Closed type heating installation diagram. Closed heating system: diagrams and features of installation of a closed type system

Water heating in an individual residential building consists of a boiler and radiators connected by pipes. The water is heated in the boiler, moves through pipes to the radiators, gives off heat in the radiators and again enters the boiler.

Central heating is arranged in the same way as autonomous heating. The difference is that a central boiler house or CHP heats many houses.

The terms “closed system” and “open system” are used to characterize autonomous heating and central heating, but differ in meaning:

• In autonomous heating systems, open systems are those that communicate with the atmosphere through an expansion vessel. Systems that have no communication with the atmosphere are called closed.
• In houses with central heating, the system is called open, where hot water the taps come directly from the heating system. And closed, when the hot water entering the house heats the tap water in the heat exchanger.

Autonomous heating systems

The water that fills the boiler, pipes and radiators expands when heated. The pressure inside rises sharply. If you do not provide for the possibility of removing the additional volume of water, the system will rupture. Compensation for changes in water volumes when temperature changes occurs in expansion vessels. As the temperature rises, excess water moves into the expansion vessel. As the temperature decreases, the system is replenished with water from the expansion vessel.

• Open system permanently connected to the atmosphere through an open expansion vessel. The vessel is made in the form of a rectangular or round tank. The form doesn't matter. It is important that it has sufficient capacity to accommodate the additional volume of water resulting from the thermal expansion of the circulating water. The expansion vessel is located in the highest part of the heating system. The vessel is connected to the heating system by a pipe called a riser. The riser is attached at the bottom of the tank - to the bottom or side wall. A drain pipe is connected to the top of the expansion tank. It is discharged into the sewer or outside the building. A drain pipe is needed in case the tank overflows. It also ensures a constant connection between the tank and the heating system and the atmosphere. If the system is filled with water manually using buckets, the tank is additionally equipped with a lid or hatch. If the tank capacity is selected correctly, the water level in the tank is checked before turning on the heating. The water pressure in an “open system” is equal to atmospheric pressure, and does not change when the temperature of the water that circulates in the system changes. No overpressure safety device is required.
• Closed system isolated from the atmosphere. The expansion vessel is sealed. The shape of the vessel is chosen so that it can withstand the greatest pressure at minimum thickness walls Inside the vessel there is a rubber membrane that divides it into two parts. One part is filled with air, the other part is connected to the heating system. The expansion vessel can be installed at any point in the system. As the water temperature increases, the excess enters the expansion vessel. The air or gas in the other half of the membrane is compressed. As the temperature decreases, the pressure in the system decreases, the water from the expansion vessel is under the influence compressed air is forced out of the expansion vessel into the system. In a closed system, the pressure is higher than in an open system and constantly changes depending on the temperature of the circulating water. In addition, the closed system must be equipped with a safety valve in case of a dangerous increase in pressure and a device for releasing air.

District heating

Water for central heating is heated in a central boiler room or thermal power plant. This is where the expansion of water with temperature changes is compensated. Next, hot water is pumped into the heating network. Houses are connected to the heating network by two pipelines - direct and return. Having entered the house through a direct pipeline, the water is divided in two directions - for heating and for hot water supply.

• Open system. The water is coming directly to hot water taps, and discharged into the sewer after use. An “open system” is simpler than a closed one, but in central boiler houses and thermal power plants it is necessary to perform additional water treatment - purification and air removal. For residents, this water is more expensive than tap water, and its quality is lower.
• Closed system. Water passes through the boiler, giving off heat for heating tap water, connects to the heating return water and returns to the heating network. The heated tap water flows into the hot water taps. A closed system, due to the use of heat exchangers, is more complex than an open one, but tap water is not subject to additional processing, but is only heated.

When planning to create a water heating system in your own home, the owner is faced with a choice of several options. The list of the most important questions includes the type of system (will it be open or closed type), and what principle will be used to transfer coolant through pipes (natural circulation due to gravitational forces, or forced circulation, requiring the installation of a special pump).

Each of the schemes has its own advantages and disadvantages. But still, nowadays preference is increasingly given to a closed system with forced circulation. This scheme is more compact, easier and faster to install, and has a number of other operational advantages. One of the main distinctive features is a completely sealed expansion tank for closed-type heating, the installation of which will be discussed in this publication.

But before purchasing an expansion tank and proceeding with its installation, you need to at least become familiar with its structure, operating principle, as well as which model will be optimal for a particular heating system.

IN What are the advantages of a closed heating system

Although Recently, many modern devices and systems for space heating have appeared; the principle of heat transfer through a liquid with high heat capacity circulating through pipes undoubtedly remains the most widespread. Water is most often used as a carrier of thermal energy, although in some circumstances it is necessary to use other liquids with a low freezing point (antifreeze).

The coolant receives heat from the boiler (ovens with water circuit) and transfers heat to heating devices (radiators, convectors, “warm floor” circuits) installed in the premises in the required quantity.

How to decide on the type and number of heating radiators?

Even the most powerful boiler will not be able to create a comfortable atmosphere in the premises if the parameters of the heat exchange points do not correspond to the conditions of a particular room. How to do it right - in a special publication on our portal.

But any liquid has common physical properties. Firstly, when heated, it increases significantly in volume. And secondly, unlike gases, this is an incompressible substance; its thermal expansion must be compensated in some way by providing free volume for this. And at the same time, it is necessary to ensure that as it cools and decreases in volume, air does not enter the pipe contours from the outside, which will create a “plug” that prevents the normal circulation of the coolant.

These are the functions that the expansion tank performs.

Not yet in private construction, there was no particular alternative - an open expansion tank was installed at the highest point of the system, which completely coped with the tasks.

1 – heating boiler;

2 – supply riser;

3 – open expansion tank;

4 – heating radiator;

5 – optional – circulation pump. In this case, a pumping unit with a bypass loop and a valve system is shown. If desired or if the need arises, you can switch forced circulation to natural circulation, and vice versa.

You may be interested in information on how to properly carry out

Prices for circulation pumps

circulation pumps

A closed system is completely isolated from the atmosphere. A certain pressure is maintained in it, and the thermal expansion of the liquid is compensated by installing a sealed tank of a special design.

The tank in the diagram is shown pos. 6, embedded in the return pipe (item 7).

It would seem - why “fence the garden”? A regular open expansion tank, if it fully copes with its functions, seems to be a simpler and less expensive solution. It probably doesn’t cost much, and besides, with certain skills, it’s easy to make it yourself - weld it from steel sheets, use an unnecessary metal container, for example, an old can, etc. Moreover, you can meet examples applications old plastic cans.

Does it make sense to spend money on purchasing a sealed expansion tank? It turns out that there is, since a closed heating system has many advantages:

• Complete tightness absolutely eliminates the process of evaporation of the coolant. This opens up the possibility of using, in addition to water, special antifreezes. The measure is more than necessary if the country house in the winter is not used constantly, but “intermittently”, occasionally.
• In an open heating system, the expansion tank, as already mentioned, must be mounted at the highest point. Very often, an unheated attic becomes such a place. And this entails additional efforts to thermally insulate the container so that even in the most severe frosts the coolant in it does not freeze.

And in a closed system, the expansion tank can be installed in almost any area. The most appropriate installation location is the return pipe directly in front of the boiler entrance - here the tank parts will be less exposed to temperature effects from the heated coolant. But this is by no means a dogma, and it can be mounted in such a way that it does not create interference and does not disharmonize its appearance with the interior of the room, if, say, the system uses a wall-mounted boiler installed in the hallway or in the kitchen.

• In an open expansion tank, the coolant is always in contact with the atmosphere. This leads to constant saturation of the liquid with dissolved air, which causes increased corrosion in the circuit pipes and radiators, and increased gas formation during the heating process. Aluminum radiators are especially intolerant of this.
• A closed heating system with forced circulation is less inert - it warms up much faster when starting up, and is much more sensitive to adjustments. Completely unjustified losses in the area of ​​the open expansion tank are eliminated.
• The temperature difference in the supply and return pipes in the connection currents with the boiler is less than in an open system. This is important for safety and durability heating equipment.
• A closed scheme with forced circulation to create circuits will require pipes of smaller diameter - there is a benefit both in the cost of materials and in simplifying installation work.
• An open-type expansion tank requires control to prevent overflow when filling, and to prevent the liquid level in it from falling below a critical level during operation. Of course, all this can be solved by installing additional devices, for example, float valves, overflow pipes, etc., but these are unnecessary complications. In a closed heating system, such problems do not arise.
• And finally, such a system is the most universal, as it is suitable for any type of battery and allows you to connect underfloor heating circuits, convectors, and heat curtains. In addition, if desired, you can organize hot heat supply by installing an indirect heating boiler into the system.

Of the serious shortcomings, only one can be mentioned. This — mandatory “safety group”, including control and measuring instruments (pressure gauge, thermometer), safety valve and automatic air vent. However, this is more likely no no wealth, but a technological cost that ensures the safe operation of the heating system.

In a word, the advantages of a closed system clearly outweigh, and spending on a special sealed expansion tank looks completely justified.

How does an expansion tank for closed heating work and how does it work?

The design of an expansion tank for a closed type system is not very complicated:

Usually the entire structure is housed in a stamped steel body (item 1) of a cylindrical shape (there are tanks in the shape of a “tablet”). For production, high-quality metal with an anti-corrosion coating is used. The outside of the tank is covered with enamel. Products with a red body are used for heating. (There are tanks of blue color– but these are water accumulators for the water supply system. They are not designed for elevated temperatures, and all their parts are subject to increased sanitary and hygienic requirements).

On one side of the tank there is a threaded pipe (item 2) for insertion into the heating system. Sometimes fittings are included in the package to facilitate installation work.

On the opposite side there is a nipple valve (item 3), which serves to pre-create the required pressure in the air chamber.

Inside, the entire cavity of the tank is divided by a membrane (item 6) into two chambers. On the side of the pipe there is a chamber for coolant (item 4), on the opposite side there is an air chamber (item 5)

The membrane is made of elastic material with a low diffusion rate. It is given a special shape, which ensures “orderly” deformation when the pressure in the chambers changes.

The principle of operation is simple.

• In the initial position, when the tank is connected to the system and filled with coolant, a certain volume of liquid enters the water chamber through the pipe. The pressure in the chambers is equalized, and this closed system acquires a static position.
• As the temperature rises, the volume of coolant in the heating system expands, accompanied by an increase in pressure. Excess fluid enters the expansion tank (red arrow), and its pressure bends the membrane (yellow arrow). In this case, the volume of the coolant chamber increases, and the air chamber correspondingly decreases, and the air pressure in it increases.
• As the temperature decreases and the total volume of the coolant decreases, excess pressure in the air chamber causes the membrane to move backward (green arrow), and the coolant moves back into the pipes of the heating system (blue arrow).

If the pressure in the heating system reaches a critical threshold, then the valve in the “safety group” should operate, which will release excess liquid. Some expansion tank models have their own safety valve.

Different tank models may have own characteristics designs. So, they can be non-separable or with the ability to replace the membrane (a special flange is provided for this). The kit may include brackets or clamps for mounting the tank on the wall, or it can be provided with stands - legs for placing it on the floor.

In addition, they may differ in the design of the membrane itself.

On the left is an expansion tank with a membrane diaphragm (it has already been discussed above). As a rule, these are non-separable models. A balloon-type membrane (picture on the right), made of elastic material, is often used. In fact, it itself is a water chamber. As pressure increases, such a membrane stretches, increasing in volume. It is these tanks that are equipped with a collapsible flange, which allows you to independently replace the membrane in the event of its failure. But the basic principle This doesn't change the work at all.

Video: installation of Flexcon brand expansion tanks FLAMCO»

Prices for Flexcon expansion tanks FLAMCO

Flexcon expansion tanks

How to calculate the required parameters of the expansion tank?

When choosing an expansion tank for a specific heating system, the fundamental point should be its working volume.

Calculation using formulas

You can find recommendations to install a tank, the volume of which is approximately 10% of the total volume of coolant circulating through the system circuits. However, a more accurate calculation can be made - there is a special formula for this:

Vb =Vwith ×k / D

The symbols in the formula indicate:

Vb– required working volume of the expansion tank;

Vс– the total volume of coolant in the heating system;

k– coefficient taking into account the volumetric expansion of the coolant during heating;

D– efficiency coefficient of the expansion tank.

Where to get it initial values? Let's look at it one by one:

1. Total system volume ( VWith) can be determined in several ways:

• You can determine from the water meter which overall volume will fit when filling the system with water.
• The most accurate method used when calculating a heating system is the summation of the total volume of pipes of all circuits, the capacity of the heat exchanger of the existing boiler (it is indicated in the passport data), and the volume of all heat exchange devices in the premises - radiators, convectors, etc.
• The simplest method gives a completely acceptable error. It is based on the fact that to provide 1 kW of heating power, 15 liters of coolant are required. Thus, the rated power of the boiler is simply multiplied by 15.

2. The value of the coefficient of thermal expansion ( k) is a tabular value. It changes nonlinearly depending on the heating temperature of the liquid and the percentage of antifreeze in it ethylene glycol additives The values ​​are shown in the table below. The heating value line is taken from the calculation of the planned operating temperature of the heating system. For water, the percentage value of ethylene glycol is taken as 0. For antifreeze - based on the specific concentration.

Coolant heating temperature, °C	Glycol content, % of total volume
	0	10	20	30	40	50	70	90
0	0.00013	0.0032	0.0064	0.0096	0.0128	0.016	0.0224	0.0288
10	0.00027	0.0034	0.0066	0.0098	0.013	0.0162	0.0226	0.029
20	0.00177	0.0048	0.008	0.0112	0.0144	0.0176	0.024	0.0304
30	0.00435	0.0074	0.0106	0.0138	0.017	0.0202	0.0266	0.033
40	0.0078	0.0109	0.0141	0.0173	0.0205	0.0237	0.0301	0.0365
50	0.0121	0.0151	0.0183	0.0215	0.0247	0.0279	0.0343	0.0407
60	0.0171	0.0201	0.0232	0.0263	0.0294	0.0325	0.0387	0.0449
70	0.0227	0.0258	0.0288	0.0318	0.0348	0.0378	0.0438	0.0498
80	0.029	0.032	0.0349	0.0378	0.0407	0.0436	0.0494	0.0552
90	0.0359	0.0389	0.0417	0.0445	0.0473	0.0501	0.0557	0.0613
100	0.0434	0.0465	0.0491	0.0517	0.0543	0.0569	0.0621	0.0729

3. Expansion tank efficiency coefficient value ( D) will have to be calculated using a separate formula:

D = (Qm – Qb)/(Qm + 1 )

Qm— maximum permissible pressure in the heating system. It will be determined by the response threshold of the safety valve in the “safety group”, which must be indicated in the product passport.

Qb— pre-pumping pressure of the air chamber of the expansion tank. It may also be indicated on the packaging and in the product documentation. It is possible to change it - pumping it up using a car pump or, conversely, bleeding it through a nipple. It is usually recommended to set this pressure within 1.0 – 1.5 atmospheres.

Calculator for calculating the required volume of the expansion tank

To simplify the calculation procedure for the reader, the article contains a special calculator in which the indicated dependencies are included. Enter the requested values, and after pressing the “CALCULATE” button you will receive the required volume of the expansion tank.

The level of comfort in a home is determined by an efficient heating system. Correct selection The design and arrangement of the elements ensures the functionality of the entire configuration. Previously, developers preferred an open system. True, a number of disadvantages have led to an increase in the popularity of closed heating systems.

Principle of operation

The operation of a closed heating system is based on the transfer of heated coolant through heating devices thermal energy into the premises of the house. The temperature in them depends proportionally on the degree of heating of the coolant and its volume.

In order for the heating system to operate, a certain pressure is required in it. The pressure allows water to circulate and increases the efficiency of the structure. When moving, the coolant overcomes friction resistance, so its value is determined by the diameter and length of the pipes, the number of fittings and bends.

You can create pressure in a heating system using gravity. This is possible when there is a difference in the densities of heated and cold liquids flowing in the supply and output pipelines. Heated water has less mass, so it is displaced by heavier cooled water. This principle of operation is used when constructing an open-type circuit.

Scheme

In a closed circuit, pressure is artificially created by installing a pump. Such a device creates fluid pressure and ensures circular movement along the contour. To increase service life pumping equipment The connection is made to the return line, in which the temperature is lower. The disadvantage of such a system is that its operation depends on the availability of electricity. The design has the following advantages:

1. It is possible to heat houses with large area, since there is no limit on the length of the highway.
2. New schemes are used and modern views heating.
3. Heat transfer increases.
4. There are no losses due to coolant evaporation.
5. The diameter of the pipes is reduced, which saves money on their purchase and installation.
6. The temperature difference is reduced, which facilitates the operating conditions of heating equipment and relieves the system load.
7. The level of heat transfer is adjusted individually for each heating device.

Advantages and disadvantages

A closed heating system has a number of advantages:

• The characteristics of the coolant make it possible to achieve high concentration and heat transfer.
• Affordable cost of materials and the ability to use them effectively.
• Creation and maintenance of the required temperature conditions.

The disadvantages of such designs include:

• Installation closed circuit is associated with certain difficulties.
• The heat generator operates in constant mode.

If during the cold season a long interruption in the operation of the system is expected, then it is necessary to drain the coolant. This disadvantage is eliminated by using non-freezing liquids as a coolant.

Closed heating system

Features of a closed heating system

A closed heating system has a number of features. You can mount it by creating an upper or lower wiring. The first scheme differs in that the coolant is moved to the attic, and the water is distributed along the risers to the heating devices. When using the second scheme, the coolant is supplied from below from the basement where the boiler equipment is located. It is immediately sent to the supply pipeline, and from it to the radiators. If in an open scheme the expansion tank is placed at a point that has a maximum height, then in a closed scheme it can be placed in close proximity to the boiler or in any other convenient place.

Installation of the system may include a one- or two-pipe method of connecting heating devices to the main line. A two-pipe connection is characterized by the presence of a riser that discharges the cooled coolant into the boiler. To implement it, two methods are used:

Star. In this case, the pipelines supplying and discharging water have branches that go individually to each battery.

Plume. The supply and return pipes are connected in series to the radiators.

System layout

Easier to implement single-pipe scheme, which has the following features:

• After heat transfer, the water returns to the riser, which supplies and is transferred to the next heating device. As a result, the coolant moves through it different temperatures. This circumstance requires an increase in the heat exchange area to achieve the required temperature level.
• Application is limited to house structures that have an attic.
• There is no possibility of gradual launch.

Equipment

When creating a one-pipe system use:

• a flow circuit in which the coolant moves sequentially through the radiators. In this case, it is impossible to regulate the heat flow in the room;
• diagram with closing sections. It is designed in such a way that a tap is installed in front of each radiator, with the help of which the heat flow is regulated.

Depending on the installation method of the supply pipeline, a closed system can be:

Vertical. It is advisable to use it in multi-storey buildings. Radiators on all floors are connected to one vertical riser.

Horizontal. It is used in one-story buildings, when all devices are located on the same level and connected to a horizontal pipe. This design significantly reduces the need for materials, but air pockets may occur during operation.

The coolant movement can be organized according to a dead-end scheme or with passing traffic coolant. The first option provides several heating circuits that have different number devices and different pipeline lengths. The second option has the same circuit design and a constant pressure level.

Heating circuit elements

The structural elements of a closed heating system include:

• boiler;
• pump equipment;
• expansion tank;
• heating appliances.

Both the parts necessary to connect structural elements and auxiliary equipment are used.

Equipment adjustment, heating devices

Boiler equipment ensures heating of the coolant to the required temperature. Solid or gaseous fuel is most often used, with gas being the cheapest and most accessible.

The expansion tank affects the safe operation of the system, since it prevents dangerous pressure in the pipeline. The main part is the membrane, which has the following requirements:

• ability to work at elevated temperatures;
• durability;
• compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards.

To increase the service life of the tank, you should not allow significant differences pressure, especially during startup.

Usage circulation pump, equipped with electronic control, reduces energy consumption by 40%. Such equipment provides a reduced noise level and has a long service life. The main indicators when choosing a pump are: power, the period covered by the factory warranty, and the length of the period that does not require Maintenance. The volume of the circuit affects the choice of its power. In addition, the parameter depends on the characteristics structural elements systems, type of boiler equipment, availability of automation.

The circuit of a closed-type heating system consists of pipes, the material of which can be: steel, metal-plastic, reinforced polypropylene. Parameters influencing the choice of material: the ability to work at high temperatures and the ability to withstand a certain pressure.

Steel pipes are durable, as they are capable of operating at pressures of up to 10 atm and temperatures of more than 100 degrees Celsius. However, steel pipes are prone to corrosion, which reduces their service life.

Reinforced polypropylene pipes are capable of operating at coolant temperatures up to 95 degrees Celsius. A special soldering iron is required for their installation.

You can work with metal-plastic at temperatures up to 90 degrees Celsius. Assembly is simple and does not require complex tools. But the fittings are expensive. Such pipes are not allowed to be used in central heating.

Operating conditions determine the choice of heating devices. IN apartment buildings The water temperature reaches 120 degrees Celsius, and the pressure is 10 atm. At the same time, the quality level of the coolant is quite low. Such operating conditions necessitate the installation of cast iron batteries. In a private house, conditions are less stringent, so installation is possible modern radiators with improved design.

Converting an open system to a closed one

It is rare to find a closed-type heating system in which the coolant circulates naturally: pumping equipment is excluded from this scheme.

This design is usually not included in the original plans. It is obtained by independently converting an open system. This transformation occurs by removing the conventional expansion tank and replacing it with a structure equipped with a membrane.

The design and installation of such a system from the very beginning cannot be ruled out. However, most of the benefits of a closed system cannot be achieved. It becomes significantly more difficult to calculate the diameters of all sections of the pipeline, and when laying it, a certain slope is observed, which causes airing.

The only advantage of such a conversion of the heating system is its independence from the electricity supply.

Installation of a heating system: step-by-step instructions

During the preparation of the project, you need to select a boiler and decide on the method of creating coolant circulation.

Based on the parameters of the boiler equipment, calculations are made and the material and diameter of the pipes are selected, and the type of heating devices and fittings are determined. After which a project is drawn up, in accordance with which the work will be carried out.

The boiler is installed on a pre-prepared site.

Places for placing heating devices and highway routes are marked.

A pipeline is laid that originates from the boiler and leads to the radiators.

Installation of all equipment.

The system is sealed and filled with coolant.

Carry out a test run.

Even minor repairs failure of one of the radiators or heating pipes is inevitably associated with complete drainage of the coolant from the heating system. After completing the work, you will have to fill the circuit with water. The question arises - how to start the heating correctly? What temperature should the water be, and at what speed should the liquid be poured? How to prepare and flush your home heating network? It’s better if the work is done by craftsmen; many factors will have to be taken into account.

Types of heating systems in private houses

Residents of apartment buildings do not have to start the heating system themselves. Before starting repairs, specialists will warn all neighbors about the work and drain the liquid from the entire riser. The filling will also be carried out by services that maintain communications.

In a private house, heating can be installed in accordance with one of 2 standard schemes:

1. Open.

1. Closed.

An open network, also called gravity, is built without installing circulation pumps that circulate the coolant inside the network. The fluid circulation is carried out due to natural processes: hot water rises upward, where in the expansion tank installed at the top point the carrier comes into contact with air. The cooled water drops to the lower part of the circuit, to the boiler, and is supplied for heating.

Open systems are installed extremely rarely. You can find “classics” only in houses where old boilers, metal pipes and cast iron radiators are used for heating. The volume of coolant in these types of heating networks is large, and accordingly, energy consumption is not economical.

Closed circuits are heating with the connection of pumping equipment, which ensures constant circulation of hot water within the system. Energy consumption (gas or electricity) is minimal, because the volume of liquid is only a few tens of liters. Due to the constant movement of water, the boiler is turned on only to heat the coolant to the set temperature.

Replacing the coolant: reasons and frequency

Replacing water in a closed and open heating circuit is carried out:

• During the first heating start.

• After seasonal drainage.

• When starting after repair work.

Regular topping up of fluid is required during operation if it has not been drained after the heating season.

Why drain your home system?

A question for which there is no clear answer is whether it is necessary to drain the circuit annually after the end of the heating season? The decision depends on the type, age and material of manufacture of the main elements - pipes and radiators, as well as on the total volume of liquid.

Most often, systems with old cast iron radiators. The reason is the appearance of a leak after the boilers are turned off. The old cast iron ribs are connected to each other by threaded connections with old gaskets. When there is hot water inside the batteries, the seals expand, providing a stable seal at the seams.

After the water cools, the material from which the gaskets are made naturally contracts and begins to flow at the junction of the ribs. But prolonged idle time of old radiators without water is fraught with accelerated corrosion; the rust inside the radiator and old pipes crumbles in a dry environment, and can damage the entire riser.

In closed new circuits, filling the heating system is not a costly process. But it is not recommended to completely drain the liquid every year - this is not necessary.

Frequency of replacing and topping up fluid in the heating system

How often do you need to change the fluid in your heating system? A few general rules:

• In open-type circuits of private houses, it is enough to simply add water if the system is sealed, without subjecting the old communications to stress tests in the form of long dry periods. Replacement is necessary only in case of emergency repair or preventive sealing, after washing.

• Closed heating systems require preventive flushing and replacement of the coolant after several years.

The frequency of filling with new liquid depends on the characteristics of the water, the service life of the synthetic coolant, general condition systems. If the extreme points are very airy, it is recommended to identify the cause - find the location of the leak and check the tightness of the heating network. Typically, water changes are carried out every few seasons.

Choosing a coolant: what to pour into your home system

Before pouring new liquid into a closed heating system, you must select a coolant. There are only 3 options:

1. Water.

1. Distilled water.

1. Synthetic carrier.

Important! Water can be used in any home heating systems if part of the circuit is not in contact with cold outside air. If the boiler room is outside the house, the pipes are laid in the ground without thermal insulation, you need to use non-freezing liquids - when the boiler is turned off, frozen water will lead to cracking of the pipes.

Is it possible to fill the system with tap water?

Don't try to save money by adding tap water to your new system. Tap water is “enriched” not only with chlorine, which, when heated, negatively affects the surfaces it comes into contact with. Under the influence of temperatures, which can reach 60 - 80 o, plaque begins to form on the inner walls of pipes, connectors, and radiators. The deposits are reminiscent of scale inside an electric kettle with the same consequences: solid deposits eventually block the internal gaps. As a result, some radiators may remain cold even at high media temperatures.

In addition to problems with water scale, which forms a layer of plaque on the walls of pipes, the use of ordinary tap water can provoke problems that arise due to chemical reactions that occur in the medium when heated. Aggressive impurities are not in the best possible way affect the condition of the coating inside radiators, corrode seals, and accelerate corrosion processes.

Conclusion - with a small volume of liquid there is no point in saving. It is better to fill a closed heating system with distilled water.

Advantages:

• Low cost.

• Reduced viscosity, good fluidity.

• No impurities.

• No chlorine.

• Increased boiling point.

Distillate as a coolant has a beneficial effect on the operation of the entire system: purified water warms up faster, the load on pumping equipment is reduced, there is no risk of clogging inside the pipes or the appearance of deposits on the internal walls.

Synthetic coolants: application features

Ready-made solutions and concentrates based on:

• Propylene glycol.

• Ethylene glycol.

• Glycerin.

Despite the imperfect performance qualities of ethylene glycol, it is better not to pour solutions based on it into the home heating network - the substance is dangerous to health.

When purchasing, you should focus not on the price, but on the degree of concentration of the active substance. Different brands The coolant is diluted in a certain proportion. Before preparing the solution, be sure to read the instructions for diluting the composition.

Synthetic media degrade over time, so before throwing away the concentrate canister, find information about the expiration date and make a mark near the boiler or inlet pipe with a marker so you don’t forget to replace the coolant on time.

Replacing coolant in a standard closed home heating network

Starting a heating system in a private house with water filling is carried out using complex technology. To work, you will have to buy or borrow special equipment and follow the instructions. If you are not sure of the integrity of the circuit, or there is visible damage to the elements, be sure to call a specialist.

Preparatory stage: what is needed for work

Before filling the heating system in a private house, determine the method of filling the liquid into the circuit. There are 4 options to resolve the issue:

1. Networks equipped with automatic valves are filled without third-party intervention. The principle is that when the pressure level inside the circuit drops, the valve automatically opens and fills until the optimal operating pressure is reached.

1. Heating with modern double-circuit boiler filled from a water pipe: the systems are connected.

1. It is easier to fill a circuit with an expansion membrane tank through the pipes where the expander is located, having previously dismantled the tank.

1. Using a special supercharger - a pump for pumping water into the heating system, which is connected to the inlet pipe.

The tools you will need are wrenches of the appropriate diameter for dismantling the tank, a pump if you plan to fill the distillate, and sealing tape for connections.
If the question of how to start heating in a private house after downtime is being resolved, or if it is necessary to replace the old media, you will have to purchase special remedy for washing.

Checking tightness: how to do pressure testing

The old network must be checked for leaks and leaks. Also, a mandatory check is carried out when heating is started for the first time. The pressure testing stage should not be neglected, especially if the house has areas with underfloor heating that will be located under screed and decorative covering. Fixing a leak after the repair is completed is expensive and difficult.

Before checking the old heating, drain all the water. To drain the media, open the tap. You need to act slowly and carefully. Before draining, be sure to check the water temperature - the media must cool to 30 o. The drain valve is located at the lowest point of the circuit.

Important! Use a measuring container when draining the coolant to find out the exact volume of liquid. There will be no question about the amount of water that needs to be poured into the heating network.

After drying, open the air valve - the Mayevsky tap. The air will fill the circuit and equalize the pressure inside the system.

They begin crimping. Use a pump: connect the hose to the inlet pipe. The valve at the top point is left open so that air can escape freely.

The liquid is pumped until a pressure exceeds the operating value by 1.5 times. That is, if operating pressure is 1.5 bar, when checking it is necessary to increase the indicator to 2.0 - 2.25 bar (but not more than the maximum value allowed for the boiler).

Close the top valve after water begins to flow from it. Assess tightness. Check the dryness of all difficult areas:

• Places of entry and exit of pipes from radiators.

• Pipe connections.

• Points at the inlet and outlet of the boiler.

• Other threaded connections.

The liquid is left under high pressure for several hours: if no leakage appears during this time, then the heating is in order.

There are two ways to create excessive pressure: liquid (water injection) and dry (air injection). The difficulty of checking it yourself is that when pouring water, an unpleasant situation may arise if there is a break in the circuit (crack or leaky connection). It is better to entrust the crimping to a specialist.

Are you planning to use water as a coolant? Simply drain the excess amount until the pressure drops to an operating value of 1.5 bar.

Flushing your home heating system

Cleaning must be done:

• If the system is old.

• If ordinary water was used as a coolant.

Before washing, dilute the cleaning agent with water in the proportion specified in the instructions. Pour in the product using a pump and fill the circuit with water.

Leave for several hours. During this time, the solution dissolves the sediment accumulated in the radiators and removes deposits from the internal walls.

After flushing, drain all the liquid and begin filling the system. Flushing is also mandatory before filling a closed heating system with antifreeze.

Filling with coolant: step by step

Before you start pouring the liquid, measure required amount coolant. If synthetic solutions are used, prepare the mixture by diluting the concentrate with distillate to the required volume.
Before connecting the pump to pump coolant into the heating system:

• Close the drain valve.

• Check the air bleed valves: all valves must be closed.

• The Mayevsky tap, located at the top point, is left open.

A pump is connected to the pipe through which the liquid will be poured. Usually the pumps are equipped flexible hoses with threaded connection. The water intake hose is lowered into the container with the carrier.

Begin filling the system. It is important to select the optimal pump power, avoiding filling too quickly. At the same time as drawing water, keep an eye on the open tap. Filling is stopped after the carrier begins to flow out of the open Mayevsky tap.

Checking and preparing for launch

The last step before starting the heating is removing excess air and checking. It is necessary to bleed any air remaining in the circuit from all air valves. To do this, open the taps at the extreme points one by one and release the air. The taps are turned off after water starts flowing.

When all the air has been bled off, check the pressure indicator. Normally, the readings of all pressure gauges installed in the circuit should match and be at 1.5 - 1.8 bar. When using antifreeze, the indicator is sometimes increased to a maximum of 2 bar.

After checking the pressure, turn on the boiler. At a carrier temperature not exceeding 40 o, the system operates for up to 1 hour. Then the heating is turned off. After cooling, perform another test at a higher temperature. Heat the carrier to 60 - 70 o. In this mode, the heating is left for 2 - 3 hours.

Starting an open heating system

It is easier to fill an open heating system. No special tools needed. It is enough to determine the upper point of water in the expansion tank. You will need an assistant to monitor the air valves.

Work rules

The liquid is drained through the drain pipe located at the lowest point. If necessary, the circuit is flushed. Filling the system is performed in the following sequence:

• Shut off the drain valve.

• Open the air bleed valves.

• Distillate is slowly poured into the expansion tank.

Continue to fill the system with short breaks so that the air rises evenly to the surface. Filling is carried out until liquid begins to flow out of the air valves. The valves close.

Add water to the expansion tank up to the mark. Do not fill the expander completely. When heated, the volume of liquid increases, and water will begin to pour out over the edges of the tank. The maximum coolant level is 2/3 of the internal volume of the tank.

System check and maintenance

After completing the work, bleed the air from the radiators. Each air valve is checked in turn. Add the required amount of water to the tank.

When operating an open system, it is necessary to remember that warm carrier constantly comes into contact with air, and, accordingly, evaporates. Therefore, it is worth periodically looking into the expansion tank. If the level drops, you just need to add enough water.

Before checking, be sure to turn off the boiler and wait until the water cools to room temperature. Do not add media to hot water. Use liquid with a temperature of up to 40 o.

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Main characteristics

Closed heating systems have their own characteristics:

1. The coolant is hermetically sealed and does not come into contact with air.
2. To maintain the pressure inside the system, special expansion tanks are used that maintain this indicator.
3. The coolant practically does not evaporate, which does not require constant renewal.

Such systems also require the presence of a circulation pump, which mixes the liquid in the pipes.

There are several options for filling a closed heating system with liquid:

• To fill, you will need a pump that will supply water directly from a well or other source. We connect the discharge hose of the device to the drain pipe, on which you must first open the shut-off valve. It should be said that when performing such work, all shut-off and Mayevsky valves should be opened (to allow air to escape) to allow water to enter any point in the system.
• Expansion tanks in such mechanisms are mainly mounted to the pipe using a thread, which makes them very easy to remove. This will give you access to the pipe. Using this hole you can pour water into this system. Very often, expansion tanks are installed at the highest point, which makes the procedure even more convenient. When water is visible from the pipe, you can finish filling and install the expansion tank in place.

To create pressure in the system after this, you can remove the nipple, which is located at the top of the tank, and use a conventional pump to pump it to the required level.

It is very important to constantly monitor the pressure gauge so as not to exceed the pressure level in the system and not provoke an accident. As you can see, pumping water into such structures is relatively simple, but it is very important to follow the sequence.

How to fill the heating system with your own hands, watch the video:

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How to distinguish a closed heating system from an open one

The process of filling heating with water largely depends on its design:

• Open. This system uses natural circulation of coolant (usually water) when there is no additional pressure. The basis of its work are the elementary laws of thermodynamics: the liquid circulates slowly here, because additional pump not used. At the highest point of the open circuit, a special expansion tank is installed to compensate for the increase in water volume when heated. This container absorbs excess water as it expands, returning it back when cooled. The tank is not sealed, so liquid constantly evaporates from it: its volume must be replenished from time to time. The boiler in an open system, as opposed to the tank, should be mounted at the very bottom of the circuit.

• Closed. A completely sealed system in which the heated coolant moves under the influence of a circulation pump. Closed-type heating is also equipped with an expansion tank, but unlike an open system, it is completely sealed and can be installed at any point in the system, not just on top. Inside the container there are two compartments, separated by a rubber membrane. The lower part of the expansion tank is filled with liquid, and the upper part is filled with air: thanks to its pressure on the membrane, a comfortable pressure level (1.5 atm.) is maintained in the circuit. As the temperature of the coolant rises, it penetrates through the valve into the expansion tank and compresses the air. After cooling, the liquid is pushed back into the circuit by compressed gas.

The list of situations when there is a need to fill the heating system with water:

1. On first launch. As already mentioned, this procedure is usually carried out by the plumbers who installed the heating system.

1. Repair. Preliminary coolant discharge is accompanied by repair activities when it is necessary to repair or replace shut-off valves, a radiator, a section of pipeline, etc.

1. After seasonal reset. They try to empty systems with cast iron radiators after the end of the heating season, as this reduces the wear of the intersectional paronite gaskets by an order of magnitude. In addition, in some cases, the coolant can be drained for the winter: this usually happens in country houses, which are not used in winter.

1. Reduced coolant quality. The liquid inside the system is constantly exposed to critical influences, either heating up or cooling down. This causes sediment to form (if water is used) in the form of lime and rust. For synthetic coolants, such an operating mode can lead to changes in the viscosity level. You should also take into account the fact that in metal circuits the liquid gradually accumulates iron impurities. All this leads to a decrease in heating efficiency and its service life, up to the failure of individual elements. Therefore, there are certain recommendations on the frequency of coolant replacement, depending on the situation. For example, it is recommended to change distilled water in a system with a double-circuit boiler once a year, before the start of a new heating season.

Preparation

Regardless of whether a new, just installed system is being launched, or the circuit has been reset for repair or replacement of coolant, utility network Before filling out you must undergo certain training:

• Drain. Before pouring new coolant into the system, the old one must be completely drained. To do this, turn off the boiler and wait until the water temperature drops to room temperature. Next, open the drain valve at the bottom heating circuit, drain all the liquid: it must be collected in special containers for subsequent disposal. After waiting until the system is completely emptied, open the Mayevsky valve at its top point - this will allow the pressure in the pipes to stabilize.

• Flushing. Necessary in order to remove all debris from inside the circuit - chips, scale, limescale and so on. This is done using a pump connected to the network, which pumps the washing solution inside. It often takes several cycles until the water comes out completely clean. The water for the last rinse is enriched with neutralizers to remove additives in the first portions.

• Pressing. It allows you to test how tight all joints and connections of the system are before filling in the coolant. To do this, create excess pressure inside the circuit by pumping air or using a coolant. To carry out the test, you will need a mechanical (electric) pump. There is also an option to connect the water supply, but this kind of procedure is much more difficult. Before connecting the pump to the inlet pipe of the system, you must carefully inspect all joints and connecting nodes. If no defects were found, excess pressure is created inside the circuit (the norm must be exceeded by 1.5 times).

• Elimination of leaks. All leaks discovered during pressing must be eliminated. If the flaw is at the junction, then it is repacked, installing a new seal. Leaks in the middle of the pipe are solved by replacing the damaged section.

• Checking the complete set. Before filling a closed heating system with water, it must be checked for the presence of the necessary safety equipment. We are talking primarily about Mayevsky taps, bypasses, thermometers and pressure gauges. If any of these elements are missing, it will most likely cause problems with the heating.

Calculation of coolant volume

In cases where water not from a pipeline is used as a coolant, it is important to know exactly how much liquid is needed.

This can be determined in the following ways:

1. When resetting the system, measure the drained liquid using a meter or a special container of known volume. The same method can be applied when flushing and pressing the circuit.

1. Separately summarize the volume of elements included in the system. The parameters of the boiler, batteries and expansion tank are indicated in the passport documentation for these products, and the volume of the pipeline is determined using special tables from the plumbing reference book.

Filling a closed heating system

Having prepared the required amount of coolant, you can begin filling the pre-washed and tested system. The most convenient way to do this is with a vibration pump.

Given the particular importance of this procedure, care will be required when performing it:

1. All joints are checked for defects and leaks for the last time.

1. Shut off the shut-off valves through which coolant is removed from the heating circuit. This is done to avoid unnecessary fluid loss.

1. Test to see if the air valves are working properly. If it turns out that their level of performance is insufficient, it is recommended to fully open the Mayevsky tap during the entire filling procedure. You can also leave the valve open in the upper section of the network, which will significantly speed up the release of air accumulated in the pipes.

1. Begin to pour water through the pipes adjacent to the boiler. In this case, it is advisable to supply the liquid as slowly as possible: in this case, the internal air can be easily discharged through the open fittings. Rushing at this stage usually leads to traffic jams. To avoid water hammer, the tap on the pipe through which water is supplied should be opened no more than halfway.

1. As the circuit is filled, all taps and valves from which liquid begins to splash are closed: before starting the process, it is advisable to place an empty basin or bucket near each of them. For this reason, water is stored with a certain reserve, taking into account possible losses.

1. When pouring water, it is recommended to change the position of the pump from time to time, switching to higher outlets. This is especially true for filling a closed system in houses with several floors.

1. Checking the quality of the filling. To fill the amount of coolant, it is recommended to determine not only the total figure, but also the volume of individual sections of the circuit. This will allow for quality control of filling as it progresses using meters on the inlet pipes. This will allow you to monitor the amount of coolant already pumped in, comparing it with the volume of individual elements of the system. If, after filling a certain area, it turns out that less liquid was used than was calculated, it means that an air lock has formed inside. If the filled volume of coolant exceeds the calculated data, you need to look for the location of the leak.

1. Draining excess air. Upon completion of the filling procedure of a closed system, all air must be removed from it. Main pipe deaerated using air valve, which is usually available on the boiler. If the circuit uses a forced coolant circulation method, then air is bled from the pumping equipment using an air valve, which is usually located in front of the device.

Each radiator must also be freed from air pockets individually, starting with the heating elements on the ground floor. This procedure is very simple: using a key or screwdriver, open the Mayevsky tap, closing it only after water appears in the hole. Finally, you need to check the return flow using the valves installed on it. Having released all the air, the pressure in the closed system must be brought to 1.5 atm, and only then shut off the water supply.

Feeding the system

To ensure efficient operation of a closed heating circuit, the pressure in it must be kept at a constant level. This is directly affected by the volume of coolant circulating through the pipes and radiators. In any case, it will gradually flow out, despite high level system tightness: to compensate for these losses, liquid replenishment will be required. The issue is solved by special make-up valves, which are equipped in areas of the circuit with the lowest pressure (most often, next to the pump, directly in front of it).

Small houses with low-power heating systems are usually equipped with mechanical valves. In this scheme, compensation for pressure surges occurs thanks to the rubber membrane of the tank. To avoid emergency situations, you have to constantly monitor pressure parameters.

Automatic filling

Double-circuit boilers, as a rule, have a device for automatically filling the coolant. This electronic control unit is installed on the inlet pipe. The convenience of this solution lies in the fully automatic regulation of pressure in the system through timely pumping of liquid.

If the pressure in the network is critically low, a signal from the pressure gauge is sent to the control unit. This, in turn, activates the supply valve, which begins to allow water to flow into the system until the pressure is completely stabilized. However, you have to pay for convenience, which is reflected in the high cost of automatic filling devices.

How to pour water into an open heating system

In order to fill the open heating system of a private house with coolant, a slightly different procedure is used. The main difference from closed networks is the internal pressure of the circuit: here it corresponds to atmospheric pressure, which allows the use of an expansion tank as the main control device. In open heating systems it is mounted above all other elements.

Step-by-step instructions for filling an open heating system with water:

1. Draining the old fluid and cleaning the circuit. This is done in the same way as in the case of a closed system.

1. To pour water into an open system, an expansion tank is used, which looks like an open tank. Having removed the lid, they begin to pour water: filling a small circuit is usually done with a bucket. Filling large systems in this way is quite tedious, so it is better to use a household vibration pump. To do this, you will need a spacious tank with pre-prepared water. The pump is equipped with flexible hoses on clamps: one end is immersed in a container of water, and the other in an expansion tank.

1. It is recommended to supply water slowly so that the air has enough time to escape. When using a vibration pump, you need to ensure that the pressure in the circuit during its filling is within 1.5-2 atm. When it decreases, more water is added to the preparation tank so that the suction hose can be immersed deeper. The water supply is turned off after it begins to pour into the expansion tank.

1. At the end of the procedure, it is necessary to free the circuit from air pockets. To do this, open the Mayevsky taps on all existing radiators one by one, closing them only after water appears. To avoid getting the floor wet, it is recommended to place a portable container under the taps. Having released the gas from all batteries, add water to the tank. As practice shows, the final release of air from an open system occurs through an expander after the first combustion.

During heavy use open heating(most often this happens in winter) the coolant will gradually evaporate through the expansion tank. This is explained by the high temperature of the coolant. To maintain the functionality of the system, it must be periodically topped up, making sure that its temperature does not rise above +80 degrees.

What kind of water is best to pour into the heating system?

There are several types of water poured into the heating circuit:

• Tap water. This also includes liquid taken from a well, a well or a nearby body of water. The main advantage of this option is its low cost. However, the quality of such a coolant is quite low: it has a rather aggressive effect on the internal walls of the circuit due to the salts and oxygen dissolved in it.

• Boiled. Boiling allows you to remove some of the oxygen and salts that precipitate from the water. However, preparing water for a volumetric circuit in this way is quite difficult.

• Purified by reagents. To neutralize harmful impurities, instead of boiling, it is convenient to use special chemicals - reagents. Water prepared in this way needs to be carefully filtered before being poured into the system.

• Distilled. It is sold in plumbing stores in containers of various sizes. Rainwater also has similar properties, which some owners of private houses specially collect for subsequent use in heating networks.

• Antifreeze. They are used instead of water in cases where the heating system is prone to freezing (the crystallization temperature of antifreeze is much lower than that of water). This method of filling the heating circuit is used quite rarely due to its high cost.

Conclusion

Filling the heating circuit with water is a rather complex and time-consuming procedure, which is recommended to be performed by at least two people. During its implementation, it is important not to rush, carefully following all recommendations. Special attention preparation of water for pouring into the circuit deserves: in cases where, for financial or other reasons, liquid from the water supply is used, it must at least be boiled. To remove sediment and rust particles that gradually accumulate in the coolant, it is recommended to equip the system with special mud filters.

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How to fill a heating circuit with water

Due to fluidity and high heat capacity To transfer heat from the boiler to consumers, liquid coolants are used, among which water ranks first.

It is used to fill even the most capacious heating systems. It is publicly available and inexpensive, which determines the widest range of applications.

Both pumped from natural reservoirs or wells and tap water have many impurities and mineral inclusions. When boiling, impurities settle as scale on the walls of the boiler and form growths of similar composition on the pipes. These deposits are extremely harmful to systems with the latest modifications of heating units. Therefore, the water must first be purified, boiled, or, if funds allow, purchase a distillate.

The second disadvantage of water is its ability to contain oxygen, which causes corrosion of metal. Due to high mineralization, coupled with oxygen released during heating, it is not recommended to change water in heating circuits more than once a year.

The significant advantages of water as a coolant are its optimal viscosity and heat capacity. It accumulates and releases heat better than antifreeze by 15-20%. It is inferior to them in fluidity, due to which it does not leak through the seals of detachable connections of the system, and in viscosity, due to which it moves more quickly through the pipes.

Calculation of coolant volume for filling

To correctly fill your own heating system with water, you need to determine how much water is needed in liters. You can calculate the volume of coolant yourself without any problems. To do this we need to sum

V syst. heating = V boiler + V expansion tank + V radiator + V pipes

The useful volume of the boiler is usually indicated by the manufacturer in the technical documentation for the equipment it produces. The capacity of sectional radiators is the same. If such information cannot be found, then there are average indicators:

V of one radiator section depending on the housing material:

The total volume of the radiator is found by multiplying this figure by the number of sections.

Before purchasing, the V expansion tank of a closed type is selected so that its useful volume is equal to or slightly exceeds the volume of water, taking into account thermal expansion. This means that this parameter must also be known.

For open-type heating systems with an expansion tank freely communicating with the atmosphere, the volume is taken according to the actual dimensions.

Volume in pipes:

V pipes = 0.786×D 2×L

where D is the internal diameter of the pipes, L is the length of the pipes.

The volume of the system will then be equal to:

V system = V pipes + V boiler + V expansion tank + V consumers.

Where V consumers is the sum of volumes, boiler and other devices. Their volumes can be found from technical documentation or calculated. The calculated volume needs to be increased by 15-20 percent, i.e. multiplying by 1.15 or 1.20.

A more labor-intensive method is to fill the system with tap water and then drain it, measuring the volume with a meter or measuring containers.

Sometimes tap water is used, but this greatly reduces the heating operating time. By saving a ruble, we lose thousands. In this case, it is better to pass the water through special membrane or chemical cation filters.

To fill the heating, we also need adapter hoses and a pump for pumping liquid.

Dependence of filling technique on the cause

The reasons for filling affect the sequence of work. If this is a new system, then we check it visually and carry out tests, pressure testing with excess pressure, pumping air or liquid of approximately 2-2.5 atmospheres (the norm is 1.25 part of the working pressure, but not less than 2 atmospheres). Using the pressure gauge, we check that there is no pressure drop.

To fill small heating circuits, you can use a car pump instead of a compressor. Sometimes pressure testing is carried out directly with liquid using a centrifugal pump, having previously connected the expansion tank to the system. For small volumes, a hand pump with a liquid compartment can be used.

If we periodically clean the system and replace the water, we must first drain the liquid and prepare a place or container for it. After waiting for the coolant to cool, we relieve excess pressure by unscrewing the nipple. At the top point we open the valve or Mayevsky valve to communicate with the atmosphere. At the lowest point, gradually open the drain valve. When opened abruptly, water hammer occurs, leading to damage. You need to be careful here.

After draining the coolant, we fill the system with flushing liquid and use a pump to ensure its circulation.

Then washed clean water with additives and a neutralizer designed to neutralize the additives of the first wash.
After these operations, as in the first case, pressure testing of the heating is carried out. Identified leaks and weak spots usually occur in places welding work and threaded connections.

Cast iron batteries are equipped with connecting gaskets, which dry out over time, become rough and leak when cooled. They should be replaced and the batteries should be additionally tightened. After the repair work, pressure testing is performed again and if the result is positive, we move on to the next stage.

The heating system is filled with water through the lower point with the upper one open. Having connected the electric pump, we pump water into the system through the tap. Moreover, the tap is opened halfway or less to avoid water hammer. Gradually the system fills, which is confirmed by the noise from the movement of water and a slight gurgle. We finish when water starts flowing from the top point.

Then we begin to bleed air from connected consumer appliances, the boiler, boilers, expansion tank with membrane and batteries using existing taps and valves. Next, we connect a transparent hose to the top point of the system, which we lower into a container with coolant. Having turned on the pump, we additionally fill the heating until water flows from the transparent hose into the container without air bubbles.

If possible, you can then loop the pumping system with a hose and circulate the coolant several times. This will provide additional degassing. And finally, air is pumped behind the expander membrane, ensuring required pressure for the operation of the heating circulation pump, which we turn on for running without heating.

To fully check the quality of filling the system, it is necessary to turn on the heating on a trial basis and determine the absence of air pockets and the uniformity of heating using a thermal imager or infrared temperature meter.

At the same time, using taps or modern thermostats, the temperature in the rooms is set and adjusted. The effectiveness of thermal insulation is also assessed. It is necessary to provide a supply of purified water and a means of adding it to the system to eliminate losses due to evaporation. All these actions are designed to ensure trouble-free heating operation in the winter.

Rules for heating make-up

Recently, individual heating has begun to be installed not only in private houses, but also in apartments. Typically, double-circuit boilers are installed that have a make-up module. And it’s easier to learn how to recharge yourself than to call a specialist, for this:

• We open the tap at the bottom of the boiler, then at the top point of the system the air release valve and when water appears, close it and the make-up tap.
• We turn on the boiler and if you hear murmurs and gurgles in the pump, then remove the outer casing from the boiler and find it.
• We loosen, but do not unscrew the screws with a screwdriver, to bleed air from it until moisture appears. The pump has a cover for this purpose, screwed on with screws. Although the instructions say that these boilers have automatic air release devices, they cannot remove all of it.

Especially when starting heating for the first time, it is necessary to gradually, smoothly heat the coolant to avoid damage from water hammer. You cannot immediately turn on the boiler at full power. When stopping heating, it is also important to slowly lower the temperature.

This is especially important for long heating networks that have significant deformation and thermal expansion. From this expansion or compression, held by fasteners or forms, stresses are formed, which are discharged abruptly, transmitting the shock to the liquid.

The liquid, depending on the flow sections, can increase the impact force and cause destruction in another place, usually at bends. And if resonance occurs, then the loads increase significantly and the pipes even break off their fastenings. They begin to “play” and “dance.”

When the pipes are quickly filled with liquids, due to air pockets, pressure increases are also formed, which are discharged by water hammer. This is where the recommendation comes from to drain and fill the heating slowly, opening the tap a quarter or half way. Resonance phenomena vary depending on size, weight, fastenings, deposit thickness and other factors. This imposes additional restrictions. You need to take your time and be careful.

That is why the design of heating networks for enterprises and apartment buildings is done by specialists who take into account many factors. Heating of individual houses is done according to standard designs.

Technical progress and cheaper equipment smart home allows you to control and change heating parameters remotely using a smartphone. The main thing is to be within the coverage area of ​​cellular communications and the Internet. This further expands the possibilities of using water, because timely measures can be taken to prevent its defrosting.

Other amenities, such as raising the room temperature before arrival and saving mode during departure, are included.

The choice of water for heating is advisable if provided backup system heating. If heating is used periodically in winter or there is a possibility of equipment shutdown and defrosting, then it is better to use non-freezing liquids. For example, at a dacha with short-term visits typical of winter dacha life.

Refilling with non-freezing coolant

Before figuring out how to fill various heating systems with antifreeze liquids or antifreeze, you should understand their types.

For normal operation heating systems antifreeze (anti - against, freeze - freeze) should be:

1. non-toxic, eliminating the possibility of the slightest threat to people;
2. non-flammable, and their vapors are explosion-proof;
3. inert to the materials from which the heating system is made;
4. have a heat capacity not less than its calculated value;
5. differ in fluidity.

In their “pure” form, antifreeze is aggressive and can destroy pipelines, boilers and heating devices. To reduce or completely eliminate the negative properties of antifreeze liquids, they are diluted with water in the proportions specified by the manufacturer of the compositions.

Additives are also used: anti-corrosion, stabilizing, cleaning, anti-foam and others. How less water, the lower the freezing point and the higher the cost. When diluting antifreeze, you usually need to add the additives that come with the kit. Additives work at a certain concentration.

The compositions cannot be used without a complex of additives, as they provide the specified parameters. For the same reason, it is not recommended to mix different coolants, especially with different basis. Their service life is sharply reduced.
Antifreezes have high viscosity and cannot be used in heating with natural circulation.

The average shelf life of organic coolants is 3–5 years, after which the additives lose their properties and the liquid becomes aggressive. When replacing, old antifreeze must be pumped out and taken for disposal, which further increases costs.

Cars once used water for cooling, but this is now rare. Now in the world more than 70 percent of heating systems operate on water, but the percentage is decreasing all the time. The reason holding back the widespread use of antifreeze is both their high cost and increased requirements for equipment, toxicity and the need for their disposal. For more complete removal, antifreeze that has spent its life is drained in a state heated to 45 degrees.

Now the main equipment is designed for water and manufacturers, who value their reputation, often indicate that they do not guarantee operation with antifreeze. Or indicate the permitted type of antifreeze under certain conditions. Experimenting on your own is dangerous.

Antifreeze compounds are critical to overheating. They begin to decompose and form gases and solid deposits. Air locks, burnt marks in boilers and equipment failure occur. At temperatures of 80 degrees and above, steam formation begins, so modern boilers have heating up to 75 degrees, supported by automation. If exceeded, an emergency shutdown of the boiler occurs. With organic coolants, the temperature is reduced to 70 degrees.

For safe work heating circuit with antifreeze requires an automatic system that turns off the heating unit when the temperature is exceeded. If there is no such device in the heating system circuit, antifreeze should not be used as a coolant.

Typically, the technical documentation for boilers and equipment indicates the type of coolant. The use of another coolant removes responsibility from the manufacturer and terminates its warranty service.

To refill heating systems, coolants are produced based on ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerin.

Cheapest ethylene glycol

The disadvantage is toxicity; a dose of 100–250 grams is lethal to humans. Has the third hazard class according to GOST. The fumes are also toxic. Acceptable rate MPC – 5 milligrams/cubic. meter. Therefore, it cannot be used in open heating systems. It is also prohibited for double-circuit boilers, because the product may leak into the hot water supply line.

To eliminate this, craftsmen make the water supply pressure higher than the heating pressure. But this does not provide a complete guarantee and can cause, if damaged, the boiler to fail. The use of ethylene glycol is only permitted for closed heating systems.

Heating leaks and breakouts are very likely. If the system is filled with an inexpensive but toxic ethylene glycol-based product, leaks can pose a health hazard to home owners. The relatively low price is the reason for its application. You can't buy health like you can buy antifreeze. Therefore, the choice is yours.

Ethylene glycol has 1.5-3 times greater penetrating ability and aggressiveness towards seals.

Automotive antifreezes and antifreezes should absolutely not be used as they contain more toxic additives.

For glycol coolants:

1. the maximum temperature should be no more than 70 degrees, which further increases the size of the batteries;
2. viscosity is 40-60% higher and pumping requires 1.5 - 2 times more motor power and minimization of bends, bends and increased pipe size;
3. volumetric expansion when heated is 140-150% greater; an increased volume of the expansion tank is required by the same amount;
4. the density is 15 - 20% higher, the strength characteristics increase.

Construction new system designed for the use of synthetic coolants, respectively, costs 1.3 - 1.5 times more expensive than the construction of a water analogue. The considerable cost of the non-freezing liquid itself should also not be forgotten.

Water conversion is also not used, since the service life is reduced and, as a result, it is more expensive. Glycol mixtures are also aggressive to zinc, causing peeling and sludge that completely clogs the pipes. In older structures, galvanized pipes are common.

However, taking into account the above disadvantages, ethylene glycol is still used. It is necessary to fill the systems only after all heating system equipment is adapted for filling with antifreeze.

A special feature is the need to locate the refueling equipment on impermeable surfaces to prevent glycol from entering living spaces and careful control of the connections of the adapter hoses. Although neat craftsmen do this when filling with any antifreeze.

Specifics of using propylene glycol

Recently, it has been actively replacing other types of coolants, although its physical and technical parameters are almost no different from ethylene glycol and require almost the same changes in heating system equipment.
According to GOST, it belongs to the second hazard class and also requires disposal. Vapor MPC – 7 milligrams/cubic. meter.

The advantages of this non-freezing coolant:

1. relatively environmentally friendly and harmless to people. This is the main reason why many manufacturers now recommend it for single-circuit and double-circuit boilers;
2. has lubricating properties, which facilitates the operation of pumps;
3. when water completely evaporates, it does not freeze, maintaining fluidity;
4. corrosion activity is very low, and with additives it even improves;
5. When spilled, just rinse with water and wipe.

Polypropylene glycol liquid has disadvantages. This
its cost, which is 1.5 - 2 times higher than ethylene glycol, because it is produced mainly abroad. The liquid is aggressive
To metal pipes, is not compatible with pipelines constructed from galvanized pipes, because upon contact with zinc, the additives in the composition lose their properties. At temperatures above the permissible level, decomposition begins with the formation of gases, foam and solid insoluble sediment.
Despite all these disadvantages, it is considered one of the best coolants.

Features of glycerin coolants

As harmless as propylene glycol at acceptable temperatures. Historically, they were the first to be used for these purposes, obtaining glycerin from fat. The strait is not dangerous. The advantage is the price, which is lower than that of propylene, remaining higher than ethylene glycol. Therefore, it is used by counterfeiters to dilute polypropylene glycol.

Even some European manufacturers add it up to about 10%, so you need to be careful and read the composition. On the other hand, in the European Union, glycerin is not used as the main coolant component.

Glycerin has wider temperature limits up to 105 degrees. Hazard class two.

Flaws:

1. when maximum temperatures are exceeded, decomposition releases toxic gas with an unpleasant odor;
2. when evaporated, it becomes gel-like, burning and decomposition begin, you need to regularly compensate for evaporation by adding distillate;
3. have increased viscosity and require larger diameter pipes;
4. foams easily, which is partially removed by additives;
5. has increased penetrating ability and requires the use of paronite and Teflon gaskets.

It is highly corrosive and has long been rejected by automakers. Due to modern additives, this is reduced and eliminated. Yes, even with proper use.

Glycerin coolants, however, are recommended to a greater extent than ethylene glycol ones for their harmlessness and, with a complex of additives, they work satisfactorily in heating networks. The trouble is that in pursuit of money, they produce products without a full range of additives or without them at all. You need to be careful when purchasing.

A special type includes heating systems with electrode boilers, in which the coolant is also a heating element. Heating occurs when current flows through the solution during its ionization.

The solution, in addition to the above, must have a calculated electrical resistivity about 3.5 – 4 KOhm×cm. To do this, use an aqueous solution or a solution of propylene glycol with additives, which create the necessary electrical characteristics.

Useful video on the topic

The video will clearly present the process of filling the heating circuit and setting the expansion tank:

Common to all coolants is gradualness when starting the system. The temperature must be increased slowly, step by step, not only because of the coolant, but also because of the additives, which also change their properties with temperature. The process of filling systems with both water and antifreeze is similar, but the requirements for the quality of work and safety when filling with antifreeze are increasing. Antifreezes that have expired require disposable containers and removal for disposal.

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Today, an open heating system is in steady demand, but at the same time it has a number of disadvantages that have an extremely negative impact on the efficiency of such a design (read: ""). The most important disadvantage is contact with the atmosphere: air in the system contributes to rapid wear of the pipeline and impairs system performance. It was to avoid this process that a closed-type heating system was developed, which is not affected by the atmosphere.

Operating principle of closed type heating

What does a closed heating circuit look like? Main design feature, which determines the name of such a system – its tightness. A closed-type heating system, the diagram of which includes elements, some of which are used in other types of heating, looks like this:

A closed heating system is protected from air ingress, but this process cannot be eliminated. For example, when adding liquid to the system, some air can still leak into the pipeline. Air trapped in the pipes will accumulate at the top of the system and form air pockets, which will impair the performance of the system and increase the risk of problems.

To drain the air that has entered the system, you can use a Mayevsky valve or float valves that operate automatically. If air has dissolved in water, it can be removed using separators that are installed directly in the pipeline.

To save heat, a closed-type heating system uses a thermostat that automatically turns the pump on and off when the room temperature changes.

Choosing a boiler for a closed heating system

A closed heating system in a private house can work with any type of fuel: you can use both gas devices, and electricity, and solid fuel. The choice of a suitable boiler should primarily be influenced by the results of calculations of the required heating output. You can entrust the calculations to a specialist, or you can do it yourself - but in this case, the result obtained will be approximate.

There are different types of heating boilers: single-circuit, double-circuit or with a boiler. IN country houses Double-circuit boilers are often installed, since their efficiency in small areas is quite sufficient. A boiler equipped with a boiler is a little more convenient: it always has hot water and does not need to be constantly refilled.

Selecting an expansion tank for closed heating

The coolant in heating systems of private houses is usually ordinary water. When heated, water tends to expand, thereby increasing the pressure in the system. If the pressure in a sealed system exceeds a critical point, a pipeline rupture may occur. How to make a closed heating system that will not damage pipes?

To solve this problem, expansion tanks were created that eliminate excess fluid, thereby preventing pressure build-up.

The expansion tank consists of two parts: a metal body and an elastic diaphragm, which is located inside and divides the body into two halves. The “back” part of the tank is filled with air or gas, and the expanded liquid enters the lower part. As the temperature rises, the water continues to increase in volume, affecting the membrane, which begins to shrink.

In case the pressure in the system nevertheless turns out to be critically high, there are safety valves (read also: " "). As the liquid cools, the diaphragm begins to expand, filling the closed-type heating system with water by displacing it from the tank.

The expansion tank is usually installed near the boiler.

Membranes in tanks can be of two types:

1. Fixed. Such a membrane is fixed around the perimeter of the expander and ensures stable operation, but if it is damaged, the entire tank will need to be replaced.
2. Replaceable. Membranes of this type are usually produced in the form of bulk rubber products that are filled with water. Replaceable membranes are installed on the tank flange, and if they rupture, you can replace them yourself.

Conclusion

The heating system is important element at home, and its calculation must be carried out in accordance with all rules. The question of which is better: a closed heating system with your own hands or one built by professionals remains open, but it is not the most important.

It is very important to choose correct elements systems that will provide maximum efficiency and cost-effectiveness will be reliable and of high quality. A closed heating system, the diagram of which is shown in the photo, can become excellent choice ensuring that all requirements are met.

If everything was done correctly, the closed heating system will heat the building for many years, creating a cozy and comfortable environment.