Do I need a hole in the massage table? Massage table: dimensions, dimensions, drawings, purpose, description, types, characteristics and features of use

For effective massage, knowledge and skillful hands not enough. Much depends on the right massage table. Regular table or a couch can of course be used for massage, but a specialized massage table is ideal for this. Many years of engineering work and serious clinical trials have made modern massage tables almost ideal:

• from an ergonomic point of view,
• achieving maximum relaxation in the person being massaged,
• the effect produced during the massage.

There are the following parameters that you need to pay attention to when choosing a massage table.

Table elements

A standard massage table consists of a frame, tabletop, headrest, legs and additional elements.

The frame is made from:

• Become . Such models are very durable, durable and have long term operation.
• Trees. These models are environmentally friendly, reliable and stylish.
• Aluminum These are often portable models of massage tables due to the lightness of the frame. They are reliable, resistant to moisture and mechanical damage.

The standard table top has rectangular shape with a possible narrowing in the middle. Massage tables can have up to three sections. The number of sections is selected based on the procedures and types of massage that will be performed on the table.

1. Single section massage table

A single-section massage table with a monolithic couch can be used for any type of massage. To increase operational capabilities, additional accessories are used. It has an increased load capacity of up to 2 tons. The section is height adjustable.

The two-section table has large functionality. You can massage it in any position - classic on the stomach, reclining, and even add a lymphatic drainage procedure. The first section is motionless. The second section is lifted manually, using a pneumatic spring or an electric motor. Useful for cosmetologists, osteopaths and spa specialists.

The most functional model of all. All three parts of the table can work independently of each other, rise or fall. On this massage table you can perform any procedures related to massage, cosmetology, reflexology, acupuncture and spinal stretching.

Headrests can be stationary or removable, which are attached on one side or at any end. They can have a standard or anatomical shape, which has small cutouts that allow you to rest your head so that your face does not touch the upholstery. When not needed, the cutouts are closed with special plugs. The cutouts are mainly used for collar massage, allowing the person being massaged to completely relax.

The number of legs varies from 4 to 8, where the first 4 are main, and the rest are auxiliary and are used for greater reliability.

Additional elements include:

• side armrests,
• hand shelves,
• U-shaped pillows for adjusting the position of the neck and shoulders,
• cushion for the back, neck, knees or feet,
• shelves for towels, sheets, oils and other massage accessories.

Dimensions

For a comfortable massage for people of different sizes, it is better to choose a wide table, but narrow enough for free access to any part of the body of the person being massaged. In order to choose a suitable massage table in size, you need to come very close to the table and turn around in the lumbar area. In this position, the massage therapist’s shoulders should be aligned parallel to the hips of the person being massaged, and the arms should be parallel to the spine.

Width

The most popular tables are 70 or 76 cm wide. Narrower models are suitable for short people who are uncomfortable working at a massage table standard size. Interesting option models tapering in the middle in the shape of an hourglass. This design will allow you to approach the person being massaged from the side much closer and at the same time will not cause him discomfort due to the fairly wide ends of the table.

Length

The standard length of the massage table is 185 cm. Suitable for most people. Therefore, it is recommended for a beauty salon to use just such a table. Models with a special hole for the face extend the size of any table by 20 cm. Therefore, a standard massage table of this type will be 205 cm long.

What else is important to know about choosing the length of the massage table? A table that is too short will create discomfort for the person being massaged, but will allow you to save on the width of the table, which will be convenient for an energetic and active massage therapist. A table that is too long will only complicate the massage process.

Adjustable height

Most modern massage tables have height adjustment. For comfortable work It is better to choose a table with adjustment within 60-80 cm. It is also important to pay attention to the time to adjust the desired height. This process should not exceed 3 minutes. There are 2 types of mechanisms for height adjustment:

• Telescopic leg adjustment system. It can be found in aluminum massage tables. Externally, this mechanism is similar to the devices used in medical crutches. Changing the height with this mechanism is very simple, just press a special button and fix the table at the desired height.
• Screw-down buttons on legs. With this mechanism, setting the desired height takes a little longer than the previous one, but no more than two minutes. Depending on the price, a massage table can have either one or 2 buttons, which must first be unscrewed to set the desired height, and then screwed in to secure the height.

Weight

It is best to choose the weight of the massage table based on its future use. It is better for a massage therapist to go for a massage session together with his table based on a weight of 10 to 20 kg. It is also desirable that the table design be foldable for more convenient transportation. Similar models They are more expensive than regular wooden tables because they are made of aluminum. If the table is too heavy for the user, you can use a special stroller for transportation. If the table is not planned to be carried and transported, then the weight of the table does not play a special role.

Payload

The weight that the massage table can support on the surface and on individual parts must be selected several times over. The maximum weight of the massaged person combined with the efforts of the massage therapist should not exceed 1/3 of the payload value. Otherwise, quick breakdown of the table is guaranteed.

Filler thickness

The thicker the filler, the longer the massage table will last and will not become thinner over time. This indicator also affects the level of comfort of the person being massaged during the massage. The filler used is polyurethane, foam rubber or a mixed type with a thickness of 5-7 cm. Any option must be durable and have good shock-absorbing properties.

Upholstery of a massage table

Today, upholstery does not play a role when choosing a massage table. Many people prefer to use separate, replaceable covers that can be easily removed and washed. Typically, the upholstery for a massage table is made of artificial leather:

1. Vinyl upholstery.

A very popular and frequently used synthetic leatherette. In terms of its qualities, it is strong, durable, resistant to water and oils. Its main disadvantage is that it wears out quickly with frequent use.

2. Polyurethane upholstery.

In terms of characteristics and properties, it is more similar to real leather than other synthetic materials. It feels soft and pleasant to the touch. The quality is very durable. The downside is low resistance to water and oils, which, if they get on the upholstery, will quickly damage it.

3. Arpatek.

This is premium material. Used for upholstery of expensive models. Very hygienic. Just like natural leather, it cannot accumulate pathogenic surfaces on its surface, because... the structure of the material is not porous and has no microcracks.

The basic requirements for coating materials are that they must be:

• durable,
• resistant to abrasion and mechanical damage,
• pleasant to the touch,
• beautiful,
• not requiring special care.

Drive unit

The presence of a pneumatic spring or hydraulic drive will simplify setting up the table and help you change the height of the table directly during the massage, which will increase the wear life of the legs. When choosing a massage table, it is important to consider that an electric motor increases the cost of the table by 50%.

Cable system

It is recommended to choose portable massage tables with this system, which is also known as a tensor cable system. It is needed to give greater stability and reliability to folding massage tables, fixing the legs and preventing possible movement of the table forward or backward.

Guarantee

When purchasing a massage table, make sure you get a brand name guarantee for a period for at least 1 year. Some manufacturers provide a guarantee up to 36 months.

It is important to know that massage tables, as a rule, are not subject to exchange or return. An exchange of a model or a refund of money paid is possible only within 14 days from the date of purchase of the product and only if the examination proves that the manufacturer or seller is to blame for the defects.

Features of choosing a folding portable table

The portable table is intended for visiting specialists (massage therapists, cosmetologists, chiropractors, osteopaths, hair removal specialists), because an unprofessional surface is contraindicated for massage. Not only will the massage be ineffective, but problems with the spine and lower back of the person being massaged may also arise. Portable tables fold into a suitcase, are conveniently carried and placed in the trunk of a car.

When choosing a folding table, you need to make sure:

• that it simply unfolds into a working position;
• stable, motionless and reliable in the open position;
• withstands the necessary load (weight of the person being massaged and the massage therapist);
• easily adjustable in height from 65 to 90 cm;
• width table no less 60 cm. and no more 70 cm.
• height the table is 180-190 cm.
• easy to transport.

Weight

Weight folding table should not exceed 15 kg. The weight of a folding massage table depends on the material from which it is made:

• A carbon fiber table weighs approx. 7 kg.
• The duralumin table weighs approx. 10 kg.
• The steel table weighs approx. 20 kg.

Additional accessories

Depending on the configuration, the folding table may have additional accessories:

• headrest (should be easily attached to the table and the angle of inclination can be adjusted);
• armrests;
• roller;
• face holes;
• protective caps on the legs (to prevent possible damage to the floor covering).

Sections in folding massage tables

U portable massage tables can have no more than two sections: main And lifting. The table folding parts and accessories are not sections.

How long has the art of massage existed? Probably, back in the Stone Age, some healer in a fox skin (earned it!) kneaded the backs of his fellow tribesmen. Have you also mastered basic manipulations and even received your massage therapist qualifications? It's time to go out new level, Earn Money! It is true that patients of the twenty-first century want to undergo procedures in comfortable conditions. It’s too early for a beginner to buy expensive equipment, but making a massage table with your own hands is just right. It is better if it is foldable: most sufferers will have to go to their homes.

We offer instructions for making such a massage table

• The main requirement for a massage table is that a person of any size should be able to easily sit on it. The massage therapist also needs free “access to the body” so that the corners of the structure do not rest against his stomach when working.
• The massage table must be strong and withstand a minimum load of up to 250 kg. Specialists know what efforts need to be made for the treatment to be effective - the weak design will not withstand a couple of sessions. By the way, patient safety should also be remembered. The table frame is usually made of lightweight metal or hardwood. The average weight of the product is about 15-20 kg.
• The stock must be ergonomic. If the patient is in an uncomfortable position and tense, then the procedures will not be of much use. Women still often, instead of relaxing, think about how not to ruin their makeup. Therefore, a cutout for the face in this situation is not a whim, but an urgent necessity.
• The quality of the filler is of great importance. The best option in our case we will use high-density foam rubber or polyurethane. Mixed filler gives good results.

Organizational stage of work

The model you see in the picture seems complicated at first glance. In fact, the design is simple, reliable, and also easily folds and fits in the trunk of a car.

Materials for making a massage table

• Sanded plywood with dimensions 9x600x900 mm - 2 sheets.
• Beam for legs 20x50 mm – 18 linear meters.
• Foam rubber 50x600x900 mm – 2 sheets.
• Beautiful artificial leather 1100x2100 mm.
• Piano hinges 18x50 mm – 14 pcs.
• Screws 15 mm long.
• Self-tapping screws 20, 35, 45 mm long.
• PVA glue.
• Sandpaper.
• Handle, clasp.

Set of tools for work

• Circular saw with bevel blade.
• Hacksaw.
• Drill with a set of drills.
• Screwdriver.
• Hammer, chisel.
• Fine-toothed carpenter's saw.
• Jigsaw.
• Mechanical stapler and staples for it.
• Paper cutter.
• Tape measure, ruler, square, pencil.

Instructions for making a massage table

Assembling the massage table top

We will begin to solve the problem of how to make a massage table with our own hands by making the tabletop. We mark segments measuring 600x900 mm on two pieces of plywood. We cut out the blanks with a jigsaw. We clean the ends with emery cloth wrapped around a wooden block of a suitable shape. If there Sander, better.

On one of the blanks we draw and cut out an oval hole for the face, measuring 180x110 mm. The curves can be drawn out using a plate, a pan lid - whatever the radius is suitable.

Drawings of two halves of the tabletop

Next comes the frame for the tabletop. We cut out four sections of 900 mm in length from a 20x50 mm timber, and four – 560 mm in length. We connect the blanks with self-tapping screws 45 mm long so that we get two frames with dimensions of 600 by 900 mm along the outer edge. Holes for fasteners with a depth of 2-3 mm should be drilled in advance, otherwise the timber under the screws may crack. Having assembled the frames, we screw the covers to them using nails or self-tapping screws 20 mm long.

Upholstery of table top halves

Now we will think about how to make the massage table comfortable for the patient. Although the Japanese say that a bed made of pure gold will not help a patient, this proverb is unfair in relation to our product. So, apply a layer of glue to the tabletop and place two sheets of foam rubber on top. We wait until the glue dries and trim off the excess foam along the edges. Carefully cut out an oval for the face.

Table top upholstery

Now we lay it on foam rubber artificial leather. While stretching the material, we wrap the edges over the frame. We aim the stapler at the beam, first at the long sides, then at the short ones, keeping a step of 10 mm. After this, we form the corners, trying to avoid noticeable folds. On one of the short sides we leave room for loops.

Making table legs

From timber 20x50 mm, according to the drawings, we cut two sets of blanks, six bars in each.

We assemble the first two supports (parts A). To do this, we fasten the three parts together with an overlap using self-tapping screws. We cut the lower ends of the long pieces at an angle of 41 degrees. If it is not possible to maintain such precision, we cut it at a more obtuse angle, as long as the cut on all four legs is the same. Here, when deciding how to make a massage table yourself without outside help, you can use a jigsaw with an inclined sole or a circular saw with an inclined disk.

Drawing and photograph of part A of the support

We connect the next two supports (parts B) halfway through the tree, selecting the grooves using a saw and chisel. We cut off their upper ends at an angle of 30 degrees.

Drawing and photograph of part B of the support

We assemble supports A with supports B onto piano hinges, securing them with self-tapping screws. We should end up with two identical sets of legs. We immediately check them for foldability - no distortions are allowed.

Assembling supports A with supports B

Assembling the massage table

WITH inside frames we mark lines for four piano hinges. We fasten the hinges with self-tapping screws, connecting the supports and frames of the tabletops. First, screw the fastening element into the middle hole and check for any distortions when folding the legs. If everything is in order, screw in the side screws.

We attach the supports to the tabletop frames

We connect the two halves of the table, also with hinges located at a short distance from the ends of the lids. We screw the hinges onto the self-tapping screws so that the halves fold easily.

We connect the two halves of the massage table with hinges

Making spacers

The part that will give the massage table stability and determine its height is made from two bars 53 cm long. We connect their short ends with a piano loop, we get a spacer 1060 mm long. This value is approximate; you can decide on the length as you go. The point here is that the shorter the spacer, the higher the table. We screw the ends of the element to the short sides of the legs using the same loops and screws.

Diagram and photograph of the massage table spacer

We lay out the massage table and check its strength. Install with end sides latches so that the folded table retains its shape. We attach a carrying handle on top. The equipment is ready for use.

Looking at such an image item, you want to exclaim: we did it! After all, a beautiful and durable massage table is not only convenient to use, but also inspires patients with subconscious confidence in the effectiveness of massage. Now, having looked at the creation of your own hands, you can safely begin private practice.

Everyone knows about the delights of massage, but few people know about the difficulties of performing this procedure. In fact, massage is a very difficult and tedious job, even for experienced and trained professionals. One can only imagine how much pressure a massage therapist feels when doing massage all day long.

The main tool of the massage therapist is the table. It is the correct adjustment of the massage table that affects the preservation of health and increased efficiency of the massage therapist. Before you begin performing massage procedures, you need to understand the rules for organizing workplace ergonomics, i.e. massage table. The height of the massage table can vary from 60 to 90 cm. This parameter is the most important, and you need to pay attention to its adjustment Special attention.

What table height is considered correct?

It cannot be said that 60 or 80 centimeters will be suitable height. It all depends on the anthropometric size of the specialist. Moreover, height plays a role, but the length of the massage therapist’s arms.

So, approach the table from the side. Stand so that your arms hang freely along your body. The ideal height would be when the hand clenched into a fist touches the surface of the table.

In addition to this measurement, you need to take into account the parameters of the person who is to be massaged. For example, massaging a patient with a solid build will require greater intensity of movement, and therefore, a lower seating position of the table will allow for more space for activity. In general, everyone sets up their workplace as it suits them, however, do not forget about the rules.

Let's look at the variations in height changes on the tables of the American company US Medica Sakura and Master. Both tables have long established themselves as perfect tool for professional massage. The difference between these tables is constructive solutions. The Master is built in precious wood, while the Sakura is built on a tubular frame made of high-strength steel. We will not describe here the unreliability and ergonomic qualities of these tables; they are impeccable. We are interested in the possibility of customizing these tables for the master.

So, Sakura has an incredible range, the adjustment of which allows height changes from 59 to 84 cm. This indicator indicates almost comprehensive adjustment. A massage table Sakura will “adapt” to any person and any task. The height is adjusted by extending the legs and secured with screw-on buttons. There are two buttons on each leg, which gives the structure additional reliability and stability.

The Master massage table boasts no less outstanding functionality. Its design provides a slightly different range of height adjustment (62-88 cm), but at the same time, these are the height parameters that are most in demand. The Master table height adjustment mechanism is presented in the form of a telescopic system, which makes adjustment as quick and practical as possible.

Remember, all settings are completely individual. At the same time, it is better to immediately develop the right habit; subsequently, this will have a beneficial effect on overall performance, and, consequently, the effectiveness of the procedures performed.

It is generally accepted that classical massage, referred to throughout the world as Russian, is one of the most natural, natural and effective means of training athletes, improving health, preventing and treating various diseases, as well as improving aesthetics human body. At the same time, we must not forget that performing Russian massage for a whole working day or shift, the duration of which when working with athletes can reach 12-15 hours a day, is tiring, even for trained experienced specialists, hard physical labor, the organization of which requires full and comprehensive scientific justification. However, despite the obvious relevance of this problem, until recently, the range of issues related to increasing the performance and preventive prevention of professionally caused diseases of massage therapists was not studied at the proper level, and therefore, there were no scientifically based and clearly formulated recommendations for rational organization of labor of specialists in this profile. As revealed by our analysis of domestic and foreign textbooks and methodological manuals in classical massage, in most cases, the statements of the authors on this issue are of an unfounded subjective-empirical, often mutually exclusive nature, and moreover, they often completely contradict modern views of biomechanics, the requirements of occupational hygiene and ergonomics. This state of affairs, completely unacceptable for a scientific and educational discipline, prompted us to take our own comprehensive research, the purpose of which is to develop, substantiate and implement into the pedagogical process and practical sphere of massage, extremely accurate, effective and accessible recommendations for maintaining health and increasing the performance of massage therapists.

The optimally adjusted one, which is the main element of equipment for Russian massage rooms, plays a decisive role in the ergonomics of the massage therapist’s workplace. The correct adjustment of its size largely determines the working conditions of the massage therapist, i.e. will his working posture be ergonomically rational and functionally comfortable, or, on the contrary, forced, leading to rapid fatigue. We have conducted a critical analysis of a large number of textbooks and manuals on classical massage - at present, a whole spectrum simultaneously coexists, including diametrically opposed opinions about the optimal height of the massage table. The authors' recommendations on this issue have fairly wide limits: from 50 (or at the level of the knee joints) to 90 cm (Table 1), while most publications indicate only a certain range of possible sizes (50-70 or 70-90 cm) , without any further explanation. Methods for adjusting the height of the table taking into account the height and length of the massage therapist’s arms are extremely rare, and they often contradict the principles and standards of ergonomics and occupational hygiene.

As is clearly seen from Fig. 1, in relation to the anthropometric dimensions of the human body, the range of 40 centimeters is a significant value, suggesting working postures that are completely different in design, some of which are even formal features(Gorshkov S.I., 1979; Strelkov Yu.K., 2003) can be classified as forced, inconvenient. And finally, there is an Industry Safety Standard for physical therapy departments and rooms - OST 42-21-16-86 SSBT, which clearly defines that the height of the massage table should be 80 cm, length 1.95-2.00 m, width 0.65 cm, the ergonomic justification for which we were unable to find in the available literature.
In the process of research conducted at the Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism (Moscow), we studied 4 variants of the “standing” working position, which were modeled by adjusting the height of the massage table in accordance with the individual anthropometric data of each of the subjects:

Rice. 2. Working postures modeled during the study (explanations in the text).

Working Pose 1 (RP-1) – table at the level of the knee joints (Fig. 2-a);
- Working Pose 2 (RP-2) – table at the level of the finger point, i.e. the hand is freely lowered, the fingers are fully straightened and touch the bed of the table (Fig. 2-b);
- Working Pose 3 (RP-3) – table at the level of the phalangeal point, i.e. the hand is freely lowered, the fingers are clenched into a fist and touch the back of the table bed (Fig. 2-c);
- Working Pose 4 (RP-4) – table at the level of the styloid process of the radius (Fig. 2-d).
Thus, we evenly covered the entire range of recommendations on the size of the massage table. As standard workload, the subjects performed a 45-minute session of general hygienic massage according to the method of A.A. Biryukova (2006). Using the multifunctional computer electrophysiological complex “I-330-C2+” (J+J Engineering, USA), we recorded: heart rate (HR), depth and frequency of breathing, bioelectrical activity of the muscles directly involved in maintaining working postures (sacrospinous , gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, trapezius, deltoid, biceps femur). At the same time, goniometric and photogoniometric measurements, psychophysiological testing and a questionnaire survey of subjects, as well as pedagogical observation were carried out. In total (to date), more than 150 subjects from among students and participants of massage courses at the Russian State University of Physical Culture and Technology took part in the research, which allows us to reasonably assert the statistical reliability of the data obtained.

Rice. 3. Optimal working posture (perpendicular starting position).
The results of our study convincingly proved that from the point of view of physiology, biomechanics and ergonomics, the most rational options to perform Russian classical massage, the specialist worked in RP-2 (table height at the level of the finger point) and RP-3 (table height at the level of the phalangeal point), in which the torso tilt did not exceed 15-20° (Fig. 3). Comparative analysis showed that the bioelectrical activity of muscles in RP-2, -3 had the smallest differences from the data recorded in a calm, comfortable “standing” position (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. The amplitude of bioelectrical activity of some skeletal muscles when working in an optimal position and in a comfortable “standing” position.

It is fundamentally important that during the entire 45-minute session, the amplitude and frequency spectrum of electromyographic signals did not change significantly, as evidenced by (Moikin Yu.V. et al., 1987; Rozhentsov V.V., Polevshchikov M.M., 2006 ) about the absence of even primary signs of neuromuscular fatigue, that is, about a relatively low load on the skeletal muscles fixing these postures.
In RP-2,-3, working hyperventilation was carried out mainly due to an increase in the depth of breathing by 210±24% (compared to rest) and a slight increase in the respiratory rate by 2-4 cycles/min, i.e. according to the most advantageous option for mobilizing external respiration reserves during cyclic physical work (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Pneumogram (graphic recording of amplitude and frequency parameters of chest movement, reflecting the dynamics of respiratory movements) during massaging in the optimal working position.

The breathing was rhythmic. A joint analysis of pneumo- and electromyograms showed that in these working postures the respiratory act was organically inscribed “into the fabric” of the movements performed by the hands, forming a single ensemble with it - a dynamic stereotype.
With the beginning of the massage, heart rate increased compared to the pre-working state (68±6 beats/min) by 70.5% (up to 116±11 beats/min) and remained within these limits until the end of the session.
According to the questionnaire survey, RP-2, -3 were characterized by the subjects not only as somatically (physically) comfortable, but also as the most convenient for performing massage techniques. Photogoniometric measurements showed that the subjective comfort of performing techniques noted by massage therapists has a well-defined biomechanical foundation.
Firstly, in these working poses a biomechanically favorable spatial arrangement of the specialist’s torso, the links of his arms and the massaged area was created relative to each other. The shoulder-forearm-hand of the massage therapist and the massaged area were arranged in descending order downwards. On average, the angle of flexion in the shoulder joint (measured in accordance with the international methodology - SFTR) was 20-25°, shoulder abduction from the body did not exceed 15-20°, elbow flexion 20-30° (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. The relative position of the links of the biokinematic chain of the torso-shoulder-forearm-hand of the massage therapist in the optimal working position.

As shown by the results of electromyography, such a mutual position required optimal expenditure of muscle energy to hold the arms in the working position and made it possible to fully relax the muscles that were not involved in performing the entire technique or its individual phases (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Electromyograms when a massage therapist performs a “double circular kneading”: t – period of performing one pass of a “double circular kneading”. Basics labor movement The “stroke of the arm forward” is accomplished due to the activity of the triceps muscle of the shoulder. Activity of the biceps brachii is required only to return the arm to its original position.

To use a term from labor physiology, working muscles had micro-pauses of rest, which significantly delayed the onset of their local fatigue.
Secondly, at an optimal table height, the massage therapist’s hand, in contact with the patient’s body, occupies the most advantageous position in relation to the forearm. Normally, flexion of the fingers is accompanied by simultaneous extension in the wrist joint, within 20-30° (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Stabilization of the wrist during finger movement. From the point of view of biomechanics, this synkinesis is largely due to the need to compensate for the passive insufficiency of the finger extensors (Mateev I.B., Bankov S.D., 1981).

Such synkinesis is deeply recorded in the central nervous system a person, and is biologically expedient, since it directs the plane of the palm against the object to be captured. The strength of the hand grips reaches its maximum values ​​when the extension angle in the wrist joint is 30-40°. If the hand is in a neutral position or, which is much worse, in a flexion position, then the mobility of the fingers in the interphalangeal joints significantly worsens, and the effective area and strength of most types of grips decreases (Aruin A.S., Zatsiorsky V.M., 1989 ; Mateev I.B., Bankov S.D., 1981). It is on this biomechanical pattern that most techniques for disarming the enemy in various martial arts are based. In addition, as studies by A.S. have shown. Aruina and V.M. Zatsiorsky (1989), G.N. Mazunina et al. (1967), Yu.V. Moikina et al. (1987), with prolonged work with excessive flexion or extension of the hand, the risk of developing occupationally-related pathological processes in various anatomical structures of the hand and forearm sharply increases: soft tissues, articular surfaces, ligaments and tendons.
The essence of performing ordinary, double ordinary, double ring kneading, double bar - the most technically complex types of Russian massage techniques and at the same time occupying from 60 to 80% of the total session time, lies in grasping with the hands, lifting from the bone bed, squeezing and stretching / torsion of the muscle tissue of the massaged area of ​​the patient’s body.

Therefore, with very minor reservations, we can assume that performing the above types of kneading is nothing more than repeated cyclic repetition of various variations of the palmar (open) grip of the hand (Fig. 9) with a compression force of the massaged tissue of about 4-5 kg ​​(Eremushkin M .A., 2004).

Rice. 9. Palmar (open) grip of the hand.

According to goniometric and photogoniometric measurements, when performing the above types of kneading in RP-2, -3, extension in the wrist joint, on average, was 15-30° (Fig. 10), that is, it was the most biomechanically advantageous, which in many ways and predetermined subjective convenience and good technique for performing most techniques.

Rice. 10. Biomechanically favorable mutual position of the biokinematic pair forearm-hand when performing types of kneading.

Rice. eleven. General form working position – 4, table at the level of the styloid process of the radius.
When modeling RP-4 (Fig. 11) (massage table at the level of the styloid process of the radius), the position of the subjects’ torso was almost vertical (inclination less than 10°), but the arms were constantly in a forced elevated position.

Rice. 12. Forced raised position of the arms in a working position – 4: a – position of the biokinematic pair shoulder-forearm in relation to the body; b – relative position of the forearm-hand biokinematic pair when performing types of kneading.

The angle of flexion in the shoulder joint (Fig. 12,a) exceeded 50°, and abduction of the shoulder from the body was 25-30°, which, compared to RP-2,-3, not only increased the amplitude of the bioelectrical activity of the trapezius muscle by more than 5 times , deltoid muscle by 4-6 times and biceps brachii muscle by 2 times, but also increased the activity of the sacrospinalis muscle by 82±12% and the biceps femoris muscle by 90±8% (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. The amplitude of bioelectrical activity of some skeletal muscles when working in the optimal position and working position is 4.

Keeping the arms in a raised position limited the excursion of the chest, making it difficult for the massage therapist to operate the external respiration apparatus. The depth of breathing was 42% less, and the frequency was 26% higher than similar indicators in RP-2, -3, i.e. breathing was shallow and rapid (Fig. 14).

Rice. Fig. 14. Pneumogram when performing double circular kneading: a – in the optimal working position, b – in the working position – 4 with arms raised high.

This fact also has a very specific physiological and biomechanical explanation. Gas exchange in the body is carried out thanks to rhythmic respiratory movements by changing inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration). At rest and during light work, respiratory movements are provided by the respiratory muscles themselves. In this case, the greatest activity is observed during inhalation in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, and exhalation is performed largely passively, due to the elastic forces that arise when the chest and lungs expand during inhalation. With significant physical activity, auxiliary respiratory muscles come into play - on inhalation, the trapezius and rhomboids, pectoralis major and minor, sternocleidomastoid, back extensors and some others, and on exhalation, the abdominal muscles. It should be taken into account that in RP-4, most of the listed muscles developed significant static activity to keep the arms in a raised position, and some also performed dynamic work when performing techniques. Thus, double and even triple load on these muscles became a very significant factor limiting lung ventilation.
Increased muscle activity and functional tension of the external respiration apparatus naturally affected the activity of the cardiovascular system. In RP-4, the heart rate was 35.3% higher than in RP-2, -3, which in absolute value was 140±11 beats/min.

Rice. 15. Zones of localization of discomfort sensations (shaded with a grid) when massaging in a working position - 4 (according to a questionnaire survey conducted directly during a 45-minute test massage session).

Subjectively, the subjects assessed this working position as tiring (Fig. 15) and inconvenient for performing most types of techniques, primarily various types of kneading, which was also, in the most direct way, related to the biomechanical patterns we discussed above.
Firstly, keeping the arms in a constantly raised position did not allow the large muscles of the arms: the biceps and triceps brachii to fully relax in micropauses, which is quite contrastingly seen when comparing the electromyograms recorded in RP-2 (Fig. 7, a) and RP- 4 (Fig. 7, b).
Secondly, photogoniometric measurements revealed that when performing various types of kneading in RP-4, the hand in relation to the forearm was in a neutral or even slightly bent position of 5-10° (Fig. 12), which worsened the mobility of the finger joints and strength indicators of distal muscles.

Rice. 16. General view of the working position – 1, table at the level of the massage therapist’s knee joints.

The most irrational of all the modeled working postures was RP-1 (table height at the level of the knee joints), in which the torso tilt reached 30°-45° (Fig. 16), which was 2-3 times higher than the ergonomic norm of 15°, maximum permissible GOST 12.2.033-78 " Workplace when performing work while standing.”
Practice shows that a correct understanding by massage therapists of the essence of this ergonomic norm is exclusively an important condition for adequate self-control during work and modeling the most comfortable and safe working conditions, so let’s consider this issue in more detail.
With relatively small inclinations of the torso and head, a certain part of the load on the spine is compensated by increasing the tension of the muscles of the back (mainly the rectus abdominis) and abdomen (rectus abdominis and its synergists) (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17. The spinal motion segment of a vertically standing person is like a lever of the first kind (balance lever) with unequal shoulders. The fulcrum of the lever is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc, and the balance of the system is achieved due to the activity and elastic-viscous properties of the skeletal muscles of the back and abdomen: 1 - iliopsoas muscle, 2 - rectifier spinae muscle, 3 - quadratus lumbar muscle, 4 – straight abdominal m., 5 – oblique abdominal m.

In this case, the stability and stability of the spine is ensured not only with the help of intervertebral discs, joints and a fairly powerful ligamentous apparatus, but also due to the activity of skeletal muscles. According to the famous domestic specialist in the field of vertebrology, physical rehabilitation and therapeutic physical culture, Professor V.A. Epifanova (2004): “The muscles of the trunk are not only a motor element, but also a structural element, without which the strength of the spine differs little from zero.” However, the biomechanics of the human body is such that when the body is tilted more than 15-20° from the vertical, these skeletal muscles cease to provide active support to the passive structures of the spine (Fig. 18).

Rice. 18. Compression (in Kg) transferred by the lumbar intervertebral discs, depending on the person’s posture (according to Slynchev P. et al., 1978).

In this situation, the main part of the load is redistributed to the intervertebral discs and joints, and their ligamentous apparatus, which are not functionally designed for long-term performance of such a supporting function. Over time, such mechanical impact can cause tissue overstrain syndrome, which manifests itself in compensatory compaction, adhesion, and fibrosis of the cartilaginous and ligamentous structures of the spine. First of all, the intervertebral discs suffer, which lose their elastic and shock-absorbing properties, microdamages accumulate in them, creating conditions for deformation and subsequent violation of their integrity. It should be taken into account that “turning off” the back and abdominal muscles from the process of stabilizing the posture only concerns their support of the spine and does not lead to a reduction in the load on the skeletal muscles themselves. On the contrary, when the torso is tilted exceeding 15-20°, the load on the muscular system increases sharply (Aruin A.S., Zatsiorsky V.M., 1988; Epifanov V.A., 2004; Gorshkov S.I., 1979; Levit K. et al., 1993), which was confirmed by our own research.

Rice. 19. The amplitude of bioelectrical activity of some skeletal muscles when working in an optimal position and working position is 1.

Analysis of electromyograms showed (Fig. 19) that the amplitude of the bioelectric activity of the muscles of the back and legs was already initially higher than in RP-2, -3 (sacrospinous by 4-4.5 times, gluteus maximus by 1.5 times, biceps femur by 2-2.5 times, gastrocnemius by 1.2 times), and its dynamics are characteristic of the electromyographic picture of pronounced deep fatigue during static efforts (Fig. 20).

Rice. 20. Electromyographic picture of pronounced deep muscle fatigue during static efforts during massaging in a working position - 1 and its transformation with the development of muscle fatigue. Subject K., male, 26 years old, work experience as a massage therapist for 3 years.

The continuous increase in the amplitude of the bioelectrical activity of the sacrospinalis muscle (phase of “compensated fatigue”), which continued during the first 30 minutes of massage, was then replaced by a sharp decrease in the last third of the session (phase of “decompensated fatigue”). In parallel with this, there was an increase in the activity of the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris muscles, which initially played an auxiliary role in maintaining an inclined position of the body and gradually took on the main load. Visually, this process manifested itself as a transformation of posture. At the beginning, despite the deep tilt, the contour of the back was quite even, and the legs were slightly bent at the knees and hip joints. With the development of muscle fatigue, i.e. As the activity of the sacrospinalis muscle decreased, the contour of the back became more and more rounded, and the legs almost completely straightened. In addition, as fatigue of the muscles of the back and legs increased, the subjects often stabilized the balance of their body by relying on one of the hands or the knee, involuntarily trying to at least temporarily reduce the load on the muscles. Significant tension in the muscles responsible for maintaining a working posture was subjectively assessed by the subjects as a feeling of fatigue, numbness, aching, burning and pain in the lower back, buttocks and thighs (Fig. 21).

Rice. 21. Zones of localization of discomfort sensations (shaded with a grid) when massaging in a working position - 1.

Increased muscle activity forced cardiovascular system function more intensely than in RP-2, -3. The heart rate already at the 1st minute of massage was 156±4 beats/min (+58.9%), and by 30-45 minutes it increased to 168±4 beats/min (+76.5%). The bent position of the body made it difficult for the external respiration apparatus to function. The pneumogram showed that in RP-1 the breathing of the subjects was not only shallow and rapid (the depth of breathing is 52% less, the respiratory rate is 42% higher than similar indicators in RP-2, -3), but also irregular, with delays of 4- 6 seconds (Fig. 22).

Rice. 22. Pneumogram when performing double circular kneading in a working position - 1. Small fluctuations in the amplitude of the signal in the area indicated in the figure as “breath holding” are due to the rhythmic contraction of the muscles of the chest and back when performing techniques, which was recorded by the equipment as a change in the size of the chest.

However, unlike RP-4, the main role in complicating the operation of the external respiration apparatus was played not by the forced position of the arms, but by excessive flexion of the torso, which led to limited mobility of the ribs and mechanical pressure on the diaphragm of the abdominal organs.
At the same time as the above, it is necessary to take into account that the bent position of the torso also leads to compression of the abdominal and pelvic organs, as well as to obstruction of blood circulation in the portal vein (v. portae). According to L.K. Arzhelas (1927) - according to our data, probably the only domestic specialist who studied the problem of professional morbidity among massage therapists, long-term exposure to the body of these two factors can cause the development of congestion, varicose veins, constipation, hemorrhoids, weakening of the pelvic floor muscles, and in women - various gynecological pathologies.
Thus, based on the generalization and analysis of the data obtained, we recommend the following method for determining the optimal (i.e., most suitable for a given person) height of the massage table: the specialist needs to stand close to its edge, the feet and knees of fully straightened legs should touch each other friend, keep your torso straight, turn your shoulders, lower your arms freely (Fig. 23).

Rice. 23. Definition optimal height massage table in accordance with the individual anthropometric data of the massage therapist.

The height of the table is within optimal limits if its surface is located in the range limited by the following anthropometric points (landmarks): below - finger point (tip of the nail phalanx of the 3rd finger), above - phalangeal point ( backside middle phalanges of fingers clenched into a fist).
In accordance with the most current data at the moment on the static and dynamic anthropometric signs of the human body of the inhabitants of the European part of Russia (Strelkov Yu.K., 2003; Strokina A.N., Pakhomova V.A., 1999), as well as the results of our own anthropometric measurements (Fig. 1), the average height of men is 175 cm (height of the finger point above the floor - 66 cm, phalangeal point - 77 cm), and women - 163 cm (height of the finger point above the floor - 63 cm, phalangeal point - 73 cm ). Based on this information, focused on Russian market Manufacturers of specialized furniture for massage rooms must produce massage tables, the height of which can be adjusted no less than in the range of 60-80 cm. If this condition is met, more than 90% of massage therapists (men and women) will have the opportunity to work in optimal conditions.
We would like to draw the special attention of all competent specialists to the need to make ergonomically sound adjustments to the Industry standard for organizing massage in medical institutions OST 42-21-16-86 SSBT, since the table height of 80 cm indicated in it is too high not only more than for 95% of women (80 cm approximately corresponds to the level of the styloid process of the radius), but is also the upper limit of the optimal range for men.
To more accurately adjust the table height, it is advisable to be guided by the following criteria.

Rice. 24. Options for adjusting the height of the table depending on the transverse sagittal dimensions of the massaged body: a – table at the level of the finger point (lower limit of the optimal range); b – table at the level of the phalangeal point (upper limit of the optimal range).

In the case when it is necessary to perform techniques with high intensity (i.e. depth) of impact on tissue: massaging a person with developed muscles or significant fat deposits (Fig. 24, a), it is recommended to adjust the height of the table at the level of the finger point. The surface of the massaged area will be located slightly lower than the general center of gravity of the massage therapist’s body, which makes it possible to increase the intensity of the impact not only by increasing muscle effort, but also by effective use weight and inertia of body movement. It is important that in this case the specialist does not lose balance (i.e. does not fall on the patient) and can quite accurately control the applied efforts and intensity of the impact.

Rice. 25. When massaging a child whose body size is much larger smaller sizes body of an adult, the height of the table should be at the level of the phalangeal point (the upper limit of the optimal range).

If the session does not involve performing techniques with great force and intensity: some private massage techniques for diseases, massage of a child (Fig. 25), or the transverse sagittal dimensions of the patient’s body are small (Fig. 24, b), then it is more advisable to choose a height table at the level of the phalangeal point so that the torso tilt is minimal.
Another important ergonomic parameter of a massage table is its width. The table should be wide enough (spacious) for a comfortable, absolutely relaxed position of the patient on it, but at the same time it must be taken into account that the excessive width of the bed forces the massage therapist to work with a deep torso tilt and outstretched arms, in fact, reducing to zero all efforts to optimize the work poses due to precise adjustment of the table height (Fig. 26).

Rice. 26. Despite the precisely adjusted height of the table, its overly wide bed forces the massage therapist to work in an uncomfortable working position.

Equipment manufacturers are trying to find a compromise between these two requirements, giving the surface of the table bed a complex concave shape or providing transformable, removable palm rests and armrests.
Based on the results of our own research, practical experience work, as well as anthropometric data of Russian residents (Strelkov Yu.K., 2003; Strokina A.N., Pakhomova V.A., 1999), we recommend a table width of 55-65 cm.
We hope that the results of our research will be useful for a wide range of people whose profession is related to massage: teachers educational institutions and courses for practicing massage therapists and, of course, for those who have just begun to study it. In addition, we believe that the data presented in this publication will be of interest to managers of various institutions and organizations (medical, health, sports, SPA industry and beauty salons) that provide massage services, as well as to manufacturers massage equipment and furniture.

Table No. 1.