magnets and magnet spacing, and with an acceptable air gap between the stator and armature magnets, creates a net force that displaces the armature magnets relative to the stator magnets along their path of motion.



The movement of the armature magnets relative to the stator magnets is the result of the interaction of attractive and repulsive forces existing between the stator and armature magnets.



By concentrating the magnetic fields of the stator magnets and the armature, the driving force applied to the armature is strengthened, and thus the concentration of the magnetic field is revealed.



Magnetic concentration means include plates of high magnetic permeability material located adjacent to one side of the stator magnets. This high permeability material is thus positioned adjacent to the poles of similar polarity of the stator magnets.



The magnetic field of the armature magnets can be concentrated and oriented by bending the armature magnets, and the magnetic field can be further concentrated by shaping the pole ends of the armature magnets to concentrate the magnetic field on a relatively limited surface at the pole ends of the armature magnets.



It is preferable to use several armature magnets, offset relative to each other in the direction of movement of the armature magnets. This displacement distributes the force impulses applied to the armature magnets and, as a result, there is a smoother application of forces, as well as a smoother movement of the armature components.



In the rotary design of a permanent magnet motor, the stator magnets form a circle, and the armature magnets rotate relative to them. The operating elements are so arranged as to create a relative axial displacement between the stator and the armature magnets, which allows the axial alignment of this to be adjusted, and thus the magnitude of the magnetic forces applied to the armature magnets. Thus, the rotation speed of the rotary version can be adjusted.

I hope that the reader understands the essence of the Howard Jones patent. But most importantly, I noticed that the magnets of the armature (rotor) are “repelled” from the magnetic field of the stator and move in the direction from the south pole to the north, provided that the stator magnets are turned towards them with the north pole. He also noted that changing the polarity of only the stator magnets or rotor (armature) magnets leads to a change in the direction of rotation. We will try to understand why this is so based on ethereal representations. Although it is not entirely correct to say that armature magnets are repelled by a magnetic field. It is more correct to assume that due to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the stator magnets and the armature in the area of ​​the north pole of the armature magnet, the air pressure (magnetic field strength) decreases, and in the area of ​​the south pole of the armature magnet, the air pressure (magnetic field strength) increases, and this leads to that under the influence of a difference in ether pressure, the reinforcement magnet begins to move, dragging the reinforcement with it. By the way, magnetoplanes could fly on this principle in the magnetic field of the Earth or the magnetic field of the Sun, if it were possible to create magnets or electromagnets with sufficiently high levels of the magnetic field intensity created in them.



The entire Universe surrounding any person (observer), and the person himself, is ether in a variety of phase states and manifestations. The world is ether, under high pressure and in constant motion. The world is streams and vortices of ether. The world is the vast spaces between galaxies, filled with solid ether, the particles of which oscillate like those of atoms in crystals of matter. Each galaxy, including our Galaxy (the Milky Way or the Milk Trail of a celestial cow), is ether, predominantly in a liquid state, in which clusters of matter float as peculiar slivers (foam, steam) - stars, planets and their satellites, asteroids , interstellar dust and gas clusters, mainly hydrogen. You can even consider the substance a kind of foam of liquid ether, but a special foam, for example, like polystyrene foam, which, being foam, has high rigidity due to its cellular structure and the peculiarities of its manufacturing technology. In addition to the three main phase states, ether can also be in intermediate states, in the form of a kind of jellied meat as an intermediate form between the crystalline and liquid forms, and in the form of a structureless unstable vapor, ready for crystallization, transformation into a liquid or substance. Everything depends on the state of the surrounding ether.



In the crystalline ether there are practically no flows and vortices, but there are vibrations between particles of the ether and waves propagating through it from sources, which are processes in galaxies, stars, planets, etc. The liquid ether and its foam (substance) can move freely through the crystalline ether, since there is practically no friction between its particles, and the particles themselves are in constant vibration, due to which the crystalline ether behaves like quicksand. In addition, the introduction of a liquid ether or substance into the crystalline ether leads to a kind of melting of the crystalline ether around the flow of liquid ether and thereby creates a certain surface layer in which the liquid ether and particles of the crystalline ether (ether emulsion) are mixed, and this layer acts as a kind of bearing , relying on which the liquid ether penetrates into the thickness of the crystalline ether, encountering virtually no resistance.



Liquid ether behaves almost like an ideal liquid, but with a very high density, and only when the flows of liquid ether and its foam (substance) collide, a slight viscosity occurs, which allows the substance to rotate and move in flows in the liquid ether on one side, as well as behind Due to this viscosity, the substance can involve the liquid ether in rotation, i.e. a substance, when interacting with liquid ether, is capable of generating a substance from liquid ether. That is, the Universe that we can observe is also an emulsion, but an emulsion of liquid and vapor (gas). But liquid ether can also influence a substance in such a way that the substance disintegrates and the foam (steam) of the liquid ether again becomes liquid ether. It is the rotation of the liquid ether that gives rise to such phenomena as gravitational, electrostatic and magnetic fields. But more on that later.



Etheric foam (ethereal foam) is a collection of ethereal vortices, which, due to their high rotational energy, lead to the fact that inside the ethereal vortices, and the vortices themselves, are ethereal vapor. Since the rotation speed of the walls of the ethereal vapor vortices is very high, the walls of these vortices are very rigid compared to the “rigidity” of the liquid and solid ether. Thanks to this, the etheric structures of the substance can exist for a long time, from seconds to billions of years, with little friction against the liquid ether. Depending on how the vortices are twisted in the foam (foam, vapor) of the ether, the substance can also exist in a solid, liquid and gaseous state. And if we can only guess about the diversity, for example, of liquid forms of ether, then about the diversity of atoms, molecules, etc. we already know very well, because to interact with this form of matter we have developed sensory organs or we have already created an abundance of devices - a microscope, a telescope, an electron microscope, electromagnetic, electrostatic and magnetic sensors, a dosimeter for measuring dangerous radiation, chemical test kits and much more.



Ultra-fast, on the one hand, and ultra-small, on the other hand, ether vortices tend to interact with each other, which leads to the fact that molecules are created from atoms, and larger formations, such as mountains and oceans, are created from molecules. The accumulation of matter of various kinds gives rise to planets, stars and galaxies. But in any case, the vortices, from which, one way or another, material composites are built, are surrounded by liquid ether, which plays the role of a medium in which all material manifestations known to us take place, liquid ether acts as a lubricant for matter, creates a boundary between accumulations of matter, serves as a medium , within which material formations exchange matter, energy and information with each other. Liquid ether itself can create powerful flows, into which it involves accumulations and flows of matter. It is the vortex of liquid ether that forms the Galaxy itself; it is liquid ether, at least for us, being under high pressure, due to its ability to interact with matter, that is a source of energy. And the medium in which the substance “dissolves” condenses after it has consumed the rotational energy of its elementary vortices.



Several assumptions about the nature of the pressure under which at least the liquid ether is located. This may, firstly, be the surface tension of the drop of liquid ether in which we exist. This drop is enormous in size, hundreds and millions of light years away. The second source of pressure is the substance itself, which is vapor for the liquid ether. As is known, when a liquid transforms into vapor, the volume occupied by the liquid increases approximately 1000 times. And if at least 0.1% of the liquid ether turns into steam (foam, foam), then the volume of such a substance will be comparable to the remaining liquid ether. In general, the volume of the mixture of liquid ether and its vapor will increase by 2 times. Or the pressure in the volume that was occupied by the liquid ether before its insignificant part (0.1%) turned into steam will increase by 2 times. And taking into account the incompressibility of liquid ether, the pressure increase can be much higher. And, most likely, ether in the form of a substance exists in a much smaller “volume”, no more than 0.001%. Then the substance will no longer occupy 50% of the volume, but only 1%. This is already closer to real figures, although a more correct relationship between the volume of matter and liquid ether can be assessed by comparing the volume of stars with the volume of the space in which these stars form our Galaxy. It is also necessary to take into account that part of the volume inside the substance is occupied by liquid ether, although its share decreases from gases to heavy metals.



Apparently, all the arguments of theoreticians about dark matter and energy can be connected with this. We see matter, we can measure it, etc. But we cannot directly perceive liquid, and especially crystalline ether, except for some unique ones. But 99.9% or more of matter, which can give rise to anything, is already very serious. And it’s time to stop wasting people’s money and writing dissertations that no one needs in order to substantiate Einstein’s SRT and GTR or to find the non-existent Higgs particle. Otherwise, we will never understand why one fine day a wave or a whirlwind of an ethereal tsunami will destroy our beautiful world. Blind people who do not see 99.9% of matter, much less recognize its existence, cannot be our guides.



From an ethereal perspective, it is easy to explain such a phenomenon as supernova explosions. This is only an assumption for now, but I admit that after the matter of the star uses up its energy resource, when all the vortices in the star begin to crumble and turn into liquid ether, this will be equivalent to the collapse of a cavitation bubble. But in this case, such a cavitation bubble will be a star, in which the condensation of ethereal vapor into liquid ether will occur. The volume of the star will immediately decrease by 1000 times. And if the speed of collapse is high, then the star, having collapsed, will give rise to a sharp drop in ether pressure in the volume and center of the already dead star. The liquid ether surrounding the star will rush to where this star has just been. And there will be a monstrous ether-dynamic impact, the power of which, most likely, will be able to give birth not only to a new star, but also to form matter for a new galaxy. Because according to the law of interference, in the very center of the former star, the pressure of shock waves directed from all sides will be summed up, but the energy that will generate a response will be proportional to the square of the total amplitude of the final shock wave. And under the action of this powerful response shock wave of the liquid ether, the substance newly created due to the vorticity of the ether involved in the process will scatter in all directions until, under the influence of friction with the flows of the surrounding liquid ether and the masses of the crystalline ether, the outgoing etheric flows and flows of matter begin to collapse together with accumulations of matter into a new star system or a young galaxy, into a new sufficiently large vortex. Although you may be unlucky and then the newly formed matter will be dismantled into building materials by nearby star systems and galaxies. So those who believe in the Big Bang theory are partly right when they simulate the situation, but only after the explosion, although they do not understand that there was more than one Big Bang. And first of all, they don’t understand how these explosions happen and why they occur. For the Universe, the explosion of a supernova is equivalent to the rupture of a follicle in the ovary of a woman, releasing an egg in order to give birth, if she is lucky enough to become pregnant, to a new life, because the explosion of a supernova with a high degree of probability will lead to the creation of a new star system, on which, if she is lucky, can form life and mind. And if you’re lucky, the energy of a supernova explosion may be enough to bake a new and beautiful galaxy from the surrounding ether.



Since we are talking about the fact that much in this world is not at all what it seems to us, then we cannot ignore such phenomena as mass and inertia. According to my ideas, if you measure mass by the presence of ether in the occupied body or space ether, then the crystalline ether will be the heaviest, then the liquid ether. Although it is possible that liquid ether may be the heaviest, just as ice turns out to be lighter than water. But the lightest substance in ethereal units will be the substance, since the substance is ether vapor, although swirled into vortices, but vapor, foam and nothing more.



But for our senses and measuring instruments, tuned to our senses and in accordance with our naive ideas about the Universe, it turns out the opposite - matter is heavier than ether. And among substances, metals are heavier than gases, although from an ethereal point of view, gas is a slightly vortexed liquid ether with a small number of vortices, and metal is a space almost completely filled with a huge number of vortices of gaseous ether, and therefore practically does not contain liquid ether. Why does it seem like this to us?



And it seems so to us because we are accustomed to trusting our senses, which indicate to us that the movement of a metal with acceleration in an ethereal environment will cause more noticeable resistance from the liquid and crystalline ether than the movement of the same volume of gas, which is practically liquid ether and filled. Therefore, the same volume of metal seems heavier to us than a volume of gas. The same applies to weight. For the same volume of metal will be pressed against the Earth more strongly than the same volume of gas. For ether passes freely through gas, but through the interlacing of vortices of its own foam, liquid ether is forced to pass with enormous resistance. Hence the difference in weight in the “gravity field” of the Earth of metal and gas, which occupy the same volumes.



Therefore, taking into account these factors that led to the current false ideas, the mass of material bodies should be calculated as the product of the volume of the substance and the difference in the densities of the ether outside and inside this volume of the substance. Therefore, future researchers will have to seriously rack their brains both over the definition of what the density of the ether is, and over the methods of measuring it in crystalline and liquid ether, as well as in various versions of the substance, ethereal foam. If you follow the formula, then crystalline or liquid ether does not have such a parameter as mass in the modern sense, because acceleration when a substance collides with the ether occurs in material bodies, but we simply do not know how the ether itself behaves, because there are no methods for registering what is happening We don’t have it on air yet, except in some cases. Or we will have to consider the mass of any volume of crystalline and liquid ether equal to zero, which will explain many oddities in our world. In short, physics needs an ethereal revolution, which in terms of consequences will be more significant than the revolution that Nicolas Copernicus made in astronomy.



Let's return to the so-called gravitational, magnetic and electrostatic fields. All these are specially shaped flows in the liquid ether outside of material bodies or in the liquid phase of ether inside material bodies.



The gravitational interaction between material bodies will become understandable if we imagine ethereal flows and vortices, primarily liquid ether, from which, in fact, galaxies or star systems are formed. To an observer, for example, sitting on the Earth, it seems that the Sun attracts the Earth, and the Earth attracts the Sun. And even a formula for the “attraction” between the Sun and the Earth can be created, which is known to everyone. But this is an illusion. In reality, both the Sun and the Earth are parts of a giant ethereal vortex, more precisely, ping-pong balls in the flows of a vortex of liquid ether, the diameter of which is several tens of astronomical units, in which, along with liquid ether, there is a high proportion of vaporous ether (matter) swirling in its vortices. And the laws of rotation of such a vortex are such that in this flow the substance present in it in the form of the Sun, planets, asteroids and comets are pressed against each other by the flow of liquid ether. That is, the situation is such that material formations are “pressed” by liquid ether against each other, therefore the cause of “gravity” manifests itself in time earlier than the movement that characterizes the very fact of “attraction”. Therefore, it seems that the speed of gravitational interaction is infinitely large. For, what can be the speed of interaction between material bodies if this interaction is essentially the bodies themselves and is not regulated, determined or controlled. Any planet floats in space and describes its ellipses at the will of the waves of liquid ether and nothing more. Well, the chain floats in a stormy rotating flow, and let it think that it is it that is attracted to the center of this vortex. This way it’s somehow calmer, otherwise we’ll have to look for an explanation in some Divine power; we don’t see or don’t recognize the ether.



We talk about electrostatics when we observe the interaction of so-called charges. The phenomenon itself manifests itself during friction, for example, of glass and silk, amber and wool. This leads to the fact that worn glass or worn amber begin to attract charged bodies of a different polarity, or induce the creation of opposite charges on uncharged bodies and attract them. From an ethereal standpoint this is the case. Let us assume that the elementary charge is a vortex. And if the atom is twisted clockwise, then it is a positive charge, if counterclockwise, then it is negative. In an uncharged body, atoms are twisted into vortices, half of which rotate in one direction and half in the other; vortices twisted in different directions form sparks, which under normal conditions seem to automatically ensure that the charge of the body is neutral. But as soon as you rub the body, some of the vortices break up and partially pass from one body to another. An excess of vortices of one direction of rotation is created in the body. Let it be vortices with clockwise rotation. The body will acquire a positive charge. Unpaired “positive” vortices will be pushed by paired vortices onto the surface of the body, and on the surface, in accordance with the principle of least action, these vortices will be evenly distributed, naturally, taking into account the radius of curvature of the body surface, the vortices are distributed only on convex parts of the body and the density of vortices is higher there , where the radius of curvature of the body surface is smaller.



An unpaired vortex squeezed out (or created) onto the surface of a body during rotation will, due to friction, involve the liquid ether adjacent to the body into rotation, causing it to form a vortex. The vortex flow that arises in the liquid ether will resemble a mushroom with a large cap on a thin stalk. The radius of the “cap” of such a vortex will be proportional to the square of the distance from the “center” of the charged body, therefore the “tension” in such a vortex will fall inversely proportional to the square of the distance (radius) from the center of the charged body. If now in space, or rather in the same liquid ether, two such vortices meet, they will begin to interact. Vortexes from “charges” with different signs will “twist” into each other, and vortices from charges of the same sign will “twist out of each other.” Where the vortex flows will twist into each other, the ether pressure will decrease, and where the flows will “unscrew”, the ether pressure will increase. As a result of this interaction, the liquid ether surrounding the charges will, in the first case, press the charges against each other, and in the second case, the “ether cushion” with increased pressure in it will push the charges apart. And the force of interaction between charges will be directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.



The attentive reader noticed that nowhere is there any talk about electrons as a unique unit of electricity. There is no need for this yet. But the fact that electric charges consist of certain units suggests that there is a deep meaning in this, the world of the ether is structured that way, that the unit of vortex motion is a certain standard parameter, as a reflection of patterns that are still unknown to us. And from the standpoint of the ethereal theory, there may not be an electron as such, but there is some kind of ethereal vortex surrounding the total vortex of the atom, and which, depending on the circumstances, can take on a variety of forms as variants of a three-dimensional Lissajous figure, some kind of standing ethereal wave from ethereal foam ( ethereal vapor), as a reaction to vibrations of nucleons or external influence on the atom itself. And this ethereal vortex surrounding an atom or molecule in many cases is the carrier of so-called thermal energy. And the larger such a “coat” an atom or molecule has, the more thermal energy can be removed from such an atom or molecule if a way is found to combine such an atom or molecule with another and as a result, the new connection will force the original atoms or molecules to shed the ethereal coat as interfering this association. To create such a coat, you need to take energy somewhere, and when the ethereal coat disappears (destructs), as a variant of the condensation of ether vapor into liquid ether, energy will be released.



For example, a hydrogen or oxygen atom is surrounded by an ethereal coat. But when two hydrogen atoms create a hydrogen molecule, they turn towards each other so that the direction of rotation of their vortices is opposite, i.e., an electrically neutral pair of vortices is created. Therefore, the extra ethereal coat will be discarded as unnecessary. And the appearance of this fur coat in the surrounding space will be perceived as an increase in temperature. Also with oxygen, when it enters into an oxidation reaction, for example, with carbon. As a result, an electrically neutral molecule is created, which no longer needs a compensatory ethereal coat; the ether discarded from oxygen and carbon is used to heat and illuminate the surrounding space. This is how gas, gasoline and all types of hydrocarbons burn, which in addition to carbon contain a lot of hydrogen. And when 2 hydrogen atoms meet an oxygen atom, they all throw off their extra protective compensating ethereal shell, releasing enormous energy in the form of light and thermal radiation. Thank God it is so, that there is no gamma radiation or atomic transformations with the release of protons and neutrons. It is on these principles that it is possible to create an energy source that operates, for example, exclusively on water, which will be used in a closed cycle. It is only important to correctly calculate where the atoms will be able to acquire an ethereal coat due to the ether of the surrounding space, and at what stage this ethereal coat can be usefully removed. This is the “Golden Fleece”. We also need to check which Golden Fleece the Argonauts under the leadership of Jason actually went after. Maybe they were sent for some kind of alternative energy generator? There's a lot to think about.


Now let's see what a magnetic field is. The so-called magnetic field is also a vortex in the liquid ether, but the peculiarity of such a vortex is that it is no longer created by a single charge, but due to the influence of the electrostatic field of moving charges on the liquid ether. We most often observe a magnetic field in permanent magnets. This field has a part located inside the magnet and a part outside. Inside a magnet, a magnetic vortex is created by the coordinated rotation of the atoms of the magnet or the electron shells of the atoms of the magnet. Ampere called such rotations elementary currents. Due to the synchronous rotation of part of the atoms of the magnet, which coordinately form an etheric pump, flows of liquid ether are formed in the volume of the magnet, first from the liquid ether that is in the magnet as a substance, and then the magnet is sucked in from one pole (south) and thrown out from another (northern) liquid ether of the surrounding space. And from the moment closed magnetic lines of force are formed, similar to an Archimedes screw, we can assume that the magnetic field does not belong to the magnet. But this is only if we rotate the magnet around the axis of symmetry. But as soon as we rotate the magnet around a different axis, the position of the magnetic field of the magnet will change accordingly. Magnetic force lines in the form of “Archimedes screws”, but built from liquid ether, are closed on themselves. And such a field is created by the coordinated rotation of Ampere currents, which drive the liquid ether through themselves, while the ether is twisted clockwise. So, in fact, charges that rotate the liquid ether exist, but they are located inside the magnet. And this is probably why Howard Jones called such currents unpaired electrons, correctly defining the nature of the rotation of the magnetic field inside a magnet as a result of the rotation of closed currents or internal unpaired charges. One can even assume that internal unpaired charges are a proprietary feature of the magnet. Since, having arisen, such charges cannot, for some reason, migrate to the surface of the magnet, and cannot simply disappear. We also need to remember how permanent magnets are created. And they are created under the influence of a powerful electromagnetic pulse on a magnetic workpiece, which possibly separates atomic sparks (twin atomic vortices rotating in different directions) and throws some of them outside the magnet. The remaining unpaired atomic vortices get stuck and fixed inside the magnet in a position determined by the direction of the electromagnetic pulse. And they immediately begin to pump ether from one end of the magnet to the other. And they will do this until another powerful reason re-magnetizes the magnet or completely deprives it of its magnetic properties. And apparently in the latter case, the unpaired vortices inside the magnet will be supplemented by vortices with the opposite direction of rotation and the so-called Ampere currents will cease to exist.



There is a very close connection between the movement of liquid ether inside a permanent magnet and the movement of direct current in a conductor. Only in the first case, the circulation of the liquid ether is created by unpaired vortices, created earlier with the help of an electromagnetic pulse, and the movement of the liquid ether as a direct current is ensured by the dynamically arising and disappearing unpaired vortices under the action of a difference in ether pressure, which in electrical engineering is called voltage, on the conductor. The greater the voltage, the more paired vortices are destroyed and unpaired vortices are formed, driving the ether from plus to minus. The mechanism of destruction of paired vortices is associated with the removal from part of the atoms of a certain ethereal shell, a certain ethereal vortex, which is weakly connected with the nuclei of the atoms. The vortex removed and moving from atom to atom is called an electron and is associated with the presence of an electric current. So they write, electric current is the ordered movement of electrons. But in fact, the movement of electrons is a consequence of the passage of a powerful flow of liquid ether through the conductor, supported by voltage at the ends of the conductor. And if the conductor is copper, then after the current is removed, the movement of liquid ether along such a conductor stops, and the destroyed vortices again form electrically neutral pairs of vortices. But if the conductor is iron or steel, or in short a ferromagnet, then such a conductor will have residual magnetization after removing the voltage. Those. By passing an electric current through an iron wire, you can get a permanent magnet. This fact was noted in his work “Magnetic Flux” by Ed Leedskalnin, the architect and sole builder of the Coral Castle, in which the total weight of coral limestone blocks is 1100 tons, and the largest blocks weigh up to 50 tons, and Ed Leedskalnin coped with such blocks alone without outside help and even managed to drill perfect holes in them over three meters long.



When an electric current is passed through a conductor, the rotation of the liquid ether flows in it leads to the liquid ether adjacent to the conductor being drawn into rotation and thus creating the so-called magnetic field of the current-carrying conductor. This field is cylindrical and rotates in the same direction as the flow of ether in the conductor, therefore, a conductor with current placed in a magnetic field interacts with this current through the interaction of magnetic fields. The magnetic field of a conductor with current is a kind of spiral wound on a cylinder, or rather many spirals with different radii, and if such a magnetic spiral is placed in a uniform magnetic field, then the magnetic field of the conductor with current, together with the conductor itself, is pushed out of the field or moves in it under the action of a force whose origin is associated with the Magnus effect. Thus, using the example of a conductor with current, we are convinced of the importance of the Magnus effect.

But Ed Liskalnin also noted that there is no difference between electric current and magnetic flux inside a permanent magnet. The material agent that moves in a conductor with current and along (inside) a permanent magnet is the same material substance - liquid ether, twisted into a spiral with a clockwise direction of rotation. So, from an etheric position, one can easily say what an electric current is, and that the difference between a magnetic flux and an electric current lies only in the mechanism for creating the etheric flow.



If a permanent magnet has axial symmetry, then the magnetic flux, leaving the north pole, where the ether pressure will be increased, will begin to move to the south pole, where the ether pressure will be lowered. In general, a toroidal axisymmetric magnetic field will arise inside and outside the magnet. And even if we place such a magnet in a uniform magnetic field of another more powerful magnet, then such magnets, or rather their magnetic fields, will not interact in such a way that forces are created that can move the magnet in the magnetic field of a stronger magnet. For as much ether will pass per unit time inside the magnet, the same amount of ether will move in the opposite direction, but around the magnet. And such a magnet will not rotate around its axis for the same reason, because the moment of rotation of the ether inside the magnet is equal to the moment of rotation of the ether outside the magnet, but with the opposite sign.



In order to create conditions for the interaction of magnetic flows (magnetic fields), it is necessary to understand that for flows of liquid ether the same laws are valid that flows of the same water are subject to, only the parameters of liquid ether are different, as a practically incompressible liquid, capable of vaporization under certain conditions, i.e., cavitation. For the ether, a cavitation bubble, and even one swirling to speeds at the level of the speed of light and higher, is matter. And therefore, as long as the parameters of the electrostatic or magnetic field are such that the ether does not turn into vapor, there is no danger of the liquid ether turning into a substance. And, conversely, with certain parameters of the vortices in the liquid ether, conditions are created under which the swirling ethereal vapor will condense and this will lead to a sudden transformation of the substance into liquid ether, which for an observer will look like the evaporation of the substance into nowhere. But in this article we do not need to consider these two extreme cases. We will assume that the magnetic field does not disrupt the structure of the magnet, and the magnet does not change the phase state of the liquid ether flowing through it.


In order to be able to control the magnetic flux of a permanent magnet, it is necessary to give the magnet a shape in which the magnetic flux would predominantly close into a ring. And to do this, a straight magnet must be bent, for example, as Howard Jones did, using boomerang-shaped magnets for the rotor (armature) of his motor.

I would like to note how Howard Jones solved the problem of protecting the motor from resonance. Although it seems to be solving a different problem. He wanted to ensure smooth running of the rotor of his motor. To do this, he placed the stator magnets with unequal spaces between them. The magnets on the rotor (armature) had different lengths and were slightly offset relative to each other. All these measures, indeed, smoothed the stroke of the rotor (valve), but at the same time this ensured that, at almost no speed of rotation of the rotor (valve), beats could occur that could destroy the motor. This is another plus for Howard Jones as an inventor and designer. Not every inventor thinks about such mundane problems.



Now you can finish the article. I think that I was able to convey the basic principles of my understanding of the ether as the only world medium, which fills all the space accessible to our gaze, and which is this very space, and from which all the diversity of matter, as a form of matter, consists. There is nothing in the world except ether, its crystals, liquid flows and vortexes, in which both liquid ether and its vapor participate. And what we call weak and strong interaction: gravity, electromagnetism and nuclear interaction forces - all this can be easily modeled literally on your fingers, if you rely on ethereal principles. All so-called fields are a reflection of the pressure distribution in the ether during certain types of interaction. And by changing the pressure of the ether using some methods, it is possible to generate a force to control a process in which completely different laws operate. So the force of gravity can be balanced by magnetic or electrostatic force. The magnetic force can be balanced by the force of gravity or the force of nuclear interaction. It is important to choose the right conditions for generating certain forces. And it is also very important to understand that the so-called law of conservation of energy in the world of the ether is not something that is not observed, this law is observed always and everywhere, you just need to apply it with feeling, sense and arrangement, correctly understanding what kind of environment is involved in the process except for everything known substance.



As an analysis of the patent US 4151431 for the Howard Jones motor showed, this inventor created his motor in full accordance with the provisions of the ether theory. Apparently Howard Jones understood perfectly well why and why he created his motor, he just didn’t want to show the whole truth in the patent, and kept the know-how for himself. Now this secret can be considered revealed. And the author will be glad if this article helps those who dream of assembling a “free” energy generator.

The French Academy of Sciences, which once refused to accept projects for perpetual motion machines, thereby slowed down technical progress, delaying for a long time the emergence of a whole class of amazing mechanisms and technologies. Only a few developments managed to break through this barrier.

One of them is a watch that does not require winding, which, ironically, is now produced in France. The source of energy is fluctuations in air temperature and atmospheric pressure during the day. A special hermetic container “breathes” slightly depending on changes in the environment. These movements are transmitted to the mainspring, winding it. The mechanism is thought out so finely that a change in temperature of just one degree ensures the clock runs for the next two days. If it is in good working order, this mechanism will function exactly as long as the Sun shines and the Earth exists, that is, almost forever.
Perpetual motion machine, perpetuum mobile (lat. perpetuum mobile, literally - perpetual motion), an imaginary machine that, once put into motion, would do work for an unlimited time without borrowing energy from the outside. V. contradicts the law of conservation and transformation of energy (see Energy conservation law) and is not feasible. The ability to operate such a machine indefinitely would mean obtaining energy from nothing. The first projects of V.D. date back to the 13th century. (Villars d'Honnecourt, 1245, England; Pierre de Maricourt, 1269, France). The idea of ​​V. d. gained wide popularity in the 16th and 17th centuries, during the era of the transition to machine production; until the 19th century, the number of V. d. projects . steadily increased. The idea of ​​​​creating V.D. occupied not only self-taught dreamers with little knowledge of the basics of physics, but also some scientists. By the end of the 18th century, due to the futility of centuries-old attempts to implement V.D., the conviction of the impossibility became stronger among scientists its creation, and from 1775 the French Academy of Sciences refused to consider VD projects. In the mid-19th century, with the establishment of the law of conservation of energy, the fundamental impracticability of VD was proven. Despite this, futile attempts to create VD were made by little-informed inventors and in the following time. In many projects, V.D. resort to the action of gravity. An example of such a project is shown in Fig. 1. In such mechanisms, a certain heavy body makes a closed path; when it is lowered, exactly the same amount of work is returned as was expended on raising it. Therefore, such mechanisms can perform work only due to the initial reserve of kinetic energy imparted to them at startup; when this reserve is completely used up, the flow will stop. More complex are VD projects in which mechanical energy is converted into other types of energy (electrical, thermal, etc.). In contrast to mechanical VDs, they are called physical VDs. The design of such VDs is, for example, a combination of an electric motor and an electric machine generator (dynamo). But since no transformations of energy can increase its total quantity, high energy activities of this type are also impracticable. The idea of ​​the impracticability of V. d. often served as the starting point for important scientific conclusions. Thus, S. Stevin in his<Началах равновесия>(1587) considers a chain of 13 balls thrown through a trihedral prism (Fig. 2). If the right side of the two balls were not balanced by the left of the four, the chain would spontaneously go into perpetual motion, which is not actually observed. From here Stevin derived the law of equilibrium of forces on an inclined plane. In addition to the indicated V. d., called V. d. of the 1st kind, they also consider V. d. of the 2nd kind - an imaginary periodically operating machine that would completely convert into work the heat it extracts from surrounding bodies (ocean, atmospheric air or other practically inexhaustible natural sources of heat). However, V. d. of the 2nd kind is also fundamentally unfeasible. Although it does not formally contradict the law of conservation of energy, it is in conflict with the second law of thermodynamics. It should be distinguished from V. d.<мнимые>V.D. - mechanisms that operate using natural energy reserves (solar, nuclear, etc.). Such mechanisms can work for a very long time, but they have nothing in common with the idea of ​​V.D. - Today there are 20 devices operating in the world with an efficiency of 300-500 percent. 20 perpetual motion machines provide more energy than they consume, says Anatoly Akimov, director of the International Institute of Theoretical and Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. - Where do they get it from? From a vacuum. If a vacuum gives rise to elementary particles, then for physics there is not even a question of whether there is energy there. There is, you just need to be able to take it.
The simplest device is that of Professor Potapov, the testing of which I attended at NPO Energia. A vertical pipe through which an electric pump drives water. At first the water is cold. After 40 minutes - 90 degrees, impossible to touch with your hand. But there is no heater in the pipe.
The water rotates in a spiral. Of course, not everything is so simple: it is necessary to calculate the spiral itself, in a certain place to place a divider that turns the water into a straight stream. Result: the electric motor consumes 1 kW of energy. The amount of energy released by water in the form of heat corresponds to 4 kW.
But these are toys. Energy can be released from a vacuum 10E81 times more than from a nucleus, which is the subject of thermonuclear physics. Moreover, if the best minds of humanity are unsuccessfully struggling with the problems of elementary particles, building giant accelerators tens of kilometers in diameter (they cost billions), then the first samples of “perpetual motion machines” are already working.
- Why don’t you sell the patent to industrialists and start mass production?
- The simplest samples are being produced. And then they approached us and offered us money. We, in turn, proposed creating an enterprise with 50:50 shares and starting production. This didn't suit anyone. New technologies are burying almost all the most profitable forms of business. There is a fear that patents will be bought not to be used, but to be shelved.
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) - "The Electric Prometheus", the "forgotten genius" as he was called, also harnessed environmental energy through electrical devices.
“Our task,” Tesla wrote, “is to develop means of obtaining energy from reserves that are eternal and inexhaustible, to develop methods that do not use the consumption and consumption of any “material” media. Now I am absolutely sure that the implementation of this idea will not take a long time. mountains. ? The possibilities for developing this concept, which I am engaged in, lie precisely in using the clean energy of the surrounding space to operate engines anywhere on the planet" (1897).
Tesla also had to “fight off” the omnipotence of the label “perpetual motion machine”!
To understand Nikola Tesla's principles of environmental energy use, it is necessary to return to the historical roots of electrical science. From Franklin's time until the early twentieth century, electricity was thought of as a liquid that flowed through conductors and, like the steam that powers steam engines today, could condense from that medium. The condensers of our day were then literally understood as refrigerators for storing cooled steam in accordance with those views.
Until the latest scientific paradigm shift, physicists believed that all matter consisted of some kind of primordial substance. This primary substance was the ether of Maxwell and Kelvin, which filled the environment.
Regarding temperature, Tesla wrote that “in the light of present knowledge we can liken the electric potential to temperature.” Creating an area of ​​lower temperature in a relatively higher environment means creating a stable lower electrical potential. Relative to the environment, the device that creates this area of ​​low voltage (pressure), relative to the surrounding space, can be considered as a self-cooling device.
In his article in Century magazine, Tesla raises the issue of thermodynamics in a section entitled: "The Possibility of a Self-Sustaining Engine...Motionless, Yet Capable of Extracting Energy from the Environment." Tesla challenges the claim regarding the impossibility of refrigerated machines to be powered by heat derived from this medium with a simple thought experiment. If two metal rods were stretched from the ground into outer space, the temperature difference between the ends of the rods would cause an electric current to flow through them, which could be driven by an electric motor. The result is a device that cools the environment and operates from the heat of this environment.
With this example, Tesla does not refute the Second Law of Thermodynamics, but shows the narrowness of its popular understanding. He does not deny the most basic condition that energy flows from a warm medium to a cold one, from a high state of energy to a low state. What Tesla does show by this is that a good design can make a device work using changes in the movement of energy from a higher energy state to a lower one, without creating a "perpetual motion machine". Those. rational use of natural energy gradients. He began his understanding of free energy precisely from this. Nikola Tesla proposed to use the natural electrical potential gradient of the Earth (US Patent N685958).
Let's consider this issue in more detail. What is meant by the concept of perpetual motion? How is he criticized?
A “perpetual motion machine” is a self-sustaining system (device), i.e. which does not require additional energy from the object launching it for a long time after applying a one-time effort to launch it in order to maintain it.
It is clear that the word “eternal” immediately emotionally cuts off all systems, because we cannot guarantee (support) anything for half a year, not to mention Eternity! Those. this expression is clearly a "swamp". And a thinking person himself can name quite a few examples of this class of devices and systems, from a simple pendulum to the rotation of the Earth and living nature. The second part is energy consumption. Calculation of energy costs is deliberately not considered, or when considered, it is replaced by the law of conservation of energy, forgetting that this is the energy of the system (environment), and not the additional energy of the “launcher”; the key word here is the impossibility of “eternal”.
The second method, “perpetual motion machine” - the impossibility of devices with an efficiency greater than 1, they say, the conservation law is violated.
In this case, there is a balancing act of manipulating the concept of efficiency in the right direction (again replacing the “triggering” with the energy of the environment). Let me remind you that efficiency is a simple technical concept that characterizes the efficiency of a device (system). Efficiency is the ratio of the useful power of a device (Nп) to the expended power (Nз), or in other words, the useful work to the expended work. The key word here is useful, i.e. minimal participation in the processes of the “launching” object, and this is precisely what is forgotten.
Let us give some of the simplest and most obvious examples.
A hydraulic ram is a simple and ingenious water-lifting mechanism. Using minor natural potential gradients - a difference in liquid level (for example, from the slope of a river bed), a hydraulic ram lifts liquid to a height of several tens of meters, without using a motor or additional energy for its work.
The operation of a hydraulic ram is based on the so-called water hammer - a sharp increase (gradient) of pressure in the pipeline, when the flow of water is instantly blocked by a valve. A hydraulic ram works as follows: from a reservoir, under the influence of a natural hydraulic slope (pressure gradient), upon startup, water flows through a pipe into the device and flows out through the baffle valve. The flow speed increases, its pressure increases and reaches a value exceeding the weight of the valve. The valve instantly blocks the flow, and the pressure in the pipeline increases sharply - a water hammer occurs. The increased pressure opens the pressure valve, through which water enters the pressure cap, compressing the air in it. The pressure in the pipeline drops, the pressure valve closes, the pressure valve opens, and the cycle repeats again. The air compressed in the hood drives water through a pressure pipe into the upper reservoir to a height of up to 50 meters.
The first hydraulic ram was built in the city of Saint-Cloud near Paris by brothers Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier in 1796, 13 years after their famous hot air balloon.
As we can see, the principle of operation of a hydraulic ram is simple - obtaining a potential gradient when interacting with an obstacle, while the constant natural pressure gradient (in space) of the reservoir is transformed into a pressure gradient in time, and since the duration of interaction of the flow with the obstacle is very short (water hammer) , then the resulting induced (secondary) pressure gradient in the pulse reaches very large values ​​compared to the primary triggering natural pressure gradient.
So, regulating the time of interaction of the flow with an obstacle - creating short dynamic pulses of interaction, ensuring the formation of very high pressure gradients in the pulse, makes it possible to increase the force of interaction (pressure) many times over, i.e. enhance the power of natural flow. This is exactly what was needed in the competition with energy-consuming technologies - high power devices!
Now we can return to the efficiency of such a device.
If we need to raise water from the river to the height we need, and in our natural channel due to the natural pressure gradient the water flow of the river simply flows out, does it do our useful work for us in raising the water? No!
If we place a hydraulic ram on this stream and it can lift us part of it (Q) to a height (H), we will be able to use this part of the water, for which we do not expend any power (Nз=0), in the required quality, and benefit. In this case, nothing beyond natural happens, all conservation laws work, but we get useful work from useless (or harmful, if it is flooding).
And since the pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of useful power (Nп) to expended power (Nз):

Efficiency=Nп/Nз=rgQH/ Nз=rgQH /0=?
Then its efficiency is much greater than unity and tends to infinity. This indicator is not very informative. And if we consider such a device as a power amplifier, then a more informative indicator would be the ratio of the permissible flow rates of liquid with the pressure provided by the hydraulic ram to the speed of the natural flow. The gain of such a device can reach several tens of times.
With such an unbiased approach to efficiency, you yourself can easily find many more examples around us.
For example, a siphon - a device for pumping water - in order for it to do useful work, you only need to spend work on filling it with water, then it works (does useful work) on its own, without additional intervention. You will immediately remember about the level difference (pressure), but the level difference existed before the siphon was launched and will exist (if the water does not run out) after, but it was a useless factor, not used usefully. Only in a siphon does it allow you to raise the liquid to the required height in order to overcome an obstacle without applying additional power, using only natural power to your advantage.
Or for example, a jet pump, a pendulum, wheel inertia, etc.
Let me remind you once again that if we are talking about efficiency, we should not replace it with conservation laws, as is always done, but see only the usefulness of using the system and its energy capabilities in our own interests.
Systems of this kind can, with a clear conscience, be called free energy devices.
Living Nature makes full use of this energy for its own benefit and is not decreeed by the ban on “perpetual motion”, and scientists from such a ban only throw up their hands in surprise why the cockchafer flies or there is a paradox with fish that develop more power than theoretically possible.
That is, free energy is the rational use of the energy of the system (environment).
So, by regulating the time of interaction of the flow with an obstacle, changing the dynamics of interaction, it is possible to ensure a significant increase and strengthening of the voltage gradient (and therefore power) of the process. If you enhance the natural gradient of the system, then this is already “free” energy, i.e. "eternal" as long as there is a natural voltage gradient, the engine. This principle can be implemented in devices that use, instead of water, any other fluid that has natural flows (voltage gradients in the environment) - air, temperature, electrical, biofield, etc.
So, starting with the use of the natural electrical gradient of the Earth's potential (US Patent N685958), Nikola Tesla, 100 years after the appearance of the hydraulic ram, created its electrical analogue - known as the Tesla transformer (US Patent N1119732).
We know that between different points in the Earth's atmosphere, located at different altitudes, there is a difference in electrical potential. On average, near the earth's surface, the magnitude of the change in potential with height is about 1.3 V/cm. Therefore, Nikola Tesla proposed placing one metal plate as high as possible above the surface of the earth, and burying the second into the ground. By connecting these plates with conductors to opposite plates of the capacitor, the capacitor can be charged. By connecting a spark gap and a primary coil to the capacitor, you can adjust the spark gap so that an electric discharge occurs between its electrodes and a current flows through the coil in one direction, which, after a quick discharge of the capacitor, stops and the capacitor begins to charge again. Process: charge - discharge - current pulse is repeated periodically. If you place a secondary multi-turn coil inside the primary coil, one end of which is connected to a grounded plate, and the other to a spherical electrode (terminal) or load, then the current pulse in the primary coil induces (induces) an amplified electrical pulse of high voltage current in the secondary multi-turn coil.
Having now compared the operation of the Tesla transformer and the hydraulic ram, one can be convinced of their complete analogy:



1. - Discharge valve - shock valve.

2. - The discharge in the arrester is a water hammer.

3. - Secondary coil - pressure manifold.

4. - The constant natural low potential difference between the air electrode and the ground in the primary circuit is converted into a short-term, but high electrical potential in the secondary circuit. Those. again it is obvious, on the basis of the natural free potential difference (pressure gradient), the receipt of a high-power force impulse!