Weighted average formula. Innovative activity See what “capitalism” is in other dictionaries

On February 25, after a long serious illness, which she endured with great fortitude and courage, Irina Mikhailovna OSADCHAYA, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, head of the IMEMO RAS sector, passed away.

Irina Mikhailovna came to IMEMO almost from its foundation in 1956, and all her work activity is connected with this institute. Irina Mikhailovna is a recognized expert in our country and abroad in the field of macroeconomic policy, the role of the state in market and transition economies, history and modern development of economic science. Her work contributed to the establishment in Russian economics of new principles of an unbiased, creative approach to the study of Western economic thought. Books by I.M. Osadchy's works have been translated and published in many countries around the world. The English Keynesians themselves praised her work “Modern Keynesianism.” Irina Mikhailovna never aspired to occupy leadership positions. But under all the heads of the Sector of General Problems, and then the Department of Modern Theories of Market Economics, she remained in the full sense of the word “chief researcher”; the work of these teams largely rested on her efforts and unparalleled sense of responsibility.

Monographs by Irina Mikhailovna, collective works published under her editorship, and numerous articles in scientific and popular magazines are among the best works of the Institute. She has done a lot to ensure that the theoretical research of Western economists becomes available to Russian readers. She participated in the translation into Russian of a number of major works by world-famous authors. She has written chapters on modern economic thought in many textbooks on the history of economic thought.

Irina Mikhailovna’s educational activities were extremely active - she participated in the compilation of the first comprehensive English-Russian economic dictionary, which has already gone through 3 editions; translations of three Oxford explanatory dictionaries on economics were published under her editorship.

Irina Mikhailovna’s kind attention and qualified judgment supported many young authors. She owns a huge number of reviews of scientific publications and reviews of dissertations. For many years, Irina Mikhailovna was the chairman of the State Attestation Commission of the Higher School of Economics.

Irina Mikhailovna was very loved and respected for her high professionalism, comprehensive education, erudition and intelligence, kindness, generosity and responsiveness. It is difficult for us to imagine IMEMO without Irina Mikhailovna Osadchaya.

LABOR MARKET
AND POPULATION INCOME

TUTORIAL

Under the general editorship of Doctor of Economics, Professor N.A. Volgina

Ministry of General and Vocational Education

Russian Federation as a teaching aid

For university students,

students studying economics

MOSCOW

BBK 65.24.ya73(2Ros)

Reviewers:

BabichA.M., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Russian State Academy

services under the President of the Russian Federation;

^ Gritsenko N.N., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Rector of the Academy of Labor

and social relations;

Department of Labor Economics and Personnel Management of the Russian

Economic Academy named after. G.V. Plekhanov

(head of department ^ Odegov Yu.G., Doctor of Economics, Professor)

Authors' team: Doctor of Economics, prof. Breev B.D.(chapters IV, VII, VIII); Doctor of Economics, prof. Bobkov V.N.(chapters IX, X); Doctor of Economics, prof. BulanovB.C.(chapters I, II); Doctor of Economics, prof. Volgin N.A., head of the team of authors (Chapter XI, preface, basic terms and concepts, recommended literature); Doctor of Economics, prof. Zhukov A.L.(chapters XII, XIII, XIV); Doctor of Economics, prof. Map-seam S.A.(Chapter VI); Doctor of Economics, prof. Kokin Yu.P.(Chapter V); Ph.D., Associate Professor Poludenny N.N.(Chapter XI, basic terms and concepts); Ph.D., Associate Professor Rudenko G.G.(chapters II, VI); Ph.D., Associate Professor Shcherbakov A.I.(Chapter III)

^ R 952 Labor market and income of the population./ Ed. ON THE. Volgina. Tutorial. – M.: Information and Publishing House “Filin”, 1999. - 280 p.
ISBN 5-89568-146-8
Theoretical, methodological and practical problems of regulating the labor market and population income, issues of employment, unemployment, wages, development of a system of social partnership and social protection of the population are considered.

For students, trainees, graduate students, researchers, teachers, business managers, specialists and government officials.
BBK 65.24.ya73(2Ros)

ISBN 5-89568-146-8

PREFACE

The formation and regulation of the labor market is one of the key and most pressing problems of a market economy. Issues of strategy and tactics for organizing these processes are discussed in the book. It includes two sections and fourteen chapters, which highlight theoretical, methodological and practical issues of regulation of the labor market and its main components - the cost and price of labor, its supply and demand, directly related to the formation and distribution of income of the population.

The structure of the textbook makes it possible to independently and deeply master the material, work on individual topics, and also check the quality of the knowledge gained. In the first section, “The Labor Market and Mechanisms of Its Regulation,” the essence, structure and features of the functioning of the labor market are consistently examined in substantive and methodological terms; employment and unemployment; methods for developing and effectively using mechanisms for their regulation.

The second section, “Income and Wage Policy,” includes an analysis of the problems of income distribution contained in economic theories, the dynamics and structure of monetary income and expenditure of the population of Russia in recent years; research into the theory and practice of remuneration, its organization and regulation; strengthening the influence and impact of social partnership and financial and credit levers on income and wage policies. The textbook is equipped with a list of recommended literature and basic terms and concepts used on the pages of the book, and at the end of each chapter there are test questions.

This could be the end of this short introduction. Everything else without any special complications will be done by the desire and diligence of the student, postgraduate student, applicant and listener undergoing training in the mode of professional retraining and advanced training, to independently learn the intricacies and specifics of the labor market, the features of regulating incomes and wages of the population, because this is facilitated by the structure of the book, layout material, style, structure and logic of presentation. However, I would like to especially emphasize one more point, which seems fundamentally important both in theoretical and practical senses. The labor market and its components, as well as the social and labor sphere as a whole, should not be considered as a passive “dependent” that requires only one thing - as much financial investment as possible. Of course, financial resources are needed to develop the labor market and its infrastructure. But this is not a “vacuum cleaner”, this market is active, its returns are not commensurate with the costs. With the correct organization of the labor market and its constituent elements, they not only instantly recoup the corresponding costs, but also provide a socio-economic result that is difficult to overestimate at the macro and micro levels. This is undeniable. You can give as many examples as you like - effective employment, minimal (natural) unemployment, modern wage models that interest in maximum productivity of labor, production, etc.

Professor N.A. Volgin

WEIGHTED AVERAGE (AVERAGE) WEIGHTED AVERAGE (AVERAGE) (weighted average, weighted mean) An arithmetic mean that takes into account the weights of each of the numbers for which the mean is calculated. For example, if a person buys goods in three lots, one of which is 100 tons at 70 pounds. Art. per ton, the other - 300 tons at 80 pounds. Art. per ton and the third - 50 tons at 95 pounds. Art. per ton, then in total he purchases 450 tons of goods; the usual average purchase price will be (70 + 80 + 95)/3 = 81.7 pounds. Art. The weighted average price, taking into account the volumes of each batch, is equal to (100 x 70) + (300 x 80) + (50 x 95)/450 = 79.4 pounds. Art. per ton.

Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". Brian Butler, Brian Johnson, Graham Sidwell and others. General editor: Ph.D. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000.

WEIGHTED AVERAGE is:

WEIGHTED AVERAGE (weighted average) An arithmetic average that takes into account the weight of each of the terms for which this average is calculated. For example, if someone buys a product in three lots, one of which is 100 tons at 70 pounds. Art. per ton, the other - 300 tons at 80 pounds. Art. per ton and third – 50 tons at 95 lbs. Art. per ton, then in total he purchases 450 tons of goods; the usual average purchase price will be (70 + 80 + 95) : 3 = 81.7 pounds. Art. The weighted average price, taking into account the volumes of each batch, is equal to (100 × 70) + (300 × 80) + (50 × 95) : 450 = 79.4 pounds. Art. per ton.

Business. Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". Graham Betts, Barry Brindley, S. Williams and others. General editor: Ph.D. Osadchaya I.M.. 1998.

Weighted geometric mean

Main article: Geometric mean

Weighted geometric mean set of non-negative real numbers x 1 , … , x n (\displaystyle x_(1),\ldots ,x_(n)) with real weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n) ) such that ∑ i = 1 n w i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\neq 0) , is defined as

X ¯ = (∏ i = 1 n x i w i) 1 / ∑ i = 1 n w i = exp ⁡ (1 ∑ i = 1 n w i ∑ i = 1 n w i ln ⁡ x i) (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\left( \prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_(i))\right)^(1/\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i))=\quad \exp \left((\frac (1)(\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)))\;\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)\right)) .

The above formulas make sense for any values of the weights, except for the cases when some x i = 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)=0) and the corresponding weights w i ≤ 0 (\displaystyle w_(i)\leq 0) . Therefore, as a rule, it is assumed that all numbers x i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)\neq 0) . Non-negative weights are also usually considered.

If the weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n)) are normalized to unity (i.e., their sum is equal to one), then the expression for the weighted geometric mean takes the form

X ¯ = ∏ i = 1 n x i w i = exp ⁡ ∑ i = 1 n w i ln ⁡ x i (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_( i))=\exp \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)) .

Properties

If all weights are equal, the weighted geometric mean is equal to the geometric mean.
It is easy to see that the weighted arithmetic mean of the logarithms of some numbers is equal to the weighted logarithm of the geometric mean of these numbers with the same weights.

Weighted average

people, tell me the formula for the weighted average assessment of something, preferably with an example - I can’t find it anywhere, there are references to the weighted average assessment of capital everywhere, but I don’t really need this.

Julia-julya

The weighted average formula is the ratio of the sum of the volume of each indicator multiplied by the quantity to the total amount of all quantities
For example, the weighted average price on the securities market
- N - number of securities for the first transaction, S value of securities for the second transaction
- N1 number of securities for the second transaction S1 value of securities for the second transaction
weighted average price = (N*S+N1*S1)/(N+N1)

I will give an example to make it completely clear.
For example, you bought candy at the price: 1 kg for 100 rubles, 2 kg for 250 rubles. per kg. , 3 kg for 400 rub. per kg, then the weighted average cost of sweets will be equal to 1*100+2*250+3*400/1+2+3= 1800/6= 300 rubles.

Aggregation

Definition #1-dependence between the behavior of aggregate quantities and their components. (Economics. Explanatory Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". J. Black. General editor: Doctor of Economics. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000)

Definition #2- consolidation of economic indicators by combining them into a single group. (Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., revised by M.: “INFRA-M”, 1999)

Adaptive system

Definition #1- a system (technical or living) capable of adapting both to changing environmental conditions and to various deviations from the norm in itself. The adaptive system is based on feedback connections, the maintenance of which is carried out through appropriate mechanisms (for example, exchange of matter, energy and information between the system and the environment, trophic connections between populations within the biocenosis, etc.). ( I.I. Dedu. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989)

Definition #2- a system that ensures balance between nature and society (Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009)

An activator is a person who, spontaneously or due to the function assigned to him and accepted by him, tries to raise or maintain at the required level the activity of the participants in the joint solution of a problem. During the decision process, any member of the group can act as an “activator”. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2013)

Approbation

Definition #1– (Latin approbatio), approval, approval based on verification, examination, testing. (Modern Encyclopedia, 2000)

Definition No. 2– approval, approval based on verification, examination, testing. (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)

Association

Definition No. 1- (Latin associatio - connection) - a natural connection that arises in the experience of an individual between two mental elements (sensations, ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc.), which is expressed in the fact that the manifestation in the consciousness of one of the elements of consciousness entails and the appearance of another. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2013)

Definition No. 2- a naturally occurring connection between individual events, facts, objects or phenomena reflected in the mind and fixed in memory ( Dictionary of associations "beta" )

Verbalization

Definition No. 1– verbal (verbal) description of experiences, feelings, thoughts, behavior. (Psychological Encyclopedia)

Definition No. 2– the process of expression through the sound designation of symbols of the description of the world (O.M. Reflection at the foot of Being - M: “Amrita-Rus”, 2004)

Gestalt psychology

Definition No. 1- a direction in Western psychology that arose in Germany in the first third of the twentieth century, which put forward a program for studying the psyche from the point of view of holistic structures (gestalts), primary in relation to its components. (Encyclopedia of Practical Psychology, “Psychologos”)

Definition No. 2- a science that has become the most productive option in solving the problem of preserving the integrity of Austrian and German psychology. The main representatives of Gestalt psychology, such as M. Wertheimer, W. Köhler and K. Koffka, K. Lewin, created a science to counter structuralism. (Scientific article - “Gestalt psychology basic principles. The concept of Gestalt psychology”)

Delegation is the transfer of authority to another person. It is usually used as a means of decentralization of management (delegation of powers to subordinates by the manager). (Economic Dictionary 2000)

9. Improvisation – (from Latin imprivisus – unexpected, sudden). The general concept is the creation of something (writing poetry, writing music, performing something, etc.) at the moment of performance and without preparation. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2013)

10. Innovation industry is the sphere of development, production and implementation of competitive innovations on a mass scale, the goals of which are the modernization and development of all sectors of the economy and spheres of social life, increasing the level and quality of life of citizens, increasing efficiency, knowledge intensity and the quality of labor and production in all sectors economy, ensuring the country's competitiveness in world markets. (Under the general editorship of Prof. Melnikov O.N. Problems of development of innovative and creative economy. – M.: “Creative Economy”, 2010)

Engineering

Definition #1– the scope of activity to study the issues of creating industrial facilities, infrastructure, etc., primarily in the form of providing various engineering and consulting services on a commercial basis. (Financial Dictionary)

Definition #2– a set of engineering and consulting services of a commercial nature for the preparation and provision of the production process itself, maintenance of structures, operation of economic facilities and sales of products. (Finam Financial Dictionary)

12. Incubation is the most uncertain and creative stage, at which the idea “ripens” and insight occurs. (Scientific article – “The Concept of Innovation”, authors: V. Gribov, V. Gruzinov )

Innovation activities

Definition #1 is an activity aimed at searching for and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve the quality of products, improve technology and organize production. ( Scientific article “Innovative activity of an enterprise”, authors: V. Gribov, V. Gryzinov )

Definition No. 2– activities aimed at commercializing accumulated knowledge, technologies and equipment. The result of innovation activity is new or additional goods/services or goods/services with new qualities (Finam Financial Dictionary)

CAPITALISM

(capitalism) An economic system based on private property and private enterprise. Under this system, at least a large share of economic activity is carried out by private individuals and profit-seeking organizations, and land and other material means of production are largely privately owned. Capitalism does not imply absolute freedom of enterprise and trade (laissez-faire); it fully allows for the existence of large sectors of the economy that are state-owned, and the regulation of the activities of the private sector in connection with the need to protect public health, maintain industrial safety and protect the environment. Such regulation, however, is usually expressed in the form of a certain prohibition: the rules establish what individuals or firms are prohibited from doing, but the initiative to perform actions that do not contradict the established rules is decentralized. Capitalism is contrasted with socialism, in which all important economic decisions are made largely collectively.

Economy. Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". J. Black. General editor: Doctor of Economics Osadchaya I.M.. 2000 .

CAPITALISM

an economic system in which private ownership of factors of production is widespread, and the distribution of the produced product, goods, benefits, and services is carried out mainly through the market. Capitalism is characterized by free enterprise, competition, and the desire of producers and sellers of goods to make a profit. Capitalism, being a socio-economic system, is closely connected with the socio-political system of the country, and sometimes largely predetermines the latter. Having gone through a long historical path of development, capitalism has largely changed its original appearance, which it had when it replaced the feudal-serf system at the end of the Middle Ages. If in its original form capitalism was characterized by brutal exploitation of labor, and capitalists were characterized by the desire to completely reject “for themselves” the profit created in production, then modern capitalism is oriented towards social goals, scientific and technological progress, and is based on achieving the interest of workers in labor and the results of labor. Capital becomes not only a factor in making profit, but also in social progress, and capitalism takes on a human face.

Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., rev. M.: INFRA-M. 479 pp.. 1999 .

Economic dictionary. 2000 .

Synonyms:

Antonyms:

See what "CAPITALISM" is in other dictionaries:

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- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

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