Consumer properties and quality indicators of glass goods. Consumer properties of glass household goods Consumer properties of glass goods

The usefulness of glass products for consumers is determined primarily by their compliance with functional, commercial, ergonomic, aesthetic requirements and operational reliability. Based on the requirements of various categories of consumers for these products, it is possible to identify the corresponding consumer properties. They are based on the natural properties of glass, determined by its nature, composition and structure, methods of obtaining products, decoration, as well as compliance with the correct packaging, labeling, transportation, storage and operation.

Due to the greatest diversity in the range of tableware among all glass household goods, it is advisable to consider a detailed description of the consumer properties of glass products using tableware as an example. The main functions of glassware are the ability to<<принимать>>, save and<<отдавать>> food and drinks. The performance of these functions depends both on the design solution of the product and on the type of glass. The type and composition of glass determine the chemical, thermochemical, atmospheric and mechanical resistance of finished products, i.e. the ability<<принимать>> and save food and drinks. Ability<<отдавать>> food is determined primarily by a constructive decision.

Commercial activities to provide the population served with glass must necessarily include in-depth knowledge of the consumer properties of products and the requirements of various categories of consumers for individual indicators and in the assortment context.

FUNCTIONAL properties reflect the ability to use products for their intended purpose. Glassware must have sufficiently high chemical resistance (to food, drinks and detergents), the necessary heat resistance (especially kitchenware) and mechanical strength (taking into account the fact that the operation of glassware does not involve significant mechanical loads).

These properties determine the ability of the cookware to preserve food and drinks without affecting their taste, and to use it for its intended purpose. Functional properties are also determined by the ability<<принимать>> and<<отдавать>>food and drinks. Depending on the type of product and its narrow functional purpose, this ability is determined by the shape, size and design features. For example, cognac glasses are made thin-walled, spherical in shape with a tapered neck. This design allows you to heat the contents with the warmth of your palm and more fully sense the aroma of the drink. To ensure that the surface of contact between the liquid in the decanter and the air is minimal, decanters are made with a narrow neck. For storing liquid products in large quantities and pouring them in large portions, jugs with a wide neck, a drain and a handle are best suited.

AESTHETIC The properties of glass are characterized by a number of indicators, among which the main ones are the integrity of the composition, the rationality of the form, the expressiveness of the decor and compliance with fashion. The integrity of the composition is understood as the proportional arrangement and connection of parts of the product into a single whole in a certain order. The rationality of the form characterizes its compliance with the functional purpose of the product and the surrounding objects. The decoration methods used should increase the aesthetic value of the product and not mask the natural decorative effect of the material used. Compliance of products with aesthetic requirements is determined by an expert method.

ERGONOMIC The properties of glass products determine their ease of use and hygiene. The ease of use of utensils is determined by the comfort of holding, carrying, washing and using them for their intended purpose. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the shape and capacity of the product, the presence and location of handles, and the correspondence of their shape and size to the user’s palms and fingers. In general, the shape, size and color of the product must correspond to the visual and psychophysiological capabilities of the human body. Ease of care for products is determined by the diameter of the upper hole (for hollow products), the presence of hard-to-reach places, corners, protrusions and recesses.

The hygiene of the dishes is due to the chemical resistance of the glass, the smoothness of the surface, the ability to easily clean them and keep them clean.

RELIABILITY The quality of glass products is determined by their durability and shelf life. Durability is determined by physical wear, which depends on mechanical, thermal, chemical and other properties, as well as the wear resistance of the decor. It should be noted that such a reliability property as maintainability is not typical for glass products.

The considered indicators of consumer properties of glassware are formed at various stages of product production. This includes design, preparation of raw materials and glass melting, product molding, annealing, technical processing, and decorative processing.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Educational institution "Minsk State Trade College"

Department: commercial activity, merchandising of non-food products

Coursework on the topic:

“Analysis of the range and quality of glass household goods in the GUM department store”

Student group K-84: Nina Titova

Head: Karlovska N.V.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Factors shaping quality………………………………………………………

2. Classification of assortment and consumer properties…………….

3. Analysis of the assortment in the GUM department store, quality requirements and factors preserving quality………………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………..

List of sources used……………………………………………………….

Introduction

The development of glass production was caused by the great demand for glass products - window glass, mirrors, dishes, which could not be satisfied by the old glass factories that existed back in the 17th century and by the desire to abandon the expensive import of foreign glass.

In 1772, factories produced: beer glasses with and without lids, wine and vodka glasses of various sizes, beer glasses, various bottles, lamps, salt shakers, cucumber bowls, pocket flasks, inkwells, etc.

From the above historical data, we can conclude that the topic of glass production was relevant for our country already 250 years ago. Nowadays, the traditions and secrets of old masters are preserved; the ability to work with glass is passed on at the genetic level from generation to generation. Time dictates new trends, but the fundamentals of the craft remain unshakable.

The work of a blower is a magical spectacle: a person’s breath transforms a drop into a wonderful product. Today, enterprises in our country produce glass and crystal products: glasses, goblets, wine glasses, bowls, jugs, cups, beer series, highly artistic damasks, salad bowls, high-quality vases, vases for interior decoration, perfume containers, medical bottles that meet the most demanding tastes , this is: OJSC Glass Factory "Neman", PRUP Borisov Crystal Plant.

Along with domestic manufacturers, recognized world leaders in the production of glassware, such as the KAVALIER glass factories in the Czech Republic, the Italian company Carlo Giannini, etc., are also fighting for the sales market. The relevance of this topic of the course work is obvious, since the development of glass production is one of the constituent factors in the development of the economy of our country.

The purpose of the course work is to analyze the range, competitiveness and quality of glassware based on the study of the trading enterprise OJSC GUM, deepen knowledge, broaden horizons, acquire professional knowledge for further work with goods.

Job objectives:

1. Study of consumer properties of glassware and factors influencing consumer properties.

2. Study of the assortment of glassware, its classification and characteristics, as well as those sold by the GUM department store based on the analysis.

3.Analysis of factors shaping the quality of the product.

4.Draw conclusions based on the work done.

The analyzed enterprise OJSC "GUM" is located at the address: Minsk, Nezavisimosti Ave., 21.

The main type of production activity of this enterprise is retail trade, this is the sale of goods to the final consumer, which is the final link in the movement of goods in the sphere of circulation.

The course work uses literary sources from various authors, periodical press materials, and regulatory documentation data.

1. Factors shaping quality

Glass products, according to their purpose, are divided into three classes: household, architectural and construction and technical.

Household glass products include dishes, artistic and decorative products for interior decoration, lamp products, and mirrors.

Glass is an amorphous body obtained by supercooling the melt, regardless of the composition and temperature of the solidification region. With a gradual increase in viscosity, it acquires the mechanical properties of a solid.

Glass is classified according to its origin, chemical composition, basic properties and purpose.

For the manufacture of household dishes and decorative items, oxide glasses are used, in which the main glass formers are oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, etc.

Glass in which the main glass former is silicon oxide - SiO 2 - is called silicate, glass in which boron and silicon oxides are the main glass former is called borosilicate, and glasses with the main glass former in the form of aluminum, boron and silicon oxides are called aluminoborosilicate. These oxides form the basis of the structure of glass and determine its most important properties.

In addition to the aforementioned acidic oxides, glass contains oxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals. From alkaline oxides, sodium oxides are used - Na 2 O, lithium oxides - Li 2 O, potassium oxides - K 2 O. From alkaline earth oxides: calcium oxides-CaO, magnesium oxides - MgO, zinc oxides - ZnO, barium oxides - BaO, lead oxides – PbO.

Each oxide contributes its own inherent properties. Therefore, many properties of glass depend on its chemical composition. The composition of glass is expressed in terms of its constituent oxides.

According to GOST, glass for household utensils and decorative items is divided into the following types: sodium - calcium - silicate, special household, crystal (contains at least 10% oxides of lead, barium, zinc), low-lead crystal (18-24% PbO), lead crystal (24-30% PbO), barium crystal (at least 18% BaO). Special household glass includes heat-resistant borosilicate and aluminoborosilicate glass.

Sitalls are also used to make kitchen utensils. These are non-transparent white glass-crystalline materials with high heat resistance. They are made by directional crystallization of lithium aluminosilicate glass during a special heat treatment.

Raw materials for glass production are divided into basic or glass-forming materials and auxiliary materials.

Acid, alkaline and alkaline earth oxides are introduced into the glass composition with basic materials.

The main acid oxide - SiO 2 - is introduced into the glass through quartz sand. The sand must be free from impurities, especially coloring ones (oxides of iron, titanium, chromium), which cause bluish, yellowish, greenish tints to the glass and reduce its transparency. With increasing silicon dioxide content in glass, mechanical and thermal strength and chemical stability improve, but the melting temperature increases.

Boron oxide B 2 O 3 is introduced with boric acid or borax. It facilitates cooking and improves the physical and chemical properties of glass.

Aluminum oxide Al 2 O 3 is usually introduced through alumina. Its addition helps to increase the strength properties and chemical resistance of glass.

Alkaline oxides Na 2 O, K 2 O are introduced through carbon dioxide (soda, potash) or sulfate salts. They lower the glass melting temperature and facilitate the molding of products, but reduce strength, heat resistance and chemical resistance.

Alkaline earth oxides are introduced via carbon dioxide salts. Thus, calcium oxide is introduced through chalk or limestone, lead oxide through red lead or lead litharge.

Oxides of calcium, magnesium, and zinc increase the chemical stability and heat resistance of products. Oxides of barium, lead and zinc increase density and optical properties and are therefore used in the production of crystal. In the production of glass, alkali-containing rocks, waste from mining and processing plants, and non-ferrous metallurgy are widely used. Blast furnace slag, in large quantities - broken glass.

Auxiliary materials facilitate and speed up glass melting, coloring and dulling it. According to their intended purpose, they are divided into clarifiers, bleaches, and mufflers. Dyes, reducing agents and oxidizing agents.

Clarifiers help remove gases from the glass melt that are formed during the decomposition of raw materials.

Bleaching agents extinguish or weaken unwanted color shades.

Silencers (fluorides and phosphates) reduce transparency and cause the glass to appear white.

Dyes give the glass the desired color. Oxides or sulfides of heavy metals are used as dyes. Coloring can also occur due to the release of colloidal particles of free metals (copper, gold, antimony) in the glass.

Glass is colored blue with cobalt oxide, blue with copper oxide, green with chromium or vanadium oxide, purple with manganese peroxide, pink with selenium, lilac with neodymium oxide, yellow with cerium oxide, cadmium sulfide, etc. Particularly distinguished are red glasses - rubies: selenium, copper, gold.

Production of glass products

It consists of processing raw materials, preparing a charge, melting glass melt, molding and annealing products, primary and decorative processing.

Processing of raw materials is reduced to cleaning sand and other components from unwanted impurities, fine grinding and sifting of materials.

Preparation of the charge, i.e. dry mixture of materials, consists of weighing the components according to the recipe and mixing them thoroughly until completely homogeneous. A more progressive method is to produce briquettes and granules from the mixture; At the same time, the homogeneity of the charge is maintained and cooking is accelerated.

The melting of glass melt from the charge is carried out in baths and pot furnaces at a maximum temperature of 1450-1550 o C. During the melting process, complex physical and chemical transformations and interactions of raw materials occur with the formation and melting of silicates and free silica. With the help of clarifiers, glass melt is freed from gas inclusions. If the raw material processing, batch preparation and cooking regimes are violated, glass melt defects are formed in the form of undesirable colored shades and foreign inclusions - glassy (sliver, schlier), gas (bubble, midge), crystalline (stones).

Forming products from viscous glass melt is carried out using a variety of methods. This possibility is associated with a gradual increase in glass viscosity with decreasing temperature and high surface tension of glass, which ensures a smooth, shiny surface of products. The molding method largely determines the configuration of products, wall thickness, decoration techniques, coloring and is therefore an important assortment feature and pricing factor.

Household products are made by hand and free blowing, mechanized blowing, pressing, press blowing, multi-stage method, bending (bending), centrifugal molding.

Hand blowing - using a glass blowing tube using wooden or metal molds in which the molding is completed by rotating the workpiece (bullet). This method produces products of any configuration and wall thickness with a smooth and shiny surface. They produce colorless, dyed and applied products (two-layer and multi-layer). During the blowing process, you can decorate the dishes using various techniques.

Free blowing (in trade - Huten molding) is also carried out using a glass blowing tube, but the products are shaped and finally finished mainly in air. The products are characterized by the complexity of their shapes, smooth transitions of parts, and thickened walls. They are decorated with colored stripes, ribbons, patches, etc.

Mechanized blowing on automatic machines (VS-24, R-24, VM-16, R-28, VR-24, etc.) produces colorless products of simple outlines, mainly glasses.

Products are pressed using automatic presses in metal molds under core pressure. Products, colorless or colored, have a flat, cylindrical, conical shape, expanding at the top. Wall thickness more than 3 mm. On the surface you can see seams - the junction of parts of detachable forms. They try to overcome some monotony of pressed products by creating a light relief pattern on the surface (textured press), pressing without an upper ring, which makes it possible to obtain a freely formed edge that is different for each product, and a combination of pressing and bending (press bending).

Press blowing on G-28, PMV, LAM-2 machines produces glasses and tableware of complex shapes - decanters, bottles, etc. On automatic Interglass lines, shot glass products are produced by press blowing. In this case, the bowl is blown out, and the bottom and leg are pressed and welded to the bowl. Other molding methods are less common.

Possible molding defects include curvature of products. Asymmetrical attachment of parts, variations in wall thickness, folds, wrinkles, scratches, small cracks (notches) on the surface, etc.

During molding, due to the low thermal conductivity of glass and sudden and uneven cooling, residual stresses arise in the products, which can cause their spontaneous destruction. Therefore, annealing is mandatory - this is a heat treatment consisting of heating products to 530-550 o C, maintaining at this temperature and subsequent slow cooling. During annealing, residual stresses are weakened to a safe value and are evenly distributed over the cross section of the products.

Primary processing consists of removing the cap of products after hand blowing, processing the edge and bottom of products, grinding stoppers to the neck of decanters and bottles. In pressed products, the surface is fire polished.

Decorative processing is the application of decorations (cuts) of a different nature to products. Decor largely determines the aesthetic merits of the dishes; it should emphasize the transparency, brilliance and play of light of the glass, the features of the shape of the products and have independent artistic value. Decor is an essential feature of the assortment, one of the main pricing factors.

Cuts are classified according to the stage of application (hot and cold), types, and complexity.

Decoration of hot blown products is carried out by applying glass moldings, colored chips, ribbons, twisted and tangled threads. Colored spots. They use “crackle” cutting - a network of small surface cracks that form when the set is rapidly cooled in water or in wet sawdust. Special techniques are used to create a pattern of air bubbles, ribbons, and threads in the thickness of the glass. They use a roller cut, which creates an optical effect due to the wavy inner surface formed when the workpiece is blown in a ribbed shape. Rainbow films (irrization) on the surface of products can be obtained by deposition of salts of tin chloride, barium, etc. on a hot product; These salts, when decomposing, form transparent, shiny, iridescent films of metal oxides. Unique patterns of different colors and transparency are obtained by using zinc sulfide glass.

Decorating blown products in a hot state is very difficult, but it perfectly reveals the properties of glass and gives the products uniqueness and originality. Pressed products are decorated mainly due to the pattern from the molds.

Decoration of products in a cold state is carried out through mechanical processing (figure grinding), chemical processing (etching) and surface decoration using silicate paints, gold preparations, chandeliers.

Cuts applied mechanically include matte tape, number grinding, diamond edge, flat edge, engraving, and sandblasting.

Matte tape is a strip 4-5 mm wide. Number grinding is a matte surface pattern made of round, oval sections or notches.

A diamond face is a pattern of deep dihedral grooves, which, when combined, form bushes, nets, polygonal stones, simple and multi-rayed stars and other elements. The design is applied to manual or automatic cups using an abrasive wheel with a different edge profile. After cutting the design, it is polished until completely transparent. The diamond facet is especially impressive on crystal products, where the shine and play of light in the facets are clearly revealed.

Flat edges are polished planes of varying widths along the contour of the products.

Engraving is a surface matte or, less often, light design of a predominantly floral nature with careful attention to detail.

Sandblasting – matte pattern of various textures. Formed when glass is processed with sand, which is fed under pressure into the cutouts of the stencil.

Cuts applied by etching are divided into simple (helionic), complex (pantograph), and deep (art) etching. To obtain a pattern, the products are covered with a layer of protective mastic, on which the pattern is applied using machine needles or manually, exposing the glass. The glassware is then immersed in a bath containing a mixture of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids, which dissolve the glass in an exposed pattern to varying depths.

Simple or helionic etching is an in-depth transparent geometric pattern in the form of straight, curved, broken lines.

Complex or pantograph etching is a linear in-depth design, but of a more complex, often floral nature.

Deep or artistic etching is a relief design of a mostly plant plot on double-layer glass. Due to different depths of etching of colored glass, a convex pattern of different color intensities is formed. Cutting is very labor intensive.

Surface decoration with silicate paints, gold preparations, chandeliers is painting, applying ribbons 4-10 mm wide, layers 1-3 mm, tendrils up to 1 mm, decals (decalcomania), photographs, etc. The drawings are fixed by firing at a temperature of 550-600 o WITH.

New methods of decoration are being developed - plasma spraying of metals, glass powders, photochemical engraving, etc.

The production process ends with acceptance control and product labeling. Blow molding and press blowing products are marked by gluing a paper label indicating the plant trademark, standard number, litter (blown crystal), cutting group, price. Pressed products are marked with an imprint of the required data on the bottom of the product during molding.

2. Classification of assortment and consumer properties

The range of glass products is quite dynamic and changes due to the constant development of science, the state of production technology, the nature of consumer demand, and changes in style trends.

According to their intended purpose, household goods are divided into dishes and decorative items for table setting and interior decoration, household utensils for food storage and home canning, kitchen utensils for cooking, lamp products (table lamps, lamp tanks, lamp glasses) and mirrors.

Based on the composition of the glass, dishes are distinguished from sodium-calcium-silicate glass, special household glass, and crystal glass. Tableware is made from sodium-calcium-silicate glass, various types of crystal, as well as tempered borosilicate glass; household utensils made of sodium-calcium-silicate glass with additives that increase chemical and thermal stability; kitchen - from special household glass and glass ceramics.

Based on color, glassware is distinguished between clear glass, colored glass (painted in the mass) and applied glass (two-layer and multi-layer). The names of colored glasses are given by color tone (yellow, pink, green, etc.), by the nature of the dye (cobalt, manganese), by analogy with precious stones: rubies (red), topazes (yellowish-brown), sapphires (light blue ), emeralds (light green).

According to the molding method, dishes are distinguished between hand-blown, free-blown, machine-blown, pressed, press-blown, multi-stage molded, bent, and centrifugally made.

According to the method of heat treatment, cookware is distinguished as unstrengthened, i.e. annealed and hardened by hardening. The overwhelming majority of products made from grade glass and all crystal products are produced annealed.

Hardening consists of heating products to 700 o C and subsequent rapid and uniform cooling by blowing air. At the same time, high, evenly distributed residual stresses arise in the glass, increasing the impact strength by 5-8 times, and heat resistance by 2-3 times. Some types of pressed tableware and kitchenware made from heat-resistant borosilicate glass are strengthened by tempering.

Types of glassware. There are about thirty types of tableware for table setting: these are glasses, goblets, shot glasses, goblets, wine glasses, jugs, decanters, sugar bowls, oil dishes, vases for table setting (for fruit, jam, cookies, cream, candies, salad bowls), mennazhniki, etc.

Decorative products are glass sculptures, flower vases, toiletries, horn-shaped glasses, dishes, etc. Each type of product is produced in several varieties, differing in size and style.

By size, dishes are divided into small, medium, large, and extra large. The size of products is characterized by diameter, length or height, and the size of hollow products is characterized by capacity.

By style, products are subdivided taking into account the shape of the body (ball, oval, cone, etc.), the presence of stick-on (handle, leg, lid holder) and removable (cork, lid) parts, the nature of the edge (smooth, cut-out) and the bottom of the products. The dishes are produced with a bottom of regular thickness, thickened, and also on a pallet (a protrusion or ledge at the bottom of the product).

The legs of products can be of different heights, shapes (straight or figured) and processing (faceted and smooth).

Blown flower vases are divided into three groups depending on the complexity of the shape.

The style, along with the aesthetic features of the glass melt and cutting, largely determine the artistic expressiveness of the products. It is subject to change according to style requirements. Currently, festive and giftware is distinguished by a complex silhouette, careful processing and complex shape of parts. Everyday utensils have simpler and more solid shapes.

Based on the method of decoration, a distinction is made between smooth and decorated dishes. Decorated dishes, depending on the nature, complexity and artistic merits of the cuts, are divided into group and non-group. Cuttings of group blown glassware from varietal colorless glass are divided into 1-7th groups, from colored glass - into 3-8th, from applied glass - into 4-8th groups. Cutting crystal products belongs to the 4th-10th difficulty groups.

The group is united by drawings of the same complexity, but with different plots. They are designated by three-digit numbers, in which the hundreds digit indicates the group number.

Out-of-group products are characterized by original forms, complex, often combined designs of high artistic value. They are individual for the products of each plant.

The cutting of pressed products is not divided into complexity groups. Modern trends in the decoration of glassware - expansion of the range of colored glass, a combination of colored and weakly dimmed glass in the overlay, contrasting combinations in the design of elements of a diamond edge, matte engraving, chandelier, widespread use of decal patterns and silk-screen printing of various subjects, picturesque cuts with paints and gold, often in combination with matting. Bent cuts and products are still popular.

Based on their completeness, they distinguish between piece products, sets (they include products of the same type - a set of glasses, etc.), devices (they include products of different types for the same purpose) - for water, jam, etc. The products of the sets are characterized by the unity of their artistic and constructive solutions. The range of tableware for table setting is extremely diverse and is grouped taking into account all the previously mentioned characteristics. The main types of products: glasses, mugs, cups, glasses, wine glasses, glasses, goblets, decanters, jugs, milk jugs, vases for table setting, oil dishes, sugar bowls, etc.

Household utensils are produced manually or mechanized using colorless and semi-white glass. The range includes thermoses and other products for storing food - jars, jars for pickles and jam, kegs, bottles for storing liquids, jars for bulk products.

Thermoses are divided according to their purpose into thermoses for liquids and food (with a wide neck), according to the capacity of the flask, design and shell material (metal, plastic, combined).

Kitchenware made of heat-resistant glass and glass ceramics is represented by pots of various capacities, baking dishes, braziers, and frying pans. Sets of pots and the “Baby” set are produced from glass ceramics. Heat-resistant glassware is tempered and not decorated. White glassware with a smooth shiny surface is additionally decorated with designs.

Consumer properties of glass goods

Factors in the formation of consumer properties and range of glass products. Consumer properties and main features of the range of glass products are formed at the design and construction stage during the creation of prototypes and in the process of mass production. When developing new products, the artist takes into account the conditions of their use, the molding method, the need to ensure ease of use and durability of the products, the requirements of artistic style and fashion. Based on this, the composition and color of glass, the configuration of products in general and in detail, wall thickness, decoration method, etc. are determined.

The prototype must be accurately reproduced in serial (mass) production. The quality of its reproduction, i.e. The quality of products depends on compliance with production technology.

The main consumer properties of glass household products are functional, ergonomic, aesthetic and reliability properties.

The functional properties of glass products make it possible for them to perform two main functions: “receive” and preserve food and drinks in constant quantity and quality, and “give” them in whole or in part as needed. These properties depend on the nature of the glass, the shape, size and purpose of the products, and the characteristics of food and drinks. All these factors cause variations in the shape and size of products.

The ability to “accept” and preserve food and drinks is determined by the following group indicators: chemical resistance to food and drinks, resistance to atmospheric influences, resistance to thermal influences, resistance to mechanical influences. The ability to “give” food and drinks: the functionality of a volumetric-spatial solution and versatility.

Ergonomic properties determine, first of all, the ease of use and hygiene of glass products. The comfort of household utensils is determined by the ease of holding, carrying, performing storage and washing functions, as well as the ease of transportation and storage. Hygienic properties are determined primarily by the nature and properties of glass and are characterized by such group indicators as harmlessness and contamination.

The aesthetic properties of glass household goods are determined by the integrity of the composition, rationality of form and information content. The integrity of the composition characterizes the arrangement, addition and connection of parts into a single whole in a certain order. It is determined by the spatial and decorative structure, proportions of the shape of glass products, and tectonics.

The rationality of the form characterizes the compliance of the product’s shape with its functional purpose and environmental conditions, the compliance of the tonal and color solutions of individual elements with the requirements of ergonomics, the style solution with the interior, and the manufacturing technology with the properties of the material. The information content of glass products is determined by their significance, originality and compliance with the style and fashion that prevails at a given time.

The reliability properties of glass products are determined by their durability and shelf life. Of greatest importance is durability, which is characterized by physical and moral wear and tear.

Indicators of a number of consumer properties of products are indicators of the physical and chemical properties of glass. The most important of them are the following:

The density of glass varies from 2.2 g/cm 3 for quartz glass to 3.0 g/cm 3 or more for high-lead crystal. It depends mainly on the presence of heavy metal oxides (lead, barium, zinc) in the glass composition and affects the weight of products, optical and thermal properties. With increasing density, the refractive index of light, brilliance and play of light on the edges increase, but heat resistance, strength and hardness decrease.

The mechanical properties of glass are characterized by the absence of plastic deformation and high compressive strength (500-800 MPa). Strength depends on the chemical composition: it increases from the presence of SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, B 2 O 3, MgO in the glass composition and decreases from the presence of alkali oxides PbO. However, the internal structure of the glass, the condition of the surface, and the presence of defects on it have a decisive influence. Strength is increased by hardening, ion exchange in molten salts, applying metal oxide coatings to the surface and other methods. The thermal properties of glass are characterized by very low thermal conductivity, significant heat capacity and thermal expansion. The thermal stability of products increases with an increase in the mechanical strength of glass, thermal conductivity and with a decrease in thermal expansion and heat capacity. A measure of heat resistance is the temperature difference that a product can withstand without destruction. Thermal resistance of quartz glass is 1000 o C, tableware made of grade glass is 95 o C, glassware made of ceramic glass is 300-600 o C. All methods that increase mechanical strength simultaneously improve heat resistance.

The optical properties of glass are varied. Glass can be transparent (transmittance 0.85 or more) and dimmed to varying degrees, colorless and colored, with a shiny or matte surface. Optical characteristics of glass - refractive index and average dispersion, reflection and transmittance; Color indicators largely determine the aesthetic merits of dishes. Particularly important is the ability of glass to perceive colors, which increase the emotional expressiveness of products.

The chemical resistance of glass determines the purpose and reliability of products. It is very high especially in relation to water, organic and mineral acids. Alkalis and alkali carbonates are more aggressive. Hydrofluoric acid dissolves glass and is therefore used for applying patterns to glass, matting and chemical polishing of products.

According to water resistance, glass is divided into five hydrolytic classes: the first class is glass unchangeable by water, the fifth is unsatisfactory.

According to GOST “Sorted glassware. Nomenclature of indicators" consumer properties and their indicators include the following:

1. Purpose indicators - chemical composition and density of glass, shape and main dimensions of products, their stability on a flat surface.

2. reliability indicators - impact strength, hardness, heat resistance, water resistance, fastening strength of parts, annealing quality indicators.

3. indicators of ergonomic properties - content of harmful substances.

4. indicators of aesthetic properties - accuracy of reproduction of the author's sample, indicators of compositional integrity, information expressiveness, perfection of production manufacturing of products, as well as refractive indexes, average dispersion, light transmission, cutting angle.

5. economic indicators - mass of products (raw material consumption), cost.

3. Analysis of the assortment in the department store OJSC "GUM"

OJSC GUM, based on a contractual system, works with many suppliers of glassware: OJSC Neman Glass Factory, PRUP Borisov Crystal Plant, OJSC Posuda, LLC Experimental Glass Factory, San Gobain Vidors, etc.

Basically, all factories specialize in traditional and modern decoration of tableware. Products made from LUMINARK glass, which is resistant to temperature changes up to 60 o C, deserve great attention. The dishes can be washed in dishwashers. Thanks to the high quality of the designs, it can withstand more than 10,000 wash cycles.

Particular attention is paid to the hygienic safety of products at enterprises. All dishes are certified. The largest share in terms of quantity and amount of goods sold was the tableware group, because This product is in greatest demand among customers. Products from the Neman plant are most popular. It produces the highest quality and most beautiful products.

The Borisov Crystal Factory is inferior in quality to other factories. Some batches of goods made under pressure were rejected because... The production process was disrupted and most of the products were deformed.

I noticed that low-quality products still ended up on display in department stores. Some goods were not packaged in consumer group or individual and transport packaging, which is why the goods were damaged.

Assortment list of products supplied from suppliers:

Spice decanters

Glasses (for red wine, champagne)
Glasses (for whiskey, water, juice, beer)
Fruit slides
Shot glasses (for vodka, liqueur, port)
Wine glasses (for champagne, water, white and red wine, cocktails, cognac, brandy)
Salad bowls
Pots
Fruit vases
Container Sets
Ashtrays
Dishes for caviar
Sugar bowls

Requirements for the quality of glass goods:

The quality of glassware and decorative glass products must comply with GOST requirements. According to GOST, the general technical requirements for products that do not spoil the presentation are allowed:

Treated chips;

Rarely located svile;

Rarely located “midge”;

A sickle-shaped bubble at the junction of individual parts of the product and decorative elements;

Edge remelting;

Traces of surface disturbance;

Traces from molds and scissors;

Traces of distillation and polishing;

Underdrawing and lengthening of drawing lines;

Defects in decoration with preparations of precious and other metals, luster and silicate paints;

Torsion in mechanized products;

Thickening with one projection on the upper edge of soda-lime-silicate glass glasses;

Waviness of the surface of the faces;

Deviation in the drawing from the reference sample caused by the need to eliminate the defect;

Asymmetry of the junction of the vessel and the bottom, ring-shaped thickening or waviness at the junction of the vessel and the leg, leg and bottom.

Marking:

Product marking is applied to a paper label, which is glued directly to the product (the use of silicate glue is not allowed) or during production. Marking of consumer (group or individual) packaging, group packaging made of paper and transport packaging is applied to a paper label or stamp.

It is allowed not to apply markings to consumer containers packed in transport containers.

The product labeling on the paper label indicates the following information:

trademark or name of the manufacturer

mass fraction of lead oxide (only for lead crystal)
symbols of this standard

A label is placed on each product. In sets, the label is placed on at least one item, in sets - on the largest.

It is allowed not to indicate the article number in the labeling of products packaged in individual containers.

The marking during the production process must contain the trademark or name of the manufacturer.

The composition of the set or service is indicated on the consumer packaging or on the largest product.

It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, not to apply markings to products or to apply them to some of the products in a batch.

Products intended for export are marked in accordance with the terms of the agreement or contract.

The labeling of consumer (group or individual) containers and group packaging made of paper indicates the following data:

trademark and/or name of the manufacturer

product name

number of products per packaging unit (for group packaging)
designation of this standard

For certified products, the mark of conformity or the number of the certificate of conformity is affixed to the product labeling on a paper label and (or) in the labeling of containers and packaging, as well as in shipping documentation. Transport marking - in accordance with GOST with the application of the handling sign “Fragile - carefully”.

It is allowed to apply an image of a handling sign on a label intended for marking containers.

Package

Products are packaged in consumer and transport containers. Specific types of containers and packaging that ensure the safety of products during transportation and gross weight are indicated in contracts for the supply of products between the manufacturer and the consumer.

Safety requirements

The permissible migration of harmful substances released from glass products in contact with food products is established by the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision authorities in the relevant regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner, and in their absence, in accordance with the appendix. Water resistance must be at least IV hydrolytic class (4/98). Glasses and saucers for tea, plates for hot food must be heat-resistant. Blown products should collapse at temperature differences of 95-70-20 o C, pressed products - 95-60-20 o C.

The following are not allowed on products: chips, cut edges, stuck pieces of glass, cutting and crumbling glass particles when decorating products in bulk, through nicks, foreign inclusions with cracks and nicks around them. The end surface of the upper edge and the seams of the products must be smooth. The decorative coating applied to the inner surface of products in contact with food must be acid-resistant. The fastening of product handles and decorative elements must be strong.

Acceptance rules

Products are accepted in batches. A batch is considered to be a certain number of products of the same assortment made of glass of the same type. The results of batch acceptance must be confirmed by the technical control department.

To establish a group, the height and diameter of the products are determined using any measuring instrument; the capacity is determined using measuring utensils.

Defects in glass products

Waviness is a defect in glass containers in the form of surface unevenness, causing optical distortion.

Deformation is a defect representing a change in its shape as a result of violation of the formation or heat treatment modes.

Ovality of the body is the deformation of a glass container in the form of a deviation from the roundness of the cross section of the body.

The ovality of the rim is the deviation from the roundness of the cross section of the rim of the neck.

Concavity of the end of the rim is a deviation from the flatness of the end of the rim of the neck.

Foreign inclusion is a solid, opaque inclusion that differs from glass in physical and chemical properties.

Refractory stone is a foreign inclusion in glass in the form of particles of refractory products.

Charge stone is a foreign inclusion in glass from untested charge components.

A black dot is a foreign inclusion in the glass of scale, undissolved chromium compounds.

Crystallization stone is a foreign inclusion that has a crystalline structure as a result of crystallization of glass melt.

A glassy inclusion is an inclusion that has a glassy structure and differs in physicochemical properties.

Svil is a glassy inclusion in the form of threads of arbitrary shape, knots, strands.

Schlier is a glassy inclusion in the form of a drop.

Forging is a surface defect of a glass product in the form of small waviness, which forms as a result of contact with forming surfaces at a low temperature.

A wrinkle is a slight unevenness on the surface.

Non-perpendicularity of a glass container is a deviation from the perpendicularity indicator of the vertical axis of the bottom plane of the product.

Superficial cutting - cracks that do not pass through the entire thickness of the wall or bottom.

Glass abrasion is a defect in a glass product that represents surface scratches that occur due to contact with hard materials or with each other.

Glass sticking – stuck pieces of glass, chips in areas where glass products come into contact with each other at elevated heat treatment temperatures.

Bubble - cavities of various sizes.

Variation in glass thickness, through cut, fold, chip, glass dust, seam, corner, burr, glass roughness, etc.

Conclusion

The range of dishes is very large and varied. Now every consumer will be able to choose any product taking into account their needs, tastes, etc. Glass products are very popular, despite their fragility. Although now products made from unbreakable glass are beginning to gain popularity.

The development of glass production is one of the constituent factors in the development of the economy of any country. For the manufacture of household tableware and decorative items, oxide glasses are used, in which the main glass formers are oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, etc. The production of glass products consists of processing raw materials, preparing a charge, cooking, molding, annealing, and processing. Consumer properties and main features of the range of glass products are formed at the design and construction stage during the creation of prototypes and in the process of mass production. The range of glass products is quite dynamic and changes due to the constant development of science, the state of production technology, the nature of consumer demand, and changes in style trends.

The range of household products is classified according to purpose and operating conditions, composition and color of glass, molding method and nature of heat treatment, types, sizes, styles of products, methods and complexity of decoration, and completeness. The consumer properties of glass products determine the possibility of their intended use, convenience and reliability in operation, beauty and artistic expressiveness. They depend on the perfection of the author's sample, the properties of the glass and the quality of the products. Products must be manufactured in accordance with standards, labeling and packaging must comply with the requirements of the standards. They limit possible product defects.

As a result of a well-functioning supply system, the GUM department store receives a large assortment of glassware, various series of glasses, goblets, and bowls from leading manufacturers.

With the improvement of the economic situation, there will be trends towards increased trade turnover and profit.

Glass is a material that has very special, inherent properties that vary greatly depending on the methods of its manufacture and processing. It can be completely colorless, have exceptional transparency and, at the same time, perceive unusually bright, rich colors, as well as be translucent or muted and, finally, like precious stones, dull. It lends itself to a wide variety of mechanical and chemical processing methods.

Glass products will always be popular and will remain in fashion. Everyone has them in their home, decorating tables at holidays and delighting guests. Thanks to the huge variety, we can enjoy all the beauty and sophistication of glass products.

List of sources used

V.E.Sytsko “Commodity research of non-food products”

Matveev “Commodity research of household goods”

Ilyin “Commodity research of household goods”

Directory of merchandising of non-food products (in 3 volumes)

Snitko A.P. “Examination of goods: training manual”

Website "www.GYM.by"

“Commodity research and examination of goods”

Articles "ArtDecor"

According to GOST 4.75-82 “Sorted glassware. Nomenclature of indicators" consumer properties and their indicators include the following:

- indicators of purpose - chemical composition and density of glass, shape and main dimensions of products, their stability on a flat surface;
- reliability indicators - impact strength, hardness, heat resistance, water resistance, fastening strength of parts, annealing quality indicators;
- indicators of ergonomic properties - content of harmful substances;
- indicators of aesthetic properties - accuracy of reproduction of the author's sample, indicators of compositional integrity, information expressiveness, perfection of production manufacturing of products, as well as refractive indexes, average dispersion, light transmission, cutting angle;
- economic indicators - mass of products (raw material consumption), cost.

The most important consumer properties of glassware are the following organoleptic indicators: aesthetic and ergonomic properties.

For our research, 4 parameters of aesthetic properties are most suitable: decoration, perfection of form, compliance with modern style and perfection of production execution of products.

Ergonomic properties include indicators of hygiene and ease of use of the product.

Ease of use is characterized by the indicator that the mass of the product corresponds to the strength capabilities of a person, and its design to the size and shape of a person’s hand. Usability indicators are assessed using an expert method using points. Thus, choosing from ergonomic properties for the range of consumer properties: ease of use and weight of the product.

The assessment of consumer properties was carried out by the organoleptic method using a rating scale using a 5-point system.

Table 3.4

Rating scale using a 5-point system

The name of indicators

a) decorating the entire surface
b) decor occupies 1/3 of the surface
c) no decor, monochromatic color
2. Perfection of form:
a) the form is correct
b) the presence of slight deformation of the product
c) the presence of pronounced deformation of the product

a) the decoration is made in a modern style
b) the decoration is made in a non-modern style

a) clear outline and pattern
b) clear outline and fuzzy pattern
c) unclear outline and unclear drawing
5. Ease of use:
a) convenient to take in hand
b) not convenient to hold in your hand

a) 0.28-0.30 kg
b) 0.31-0.33 kg
c) 0.34-0.35 kg
d) 0.36-0.37 kg
d) 0.38-0.39 kg

After conducting a study of the quality indicators of the selected samples and obtaining the results, Table 3.5 was compiled.

Table 3.5

Results of a study of consumer properties on a 5-point rating scale

The name of indicators

2. Perfection of form
3. Compliance with modern style
4. Manufacturing Excellence
5. Ease of use

well established in the standards (GOST 15467-79), when assessing the consumer properties and quality indicators of a product, two groups of methods for determining weight coefficients are used:

1) Analytical methods for determining weight (these methods include the method of regression dependencies, the method of equivalent ratios)
2) Expert methods for determining weight (these quality assessment methods include the preference (or evaluation) method, ranking method, pairwise comparison method, sequential comparison method).

The preference method is used if the number of indicators included in a group indicator of a higher level does not exceed four. When assessing the most significant quality indicator, the expert assigns a weight coefficient equal to one, and the weight coefficients of the rest are determined in accordance with their significance compared to the first.

Ranking - this method is used when it is necessary to reduce the labor intensity of operations performed by experts, and in the event that the evaluation procedure causes difficulties for experts. Ranking is also used to divide indicators into groups according to their importance. When ranking, it is advisable that the number of indicators does not exceed 10, while rank 1 is assigned to the most significant indicator, rank 2 to the next most important is carried out through mathematical processing.

Paired comparison - this method, based on labor intensity requirements, is recommended to be used exclusively when determining the weight coefficients of indicators, the number of which does not exceed 20. In this case, the most significant one is selected from the pairwise compared quality indicators.

Sequential comparison - this assessment method is the most labor-intensive of the above assessment procedures, but which allows you to obtain the most reliable and realistic results. It includes ranking (or paired comparison) and evaluation procedures.

In the presented work, the weight coefficient of earthenware quality indicators will be determined by the method of sequential comparison using the ranking method. In accordance with our own idea of the importance (weight) of quality indicators, in the “Rank” column of individual indicators, we will put the serial numbers (these will be the ranks of indicators) of the indicators. In this case, we will assign number 1 to the most important indicator, which in this case are two indicators “appearance” and “perfection of form”, number 2 to the next most important, etc.

Table 3.6

Results of a comprehensive assessment of consumer properties

Name of consumer properties and quality indicators

Score in points

Weight factor

Evaluation of quality indicators taking into account the weight coefficient

Aesthetic indicators:

2. Perfection of form

3. Compliance with modern style

4. Manufacturing Excellence

Ergonomic indicators:

5. Ease of use

Comprehensive quality assessment

Table 3.7

Comparative characteristics of the consumer properties of one type of glassware

Product type	Functional indicators	Ergonomic indicators	Reliability	Aesthetic
perfection of execution	versatility	Ease of use	easy to clean and store	Life time	storability
Sample No. 1 Dinner plate LUMINARC Water Color	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. Large decor			The product is easy to clean with special detergents and convenient to store; it can be washed in the dishwasher			is original, corresponds to modern rational style, the product is expressed in form, corresponds to the conditions of use and care for it.
Sample No. 2 Dinner plate Pink roses	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. Decoration around the edges of the product	The product is universal. Can be used to serve food	The product is convenient to use	The product is easy to clean with special detergents and convenient to store; it cannot be washed in the dishwasher.	Accordingly, it has a longer service life and is reliable.	The product is reliable to use and care for.	original, consistent with modern rational style.
Sample No. 3 Dinner plate Melanie	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. The dining table is visible.	The product is universal. Can be used to serve food	The product is convenient to use	The product does not require caution when washing due to its strong and thickened walls. The product can be easily washed in special products.	Accordingly, it has a longer service life and is reliable.	The product is reliable to use and care for.	original, corresponds to modern rational style, the product is expressed in form, corresponds to operating conditions
perfection of execution	versatility	Ease of use	easy to clean and store	Life time	storability	information expressiveness
Sample No. 4 Dinner plate Dripping Black	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. There is no need for decorative markings because... the product is opaque.	The product is universal. Can be used to serve food	The product is convenient to use		Doesn't have a long service life
Sample No. 5 Dinner plate DURALEX Beaurivage Pink	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. There is no need for decorative markings because... the product is transparent. The product being stored is visible.	The product is universal. Can be used to serve food	The product is convenient to use	The product requires caution when washing due to the thinness of the walls (fragility) and gold decoration. The product, however, can be easily washed using special products.	Doesn't have a long service life	The product has a short service life due to its fragility. Gold decor is easily washed off if not properly cared for, resulting in loss of presentation	Not original, does not correspond to modern rational style, the product is not expressed in form, corresponds to the conditions of use of the product and its care, the glass is too thin.

Thus, after calculating the weight coefficients of quality indicators of glass products according to two main group characteristics: aesthetic indicator and ergonomic indicator, it was revealed that the determining indicator from the point of view of assessing the quality of glass tableware is the aesthetic indicator.

The second most important indicator of quality is the ergonomic indicator of the quality of glassware.

Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment of the tableware, it was revealed: the highest number of points - 5 - was scored by sample No. 1 Dinner plate LUMINARC Water Color.

Sample No. 3 Dinner Plate Melanie - 4.7, sample No. 4 Dinner Plate Dripping Black - 4.6, and sample No. 2 Dinner Plate Pink Roses scored - 4.2.

Sample No. 5 Dinner plate DURALEX Beaurivage Pink scored 3.9 points, which is due to the lack of decoration as the main consumer indicator.

It follows from this that the LUMINARC dinner plate has the best consumer properties among the samples in all respects.

The aesthetic properties of glass household goods are determined by the integrity of the composition, rationality of form and information content.

The integrity of the composition characterizes the arrangement, addition and connection of parts into a single whole in a certain order. It is determined by the spatial and decorative structure, tectonics, and proportions of the shape of glass products.

The rationality of the form characterizes the correspondence of the form of the product to the functional purpose and environmental conditions, the correspondence of the tonal and color scheme of individual elements to the requirements of ergonomics, the style solution to the interior, and the manufacturing technology to the properties of the material.

The information content of glass products is determined by their significance, originality and compliance with the style and fashion that prevails at a given time.

The reliability of glass products is determined by their durability and shelf life. Of greatest importance is durability, which is characterized by physical and moral wear and tear.

Indicators of a number of consumer properties of products are indicators of the physical and chemical properties of glass.

The most important of them are the following.

The density of glass varies from 2.2 g/cm3 for quartz glass to 3.0 g/cm3 or more for high-lead crystal. It depends mainly on the presence of heavy metal oxides (lead, barium, zinc) in the glass composition and affects the weight of products, optical and thermal properties. With increasing density, the refractive index of light, brilliance and play of light on the edges increase, but heat resistance, strength and hardness decrease.

The mechanical properties of glass are characterized by the absence of plastic deformation, high compressive strength (500-800 MPa) and low tensile, bending (25-100 MPa) and especially impact strength (15-20 MPa). Strength depends on the chemical composition: it increases from the presence of SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, MgO in the glass composition and decreases from the presence of alkali oxides, PbO. However, the internal structure of the glass, the condition of the surface, and the presence of defects on it have a decisive influence. Strength is increased by hardening, ion exchange in molten salts, applying metal oxide coatings to the surface and other methods.

The thermal properties of glass are characterized by very low thermal conductivity, significant heat capacity and thermal expansion. The thermal stability of products increases with an increase in the mechanical strength of glass, thermal conductivity and with a decrease in thermal expansion and heat capacity. A measure of heat resistance is the temperature difference that a product can withstand without destruction. Thermal resistance of quartz glass is 1000°C, tableware made of high-grade glass is 95°C, glassware made of glass ceramics is 300-600°C.

All methods that increase mechanical strength also improve heat resistance.

The chemical resistance of glass determines the purpose and reliability of products. It is very high, especially in relation to water, organic and mineral acids (except hydrofluoric acid). Alkalis and alkali carbonates are more aggressive. Hydrofluoric acid dissolves glass and is therefore used for applying patterns to glass, matting and chemical polishing of products.

According to water resistance, glass is divided into five hydrolytic classes: the first class is glass unchangeable by water, the fifth is unsatisfactory.

According to GOST 4.75-82 “Sorted glassware. Nomenclature of indicators" consumer properties and their indicators include the following:

§ purpose indicators - chemical composition and density of glass, shape and main dimensions of products, their stability on a flat surface;

§ reliability indicators - impact strength, hardness, heat resistance, water resistance, fastening strength of parts, annealing quality indicators;

§ indicators of ergonomic properties - content of harmful substances;

§ indicators of aesthetic properties - accuracy of reproduction of the author's sample, indicators of compositional integrity, information expressiveness, perfection of production manufacturing of products, as well as refractive indexes, average dispersion, light transmission, cutting angle;

§ economic indicators - mass of products (raw material consumption), cost.

Nomenclature of consumer properties of glass household goods

Comprehensive indicators	Group and general indicators	Single indicators

Functional	1. Perfection of the main function of “receiving” and storing food and drinks (corresponding to the material) 1.2. The ability to “give” food and drinks (construction) 2. Versatility	1.1.1. Chemical composition of glass 1.1.2. Heat resistance, etc. 1.2.1. Dimensions 1 .2.2. Product shape and design 2. Ability to perform multiple functions for different purposes for different products
Ergonomic	1. Convenience (comfort) of using the product 1.1. Anthropometric 12. Physiological 1.3. Psychophysiological and mental 2. Ease of washing and storing the product 3. Hygienic indicators	1.1.1. Correspondence to the structure of the human hand 1.1.2. Convenience of drinking drinks 1 2. Compliance with human strength capabilities 1.3.1. Effect of color 1.3.2. The effect of the image of the product as a whole (comfort or disgust) 3.1.3 dirtiness 3.2. Harmlessness
Aesthetic	1. Information expressiveness 2. Rational form (for dishes)	1.1. Iconicity (recognizability of an object) 12. Originality

	3. Composition integrity 3.1. Shaping properties 3.2. Harmonizing properties	1.3. Matching style 14. Fashionable 2.1. Functional - constructive conditionality 2.2. Logical form 2.3. Logical decor 2.4. Correspondence of shape and decor to the material 2.5. Compliance with the shape of the processing technology 3.1.1. Spatial solution (form) 3.1.3. Tectonics (static or dynamic) 3.1.4. Structure (metric or rhythmic) 3.2.1. Proportions and scale 3.2.2. Contrast 3.2.3. Nuance
Reliability	1. Service life (durability) 2. Storability	1.1. Wear resistance of decorative coatings and elements 1.2. Microhardness (wear resistance of glass) 1.3. Wear resistance of structural elements of the form 2. Storability of individual property indicators during storage
Social		1 . Feasibility of release 2. Social address 3. Compliance with the optimal range (sizes) 4. Obsolescence
Security	Presence or absence of cutting fragments upon destruction (regular and hardened products)

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The deformation of flat products is determined by measuring the gap between the edge of the product and a flat plane using a measuring wedge. Deformation of hollow products - by determining the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters; products on a leg - by determining the difference between the maximum and minimum height of the edge of the product installed on a flat surface.

The strength of surface bubbles is checked by light pressure with a special metal rod 300-400 mm long, having a rounded end with a diameter of 1-1.5 mm.

The strength of fixation of silicate paints and films of precious metals on products is determined by wiping the products with a flannel cloth.

3.2 RequirementsToqualityglassdishes

IN For products made of colorless glass, slight colored tints are allowed that do not spoil the presentation. A difference in the intensity of coloring of the same product made of colored and applied glass, caused by uneven wall thickness, and different color shades of decor obtained by heat treatment of zinc sulfide glass, which does not spoil the presentation, are allowed.

In areas of products decorated with colored chips, foreign materials that do not spoil the presentation are allowed. inclusions with a size of no more than 1 mm in an amount of no more than 3 pieces. (for small and medium-sized products), no more than pcs. (for large and especially large ones).

For defects that cannot be measured, samples agreed with the consumer may be approved.

Local accumulations of midges, cut edges, stuck pieces of glass, burrs, a matte coating on the edges, as well as undercutting and elongation of design lines larger than 4.0 mm are not allowed in the dishes.

The following defects are allowed:

svil, sparsely located, not spoiling the presentation;

a bubble in the form of a “sickle”, which does not spoil the presentation at the junction of the vessel and the leg, the leg and the bottom, the handle and the vessel, decorative elements:

scree, remelting of edges, processed chips and nicks, traces of surface damage, marks from molds and scissors that do not spoil the presentation;

traces of distillation and polishing, defects in decoration with preparations of precious metals, luster and silicate paints, incompleteness and elongation of drawing lines when decorating with ring lines, torsion in mechanized products that do not spoil the presentation.

In addition, in products with a stem, asymmetry of the junction of the vessel and the bottom, which does not spoil the presentation, is allowed, and at the junction of the vessel and the stem, the stem and the bottom, there is also a ring-shaped thickening or waviness.

The “mound” on decorated products must be melted, without cutting glass particles, and must not crumble. The seams and the end surface of the upper edge of the products must be smooth.

Lids and plugs must be selected for the products. Lids must cover or fit into the products freely. Plugs with unworn stems should fit freely into the neck of the product. The ground stem of the cork should fit snugly to the neck of the product; a barely noticeable wobble of the cork on the neck is allowed. In toiletries, the stem of the cork must be ground in.

The product must be stable on a flat horizontal surface.

Glasses and saucers for tea, plates for hot food must be heat-resistant. Blown products should not collapse at a temperature of 95--70--20°C, pressed products 95--60--20°C.

The total number of allowed defects in appearance in one small product is no more than 2, medium - 3, large - 4.

When tapped, crystal products emit a long melodious ringing sound. The sound effect increases with increasing lead oxide content and decreasing wall thickness: drop-down products have a greater sound effect.

A special feature of crystal products is also the light effect, which depends on the amount of lead and the cutting angle. At a cutting angle of 90 degrees, the reflection of light incident on the edge is greatest. The reflection coefficient is directly proportional to the content of lead oxides in the glass.

Crystal products are made massive and thick-walled, so deep diamond edges can be applied to them and thereby increase the reflection of light.

Depending on the quality of the glass. methods of production and processing of products are divided into 1st and 2nd grades. Products must have a shiny, smooth surface, polished to complete transparency.

In colorless products, faint bluish tints are allowed that do not spoil the presentation.

Products made of glass and crystal, which are subjected to sudden heating and cooling and mechanical stress during operation, must have the necessary thermal resistance and mechanical strength, especially to impact.

The consumer properties (usefulness) of glass products used in everyday life and in the catering industry are determined by a set of properties - functionality, economy, aesthetics, comfort (convenience, hygiene), reliability (strength, durability), etc.

The functional properties of glass products depend on the nature of the glass, shape, size and purpose of the products.

Ergonomic properties of products, first of all, are ease of use (comfort) and hygiene of glass products.

The comfort of household utensils is determined by the ease of performing their functions, keeping them clean, and storing them. At the same time, the shape and capacity of the product, the presence and location of handles, and the correspondence of their shape to the fingers are taken into account. When assessing the ease of care of products, they pay attention to the diameter of the upper hole, the nature of the surface, the presence of roughness, sharp, cutting and scratching areas, corners and recesses, as well as the ease of transportation, packaging, and storage of products.

The hygienic properties of tableware are determined, first of all, by the nature and properties of glass. Products must have high chemical resistance and be harmless to the human body. When assessing hygiene, the simplicity and ease of removing various types of contaminants from the surface of products and keeping them clean are taken into account.

The aesthetic properties of glass products are characterized by the integrity of the composition, rationality of form and information content.

Undefined contours of both the entire product and its elements, poor color and design, hiding the natural properties of the material, worsen the aesthetic perception of the product’s shape.

The ratio of the sizes of parts, sides, and patterns characterizes the proportionality of the product.

The reliability of glass products is determined by their durability. Products with attached parts, high legs, and complex configurations are less reliable.

Products must have a shiny, smooth surface, polished to complete transparency.

The edge and end surface of the top edge of the products must be melted or polished. A bevel is applied to the edge of the upper edge of the products or other types of processing are used. Lids and plugs must be selected for the products.

Lids must cover or fit into the products freely. The difference between the diameter of the lid and the edge of the body (or neck) should not exceed 2 mm.

Plugs with unworn stems should fit freely into the neck of the product. The ground stem of the cork should fit snugly to the neck of the product. In toiletries, the stem of the cork must be ground in.

The spout of the product should be located opposite the handle.

Attaching adhesive parts and decorative elements should be simple.

The bottom of the products must be smooth, clearly polished, and ensure a stable position on a flat horizontal surface. The inner surface of the bottom of trays and saucers should ensure the stability of the products placed on them.

The products in the set must be selected so that the difference in height between them does not exceed the permissible deviation from parallelism of the edge of the bottom plane.

The difference in the edge thickness of the walls should not be more than 0.5 mm for products with a wall thickness up to 3 mm inclusive and 1 mm for products with a wall thickness over 3 mm.

The quality of household glassware depends on the presence of defects that negatively affect its mechanical, thermal, optical, aesthetic and sanitary properties.

Defects in glass products are divided into three groups - defects in glass melt, production and processing.

The impact of a particular defect on the quality of a product depends on its type, location, size, and also on the size of the product.

Based on these criteria, some defects are allowed with restrictions on quantity, size and location, while others are not allowed at all.

3.3 Evaluating the labeling of glassware from different manufacturers

Product marking is applied to a paper label, which is glued directly to the product (the use of silicate glue is not allowed) or during production. Labeling of consumer (group and (or) individual) packaging, group packaging made of paper and transport packaging is applied to a paper label or stamp.

It is allowed not to apply markings to consumer containers packed in transport containers.

The product labeling on the paper label indicates the following information:

Trademark and (or) name of the manufacturer;

Vendor code;

Mass fraction of lead oxide (only for lead crystal);

Designation of this standard.

A label is placed on each product. In sets, the label will be placed on at least one item, in sets - on the largest item and at least two others. It is allowed not to indicate the article number in the labeling of products packaged in individual containers.

The marking during the production process must contain the trademark or name of the manufacturer.

The composition of the set or service is indicated on the consumer packaging or on the largest product. It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, not to apply markings to products or to apply them to some of the products in a batch.

Products intended for export are marked in accordance with the terms of the agreement or contract.

The marking of consumer (group and (or) individual) packaging and group packaging made of paper indicates the following data: trademark and (or) name of the manufacturer; name of products; vendor code; number of products per packaging unit (for group packaging); controller and packer number; designation of this standard.

Transport marking - in accordance with GOST 14192 with the application of the handling sign “Fragile - carefully”.

It is allowed to apply an image of a handling sign on a label intended for marking containers.

Evaluation of the marking of the submitted samples for compliance of the marking with the requirements of the standard is presented in Table 3.2.

Based on the assessment results, we can conclude that sample No. 3 Melanie dinner plate and sample No. 4 Dripping Black dinner plate do not have a manufacturer’s trademark, and for all other indicators, all samples contain all the necessary information.

Table 3.2

Assessment of marking for compliance with GOST requirements

	Trademark	Manufacturer's name	product name	Material of manufacture
		LUMINARC, Czech Republic	Dinner plate	Glass ceramics
		OLAFF (China)	Dinner plate	Glass ceramics
Sample No. 3 Dinner plate Melanie	absent	Indonesia	Dinner plate
Sample№4 Dinner plate Dripping Black	absent		Dinner plate
			Dinner plate

3.4 Organolepticgradequalityglassdishes

Organoleptically determine in a glass container:

Presence of defects;

Stability on a flat horizontal surface;

For products characterized by height and diameter, groups (small, medium, large) are determined by the largest size.

The assessment results are shown in Table 3.3.

According to GOST 30407-96 (ISO 7086-1-82, ISO 7086-2-82) Tableware and decorative glassware. General technical conditions determined the resistance of the decor to alkaline solutions.

The method is based on determining the resistance of the decor to the effects of 1% - in a vessel with a 1% solution of baking soda at a temperature of (20±5) ° C so that the decorated areas of the products are half covered with the solution. The solution is brought to a temperature of (60±5)°C and kept for 15 minutes. After soaking in the solution, the product is removed, cooled and wiped dry. The areas of the decor that were exposed to the alkaline solution are compared with areas that were not immersed in it. In this case, the tested surface must remain unchanged.

The results of determining the decor's resistance to alkaline solutions showed that in all samples the decorative treatment areas were not damaged and coincided with the untreated areas.

Additionally, the strength of fixation of the decor applied to the surface of the product was tested using mechanical influences - rubbing with a dry cotton cloth for 30 seconds with force. No damage to the decor was detected in all samples. The decorative surface remained unchanged.

Table 3.3

Assessment of the main indicators of the studied samples

		Presence of defects	Stability on a flat horizontal surface	Product group
Sample No. 1 Dinner plate LUMINARC Water Color	white, flower design	none	Stable
Sample No. 2	white, design - pink roses	none	Stable
Sample No. 3 Dinner plate Melanie	white, flower design	none	Stable
Sample No. 4 Dinner plate DrippingBlack	black, pattern - gold veins	none	Stable
Sample No. 5 Dinner plate DURALEX Beaurivage Pink	pink, no picture	none	Stable

3.5 Gradeconsumerpropertiesglassdishes

According to GOST 4.75-82 “Sorted glassware. Nomenclature of indicators" consumer properties and their indicators include the following:

Purpose indicators - chemical composition and density of glass, shape and main dimensions of products, their stability on a flat surface;

Reliability indicators - impact strength, hardness, heat resistance, water resistance, fastening strength of parts, annealing quality indicators;

Indicators of ergonomic properties - content of harmful substances;

Indicators of aesthetic properties - accuracy of reproduction of the author's sample, indicators of compositional integrity, information expressiveness, perfection of production manufacturing of products, as well as refractive indexes, average dispersion, light transmission, cutting angle;

Economic indicators - mass of products (raw material consumption), cost.

The most important consumer properties of glassware are the following organoleptic indicators: aesthetic and ergonomic properties.

For our research, 4 parameters of aesthetic properties are most suitable: decoration, perfection of form, compliance with modern style and perfection of production execution of products.

Ergonomic properties include indicators of hygiene and ease of use of the product.

The assessment of consumer properties was carried out by the organoleptic method using a rating scale using a 5-point system.

Table 3.4

Rating scale using a 5-point system

The name of indicators

a) decorating the entire surface
b) decor occupies 1/3 of the surface
c) no decor, monochromatic color
2. Perfection of form:
a) the form is correct
b) the presence of slight deformation of the product
c) the presence of pronounced deformation of the product

a) the decoration is made in a modern style
b) the decoration is made in a non-modern style

a) clear outline and pattern
b) clear outline and fuzzy pattern
c) unclear outline and unclear drawing
5. Ease of use:
a) convenient to take in hand
b) not convenient to hold in your hand

a) 0.28-0.30 kg
b) 0.31-0.33 kg
c) 0.34-0.35 kg
d) 0.36-0.37 kg
d) 0.38-0.39 kg

After conducting a study of the quality indicators of the selected samples and obtaining the results, Table 3.5 was compiled.

Table 3.5

Results of a study of consumer properties on a 5-point rating scale

The name of indicators	Sample No. 1 Dinner plate LUMINARC Water Color	Sample No. 2 Dinner plate Pink roses	Sample No. 3 Dinner plate Melanie	Sample No. 5 Dinner plate DURALEX Beaurivage Pink

2. Perfection of form
3. Compliance with modern style
4. Manufacturing Excellence
5. Ease of use

well established in the standards (GOST 15467-79), when assessing the consumer properties and quality indicators of a product, two groups of methods for determining weight coefficients are used:

1) Analytical methods for determining weight (these methods include the method of regression dependencies, the method of equivalent ratios)

2) Expert methods for determining weight (these quality assessment methods include the preference (or evaluation) method, ranking method, pairwise comparison method, sequential comparison method).

Table 3.6

Results of a comprehensive assessment of consumer properties

Name of consumer properties and quality indicators

Score in points

Weight factor

Evaluation of quality indicators taking into account the weight coefficient

Aesthetic indicators:

2. Perfection of form

3. Compliance with modern style

4. Manufacturing Excellence

Ergonomic indicators:

5. Ease of use

Comprehensive quality assessment

Table 3.7

Comparative characteristics of the consumer properties of one type of glassware

Product type	Functional indicators	Ergonomic indicators	Reliability	Aesthetic
	perfection of execution	versatility	Ease of use	easy to clean and store	Life time	storability
Sample No. 1 Dinner plate LUMINARC Water Color	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. Large decor			The product is easy to clean with special detergents and convenient to store; it can be washed in the dishwasher			is original, corresponds to modern rational style, the product is expressed in form, corresponds to the conditions of use and care for it.
Sample No. 2 Dinner plate Pink roses	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. Decoration around the edges of the product	The product is universal. Can be used to serve food	The product is convenient to use	The product is easy to clean with special detergents and convenient to store; it cannot be washed in the dishwasher.	Accordingly, it has a longer service life and is reliable.	The product is reliable to use and care for.	original, consistent with modern rational style.
Sample No. 3 Dinner plate Melanie	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. The dining table is visible.	The product is universal. Can be used to serve food	The product is convenient to use	The product does not require caution when washing due to its strong and thickened walls. The product can be easily washed in special products.	Accordingly, it has a longer service life and is reliable.	The product is reliable to use and care for.	original, corresponds to modern rational style, the product is expressed in form, corresponds to operating conditions
	perfection of execution	versatility	Ease of use	easy to clean and store	Life time	storability	information expressiveness
Sample No. 4 Dinner plate Dripping Black	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. There is no need for decorative markings because... the product is opaque.	The product is universal. Can be used to serve food	The product is convenient to use		Doesn't have a long service life
Sample No. 5 Dinner plate DURALEX Beaurivage Pink	The product corresponds to its intended purpose in terms of glass type, shape and size. There is no need for decorative markings because... the product is transparent. The product being stored is visible.	The product is universal. Can be used to serve food	The product is convenient to use	The product requires caution when washing due to the thinness of the walls (fragility) and gold decoration. The product, however, can be easily washed using special products.	Doesn't have a long service life	The product has a short service life due to its fragility. Gold decor is easily washed off if not properly cared for, resulting in loss of presentation	Not original, does not correspond to modern rational style, the product is not expressed in form, corresponds to the conditions of use of the product and its care, the glass is too thin.

The second most important indicator of quality is the ergonomic indicator of the quality of glassware.

Sample No. 3 Dinner plate Melanie - 4.7, sample No. 4 Dinner plate Dripping Black - 4.6, and sample No. 2

CONCLUSION

The development of glass production is one of the constituent factors in the development of the economy of our country. For the manufacture of household dishes and decorative items, oxide glasses are used, in which the main glass formers are oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, etc.

The production of glass products consists of processing raw materials, preparing a batch, melting glass melt, molding and annealing of products, their primary and decorative processing.

Consumer properties and main features of the range of glass products are formed at the design and construction stage during the creation of prototypes and in the process of mass production.

The range of glass products is quite dynamic and changes due to the constant development of science, the state of production technology, the nature of consumer demand, and changes in style trends.

The range of household products is classified according to purpose and operating conditions, composition and color of glass, molding method and nature of heat treatment, types (names), sizes, styles of products, methods and complexity of decoration, and completeness. The consumer properties of glass products determine the possibility of their intended use, convenience and reliability in operation, beauty and artistic expressiveness. They depend on the perfection of the author's sample, the properties of the glass and the quality of the products. Indicators of a number of consumer properties of products are indicators of the physical and chemical properties of glass.

The Enem store, on the basis of a contractual system, works with many suppliers of glassware: JSC Termopulse, Bryansk, JSC Pervomaisky Glass Factory, Pervomaisky village, Smolensk region, Shumyachsky district, LLC Manufacturing Enterprise INTER-ART XXI, Tver, LLC company "DP-Trade" Moscow, JSC "Glass factories KAVALIER", LLC "Uralposuda" Gus-Khrustalny.

As a result of a well-functioning supply system, the Enem store receives a large assortment of glassware, various series of tableware, glasses, glasses, bowls from the world's leading manufacturers.

Analysis of data on the structure of the assortment of glass household tableware sold by the Enem store in 2013 showed that the largest share in terms of quantity and amount of goods sold was the tableware group, since this product is in greatest demand among customers. The supply of glassware in 2013 increased by 290 items compared to 2012.

Glass products must be manufactured in accordance with GOST 30407-96 Glassware and decorative items made of glass. General technical conditions and GOST 24315-80 Tableware and decorative glassware. Terms and definitions of types of glass, methods of production and decoration according to the technological regime and standard samples approved in the prescribed manner. Products must be of the correct shape, corresponding to the capacity (size), with a shard of a certain thickness, stable on a flat surface.

To study the consumer properties, 3 objects of glass tableware were selected: sample No. 1 Dinner plate LUMINARC Water Color, sample No. 2 Dinner plate Pink roses, sample No. 3 Dinner plate Melanie, sample No. 4 Dinner plate Dripping Black, sample No. 5 Dinner plate DURALEX Beaurivage Pink

A nomenclature of consumer properties of glassware was developed. The most important consumer properties of earthenware are the following organoleptic indicators: aesthetic and ergonomic properties.

Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment of the tableware, it was revealed: the highest number of points - 5 - was scored by sample No. 1 Dinner plate LUMINARC Water Color.

Sample No. 3 Dinner Plate Melanie - 4.7, sample No. 4 Dinner Plate DrippingBlack - 4.6, and sample No. 2 Dinner Plate Pink Roses scored - 4.2.

Sample No. 5 Dinner plate DURALEX Beaurivage Pink scored 3.9 points, which is due to the lack of decoration as the main consumer indicator.

It follows from this that the LUMINARC dinner plate has the best consumer properties among the samples in all respects.

LISTUSEDSOURCES

1. GOST 30407-96 Glassware and decorative items. General technical conditions

2. GOST 24315-80 Glassware and decorative items. Terms and definitions of types of glass, methods of production and decoration

3. GOST R 51969-2002 Household utensils made of special household glass. General technical conditions

4. Agbash V.L., Elizarova V.F. Merchandising of non-food products. - M., 2006

5. Vilkova S.A. Commodity research and examination of household goods. - Dashkov and Co., 2012

6. Ilyina M.G. Merchandising of non-food products. Workshop. - M.: Academy, 2010.

7. Krasovsky P.A., Kovalev A.A. Product and its expertise. - M., 2008.

8. Lifits I.M. Theory and practice of assessing the competitiveness of goods and services. M., 2007.

9. Nikolaeva M.A. Commodity expertise. - M., 2008.

10. Neverova A.N. Commodity research and organization of trade in non-food products / Ed. - M., 2007

11. Chechetkina N.M., Putilina T.I., Gorbuneva V.V. Commodity expertise. - Rostov n/d., 2006

12. Khodykin A.P., Lyashko A.A., Voloshko N.I., Snitko A.P. Merchandising of non-food products. - Dashkov and K, 2008

13. Yakovenko N.V. Merchandising of non-food products. Workbook. - M.: Academy, 2010.

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Consumer properties and quality indicators of glass goods. Consumer properties of glass household goods Consumer properties of glass goods

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3.3 Evaluating the labeling of glassware from different manufacturers

The development of glass production is one of the constituent factors in the development of the economy of our country. For the manufacture of household dishes and decorative items, oxide glasses are used, in which the main glass formers are oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, etc.

The production of glass products consists of processing raw materials, preparing a batch, melting glass melt, molding and annealing of products, their primary and decorative processing.

Consumer properties and main features of the range of glass products are formed at the design and construction stage during the creation of prototypes and in the process of mass production.

The range of glass products is quite dynamic and changes due to the constant development of science, the state of production technology, the nature of consumer demand, and changes in style trends.

As a result of a well-functioning supply system, the Enem store receives a large assortment of glassware, various series of tableware, glasses, glasses, bowls from the world's leading manufacturers.

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