Homemade machines for cold. Cold forging in your hands
Machine "Snail" for cold forging with their own hands is used by most craftsmen when working on original rolled products. The blacksmith business is most often based on making forged products, where there are details in the form of original hinges.
It is impossible to imagine an entrance gate in the style of the 17th-19th centuries without curls, monograms and other original elements. They not only decorate, skilled craftsmen could create written greetings from metal. Complex curved pieces are used as reinforcements on fences, entrance groups, railings and other decorative items. Complex profiles add delicacy to structures.
Devices for bending metal elements “Snail”
To bend workpieces according to certain parameters, auxiliary conductors are used, called “Snail”. They serve as a special template that allows you to reproduce dozens and, if necessary, hundreds of similar parts. The “Snail” machine for cold forging bends parts without additional heating.
The work is based on the deformation of metal according to a certain principle. To bend, you have to put in a lot of effort. Therefore, craftsmen quite often equip “Snail” devices with an electric drive. Geared motors help to develop significant forces with a limited shoulder of force application. The torque in the processing area can reach several tens of kilograms.
If such work is performed only due to the physical strength of the blacksmith, the worker will get tired quite quickly. Its productivity will drop to zero. And with a mechanical assistant, hundreds of workpieces can be produced per shift.
It must be taken into account that bending of blanks is an intermediate stage in manufacturing complex structures. They still need to be installed in the right place and welded. Only then will an intermediate result be obtained. Then the product will need to be painted and installed at the place of order. All operations will require not only time, but also the physical strength of the master.
Structurally, the device can be:
- Non-separable, then it will be used to bend parts only to certain lengths. The resulting spiral has certain limitations in use.
- Prefabricated (there are additional fragments to increase the bending time), and the device can be used to bend long parts. Large sized parts will be received.
For working with parts from profile pipe For small numbers, some make hand-made devices. They involve the use of levers to help move the workpiece around the mandrel. The finished parts are removed from the end, slightly loosening the tension.
Most often in such cases I use square bars □8...12. Some craftsmen manually bend profile pipes 15·15 mm with a wall of 1.5 mm. For larger products, a mechanical drive is required.
Manufacturing technology of the “Snail” device
Simplified technological process making a “Snail” machine with your own hands can be represented as a series of sequential operations.
- A profile of the product to be manufactured is drawn on a sheet of paper. When drawing, the dimensions of the product are maintained. The drawing is needed only to obtain the profile of the part itself. Attention! When processing, the thickness of the workpiece is taken into account. A gap of at least 3...4 mm is needed, then the product can be removed after bending it in the device.
- For most machines, a central stop is made. It will record the beginning.
- Various masters They use their own fixation techniques, so their products can be distinguished by their handwriting.
- A support plate is cut from a steel sheet. The center will be welded to it, as well as the spiral. The thickness of the plate must be at least 3 mm, as significant forces will be applied. The size of the plate in the future will also determine the parameters of the curl.
- Using the spiral drawing, the workpiece is bent from the strip. When bending it, the parameters are controlled. The more accurately this element is manufactured, the easier it will be to manufacture elements for forging products. Attention! If it is necessary to make curls with more than one turn, you need to cut the spiral strip diagonally. Therefore, a strip of much wider width is used. The minimum size corresponds to the height of the profile that is going to be bent on the machine.
- The device is placed on a special rack to make it easier to form finished products. For small parts it is convenient to place them on a vertical stand.
- To make the job easier, weld the handle. It is installed with reverse side so that it does not interfere with the installation and removal of workpieces.
Step-by-step manufacturing of a small-sized manual machine for making curls
A small machine is designed for the production of curls from rolled strip with a width of 20...30 mm. It's easy to make it yourself.
First the center is made. To do this, a small fragment of round timber is sawed off. The workpiece is fixed in a vice and the cutting line is marked. By using cutting disc and an angle grinder (angle grinder) saws off the workpiece.
It has a diameter of 38 mm. Side surface is not processed further.
The center length is 28 mm. A little more is possible, but this is enough to bend a strip 30 mm wide.
On drilling machine a hole Ø 8 mm is drilled. It is placed eccentrically. This situation is due to the fact that it is necessary to make a clamp for the end of the workpiece.
A profile is drawn, which should be removed using cutting and cleaning discs installed on the grinder. The workpiece is secured in a vice and excess metal is removed.
Petal discs protect the surface so that there is a smooth transition between different surfaces retainer.
To make it easier to fix the end of the workpiece in the future, you need to drill a hole. It is placed on the radial surface of the center. A hole is drilled for an M10 thread.
Using a set of taps it is cut internal thread. A headless screw will be used here. After fixing the workpiece, it will hide inside the metal of the center.
The center is welded to the 4 mm thick base plate. This completes the work of its production.
Making a fixture
To make it easier to work with the device, a shaft is welded to the back side of the plate. By rotating it in a special mandrel, the snail will rotate.
The outer surface must be ground so that the welds do not interfere with the free fit of future workpieces.
The future spiral is drawn on the plate. A contour is created where it will be welded later.
A spiral is bent from a strip 4 mm thick. It must correspond to the project.
After checking the spiral against the template, the excess is cut off, and the spiral itself is welded to the plate and to the center.
A 40×40 mm profile pipe with a 3 mm wall is used as a stand. Holes are drilled on it for attaching machine elements. Using support platforms, the prepared parts are fixed.
The handle is visible on the reverse side. It was secured to the shaft using a bearing. The prepared “Snail” can rotate.
A performance check is being carried out. The handle turns the spiral around the center axis.
Making a simple part on a machine
Cutting a workpiece from strip steel in right size. This size is usually clarified by drawing the finished product and its component elements.
The free end is placed in the center of the spiral. The workpiece is secured using an internal screw.
The “Snail” rotation is performed. The workpiece is pressed tightly against the guides. This requires some effort to obtain the desired product profile.
Usually the other end does not stay straight. It is also bent. Therefore, a distinction is made between internal and external reverse curls. Marks are made on the device itself using a marker or chalk. They are used as a guide when making curls with the required parameters.
As can be seen from step by step guide Using a simple set of tools, a homemade curl making machine is easy to make. How much does it cost? Its price is determined by the cost of the blanks. Often the price is minimal.
How to bend a profile pipe on the “Snail” machine?
If you try to bend a profile pipe without special preparation, the weld will come apart. It will be a marriage.
Blacksmiths with extensive experience make more complex machines to make their products. They additionally equip the “Snail” with removable elements.
Step-by-step technological process for making a reverse curl on the “Snail” machine
The rolling rollers perform sequential crimping of the pipe. Protruding ribs are formed, and the weld remains inside the layer, offset to the center.
The pipe ends are compressed on parallel eccentric rollers. It becomes like a stripe. In this form it is easier to fix it on the machine.
IN special device a shank is formed. Now the workpieces will be fixed on the machine in one movement.
The workpiece is fixed in the center. There is a groove that secures the shank. It can be seen that the spiral has a uniform descent in height.
After fixing the shank, the electric motor is turned on. Forming of the part begins.
The loop is formed when the workpiece touches a special support element. It is more often called the support shaft. To reduce the force, it is equipped with a bearing. The part rotates freely around the support.
Part of the spiral is formed. But if necessary, process on longer length, a removable element will be installed.
A blank is also formed from the other end. Here the master determines in which direction to bend the part.
To continue work, a removable element of the “Snail” assembly is installed.
Now you can form the bend of the parts big size.
Even long workpieces are easily bent to specified dimensions. Marks are made on the work items. They are used to guide how much to bend.
On the reverse side, additional bending of the part is performed.
The product is being finalized on both sides.
The finished part has a finished appearance. If necessary, the shanks will be sawed off. Then no one will guess how the workpieces were fixed.
If you need to make a small part, then use another “Snail”. U experienced craftsmen there are several of them.
Examples of products with curls
Original canopy over the entrance to the building:
Upon registration French balcony original curls give an openwork look to the entire product.
On a flight of stairs, the curls look very original.
Using only curls, they make supports for the bench, and also create a grate for the fireplace in the same style.
On spiral staircase the hand of an excellent craftsman is visible. Not everyone will be able to make such a product.
The gate leaf contains elements made on the “Snail” machine. The heavy product acquired a special lightness.
Light staircase in high-tech style. She can decorate not only Vacation home. Modern palaces with minimalism, designs can look great.
The scope for creativity is unlimited. Many blacksmiths are true artists. They decorate the world around them.
Video: “Snail” – do-it-yourself cold forging.
Conclusion
- The cold forging method, which uses Snail machines, allows you to produce original curls.
- You can make it yourself the simplest machine. It can be used to produce professional blanks.
- A complex machine with removable elements will allow the production of large spatial parts.
- The use of curls in the manufacture of blacksmith's products opens up ample opportunities for creativity.
Metal curls made by cold forging are used to decorate exterior elements.
The products are popular among owners of country cottages and public utilities involved in the architectural arrangement of places common use.
You can also use these elements in the manufacture of individual devices -, outdoor furniture, and even dishes.
Such decor, and especially finished products, are very expensive. Even standard kits, put on stream and sold in stores, have an unaffordable price. What can we say about products made using individual order.
Therefore, many home craftsmen try to create such creations on their own. Moreover, “cold forging with your own hands” does not involve classical forging technology. Processing of the workpiece material is carried out without the use of heat and work with a forging hammer. This means that it can be done at home.
However for similar work required special tool– bending for cold forging. The equipment is offered in stores, or is manufactured in workshops to order. The set for universal metal processing is a whole complex of various devices.
First of all, it's really unique instrument, allowing you to create highly artistic products without a hammer, forge or anvil.
Secondly, from plain metal Such devices are not made, otherwise the machine will fail at the first load. Therefore, high quality and durable steel increases the price.
Let's look at various homemade devices for cold forging
Let's start with the principle of operation of the tool:
The workpiece (metal circle, square or strip) is installed in the machine between the guides. Using a lever manual or gear electric drive, a change occurs geometric shape.
There are several standard fixtures that serve as templates for cold forging.
Device "gnutik".
This is an improved analogue. With its help, the workpiece is bent at a programmed angle. It can be either single or form geometric figures. The decorative element can be flat or three-dimensional, and all this is done by one tool. Using a bender, you can make an arc from a straight workpiece.
Twister device.
With its help, the workpiece is tightened with a screw. Works on the spindle principle lathe or drill chuck. Part of the workpiece is firmly clamped in a stationary vice, and the other is twisted using a crank or electric drive.
Design feature - a fixed vice must be able to move longitudinally.
When twisted, the part decreases in length and can jump out of the fastening.
If instead of one rod you insert a bundle of wire into the machine, you can get a three-dimensional steel figure, the so-called basket. Its manufacture requires special skill.
The most popular device is the snail.
The most common template for cold metal working. With its help, curls of any shape and with different amounts rpm Its design is simple and complex at the same time. It is not enough to simply create a template of the desired shape.
are universal decorative elements , used to complement the design of products of various shapes. For the manufacture of parts similar typemechanized equipment is used, as well as hand tools and devices. Some equipment is sold at fairly high prices. But there is also the possibility of making (assembling) equipment with your own hands.Making homemade vertical devices from metal, corrugated pipes and other materials, video
Making machines of any type with your own hands is a complex matter. Manufacturing components devices, as well as assembly should be carried out carefully. Correctness guarantees the quality of manufactured elements and metal objects.
How to make a snail with and without electric drive, for cold forging and bending of curls, volutes, commas
- The table is made of steel, a pipe is welded to it from the bottom, to which a movable lever made of a 45x25 profile pipe is attached, the wall thickness is 1.5 mm.
- This part of the machine is attached to the legs and supports.
- An additional adjustable part, additionally reinforced with a square, is attached to the lever.
- In a flat surface where holes have been previously made, mandrels (conductors) made of a square rod with a cross-section of 10 mm are attached. and stripes.
- The production of mandrels is carried out according to the drawing.
- Multiple holes allow mandrels to be positioned in different ways, allowing elements to be bent different configurations and size.
- The master demonstrates the process of making elements.
Hand tools and devices for making forged scrolls
Manufacturing hand tools requires less time and Supplies. Such devices have a simpler structure.
Matrix
- To make the device, you will need a piece of channel 25 cm long: a purchased or self-made loop with a diameter of 22 m with a sleeve made of two types of pipes and an element of complex shape, as well as another loop.
- A pattern of this type allows you to produce volutes of different sizes.
Conductor
- For production you will need a strip 60 cm long and 4 cm wide; a piece of tin 16 by 16 cm, thickness - 3 mm; piece of square; small elements cut from springs with rounded corners and chamfered. From small parts, a part is welded at an angle of 90 degrees to secure the workpieces during bending.
- An inclined line is drawn on the strip; part of the workpiece will be removed later.
- The strip is slightly bent, a small square is welded to it, after which bending continues.
- The spiral is attached to the base, to a piece of tin.
- The conductor is fixed in a vice, the excess part is cut off with a grinder.
- A square is welded from the bottom of the base, ensuring fastening of the product in a vice.
Other forging equipment
The entire list of equipment for should be divided into four separate categories, the criterion for classification is the level of automation.
- Universal equipment is an automatic or, in some cases, manual installations that allow processing workpieces with different cross-sections. Such multifunctional machines serve as a replacement for a whole set hand-held devices used for bending square and round bars. An important advantage is the ability to produce elements of various shapes.
Forging machine Azhur-1M. Photo
- designed to facilitate manual labor. The list of devices also includes a bender, a wave, a twister, and a globe. Each unit is designed for the manufacture of a certain type of elements. Lever (manual) control allows you to reduce labor costs, but not eliminate them completely. are used by craftsmen who engage in forging as a hobby, since the productivity of these devices is not too high. For improvement technical characteristics it is necessary to equip the unit with an electric motor.
Volna type cold forging machine
- The tools are simple objects, forging is done manually, using force. K include heavy hammer (sledgehammer), pliers, forks.
With the naked eye you can notice that this or that person has developed beautiful fence or gate, various types decoration items personal plots. All this is brought into reality through forging, with the absence of any temperatures.
IN modern society Cold forging of metal is very well developed. Behind long years Since the existence of such a craft, people have created tools that can be used to produce fine decorative elements from iron.
Mechanisms without which cold forging would be a very difficult task
Snail mechanism
It is used to give individual sections of forgings a spiral shape. As a rule, the snail itself is attached to a thick, iron
plate and can be removable. The thickness of such a plate should be no thinner than 4 millimeters thick. As a rule, for a product that is created by hand, it is necessary to make various impressions, called templates. Using prepared templates, it is possible to give steel rods various shapes.
Mechanical device station wagon
On such a device cutting, riveting and shaping are carried out. Enough convenient thing, of a kind. Unlike a factory-made electric mechanism, you can also assemble it yourself and save your budget.
Gnutik device
It produces arc deformation at an angle. The main thing is to make drawings in advance and accurately mark the degrees of angles in order to use the machine to accurately bend the rods.
Analogue of the twister
Helps to bend along the longitudinal axis of a finished object. Such a device can be made in several ways. Using a metal template, as is common, and securing large bolts to a thick board. The essence of such a machine is that both ends of the metal rod are clamped and on one side, using a rotating handle, twisting is performed.
Wave unit
With its help, you can produce wavy blanks from metal rods. Using such a machine, you can produce periodic gratings of the “Boyarskie” and “Volna” types.
Die press
With the help of such a press, stamps with various patterns are applied to the product. As a rule, there should be a huge variety of such stamps with different designs. This is done by pressing a stamp into the metal. Accordingly, under pressure, clear imprints of patterns remain on the metal.
Mechanical unit
For bending circles of metal rods of various diameters. When circles must be present in the design of the decor, such a device is indispensable.
In blacksmithing, a red blank, or a separate part, is usually called a “forging.” The same term is used in hot metal forging. Only it already means the process of forging metal to give the workpiece the required shape.
Types of cold forging
There are directly 7 types of cold forging, which are produced according to a strict sequence. Each type is a specific process performed with blanks. If you do not perform these actions in accordance with the requirements, then you will not succeed. So, let's look at these types.
Directly, forging metal blanks. Forging is the most complex and voluminous process in blacksmithing. Cold forging is divided into the following types and subspecies:
Draft
This action is performed under pressure. This is done in order to reduce the height of the workpiece and increase the lateral dimensions of the workpieces.
Broach
This action is carried out by heating the workpiece and processing it with a hammer. Due to this, the cross-sectional area decreases and the length of the workpiece increases.
Firmware
This action is performed to obtain the necessary holes on the workpieces. As a rule, when performing such an action, various sizes grooves, holes of various diameters. There are several types of firmware:
Open firmware
It is produced by continuous stitching, due to the displacement of metal. However, this action entails additional processing of the workpiece.
Closed firmware
Produced using hollow stitching. Typically used when making large holes.
Advice: “Due to the upsetting and broaching of metal blanks, the structure of the metal can become brittle. Therefore, it is necessary to handle workpieces carefully to prevent sudden breakdown of one or another part! IN best case scenario you’ll have to redo the forging, and in the worst case, it could cause irreparable harm to your health!”
This is not the end of the cold forging process, but rather is in full swing.
Visualization of the cold forging process.
Stamping
(stamping) - is the process of plastic deformation of a workpiece, with a change in the shape and size of the metal. There are several types of stamping:
Volume stamping
Produced by pressure. When the forging part is heated to the appropriate dimensions, it is pressed with special dies. This method is used in industries where parts obtained in this way are produced in batches.
Sheet stamping
Made from sheet iron. Used in the production of small and medium-sized metal parts. This type of stamping allows you to achieve High Quality and strength from manufactured parts.
Pressing
This metal processing process is carried out by high pressure, due to which the density of the metal increases and its shape changes. There are several types of pressing:
Direct pressing
This method allows you to obtain various profile blanks (rods, pipes, profiles). The process involves extruding metal through a specific hole.
Reverse pressing
In this process, the workpiece is placed in a mold, and the pressure is applied in the opposite direction than during direct pressing.
Drawing
It is the process of drawing already pressed rods through a special drawing matrix. Through this process, it is possible to obtain wire, shaped profiles, and pipes with thin walls.
The final and also quite important stage is rolling.
This process involves the law of “Friction Forces”, due to which, through friction with special rollers on the surface of the workpiece, plastic deformation occurs. In turn, there are 5 types of rolling products:
The final stage of cold forging is rolling.
Longitudinal rolling
When using this type of rolling, on the machine, the rollers rotate in different sides. Due to this, a gradual compression and elongation of the part occurs. In this case, sheet iron, strip iron and strips are produced.
Cross rolling
With this type of rolling, the rollers move in one direction. Due to this, the part is subject to deformation in transverse movement. For example, using this type, cylindrical gears with knurled teeth are obtained.
Cross or helical rolling
in this case, the rollers on the machine are installed at an angle to each other. Thus, the forging receives translational and rotational motion. There is a gap between these shafts and the metal, falling into this gap, receives its deformation. This type of rolling is used to create pipe blanks, the so-called “sleeves”.
Design drawing
Before you start assembling, you need to create a project that will describe in detail everything that you are going to turn into reality.
However, before creating your steel brainchild, you need to read a lot of literature, which describes in detail all the devices. To avoid unforeseen situations during the assembly process, it is important to have an understanding of the machine, its dimensions and the dimensions of each of the parts that will be involved in the project.
Because all the parts will be made from rough metal or from any parts that are lying idle in your garage.
So, before you start manufacturing a product for forging, you need to make a frame, on the surface of which all the necessary parts of the machine will be located.
To have an idea about homemade machine and about forging in general, and also learn how to assemble, look video video below:
Now that you have an idea, you can start making the frame.
It is important to know! The dimensions of the bed must be calculated in strict accordance with the occupied plane of the placed devices. It is worth considering that devices in work should not interfere with each other!
The frame must be made of durable material. It can be solid wood, quite dense and thick, or an iron plate. However, it must have an iron support made of legs welded or firmly fixed to the frame. When finished, you should have a durable workbench.
After the frame is made and installed in the required location, you can begin to assemble and attach all the devices to the frame.
Advice: “During the assembly of the machine, it is necessary to check the mechanisms for correct operation, so that if there is a malfunction, you can replace the damaged part and continue assembly!”
Above is a diagram of the assembly of the device, the so-called “Snail”. It is intended for the production of spiral curls on a forging.
Components of the mechanism
- The leading ploughshare of the snail itself,
- Main axis,
- Levers for performing power operations,
- Clamp for metal workpiece,
- Machine platform,
- Pressure roller,
- Finger for fixing the snail shares,
- Spring for attracting the pressure roller,
- Roller control lever.
Tip: The longer the levers for applying force, the easier the forging will bend!
The universal cold forging machine is designed for cutting metal strip, metal rod or square. You can also punch holes for
Drawing of a universal machine
rivets and rivet this or that part. It is adapted for bending at a given angle and for rolling. This device consists of 39 parts. You can find out more about them in this archive. Download
Gnutik
Photo gnutik
Designed for bending various metal workpieces, as well as arc forgings of a certain radius. For the manufacture of this machine, mainly tool steel is used. This is explained by the fact that large loads predominate in the device. It consists of a handle moving along the axis of a corner bend, three rollers, which in a fixed state resemble a triangle. Also fasteners and elements for fastening the machine to the frame.
Twister
Twister drawing
Designed for bending metal rods, squares and strips around the longitudinal axis. The result is torsion twisting. It consists of two fasteners mounted on a reinforced frame with holes for a metal rod and handles to make movements along the axis. More detailed information can be found in the archive of drawings of this device.
The wave device is designed to change the bending of a metal workpiece, producing wave-like parts. In terms of its significance, this is the same flex, but the wave has a complex structure.
Using a stamp press, you can make impressions of designs on metal blanks.
It is important to know! After all these devices are installed on the frame, it is necessary to check each of them for functionality! Such actions must be carried out with great caution, since if the metal ruptures, this can cause colossal harm to your health!
If you suddenly decide to do it yourself, be sure to draw all the necessary sketches and drawings with dimensions, presumably the same dimensions as they will be in the prefabricated structure.
This maneuver will allow you to have a complete understanding of the future machine and will help you edit all the details in the drawing. Also watch many videos on the Internet on the topic “ How to do devices for cold forging? This will make it possible to have an idea of the complete picture.
Also read a little literary works, which are devoted to this issue. How to make You should also study this or that part, as well as what material it should be made of. Once you know for sure what's what, you can easily make a machine with your own hands!
Below are three videos dedicated to individual parts of the mechanical assembly, without the use of high temperatures:
Device "Houndstooth" video
Device "Twister" video
Device "Snail" video
What technologies and techniques are used in cold forging, what do you need to know about production operations? More on this later in our material.
Today, small home metal processing workshops have become widespread. This is both a hobby and additional income. family budget. Do-it-yourself cold forging is more common. This technology does not require large expenses for initial stage, and products self made are valued quite highly.
What technologies and techniques are used in this method of metalworking, and what do you need to know about production operations? More on this later in our material.
The cold process mainly processes rolled metal in the form of rods, squares, circles, strips or sheets.
Special devices and tools are used for production, and they are often highly specialized and not suitable for work in other areas.
Heating blanks to forging temperature is not provided for by technology, which uses one of the main properties of metal - plasticity. Heating is only possible partially in places where some products are bent (for example, when the metal of the starting material is too thick).
Cold forging of metal is used for the manufacture of grilles, fences, gates, wickets (and individual elements of their decorations), furniture frames and various decorative details.
Moreover, during the production of these products, the metal can be pressed and bent, which makes the product even stronger than with hot forging, since the properties of the metal do not change, and the crystal lattice, on the contrary, is strengthened due to compression.
Cold forging at home is quite simple, but at the same time, it is a complex technological process that requires experience. What do you need to know about such metalworking, and also what is required to manufacture products without heating the materials?
DIY cold forging
The entire workflow for creating products using cold forging can be divided into several stages.
- Drawing or diagram finished product.
- Selection of materials.
- Metal processing and parts manufacturing.
- Assembly and finishing.
Drawing
Bending is practically the main process on which cold forging is built. The machines listed above (except for the twister and flashlight) operate on the same technological principle. The most commonly used is snail, which generates a large list various kinds curls (monograms, volots, spirals and others).
Torsion is based on the property of metal - plasticity and the ability to maintain a given shape. During such processing, the workpiece is twisted under force around its axis. Usually the procedure is done on a twister. However, items such as baskets are produced using a flashlight. It is capable of twisting several workpieces, thereby forming a three-dimensional element.
Usually all processing is carried out cold, however, sometimes it is necessary to heat certain points on the workpiece. This is done when bending or twisting thick parts or when defective elements need to be corrected. Heating can be carried out in blacksmith forges or a gas cutter to a temperature of 200-300 degrees, which is significantly lower than the forging temperature.
Also used in cold metal processing standard methods: cutting, chopping, grinding and others. For this purpose, grinders, cutting wheels, grinding machines, guillotines, chisels and others.
Assembly and finishing
These two stages complete the process of manufacturing products using cold forging.
Assembling parts into a single combination is carried out in several ways:
- With rivets.
- On clamps.
- Welding.
The simplest and quick method Assembling the product requires electric or gas welding (the latter is used less frequently).
However, some parts are fastened with clamps and rivets, if this is provided for by the style.
Previously, forge welding was used, which today has lost its relevance due to the labor-intensive process.
TO final finishing include grinding, cleaning metal surfaces, as well as applying decorative covering(paint or any other). After which the work is considered complete and the finished product is installed as needed.
What can you add to the material in this article from personal experience? Share it in discussions and leave your comments.