Calculation of a straight staircase with a platform. How to correctly calculate stair steps

No matter how the imagination builds appearance stairs, calculating its design according to the required type and load is a task of a completely different class of complexity. All kinds of calculators and programs for designing stairs are very helpful in this matter, and we will talk about them today.

PRO100 - simple visualization

Almost any staircase, no matter how complex it may be, can be represented as a collection of simpler steps, strings, railings and risers - boards, in other words. Therefore, drawing up a staircase project will be easiest for those craftsmen who have experience working in furniture creation programs. The well-known PRO100 is well suited for these purposes: you can sketch out the design of a simple staircase in 30-40 minutes; even a beginner will not have much difficulty getting used to this program.

Of course, furniture programs work mainly with primitives - parts in the shape of a parallelepiped. It can be very difficult to display carved handrails and racks, specially shaped steps and other artistic delights. But if the goal is to determine Common parameters, such as height, number and layout of steps, then furniture and general purpose 3D modeling programs will be more than enough.

Of course, not if you undertake to independently draw up a project, the implementation of which will be carried out by another master. Here it is necessary to pay attention to detail and, in the end, the customer receives exactly what he was able to depict, but no more.

The main disadvantage of the PRO100 (as, indeed, of most furniture “designers”) is the lack of any automation for working with stairs. There is no way, for example, to indicate the span dimensions, pitch and height of the steps, so all the work is done from scratch. However, for most amateur projects, standard means of manipulating objects are quite sufficient: grouping, copying, moving, and the like.

It should be agreed that the goal of designing a staircase can be either only general idea about the design and main parameters, or a comprehensive visualization with all the curls and carvings, the shape of the turning and the details of fastening all the elements into one beautiful solid product. In the latter case you must have practical experience work with stairs, otherwise the project may not be feasible in principle.

Online services for obtaining drawings

You should start getting acquainted with programs for designing stairs with all kinds of online services and calculators. Their capabilities are severely limited by the web platform: although there are ways to carry out detailed calculations and high-quality visualization of a product “without leaving the Internet,” the development of such software is too expensive and is almost never justified.

And yet, such programs have one advantage: they provide the user with the opportunity not to install additional software, but to carry out preliminary calculations on the go. One of the popular sites lesenka.com offers a schematic display of the staircase - the plan and section of the steps - according to the set of parameters you entered. It is possible to generate, in just a couple of minutes, diagrams of stairs, both simple single-span and spiral, and with landings and winder steps.

Another popular site is lascalagrande.ru. Free input of parameters is not available here, but the parameterization form is quite “smart” and will itself offer valid options for the user to choose from. It is possible to choose one of six types of stairs (including multi-flight, rotating and with complex shaped steps), as well as calculate railings and balustrades, resulting in a drawing with basic dimensions and an isometric sketch. The website stairshop.ru is almost a complete analogue of the previous one, but it has a rare opportunity to have a three-dimensional overview of the designed staircase, albeit with a very primitive display quality.

Sites of this kind have a number of pleasant features. Most of them belong to companies professionally engaged in the manufacture and installation of stairs. Therefore, it is possible to familiarize yourself with the photo gallery finished products and roughly estimate the cost of the project.

Features of working at Staircon

Online design tools greatly limit your freedom when designing unique staircase designs. If you need a more individual approach, you will have to use either CAD programs (Autodesk, SketchUp) or pay attention to specialized software.

The Staircon program is very, very good option even for one-time use. Despite the abundance of functions, this product is quite easy to learn, even when using the non-Russian version. Almost each of the settings windows has a small preview, which clearly displays the nature of the changes being made, plus all customizable parameters are immediately applied to the main scene. All work is carried out by parameterizing either the staircase as a whole, or individual platforms and spans, or even each step separately.

The program has three main views: general plan, sketch and three-dimensional model. Moving sequentially from one to the other, the user first configures the parameters of the staircase pocket, then the general configuration of the staircase, for which there are several dozen built-in templates. Finally, the job is completed by detailing small details such as fencing or handrails and selecting materials (including metal and glass).

As a result, the user receives design documentation, a list of parts and materials, or a rendering of a visual scene with quite acceptable quality.

Calculation of physical and mechanical parameters

Many people are interested in the question: how to use programs to calculate stairs based on load. Upon closer acquaintance with Staircon and similar tools, it turns out that the calculation technical parameters in terms of load is already built into the bowels of the program, and it simply will not suggest the use of material sections and design of nodes that do not correspond to at least the average level of throughput load.

As with everything, individual calculations may be required here, especially when attaching steps to the wall on only one side, when working with suspended stairs, or when calculating concrete spans with a large dead weight.

Unfortunately, these calculations will have to be done manually: no matter how perfect the program is, you should not rely on standard algorithms. No design tool can take into account bearing capacity walls, as well as the strength of individual materials for the execution of the staircase itself.

Is it worth learning CAD and 3D modeling?

If you do not have experience developing in Autocad or 3ds Max, you should not pay attention to this class of programs just for designing stairs. The only exception is when you need to create a really high-quality visualization or fit a staircase into the overall interior visualization plan, which is quite rare in amateur practice.

But if you are already familiar with programs for 3D modeling and drawing production, getting acquainted with special software for stairs may turn out to be a waste of time. As we have already said, CAD programs cannot space steps at the same distance or automatically adjust the line of barriers to changes in the configuration of the span.

However, in reality such capabilities are needed when developing only very large projects. In other cases you can use standard means snapping and grouping, or find the appropriate plugin for working with stairs.

Do you want to build two-storey house, but are you afraid that designing and calculating the stairs is too complicated and it’s impossible to do it yourself? There are several ways to calculate design parameters. Using one of the methods, this is simple and easy:

  • manual;
  • online programs for designing stairs;
  • engineering software.

For safe and comfortable movement along the stairs, the design parameters must be correctly designed and calculated.

For a safe and convenient design enjoy regulations and GOST of the Russian Federation.

What parameters are calculated when designing marches

For a complete calculation of the stairs, we proceed from the existing ones, original sizes and quantities to be calculated. The initial ones include the height of the room and the height of up to the 2nd floor, the width of the stairs, and the height of the railings. Calculations are subject to:

  • tilt angle;
  • height, width, thickness;
  • length of marches;
  • stride length;
  • stringer width;
  • number of steps;
  • number of rotary steps when turning 90˚ or 180˚.

Exist Various types staircases for a private house, each of them has its own calculation. Marches are distinguished by material, supporting element and design. Depending on the material used to make the stairs, there are:

  • wooden;
  • metal;
  • reinforced concrete;
  • glass.

Tilt angle

The slope angle should be such that it is convenient to move along the flight of stairs. Too much inclination will make the movement difficult - the person needs to raise his leg high. Too small will result in shallow steps. The larger the angle, the less space occupied by the structure, but the more difficult it is to climb it. Optimal inclination stairs within 30˚ – 45˚. Marches with an angle exceeding 45˚ are installed in places where stairs are rarely used. These are folding and attached options.

To calculate the slope, you need to know the step size. The model is considered safe and comfortable if the average step of a person is equal to the sum of double the height and its width (tread).

where x is the height of the step,

y – tread width,

z – step width.

The step size of an adult is 60 - 64 cm, minor deviations from this figure are allowed.

Tread width (depth)

Before calculating the stairs to the second floor, you should determine the depth of the tread. This is one of basic values. The width should ensure a safe position for the foot while moving. If the value is small, the leg will slide down, which is dangerous due to falling; if it is large, it will fall through. In any case, walking will be uncomfortable. The optimal step size ranges from 20 to 32 cm. When designing stairs, thinness is used, which makes it possible to save material. This is the overhang of the steps above the lower surface. For wooden stairs, the overhang is no more than 3 cm, for reinforced concrete – 5 cm.

Step height

The width of the handrails is 10 cm, which is considered sufficient to sit comfortably on a horizontal surface and to secure the hand well.

Example of staircase calculation

For example, calculation of a straight staircase.

The step is calculated according to the formula:

where x is the height of the step,

y – tread width,

z – step width.

If the height of the step is 15 cm, the width of the tread is 28 cm, we get

2X 15 + 25 = 58 cm.

This step is close to the standard, so you can install steps with these parameters. If we increase the tread length to a comfortable 30 cm, we get optimal step– 60 cm.

We calculate the number of steps using the formula:

where a is the span length,

c – height of steps,

с – number of steps.

If original length a march of 2.5 m and a riser height of 15 cm we get:

Round up to 17.

As a result, we got a staircase with a flight length of 2.5 m, a step height of 15 cm, a tread depth of 30 cm and 17 steps.

Calculators for calculating stairs

Calculators are called staircase design programs that allow you to independently calculate design parameters. All programs make calculations using similar formulas. The only difference is the way the results are displayed and the site interface. To calculate the dimensions, you must enter the initial data:

  • type of staircase - straight, U-shaped, L-shaped, spiral;
  • height and length of the march;
  • number of steps;
  • room height;
  • distance from floor to floor;
  • material (wood, metal, reinforced concrete).

Some sites contain detailed instructions, how to install the program and how to use it. The consumer is offered not only calculations, but also drawings and 3D images of structures. Design video wooden model link:

Some versions of the calculators request information about the color of the material, the direction of rotation, and the option of finishing the treads. After entering the initial data, you receive information about the consumption of materials, a drawing or a 3D image of the structure. Online calculator link

Design

Just like for calculations, a program for designing stairs can provide assistance in this matter. The project takes into account:

  • the material from which the structure will be made;
  • type - marching (straight, rotary), screw;
  • bolted();
  • load on the march and railings;
  • dimensions of the room (height of the first floor, dimensions of the stairwell on the second level, length and width of the site).

Based on data analysis, the type of construction is selected flight of stairs. The best option a single-flight straight staircase is considered. It is most convenient to use, easy to install, and safe. For clarity, make a drawing or sketch of the structure. When designing, the optimal dimensions of a safe ladder are taken into account:

  1. The minimum distance from the landing to the ceiling should not be less than 180 cm. Otherwise, a person will reach the upper level with his head.
  2. The minimum width of the stairs is 80 cm, otherwise it is difficult for 2 people to pass each other on it.
  3. The thickness of the boards should be between 35 - 50 mm.
  4. For convenience, the march has an odd number of steps.
  5. How longer length march, the stronger the fastenings should be.
  6. The load on the span should not be more than 220 kg, for railings the limit is 100 kg.
  7. All steps, except the winder ones, must be the same size (width, height).
  8. The shape of the handrails should be comfortable for the hand.
  9. When designing a bolted structure, side beams are not taken into account. The march is held on by something fixed in the wall.
  10. For spiral staircases to the second floor, the direction of movement is planned - with a turn to the left or to the right.
  11. The width of the turntable should be the same as the width of the flight.
  12. Choose load-bearing element- bowstring or kosuor.

The simplest design option is . They hold marches well. The materials for the bowstring are wood and metal. The advantages of wood are ease of use and accessibility. When installing, you don’t have to make a riser, which saves material. Disadvantages - over time, the wood dries out, it is difficult to attach it to the floor and in ceilings.

Models with stringers are more difficult to install, but look better. The length of the straight march stringer is calculated by the formula:

К= √(Н²+ Д²),

where K is the length of the stringer,

H – height,

D – length of the stairs.

Using programs for designing and calculating stairs, you can calculate design parameters for a private house. Regardless of the type of structure, the main operating conditions must be met - safety and comfort during movement.

Nowadays, you can buy almost everything that is needed for construction, including a staircase, both as a whole and individual parts for its assembly. But making it yourself according to your own drawings is much more pleasant. In addition, no one will have such a design.

Peculiarities

When deciding to make a staircase at home to the second or more floor, you need to think through everything carefully. A staircase is a rather complicated structure, as it seems at first glance. For its construction, SNiP and GOST standards are provided. Taking them into account, you will be confident in the safety and reliability of this design.

Therefore, before proceeding to the calculations, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the standards:

  • Slope is the angle of inclination of a flight of stairs. In residential buildings it should be from 30 to 40 degrees.
  • The number of steps will depend on the size of the span and the number of flights. There should be a minimum of 3, a maximum of 16 in a two-flight design, and 18 in a single-flight design.
  • In a two-flight model, the size of the platform must be no less than the width of the flights leading to it.
  • The tread width is the length from the beginning of the step to the riser. Acceptable range from 26 to 31 cm.
  • Riser height is the height between steps. The standard is 17 cm, but is allowed within 14-17 cm.
  • The step is the sum of the height of 1 riser and the width of 2 treads.
  • The width of this product is the length of the entire step - according to the standard, at least 80 cm.
  • Options staircase must have such an area that two people can separate in it and open the door freely.

Kinds

Stairs for a private house, cottage and multi-level apartment are divided into types according to design features:

  • Marching is divided into single-marching, double-marching and multi-marching. There are also options with a platform, straight and with winder steps, rotated 90, 180 and 360 degrees. Winders are steps that have the shape of a trapezoid.
  • Screw or spiral. The steps of this configuration are twisted along the axis.
  • Combined is a combination of the two previous ones in different versions.

The type of staircase in your home should be chosen depending on the area of ​​the room where it will be located, its layout, functional features, financial capabilities and your imagination.

A straight single-flight staircase is considered a simpler and easier to manufacture option. Its manufacture does not require complex calculations, its installation is simple, and this design is more reliable and comfortable. But she has significant drawback: It requires a lot of space to install.

If you do not have enough space, reducing its size is unacceptable, this will lead to a decrease in the comfort and safety of the product. A two-flight or more staircase would be a way out of this situation. By dividing one march into two or several, changing the direction of the marches to the opposite or perpendicular, you will significantly save the space used for it. You can use the corner of the room to install it and place it against the wall, which will be more practical. The ideal option would be if you initially, at the design stage of the building, provide a special place - a staircase.

A straight staircase, consisting of several flights, differs by changing the direction of movement. For example, the spans are separated by a transition in the form of a horizontal platform, or they can be connected by a curved segment that changes direction with the help of winder steps. A staircase with a section of winder steps makes the interior of the room more attractive. Thanks to the reversal, the product gains in size. Such a structure, of course, is more difficult to design, calculate, and assemble; it is less safe and comfortable to use than a staircase with a transition platform.

A spiral staircase can be placed on minimum area, and she will look very elegant. This design is not convenient enough to use and has enough low level safety, and large items cannot be lifted on it. It is much more difficult to manufacture and install, and requires more accurate calculations. Manufacture complex structural parts without additional equipment and knowledge will be quite difficult for a non-professional.

Combined designs represent numerous variants of the two previous types and can have a very complex configuration. It will be difficult to calculate and make them yourself without proper education and experience.

Forms

For straight and spiral staircases, the frame is made of both metal and wood.

The frame for such stairs is divided into three types:

  • on stringers - the frame is made of 1 or 2 beams on which steps are placed;
  • on the string there are two support beams on which the steps are attached;
  • on Bolts (translated from German language– pin) – the steps are attached directly to the wall.

Where to place it?

Choosing the simplest option - a straight single-flight staircase - is most often not allowed by the size of the room. We have to choose more complex options.

To find best way out From this situation, let's turn to the advice of professionals:

  • so that the staircase does not interfere in the living room, it is better to place it in a place that is less often used, so that you can freely approach it;
  • at self-production better to give preference landings than the winder steps;
  • calculate first simple options and provide for the possibility of lifting large items along the structure and the possibility of use by everyone living in the house;
  • choose closed version, if you plan to use the free space under the stairs, since open option makes it lighter and the room looks more spacious;
  • in a house built of wood, you can make a staircase out of metal no earlier than a year and a half after complete shrinkage, otherwise the metal will deform;
  • there should be an opening between floors; V concrete slab it's difficult to do.

What does the size depend on?

In order for the staircase design to have sufficient strength, be interesting, comfortable and, of course, safe to use, three main parameters must be taken into account when making calculations: its height, length, width.

The height of the stairs is the distance between the floors of the first and second floors(namely the floor, not the ceiling of the second floor). If the ladder is yours top part is installed on the ceiling of the second floor, then for more convenient operation an opening is made in the ceiling of the second floor. The height of the staircase is calculated very simply: the height from the first step to the ceiling is 10 cm greater than the height of the tallest family member. The recommended opening height is two meters; it must be maintained throughout the entire structure. This is clearly shown in the picture.

The staircase is placed in the habitable room if the rooms on both floors are heated. Otherwise, place it in a special room or from the street.

The length of the product will depend on the design features of the staircase. For a regular march, this is the entire length of the march. If the staircase consists of several flights and platforms, then this is the sum of all their lengths. For spiral staircases and staircases with winder steps, the average length is calculated, and a measurement is taken at a distance of 50 cm from the edge of the flight.

For different zones comfort, there are different staircase width standards:

  • increased comfort zone – 150 cm;
  • comfort zone – 100-120 cm;
  • staircase located near the wall - 80-100 cm;
  • for auxiliaries less than 80 cm is allowed;
  • due to the fact that stairs with winder steps narrow towards the center, a width of at least 110 cm is allowed;
  • for a spiral staircase, the comfortable zone is considered to be 140 cm, the minimum size is 110 cm.

The angle of inclination or steepness of the stairs determines the comfort of using this product. A steep staircase takes up less space in the room, while a flat staircase is comfortable to use. The diagram shows the dependence of comfortable movement on the stairs on the angle of inclination and the place of its use. In a living room, a tilt angle of 20-45 degrees is allowed, but the more comfortable zone in the figure is colored green (24-37 degrees).

It will be comfortable to move along stairs with a slope of 45 degrees only with your back facing forward.

In houses, as a rule, they make combined types stairs IN this option To determine the angle of fastening of the railing on the stairs, you need to draw a line parallel to the base of the stairs (stringer or bowstring). The railings are laid along this line.

The number of steps is not provided for by the standards; it is calculated based on the height of the structure and the riser. A two-flight staircase should have the same number of steps in the flights, but in practice this rarely happens. True, in apartment buildings the regulations provide from 9 to 11 steps.

Riser height is the distance between two steps. The most convenient parameter is 15 cm.

If the required height cannot be divided into an equal number, you can get out of the situation by changing the distance of the tread at the beginning and/or end of the march.

The step on the stairs is the width of the step that can be comfortably stepped on by the entire foot. The minimum permissible width is 10 cm if this ladder is rarely used, but it is unsafe to use such a design. The optimal size is 23 cm, equal to shoe size 35, so when calculating the width of the step, take into account the foot size of family members. It is possible to make the step wider by moving the step out, but not more than 5 cm.

If the width of the step is more than 65 cm, there is a danger of tripping. When calculating the width, keep in mind the gap from baluster to baluster - 10 but not more than 15 cm is allowed, otherwise the use of the structure will be dangerous. When installing balusters, do not forget about aesthetics.

The length of the step will depend on the configuration of the staircase. If the main element of the structure is two strings, then the distance between them will be the length of the step. When using one or two stringers in a design, you determine the length of the step yourself. Below are the recommended dimensions of the steps, which depend on the angle of inclination and type of structure. These calculations will be useful for making a drawing of the stairs.

The parameters of the parts are interrelated and to calculate them you only need to know the basics of geometry.

Calculating parameters

The first example will show how to correctly calculate the length of an interfloor staircase and the width of the opening.

This option is the simplest, however, to make it, you need a large area in the room. You will see this in the proposed drawing.

Let's start by calculating the length of the stairs and the number of steps. We take the height of the room (in the proposed version 3000 mm), plus the width of the ceiling between the rooms (in this version 200 mm). It turns out 3200 mm, divide by 160 mm (the height of the riser recommended by the standards) in the end the number of steps is 20 pieces.

If we consider the width of the steps to be 300 mm and multiply them by 20, then the length of the structure will be 6000 mm. You can reduce the size of the product if you move the steps out by 50 mm, this will reduce the width of the steps to 250 mm. Then 250 mm needs to be multiplied by the number of steps (we have 20), we get the length of the structure 5000 mm, so we will reduce the area occupied by the stairs by 1 m2.

Now let's start calculating the opening width for this design. The height of the room (we have 3000 mm) minus the recommended clearance of 1900 mm = 1100 mm. We divide the resulting number by the height of the step - this is 1100 mm: 160 mm = 6.875, round the value. As a result, there are 7 steps, and the ceiling will be located above them.

The 13 remaining steps from 20 will be located in a free space, otherwise movement will not be very convenient. If the width of the step is 300mm, the width of the opening is 3900mm (300mm multiplied by 13 steps).

If the room does not allow you to allocate an area of ​​5-6 m2 for the stairs, change the width of the steps and/or the height of the riser. Consider creating a design with a twist. Can be used in the product steps " duck step" Making such structures with your own hands is, of course, more difficult, and it won’t be easy to calculate them yourself.

An approximate sketch of a staircase made of metal on one stringer.

In the second example, we will tell you how you can calculate the angle of inclination of a staircase and the parameters of its steps.

It is much more difficult to make calculations in this option, but it is possible to use methods such as:

  • line lifting method;
  • computer calculation;
  • Danish method;
  • sweep method;
  • method of proportions.

To use the first four methods for calculations, you must have at least basic knowledge of design. But the fifth method is accessible to a non-professional and will help you quite easily calculate a straight flight, a spiral staircase, and a staircase with winder steps. What these types have in common is that the steps taper towards the center.

The name of the proportion method speaks for itself. It is based on space distributed evenly in the area where stairs with winder steps turn both 90 and 180 degrees.

The calculation is made as follows:

  • In a horizontal projection we make a sketch of the product itself.
  • Let's place a line in the middle indicating the average length of the march.
  • Let us denote the segment indicating the middle part of the rotation of the product itself and the location point of the longest step.
  • On the center line we indicate the width of the steps and calculate their number from the turning line.
  • We determine the end point of the same step. There will be two such places - at the beginning and at the end of the product. We designate them as points. It happens that the staircase begins and ends with winder steps.
  • In the place where the step has the smallest width (about 1 of the stringers, strings or screw pipes) we will set aside 50 mm from the turning line. As a result, 50 mm plus 50 mm - we get 100 mm. This will be the smallest permitted step width.
  • Now we need to connect all the points showing the width of the steps, extend them to reverse side– 2 stringers, bowstrings or railings at the spiral staircase.
  • Let's mark the remaining steps. They correspond to a proportion of 1: 2: 3. This means that 1 mm in the narrow part of the product will be equal to 2 mm in the middle part and 3 mm at the widest turning point.

All staircase blanks are made according to the dimensions of the sketch according to scale.

Schematic drawing of a structure with winder steps.

This picture shows a staircase with winder steps with a 90-degree turn; it is also called a quarter turn.

A staircase with winder steps and a 180-degree turn can be calculated in the same way; it is called a half-turn staircase.

This method can also be used to calculate the structure on the bolts. The only difference will be in the fastening method for which a bowstring can be used. But this method will not be very accurate, but if you make the stairs yourself, it will work.

There is another type of staircase - the “duck step”. Its advantage is that it saves space, but its construction is quite complicated, and it is not very convenient to use. This design is used for slope angles greater than 45 degrees. The peculiarity of this configuration is that you can step on the step with only one foot. It is difficult to use such a staircase often, but the design of the frame of this type is the same as that of a marching staircase. The only difference is in the shape of the steps. According to the standard, their number should be odd, and the first one, as a rule, is done on the right. The tread is also made on the right if the hosts, as an exception, have a leading leg other than the left.

A spiral staircase not only saves space in the room, but is also a spectacular detail in an interior designed in the loft, hi-tech, and minimalist styles. To calculate the diameter of this structure, you need to increase the width of the march by 2 times and add to it the diameter of the base. To calculate the lifting radius, reduce the width of the march by 2 and increase by the radius of the support.

The required dimensions for this configuration are calculated based on the diameter of the support pipes and the width of the product. For convenience, the staircase is made at least 80 cm wide so that two people can walk along it. The height and number of steps in this configuration must be calculated so that a tall person can move along it. Consequently, the number of steps in a coil must be equal to the length of the line of movement divided by the width of the step.

To calculate the height of the riser, we take the height of a person as 1.8 m, add 0.2 m (average tread depth) and divide by the number of steps in one turn. We divide the height of the entire structure by this number and get the number of steps.

The photo shows the frame of a spiral staircase.

They will help you not to rack your brains over calculation formulas. special programs. With their help, you can make a 3D model, make a drawing, indicating all the data.

The most commonly used programs are:

  • "Compass";
  • "SolidWorks";
  • Consultec Staircon.

Even if you used computer calculation, the method of proportions and you have drawings of the design you need, it is recommended to make a sketch with all required sizes not only your design, but also the room in which the staircase will be located. Include in the sketch all the details located next to the proposed structure, for example, a window, window sill, etc. The dimensions of these parts may not allow you to change the appearance or size of the structure if necessary. After all computer programs may issue a conclusion: the design according to the parameters you have chosen is not comfortable to use.

There is also a formula for calculating the comfort of stairs. She will allow you to find out by making a calculation based on the average step length.

The average human step ranges from 600 to 660 cm, with an average of 630 mm. If we denote the height of the step by the letter H, and the depth by the letter S, then we get the formula 2H+S - this will be the formula for the comfort of this design. We have already talked about a comfortable slope. If the depth of the stairs causes discomfort, this can be corrected by reducing the protrusion of the steps.

This table shows the dependence of the parameters of the steps (width and height) and the slope angle of the march:

This diagram and table No. 2 show the change in the number of steps and span parameters:

Railings and fencing structures

Railings and fences for this product, as a rule, have a dual function. They should primarily serve for the safety of using this structure by the whole family. secondly, it is a decor that decorates not only this product, but also fits into the interior of the room. In this regard, the fencing in this design must be taken no less seriously than the product itself.

To make railings and fencing you need to know:

  • height of balusters;
  • length and width of the railing.

It is also necessary to adhere to existing standards when creating a fence. The permissible height of the fence, taking into account the railings, can be from 90 to 100 cm. For safe use children (if they use this design) will have to provide additional railings at a height of 70 to 75 cm.

When choosing a material for fencing and railings, it is necessary to take into account the strength and safety of these materials. An example would be wooden staircase with beautiful wooden fences and railings. This figure shows all the parts with optimal sizes and even shapes.

Fencing and railings can be made from any material available to you, for example:

  • made of metal;
  • made of wood;
  • from glass;
  • made of polyurethane;
  • made of acrylic;
  • combinations of the above materials.

When choosing material, consider design features products, in particular, weight, size and types of fasteners for both the steps themselves and the entire flights. The choice of metal fencing will depend only on your financial capabilities. Forged parts or fences using copper and brass will cost several times more than stainless steel and aluminum. Steel is used more often in fencing due to its affordable cost.

In order to perform calculations of the future staircase data with your own hands, you will need to find a number of parameters. If you do not know the basic design rules, you can make serious mistakes, which will further affect the safety and convenience of the design. To make the task easier, we introduced standard specifications and special formulas have been developed.

Types of structures

  • straight one-march;
  • single-flight with winder steps;
  • two-flight with an intermediate platform;
  • rotatable 90 degrees (L-shaped);
  • swivel 180 degrees (U-shaped);
  • with an arbitrary degree of rotation.

For a beginner, doing your own calculations of staircase parameters may seem like challenging task. In order to avoid significant mistakes, you need to familiarize yourself with the basic indicators, established standards and formulas for calculations.

Options for staircase designs to the second floor

SNiP standards

Before calculating stairs for climbing to the second floor, you need to familiarize yourself with the SNiP and GOST standards. If you decide to completely make the entire structure with your own hands, this step is mandatory.

First of all, you should pay attention to the following parameters:

  • Slope. Reflects the angle of inclination of a flight of stairs; for residential premises this indicator should be within 30-40 degrees.
  • Number of steps. The exact value depends on the length of the span and the number of flights, minimal amount is equal to three, the maximum is 16 for double-flight models and 18 for single-flight models.
  • Site size. If a two-flight structure with a platform is installed to ascend to the second floor, the width of the latter must be no less than the width of the flights leading to it.
  • Tread width. Distance from the edge of the step to the riser, optimal distance-29 cm, fluctuations +/-3 cm are allowed.
  • Riser height. The distance between steps is considered to be 17 cm as a standard, however, the interval of 14-20 cm does not go beyond the norm.
  • Step. The total distance covering 2 treads and 1 riser, the ideal value is 62 cm.
  • Width of the stairs. The distance from one edge of the step to the other, for ordinary stairs to the second floor - this is at least 80 cm.
  • Dimensions of the staircase. The area of ​​the cage must be sufficient to allow the door to be opened or the person to pass without hindrance.

If the staircase meets all the standards described above, it will be safe and very convenient for movement.

Diagram for calculating the optimal angle of inclination of stairs that meets the standards

In some cases, in particular when the house has already been built and it is not possible to make changes regarding the height of the floors and the layout of the room, deviations from the standard indicators are allowed, the main condition is that the changes made should not seriously affect the safety indicator of the staircase structure.

Opening and dimensions of steps

You can calculate stairs, or rather, steps, only if you have all the formulas available and the basic indicators have been determined. To begin with, they are selected intuitively, based on SNiP standards. You also need to measure the opening; in the future, you can adjust the parameters if some deviations and discrepancies are identified. Since you can calculate the dimensions of the opening for the stairs using a simple tape measure, first measure the distance from the floor to the ceiling, and from the entrance to the second floor to the position of the first step.

In order to calculate the staircase in the house, as well as determine what size the opening should be, you first need to know the number of steps in the flight. Based on this indicator, you will calculate the size of the riser and can use the formula to determine the step. So, let's look at how to calculate the standard stair step. To do this, you need to take the width of the tread and the height of the step. The formula for calculating the step of the stairs is as follows:

2a + b = 60…65

In one step, a person can cover an average of 60-65 cm. This is a comfortable step size, on the basis of which you can calculate the width of the tread (a) and the height of the riser (c).

Measurements necessary for the correct calculation of the stairs to the second floor

These indicators can also be determined in a slightly different way. To do this, you need to take as a basis such parameters as the height of the rise, the length of the projection and the slope of the stairs. First you need to calculate the lift height:

h = H + D

In other words, you need to sum up the height of the room and the thickness of the ceiling. From here you can find out the number of steps:

Based on the number of steps and the height of the tread, you can calculate the projection length of the staircase, focusing on the opening. We calculate the projection length of the stairs:

If you know the height of the rise and the length of the stairs, you can find out the slope or steepness of a straight staircase:

Based on these data, you can calculate more accurate indicators for a straight staircase:

a = h/n

Convenience and safety

In addition to the dimensions of the structure itself for lifting to the second floor, there are several more criteria for assessing convenience and safety that must be taken into account. Therefore, it is not enough to simply correctly calculate the stairs using the specified formulas; it is necessary to determine the degree of compliance of the design parameters with the required standards. This can be done with your own hands using simple techniques.

Calculation of a safe and convenient step of stairs for private use

First of all, the formula is used to calculate the safety of the stairs:

a + b = 46

This sum of the dimensions of the tread and riser indicates that the preliminary calculations were made correctly and comply with the standards.

There is also a special formula for determining the degree of convenience of the stairs:

a – b = 12

If the difference between these two indicators is 12 units, it means that climbing such a staircase to the second floor will be very convenient for the average person. The opening must also meet the requirements of convenience and safety, provide free access and not impede access to the second floor.

You should not recalculate the entire project if there are minor deviations of a couple of centimeters, this is quite acceptable.

Winder steps, platforms and cages

Separately, it is worth considering the situation with the design of a non-standard staircase structure. So, let's figure out how you can calculate the stairs yourself if you plan to use a winder structure to climb to the 2nd floor. Standard formulas are only suitable for straight marching models. Here's the size calculation winder staircase produced graphically. In this case, the calculation of the staircase and intermediate landings is carried out separately, if any.

Schematic representation of the design of a staircase with winder steps

Let's look at how to calculate a two-flight staircase in a house with your own hands. If an intermediate platform is used, the calculation of such an interfloor staircase is carried out in two stages. First, the position of the site or intermediate cell is calculated. Then, up to this mark, the parameters are calculated for the standard march, and then for the second similar section. The dimensions of the staircase are calculated based on the width of the last step leading to the second floor and the dimensions of the passage.

Now you know how to correctly calculate the stairs in the house and the opening for it. If you are experiencing some difficulties with design, you can use online programs, but you should not trust them one hundred percent, calculation of stairs – This is a very important stage and in this case it is better to order finished work from a professional.

In order to make your home as comfortable as possible, you need not only to hire builders, but also to delve into engineering calculations yourself. The main modular design of the house is. It is this that gives the interior that unique luxury that many people dream of. You can arrange flights of stairs and install steps in different ways. Online staircase calculation will help you design optimal design and calculate material consumption.

Read in the article

Staircase in a private house as an important element of planning convenience

The staircase structure helps to connect not only the floors of a private house, but also two-level apartments. It is this that can become the central link of the first floor. In addition to aesthetics, it must be comfortable, safe and durable.

You need to think about the location of flights of stairs at a stage or apartment. The direction of the main premises will depend on this: the hall, the zone, the location and purpose of the remaining rooms. You can competently arrange the space around the stairs on the first and second floors.

With the central location of the structure, the symmetry of the space and convenient passage from any room on the first floor are maintained. This is a real home decoration. You can think through the arrangement quite elegantly. In the hall area, place a place for relaxation or a reception room. On the second floor there will be enough space for convenient passage to.

Various types of staircase designs: photo gallery

There are a lot of options for placement and execution of stairs. You can easily select interesting design, which will make the interior individual and unique.

Pairs perfectly with glass fencing. Forged structures require a more careful approach. Natural, ceramic or glass can be used as an addition to the interior.

We suggest looking at examples of wooden staircases in. In the photo you can see that they take up quite a lot usable area premises:

Wooden structures with a platform significantly save space:

Screw structures can become a real interior decoration:

Can also be a good choice for staircase structures:

Metal structures have increased strength and reliability. They can be combined with both wood and glass:

Designs from can become the central link of the hall:

It is important when planning the design of stairs to take into account the age of the residents. If there are small children, the main criterion is safety both in the structure of the steps and. It will be difficult for older people to get used to screw design, the slope must be made less steep.

Related article:

How to create comfortable and stylish ones yourself - read our publication. You will learn not only possible options designs and their advantages and disadvantages, as well as design styles and secrets self-installation stairs.

Determination of basic technical parameters for online calculation of stairs

Building a staircase is not a designer’s flight of fancy. Certain standards have been developed optimal ratios, permissible load, compliance with which is important primarily for the safety and comfortable movement of others. Small deviations are allowed within acceptable limits, otherwise the design will simply become dangerous for people.

  • lifting height (risers);
  • tread (step) width;
  • slope of the stairs.

A slope angle of more than 45° is considered steep; this design is not suitable for every family or for daily use. However, if the layout or area of ​​the house does not allow the installation of another structure, you need to consider reliable railings to make walking up the stairs easier.

This is interesting! The slope of a staircase is the ratio of the height of the rise to the width of the step. The wider the step, the less steep the flight of stairs will be.

In addition to the main parameters, the design of the staircase is also influenced by:

  • length of flight of stairs;
  • dimensions of the staircase opening;
  • distance between finished floor marks of the 1st and 2nd floors;
  • number of steps. Regulatory documents defined from 3 to 18 units.

Deviation from standard or acceptable parameters will cause best case scenario discomfort when moving. At worst, it can provoke a number of diseases.


Main types of staircase structures

Stairs indoors can be made in the following variations:

  • flight of stairs;
  • screw;
  • combined option.

The choice depends on the area and layout of the premises. It is important what role it will play in the interior of the house; the feasibility of installing a particular model depends on this.

Let's take a closer look at each design.

Flight of stairs

This design has increased reliability and ease of execution. Depending on the height of the room and the width of the steps, you can install one or more flights. The number of steps in each should not exceed 16.

Flights of stairs can be classified according to the following criteria:

According to installation form straight
with a platform between marches
rotary
By location L-shaped
U-shaped
T-shaped
By mounting method mounted
monolithic
on the strings
on a frame
on stringers
combined

Screw

It involves installing steps in a spiral around the main axis. This design can be installed in order to save usable space. It will not take up more than 1 m². The main feature of a spiral staircase is the ability to be installed almost anywhere in the room. The structures consist of steps, supports, balusters and railings.

With its installation, the interior is transformed with a completely unique design. She may look absolutely weightless. For example, glass steps with wooden railings and aluminum balusters. You can choose the material to suit any style direction of the room.

Combined

An arched staircase is usually called combined. It combines elements of a screw design with a flight of stairs. To install it, you need to allocate some area. Elements can be made in the form of straight sections, in the shape of an ellipse, circle or semicircle.


The main materials used for the manufacture of stairs and the nuances of their calculation

The material from which the staircase will be made must fit into the interior and meet all safety requirements. When choosing it, you need to pay attention to the origin and environmental friendliness, and check the material’s certificates for compliance with quality standards.

Most often used:

  • wooden structures;
  • metal stairs;
  • glass;
  • plastic elements.

The design may include combined design options. For classic interiors or ethno-style will suit, in gothic style Forging would look appropriate. In modern directions, you can use nickel-plated or galvanized steel in combination with aluminum or glass.

Calculation of wooden stairs

The base of the structure is subject to greater load, so it is suitable for durum varieties tree. For fencing elements, you can choose a material of medium hardness or soft varieties; it is easier to process.

To calculate a wooden staircase, you will need the following parameters:

  • Room height (from finished floor to ceiling);
  • opening length (the horizontal projection of the length from the edge of the opening to the first tread is measured);
  • number of steps;
  • the width of an average person's step;
  • width of the flight of stairs, optimal size taking into account railings and handrails – 100 cm;
  • step depth;
  • step height (underwall);
  • the height of the fence, including the railings, should be about 100 cm;
  • thickness of the approach - this parameter depends on the type of tree.

One of the main calculation parameters is the thickness of the stringer, which takes the main load. steps in wooden structure can be done with or without a protrusion. It just depends on personal preference.


Calculation of metal stairs

The metal staircase structure is made of channel, corrugated metal steps, steel “fillies” and brackets. The elements are secured by welding. The elements are calculated using a general formula, taking into account comfortable ascent and descent.

In addition, for a metal structure it is necessary to calculate the strength and rigidity parameters:

  1. Useful standard load per 1 sq. m of stairs is considered 300 kg. When calculating, it is necessary to take into account the overload factor equal to 1.4;
  2. When calculating the load on the railing, you should take into account the overload coefficient of 1.3 to the standard parameter from 50 to 100 kg 1 linear meter.

When calculating a flight of stairs, the distance between opposite walls is taken into account. They must be planned 20 centimeters larger than the width of the march.


Determining the required geometric dimensions of the stairs

Before starting structural calculations, it is important to take into account the geometric parameters of the room:

  • distance from the floor level of the 1st and 2nd floors;
  • design features of the location of the walls;
  • installation locations for doors and windows;
  • area of ​​premises;

It may be necessary to make changes to the installation features when performing calculations. repair work premises.

Calculating the size of staircase steps in a private house using an online calculator

First of all, it is necessary to calculate the steps of the stairs so that their height is the same. The width of the flight of stairs should not differ from the width of the landing. The length of the march should be within 1.5÷3 m.

  • The size of the step depends on the length of the flight of stairs and the number of steps. When calculating the width, the total throughput, while the standard is 0.7 m per person;
  • The height of the steps is also calculated taking into account comfortable ascent and descent. Optimal height– 12÷20 cm;
  • The depth of the step depends on the size of the person’s foot. Parameters from 28 to 30 cm are considered standard;
  • To calculate the number of steps, you need to divide the height of the stairs by the height of the step, which should be selected from the table, taking into account the comfortable angle of inclination of the structure. If the parameter does not turn out to be even, adjustment should be made at the size of the first step.

It is generally accepted that the width of two steps plus the height of the step should be within 60÷64 cm. These are the most comfortable dimensions of staircase steps for ascent and descent. When planning a structure with marches located in the opposite direction, it is necessary to leave an opening of at least 50 cm between them.