April 20 is Hitler's birthday. How Hitler's birthday was celebrated in the Soviet Union
This holiday with tears in my eyes
To Russian national holidays - such as Kurban Bayram, Hanukkah, the birthday of the great Mstislav Rostropovich and the no less great Galina Vishnevskaya and Alla Pugacheva, another holiday has recently been added - the birthday of Adolf Aloizovich Hitler. We can safely say that since 2002, this day has been celebrated in our country on a larger scale than May 9 or February 23.
A few weeks before April 20, the press and television began to remind the Russian people every day that this significant date was approaching, and it was time to do something.
What? - asked an inexperienced viewer.
Like, of course, pogroms,” the TV presenters marveled at the naive question. - On the day of April 20, it is necessary to organize pogroms. Don't you know?
The closer to the cherished day, the more clearly the reminder was heard from screens and newspaper pages:
Citizens, have you forgotten that April 20 is Hitler's birthday? Do you remember that pogroms are planned?
Around Moscow they began to catch the main showmen of the future holiday - “skinheads” - and drag whomever where: those who are unlucky will get hit in the neck with a baton by the police, those who are lucky will be told horror stories about pogroms and murders on television. The lucky ones, turning their backs to the TV camera, relished pictures about the Indian students they had killed, Afghan refugees and their native homeless people.
The holiday was inexorably approaching. Someone, having watched enough television, wanted to take part in the pogrom themselves and looked around with hope - where was the promised spectacle, why so much was promised, but nothing interesting was happening; someone, cautiously sticking their Caucasian nose out from under the counter, fainted at the sight of bald customers; someone stood guard over the law and, twirling a rubber baton like Chingachgook with a tomahawk, looked with a keen eye to see if the bald scalp of a young citizen of the Russian Federation would flash on the horizon... Here and there, panic began: as soon as several bald individuals appeared on the market, someone rushed to the exit in horror, caught a taxi and urgently evacuated away from the dangerous area. At the Cherkizovsky market, it seemed to someone that “something had begun,” and dozens of proud sons of the Caucasus rushed to the cars standing nearby:
Daragoy, get rid of it!!! – they shouted in a broken voice.
How much do you pay? - the impudent “drivers” calmly asked.
As much as you want, only be careful!
To whom it is war, and to whom mother is dear...
Suddenly a rumor spread that the insidious “skinheads”, seeing an unimaginable number of police in every corner of the capital of our Motherland, decided to outwit the law enforcement officers and rushed in a crowd to smash the blacks and Chinese... in Kolomna, near Moscow! But there has not yet been a “skinhead” who could outwit our officials and the police: as soon as they found out about the bloodthirsty plans of the skinheads, the trains to Kolomna were immediately canceled. Summer residents are used to it and won’t be indignant, but the “skinheads” will have to make a forced march of a hundred kilometers! And when they come running, it will already be April 21, which means they are late with the pogrom for the holiday! True, over time it turned out that the “skinheads” were not going to Kolomna to smash blacks, but near Voskresensk - to their grandmother’s dacha. In the amount of two people. And they turned out not to be “skinheads”, but conscripts into their native Russian army...
Funny pogrom stories
Those older patriots remember how in the late eighties newspapers looked for pogrom makers from “Pamyat” and asked the patriots very much: “Well, organize a pogrom! Any, even a tiny little local pogrom!” The newspapers repeatedly mentioned the dates of the pogroms, but each time there was a mistake. They stubbornly did not want to beat the Jews, but the journalists did not calm down and, with the tenacity of maniacs, named new and new dates for the pogroms.
One figure, I remember, sent letters with threats from “Memory militants” to the editorial offices of Jewish publications (and there were few others). So he signed: “Militants of the Memory organization.” The Jew Baklanov, editor-in-chief of the Znamya magazine, even published this threat in facsimile, in order to further frighten his compatriots and direct their vigorous energy to fight the pogroms... Then an embarrassment happened. The police were on the trail of a potential pogromist, caught him red-handed, but it turned out to be not a “Memory” militant, but... a St. Petersburg Jew, who was subsequently sentenced to two years probation for these acts. Of course, none of the Jewish editors apologized to the readers for the journalistic “duck,” not even Baklanov.
From the scandal created in the Central House of Writers by Konstantin Ostashvili and the writing group “April”, they quickly concocted a tragedy on a universal scale in order to remind the Jews: “Russian fascism” does not sleep!
A typical case confirming that the media instilled a lot of fear in the Jewish average happened to us ten years ago... One day, a breathless son of Israel flew up to the Black Hundred picket near the Arbatskaya metro station in hysterics and began to poke his hand in the hands of the Black Hundred picketers. passport, shout that he is a Jew, and demand an immediate pogrom, because he is tired of waiting and being afraid every day. Apparently, the comrade was overwhelmed by the same feelings as the criminal, who was tired of waiting hour after hour for arrest and finally decided to turn himself in.
I'm not afraid of you! - the unfortunate man shouted, shaking, - do a pogrom, here is my address, I live in Izmailovo, come and do some pogrom! Immediately!
The Arbat people, greedy for spectacle, instantly formed a living ring around the picket, which added greater courage to the Jew, eager for a pogrom. Truly, even death is red in the world.
Here is my address! - he pointed his finger at the mark in the passport. - Thunder, thunder, I tell you! Come with me to destroy my house, I'm not afraid of you!
Explaining to a comrade that the “Black Hundred” does not engage in pogroms was completely useless and I had to accept the rules of his game...
But we won’t smash you! - I shouted sarcastically into the megaphone.
No, you will! - the comrade continued to insist.
We will not!
You will!!! - the opponent fell into a real rage.
The crowd was choking, shaking with laughter, some bent over in half, others almost fell onto the asphalt. Some people thought that what was happening was a talented Arbat performance, a show for passers-by.
Thirsting for pogrom, he went on a rampage, shouted over the megaphone, and demanded his way. The picket could develop into a scandal with unpredictable consequences, I realized that it was time to end the farce and, turning to my people, asked:
When will the pogrom group be released?
In two weeks, not earlier. We have a lot of people like this one, there are so many applications,” my comrades played along with me.
Well, so that’s it, comrade... In two weeks, on Thursday, not earlier. We set it for 14.30. Stay home. Cost 200 US dollars, preliminary payment in rubles at the MICEX exchange rate. Do you agree with the terms and conditions? Write a request. I dictate: “I ask for a pogrom group of the Black Hundred... I undertake to stay at home... In case of violation of the contract, the pogrom will not be carried out and the money will not be returned to the client. Number, signature.” The crowd sobbed and applauded wildly.
The poor Jew either cooled down, or realized that they were mocking him, or regretted the money. Muttering something inarticulate, he hid his passport and slowly, as if recovering from anesthesia, entered the subway. The people, pleased with the spectacle, slowly dispersed...
This episode, comical at first glance, only confirmed the fact that the leaders of the chosen people, artificially intimidating their own, on the one hand, united the nation, on the other hand, they imagined their people to be eternally and unfairly persecuted. It turned out like in the fairy tale “The Wolf and the Fox,” where “the beaten one carries the unbeaten.”
“Pogromists” of our day and the law on extremism
When Barkashov appeared with his RNE, it was only the lazy who did not publish an interview with him and did not photograph his hands raised in the “Aryan greeting”.
Now RNU has been destroyed, you can’t intimidate anyone with “Memory”, there seems to be no one to be afraid of, but a “law on extremism” is needed. When will such a Duma appear, which, like a tame bear, will fulfill all the whims of rich tamers? “Skinheads” came to the rescue in time, and it began! Program after program, article after article! And let the democrats then tell us whatever they want about their “freedom of speech,” but for some reason all these democratic journalists are very timely raising the fuss that the authorities need at this very moment.
The funniest, as usual, was the article in Moskovsky Komsomolets. And it was called scary: “Extraordinary fascism” - “MK correspondent infiltrated the ranks of the largest Nazi organization in Moscow.”
Even I, who was familiar with patriotic and nationalist groups and was well acquainted with the methods of work of MK, found myself intrigued: what if I had missed something? Suddenly there really is something that I don’t know...
“We found this organization,” I continued to read “MK,” “The MK journalist infiltrated the ranks of the capital’s Nazis and became one of the skinheads. The results of our investigation can safely be called sensational.”
Is there really such a party? - I turn the page with genuine interest and... What would you think? Apparently things are really bad for the “anti-fascists”, if they are going to make another fascist horror story out of... Ivanov-Sukharevsky!
...The Komsomol fool, imagining herself as Mata Hari and anticipating a good salary for “dangerous work,” came to the NNP (People’s National Party of Ivanov-Sukharevsky - ed.) and “infiltrated” it. As the Komsomol spy admits, “it wasn’t difficult to do it.” Immediately, the Komsomol member was entrusted with proofreading the text of the newspaper “Ya-Russky”, allowed to access the computer, and after five days of “work” she was invited to come in uniform (white shirt, black skirt, black tie) to the “gathering of commanders”. To scare the average person even more, a Komsomol spy wrote that evil “skinheads” are training in the Moscow riot police, that is, the conclusion is this: the police not only indulge the “fascists”, turning a blind eye to their crimes, but also allow them to train in their own gyms, almost trains...
Those who belong to various military sports clubs actually train at the sports bases of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and no one could stop several members of the NNP from training there. Now, apparently, such clubs will either be put out on the street or everyone who enters will be forced to give a signature that he is not a member of the “skinhead” organization... In Germany there was a ban on professions, we will soon have a ban on sports sections...
As one would expect, three days after the publication of the “horror story” about Ivanov-Sukharevsky, “MK” publishes a note “We are defenseless,” which contains statements from readers about the threat of “extremism” and “fascism.” Dumb-headed readers (or those swindlers who write letters for them in the editorial office) are worried about the growing threat, they are worried, worried about the growth of the “skinhead movement”... One overly fearful lady - a certain Zhanna Sergeevna - reported that “parents (20 -April 21 - ed.) were afraid to let the children go to the Moscow region for the weekend.” Let us once again be convinced of the mental abilities of the readers of the Komsomol newspaper...
Who is the fascist?
It is clear that the command “Face!” was given to newspapers and television. True, it is not clear who exactly to persecute, because it is clear to normal people that there is no extremism based on Russian nationalism, and never has been, and the fact that this happened at the Tsaritsyn market at the right time is either the dirty work of the special services, or a criminal “showdown.” You can provoke a crowd of angry youth against anyone without much difficulty... Does the president understand this? I think he understands that he doesn’t live on the moon. Nevertheless, he speaks out as someone strongly advises him. I quote the words of the popularly elected one from the message to the Federal Assembly:
The growth of extremism poses a serious threat to stability and public security in the country. We are talking primarily about those who, under fascist and nationalist slogans, organize pogroms, beat and kill people.
At the same time, the police and the prosecutor’s office often do not have sufficiently effective tools to bring to justice the organizers and instigators of these crimes. In many cases, the case is limited to bringing only the direct perpetrators to court. In fact, extremist gangs operate essentially like organized crime groups and are subject to similar prosecution.
It turns out that stability in society is seriously (!) threatened by extremists under fascist slogans. Not Chubais, who freezes cities and villages, not the oligarchs who stole the people's property, not the NATO troops who stand around Russia... Vladimir Vladimirovich, at least don’t make complete idiots out of people. The fairy tale about the terrible “Russian fascists” will no longer pass, no matter how hard your journalists and television crews try, because people see: fascist plans are put into practice by those who sit in the presidential administration and in the White House, they do it systematically, point by point Hitler's plans to destroy the Russian people. And it doesn’t really matter to us under what slogans - nationalist, fascist or, like you, democratic - this destruction occurs. And you will quickly find extremists in the government, in your administration, in the deputy corps, among the oligarchs and their fierce guards... After all, these are not “skinheads”, but the democratic government over the course of a decade and a half has turned a great country into a raw material appendage without industry, army, education, agriculture , science... If all this is not extremism, then what is? These are not “skinheads,” but members of your government, which you personally appoint, are creating such conditions that our people are dying out a million people a year. And this is called “genocide” and is punishable, by the way, by law - up to twenty years in prison. But for some reason you are in no hurry to imprison members of your cabinet. You probably consider yourself innocent... These are not “skinheads”, but your officials are mired in corruption, bribery, and betrayal of national interests. And the higher the rank of an official, the greater the rogue, traitor and thief he is. These are not “skinheads”, but members of your government who allowed NATO troops to approach the borders of our Motherland, and in order to somehow justify the betrayal, they told the people that it was our friends who were surrounding Russia with missiles and tanks.
A simple conclusion arises that it is precisely the members of your government, your administration, your bankers and oligarchs with whom you love to meet - all of you - that are the main threat to the stability and public security of Russia. You - with your officials, who have multiplied more than in the fifteen republics of the USSR combined, you with your media, bringing depravity and deception, you with your Voloshins, Kiriens, Grefs, Klebanovs, Chubais and others, you have no number, All of you are the main threat to stability and public safety. It is under your power that the country is losing 15-20 billion dollars a year, exported abroad by no means by “skinheads”. This money in a poor country is stolen by those who sit in the highest offices... These are not “skinheads”, but your oligarchs, ministers and other crooks using the money stolen from the people to buy villas in Florida, France and Spain...
The law veiledly called the main extremist the “skinhead” and, in general, every Russian who is dissatisfied with the influx of Caucasians and other foreigners into our country, because not a single normal person is happy that the markets are captured by Azerbaijanis, hotels by Chechens, and banks by Jews. So, in principle, it will be possible to imprison everyone who has not lost their sight, because only the blind cannot see this disgrace. Soon they will call an extremist under the fascist slogan someone who does not like power outages, rising rents, delays in earned money... that is, someone who still understands something and at least somehow expresses his emotions. In fact, for you, an extremist is someone who does not want to see Russia as a US colony.
It is clear what your administration is trying to achieve by pushing the law on extremism - the destruction of the opposition. You want no one to stop your proteges from quietly, without scandals and revelations, finishing off what is still left in Russia, finishing off what is still somehow holding on, finishing off what has not yet completely collapsed. And the opposition gets in the way, fusses, organizes some rallies, publishes some newspapers, is indignant... Now for the indignation - to answer!
You see that Chubais is stealing - turn away, close your eyes.
Children freeze in the apartment in winter - buy a “potbelly stove”.
Caucasians raped their daughter? “But haven’t you gotten rid of racial prejudice yet?” Are you an extremist?
Don't like that a Jew became the owner of a bank and a TV channel? Open your own bank, buy a TV channel, but don’t be indignant, don’t download your rights, don’t talk about what you see. What, no money? You can’t feed your children, let alone open a bank? So what are you like... with your pig's snout in a Kalash line?! It’s my own fault, I should have invested the voucher wisely.
Is NATO on the border? So those in the government are no more stupid than you, they will sort it out. Work calmly (if you find a job), don’t twitch, read “MK”, watch “Field of Miracles”, drink advanced beer and all this - with your eyes closed. And if you dare to open your eyes and see what they have done to this country, then you are an extremist and a fascist, and you have no place in a civilized society.
Does Putin read his reports before he makes them public?
The president claims that the growth of extremism poses a serious threat... Here we can agree, if we mean Chechnya, Dagestan, endless explosions, and so on. But what does the president say next? What first of all (!) we are talking about those who are under fascist... and further in the text. That is, the president, a former intelligence officer, sees danger not in real bandits, not in those who (by the way, without fascist slogans) blow up people, who in Chechnya and other regions of Russia organize murders and kidnappings almost every day, who tortures our compatriots in basements and pits - and in boys - “skinheads”, whose energy, with a little attention from the state, can be easily channeled into a positive direction by creating sports sections, military sports clubs, tourist camps... But is this what our government needs? No, she needs Russian youth, instinctively feeling injustice towards their people, to pour out their discontent on those who come to hand, and not on those who really deserve the people's anger. Someone smart is turning the arrows of discontent from the Chubais to the Indian student, from criminals in government positions to fans of other clubs. I am sure that those organizations that do not benefit from the unity of the Russian people are suppliers of provocateurs who pit young Spartak and Dynamo players, “skinheads” and “rappers” and so on against each other. Let Russian youth beat each other up, and we will reap the benefits. And when their youthful fervor goes beyond the boundaries of internecine football battles, they will be given some Somali or Malay and will be told that it is they - the “racially inferior” ones - who are to blame for their troubles.
Not a day without provocation! - under this motto, “knights of the cloak and dagger” carry out difficult service...
The hysterical sabbath in the media about “fascism and extremism” was unexpectedly supported by... the ambassadors of Sweden, Gabon, Ecuador, Libya, Cameroon and the Philippines.
They are concerned about the safety of their citizens “in connection with the attacks of Russian fascists.” For an hour, Russian Foreign Minister Ivanov talked with the excited ambassadors. True, as always, the matter was ruined by... irresponsible police. It turns out that according to police reports, the number of crimes against “Russians” and foreign citizens is the same and corresponds to the general state of crime in Russia. And there is no point in artificially heating up the situation. But what do the ambassadors care about any reports? They didn’t just come to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Someone told them that it was time, long ago, to make noise about extremism in Russia. The funny thing is that comrade from Sweden Sven Hirdman was especially zealous. I wonder what made him come to the Foreign Ministry? I have never heard of “skinheads” offending Swedes - true Aryans... Why did he turn out to be the organizer of this, as he put it, “demarche”? In which lodge did he receive instructions to deal with “Russian fascism” and extremism, or rather, the remnants of Russian resistance? However, which particular lodge developed this demarche is not important. The actions of high-ranking diplomats only confirmed the fact that Russia’s internal affairs are planned abroad, that our rulers are only viceroys of those who rule the world...
The closer to the hearing date of the Law on Extremism, the more compelling the grounds for its adoption must be. Massacres by “skinheads” organized by someone and visits of foreign ambassadors to the Russian Foreign Ministry were not enough for the authorities... On May 27, 2002, on the Kiev highway, thirty-two kilometers from Moscow, an “advertising” board with the inscription “Death to the Jews!” was erected by unknown persons. People calmly drove by until 28-year-old Tatyana Sapunova decided to put an end to such visible propaganda. When she approached the shield and tried to pull it out of the ground, there was an explosion that crippled the unfortunate woman. As it turned out, a homemade “stretch”, which is often used in “hot” spots, worked. The charge was equivalent to fifty grams of TNT. This incident was reported by all newspapers and television channels, including the Vremya program. “Komsomolskaya Pravda” placed the headline on the entire front page: “Tatyana against the Black Hundred.”
On May 29, near one of the Moscow synagogues, two unknown people hit the son of an American rabbi on the nose. Needless to say, the beaten son was shown on all programs, and the culprits of the broken nose were called “skinheads” and anti-Semites. As usual, the police had a different opinion, in any case, a press secretary of some department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs said that one should not draw hasty conclusions and, perhaps, the reason for the attack was hooliganism or some other reason.
I remember that the Red Terror began with the murder of Uritsky... The killer turned out to be the Jewish youth Kanigisser. For the fact that one Jew killed another Jew, the Russians paid with hundreds of thousands of lives. Although not on such a scale, history invariably repeats itself.
On June 9, the day of the defeat of the Russian national football team, a crowd of thousands of football hooligans committed an unprecedented pogrom in the very center of Moscow. Only they know where the vaunted special services, riot police, internal troops, police and other FSB men were located that day. They probably received orders not to interfere. They killed a boy, injured a dozen or two passers-by, beat up an innocent Japanese musician, turned many cars into burning torches... But it is interesting that in the reports about this vandalism there were even notes of justification and regret for the rioters. The fact is that the pogrom took place without anti-Semitic and anti-Caucasian slogans, and therefore, as the Prosecutor General said, it does not relate to political extremism. So it’s not so scary...
On June 12, on the day of Russian independence (from its territories), a sign “Death to the Jews!” was installed on the 83rd kilometer of the Moscow Ring Road. and a dummy explosive device, which was courageously eliminated by security forces...
There is no doubt that the opportunely arranged provocations will allow the authorities to launch another “witch hunt.” On the eve of the adoption of the Law, broken noses of Jews and Caucasians, posters about “Jews” and “churks” appeared in abundance. Provocateurs do not eat bread for nothing... I am sure that now, after the adoption of the Law, everything will calm down - there will be no posters, no pogroms, unless, of course, the authorities need to launch some other campaign against the Russian people.
Less than a decade after the Great Patriotic War, admirers of Hitler appeared in the country that defeated Nazism. The strangest thing is that the authorities practically did not fight them.
Alternative to communism
The neo-Nazi movement, which became active in the USSR in the late 1970s, did not arise out of nowhere. Unlike other informal political movements, it had deep roots. Suffice it to remember that about a million citizens of the Soviet Union fought against their compatriots on the side of Nazi Germany. It is not surprising that a certain layer of post-war Soviet youth began to perceive Nazism as an alternative to Soviet power. However, at first the neo-Nazis kept themselves underground, and therefore we have almost no idea about their activities. Until the early 1980s, only a few dozen cases of neo-Nazi antics were recorded.
The movement of Soviet neo-Nazis of the 1950s-1970s was divided into two categories, which can be roughly defined as “hipsters” and “politicians.” The first, mainly high school students and young people aged 18-22, were attracted by the aesthetics of Nazism with its cult of a beautiful body and craving for classical examples of art. The second, more mature people, saw Nazism as an ideological tool for their political games.
Not only by imitating
The first known neo-Nazi organization in the USSR was a group of Kyiv schoolchildren led by a certain Yu. P. Yurchenko, born in 1939. Young Kiev residents called their community “SS Viking”. They set themselves quite ambitious goals: building a state based on a symbiosis of National Socialist and communist ideas. Hitler was, rather, just an idol for them. In December 1957, a criminal case was opened against SS Viking, but it was soon dropped due to lack of evidence.
It is interesting that the popularity of neo-Nazi youth groups was influenced by the series “Seventeen Moments of Spring” - one of the first Soviet films, which showed in such detail the life of the political elite of Nazi Germany. For older people, the role model was not so much Hitler as his political attitudes. True, having a rather vague understanding of the intricacies of National Socialism, they focused mainly on one of its most important components - anti-Semitism. It was the idea of the extermination of Jews that was imbued with the program of the “Russian National Party” written in 1957 by Vyacheslav Solenev, who broke away from Viktor Polenov’s group “People’s Democratic Party of Russia”. However, by the 1980s, Solenev’s views softened somewhat: he already called for distinguishing between “harmful and useful Jews.” [C-BLOCK]
The group “Russian National Socialist Party” of Alexei Dobrovolsky, which operated in Moscow in the second half of the 1950s, can also be considered neo-Nazis. Although Dobrovolsky denied admiration for Hitler, he still admitted that he was impressed by “Nazi party gestures and rituals,” as well as “German clarity.” Dobrovolsky believed that the victims of World War II were not on the conscience of Hitler or Stalin, but of the United States and “world Jewry,” who benefited from the pan-European conflict.
Unlike many dissident associations, the Nazis were ready to engage not only in demagoguery, but also in terror. For example, in 1963 in Voronezh, the activities of a group of young people who called themselves “OAS National Socialists” were exposed. They not only celebrated the Fuhrer’s birthday, but also wore Wehrmacht orders found at the excavations and even intended to fight the Soviets with German weapons found there. During the search, machine guns, pistols and explosives were confiscated from them.
Refuge for the marginalized
Since the early 1980s, neo-Nazi groups began to act more freely. So, in April 1980, 17-year-old 10th grade student Viktor Yakushev and his friends staged a picket near a Moscow synagogue. True, the leader later assured that this was simply a “show of interest in Jewry.”
Russian Nazism of the 1980s becomes the philosophy of all kinds of marginalized people, for whom it becomes fertile ground for the expression of protest sentiments. It is no coincidence that Soviet punks became interested in the ideology of Nazism. [C-BLOCK]
Thus, in February 1984, a note by the Chairman of the KGB of the USSR Viktor Chebrikov said: “At the same time, the distribution of hostile anonymous materials in which the authors, mainly from among youth and teenagers, used fascist symbols and spoke on behalf of the so-called “punks” has increased somewhat. “. There were 49 such manifestations during the year.”
Children of high-ranking officials increasingly began to join neo-Nazi formations. The golden youth exalted Hitler and regretted the lack of a strong leader and iron discipline in the country.
Openly
In 1982, a significant event occurred - neo-Nazis held a mass demonstration on Pushkin Square in Moscow on Hitler’s birthday. In the magazine “Emergency Reserve” (2004), it was noted that this speech made a huge impression on both the capital’s intelligentsia and the Western media. The Soviet press was silent then, but the West wrote a lot. Including the fascist demonstration in Kurgan, in which more than 100 teenagers took part, sporting armbands with swastikas and chanting the slogan “Fascism will save Russia!”
A special situation with the neo-Nazi movement has developed in the Baltic states. Local intelligence services simply turned a blind eye to this, calling Nazism “an original cultural component of the people.” Back in 1969, the Tallinn ensemble Peoleo performed a drill song of Estonian SS legionnaires at one of their concerts. And in 1980, in the same Tallinn, after a concert dedicated to the next anniversary of the liberation of the city from the Germans, a group of teenagers appeared in the crowd of listeners shouting “Heil Hitler!” and displaying swastikas on their clothes. There was no reaction from the authorities. [C-BLOCK]
Proximity to the Baltic states influenced the flourishing of neo-Nazism in Leningrad. There is evidence of the hooligan antics of neo-Nazis, who in June 1982 damaged most of the statues in the Summer Garden. And in 1987, a more resonant event occurred. On April 20, Hitler’s birthday, two columns of young people in black shirts with swastikas marched along Nevsky Prospekt. A similar march took place in Peterhof.
Later, neo-Nazis marked the mass desecration of Jewish graves, and on April 25, shouting “Beat the Jews, save Russia!” a group of teenagers tried to destroy the Leningrad synagogue. The police of the northern capital watched indifferently what was happening.
At the instigation of the KGB?
Western media often wondered why a wave of neo-Nazi protests swept across the USSR in the 1980s with almost complete connivance from the authorities. There was an assumption that these actions were sanctioned by the KGB in order to accuse the government of inaction and take power into their own hands against the backdrop of massive public outrage.
Many pointed out that the neo-Nazi rally on Pushkin Square was known in advance. For example, in Moscow schools, students were warned that on April 20 they should not appear on Pushkin Square. But since the forbidden fruit is sweet, in the end there were plenty of young people there. There were especially many fans. According to eyewitnesses, as soon as the demonstration began, a fight broke out between fans and neo-Nazis. The police did not react to this massacre for a long time and only at the end, as a matter of form, detained several fans and Nazis. [C-BLOCK]
Here’s what one of the representatives of the youth movement of Lubers said: “We arrived at Pushkinskaya. Here a man in civilian clothes came up to us and said: “Now the pacifists will gather, the Nazis will gather. Guys, we need to disperse.” When the fight was in full swing, the police began to selectively force the rioting youth onto the bus. And one of our people was told: “So, you stand by the bus and take your people away.”
Some Western Sovietologists even argued that the KGB, for its own purposes, launched the process of “fascisation of the system.” However, they did not provide any evidence for their theory. The last “Nazi case” was recorded in 1988, when a certain Zholdin, who planned to create the “Estonian National Fascist Party,” was arrested in Tallinn.
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Adolf Gitler
Name: Adolf Hitler
Date of Birth: April 20, 1889
Zodiac sign: Aries
Age: 56 years
Date of death: April 30, 1945
Place of Birth: Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary
Height: 175
Activity: founder of the dictatorship of the Third Reich, Fuhrer of the NSDAP, Reich Chancellor and head of Germany
Family status: was married
Adolf Hitler is a famous German political leader whose activities are associated with terrible crimes against humanity, including the Holocaust. The creator of the Nazi Party and the dictatorship of the Third Reich, the immorality of whose philosophy and political views are widely discussed in society today.
After Hitler was able to become the head of the German fascist state in 1934, he launched a large-scale operation to seize Europe, was the initiator of the Second World War, which made him a “monster and a sadist” for the citizens of the USSR, and for many German citizens a brilliant leader, which changed people's lives for the better.
Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in the Austrian city of Braunau am Inn, which is located near the border with Germany. His parents, Alois and Klara Hitler, were peasants, but his father was able to break out into the world and become a government official-customs officer, which enabled the family to live in normal conditions. “Nazi No. 1” was the third child in the family and very beloved by his mother, whom he was very similar in appearance. Later, he had younger brothers Edmund and sister Paula, to whom the future German Fuhrer became very attached and took care of her all his life.
Hitler's parents
Adolf's childhood was spent in endless moves, caused by the peculiarities of his father's work, and changes in schools, where he did not show any special talents, but was still able to finish 4 classes of a real school in Steyr and received a certificate of education, in which good grades were only in such subjects as drawing and physical education. During this period, his mother Clara Hitler died of cancer, which dealt a big blow to the young man’s psyche, but he did not break down, and, having completed the necessary documents to receive a pension for himself and his sister Paula, moved to Vienna and set out on the path to adulthood.
At first he tried to enter the Art Academy, because he had extraordinary talent and a passion for fine art, but did not pass the entrance exams. The next couple of years, Adolf Hitler's biography was filled with poverty, vagrancy, temporary work, endless moving from place to place, and sleeping under city bridges. Throughout this period, he did not tell either his family or friends about his whereabouts, because he was afraid of being drafted into the army, where he would be forced to serve along with the Jews, for whom he felt deep hatred.
At the age of 24, Hitler moved to Munich, where he encountered the First World War, which made him very happy. He immediately enlisted as a volunteer in the Bavarian army, in whose ranks he took part in many battles. He took the defeat of Germany in the First World War quite painfully and categorically blamed politicians for it. Against this background, he engaged in large-scale campaigning activities, which gave him the opportunity to get into the political movement of the People's Workers' Party, which he skillfully turned into a Nazi one.
Having become the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler over time began to make his way deeper and deeper to the political heights and in 1923 he organized the Beer Hall Putsch. Enlisting the support of 5 thousand stormtroopers, he burst into a beer bar where the leaders of the General Staff were holding an action and announced the overthrow of the traitors in the Berlin government. On November 9, 1923, the Nazi putsch went towards the ministry to seize power, but was intercepted by police detachments, who used firearms to disperse the Nazis.
In March 1924, Adolf Hitler, as the organizer of the putsch, was convicted of high treason and sentenced to 5 years in prison. However, the Nazi dictator spent only 9 months in prison - on December 20, 1924, for unknown reasons, he was released. Immediately after his release, Hitler revived the Nazi party NSDAP and transformed it, with the help of Gregor Strasser, into a national political force. During that period, he was able to establish close ties with the German generals, as well as establish relationships with major industrial magnates.
At the same time, Adolf Hitler wrote his work “My Struggle” (“Mein Kampf”), in which he described in detail his autobiography and the idea of National Socialism. In 1930, the political leader of the Nazis became the Supreme Commander of the Storm Troops (SA), and in 1932 he tried to get the post of Reich Chancellor. To do this, he was forced to renounce his Austrian citizenship and become a German citizen, and also enlist the support of the Allies.
From the first time, Hitler was unable to win the elections, in which Kurt von Schleicher was ahead of him. A year later, German leader Paul von Hindenburg, under Nazi pressure, dismissed the victorious von Schleicher and appointed Hitler in his place.
This appointment did not cover all the hopes of the Nazi leader, since power over Germany continued to remain in the hands of the Reichstag, and its powers included only the leadership of the Cabinet of Ministers, which still needed to be created.
In just 1.5 years, Adolf Hitler was able to remove all obstacles in the form of the President of Germany and the Reichstag from his path and become an unlimited dictator. From that time on, oppression of Jews and Gypsies began in the state, trade unions were closed and the “Hitler era” began, which during the 10 years of his rule was completely saturated with human blood.
In 1934, Hitler gained power over Germany, where the total Nazi regime immediately began, the ideology of which was the only correct one. Having become the ruler of Germany, the Nazi leader instantly showed his true colors and began large foreign policy rallies. He quickly creates the Wehrmacht and restores aviation and tank troops, as well as long-range artillery. Contrary to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany seizes the Rhineland, and then Czechoslovakia and Austria.
At the same time, he carried out a purge within his ranks - the dictator organized the so-called “Night of the Long Knives,” when all prominent Nazis who posed a threat to Hitler’s absolute power were eliminated. Having given himself the title of Supreme Leader of the Third Reich, he created the Gestapo police force, as well as a system of concentration camps, where he sent all “undesirable elements,” including Jews, gypsies, political opponents, and later prisoners of war.
The basis of Adolf Hitler's domestic policy was the ideology of racial discrimination and the superiority of the indigenous Aryans over other peoples. He wanted to be the only leader of the whole world, in which the Slavs were to become “elite” slaves, and the lower races, to which he included Jews and Gypsies, were completely eliminated. Along with massive crimes against people, the ruler of Germany developed a similar foreign policy, deciding to take over the entire world.
In April 1939, Hitler approved a plan to attack Poland, which was destroyed in September of the same year. Then the Germans occupied Norway, Holland, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg and broke through the French front. In the spring of 1941, Hitler captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22, he attacked the Soviet Union, then led by Joseph Stalin.
In 1943, the Red Army launched a large-scale offensive against the Germans, which caused World War II to enter the Reich in 1945, which drove Hitler completely crazy. He sent pensioners, teenagers and disabled people to fight the Red Army soldiers, ordering the soldiers to stand to death, while he himself hid in a “bunker” and watched what was happening from the side.
With the coming to power of Adolf Hitler, a whole complex of death camps and concentration camps was created in Germany, Poland and Austria, the first of which was founded in 1933 near Munich. It is known that there were over 42 thousand such camps, in which millions of people died under torture. These specially equipped centers were intended for genocide and terror both against prisoners of war and over the local population, among whom were disabled people, women and children.
The largest Hitler “death factories” were “Auschwitz”, “Majdanek”, “Buchenwald”, “Treblinka”, in which people who dissented from Hitler were subjected to terrible torture and “experiments” with poisons, incendiary mixtures, gas, which in 80 percent of cases led to the painful death of people. All death camps were founded with the goal of “cleansing” the entire world population of anti-fascists, inferior races, which for Hitler were Jews and Gypsies, simple criminals and simply undesirable “elements” for the German leader.
The symbol of Hitler’s ruthlessness and fascism was the Polish city of Auschwitz, in which the most terrible death conveyors were erected, where over 20 thousand people were exterminated every day. This is one of the most terrible places on the planet, which became the center of the extermination of Jews - they died there in “gas” chambers immediately after arrival, even without registration and identification. The Auschwitz camp (Auschwitz) became a tragic symbol of the Holocaust - the mass extermination of the Jewish nation, which is recognized as the largest genocide of the 20th century.
There are several versions of why Adolf Hitler hated the Jews so much, whom he tried to “wipe off the face of the earth.” Historians who have studied the personality of the “bloody” dictator put forward several theories, each of which could be true.
The first and most plausible version is considered to be the “racial policy” of the German dictator, who considered only native Germans as people. Because of this, he divided all nations into 3 parts - the Aryans, who were supposed to rule the world, the Slavs, who in his ideology were assigned the role of slaves, and the Jews, whom Hitler planned to completely exterminate.
Economic motives for the Holocaust are also not excluded, since at that time Germany was in a difficult state economically, and the Jews had profitable enterprises and banking institutions, which Hitler took from them after being sent to concentration camps.
There is also a version that Hitler exterminated the Jewish nation in order to maintain the morale of his army. He assigned Jews and Gypsies the role of victims, whom he handed over to be torn to pieces so that the Nazis would have the opportunity to enjoy human blood, which, as the leader of the Third Reich believed, should have set them up for victory.
On April 30, 1945, when Hitler's house in Berlin was surrounded by the Soviet army, "Nazi No. 1" admitted defeat and decided to commit suicide. There are several versions of how Adolf Hitler died: some historians note that the German dictator drank potassium cyanide, while others do not rule out that he shot himself. Along with the head of Germany, his common-law wife Eva Braun, with whom he lived for more than 15 years, also died.
It is noted that the bodies of the couple were burned at the entrance to the bunker, which was the dictator’s requirement before his death. Later, the remains of Hitler's body were discovered by a group of the Red Army Guard - to this day, only dentures and part of the Nazi leader's skull with a bullet entry hole have survived, which are still stored in Russian archives.
The personal life of Adolf Hitler in modern history has no confirmed facts and is filled with a lot of speculation. There is information that the German Fuhrer was never officially married and had no recognized children. At the same time, despite his very unattractive appearance, he was the favorite of the entire female population of the state, which played an important role in his life. Historians note that “Nazi No. 1” had the ability to influence people hypnotically.
With his speeches and cultured manners, he charmed the weaker sex, whose representatives began to thoughtlessly love the leader, which forced them to do the impossible for him. Hitler's mistresses were predominantly married ladies who idolized him and considered him a great man.
In 1929, the dictator met Eva Braun, who conquered Hitler with her appearance and cheerful disposition. During the years of living with the Fuhrer, the girl tried to commit suicide 2 times because of the loving nature of her common-law husband, who openly flirted with the women he liked.
In 2012, American Werner Schmedt announced that he was the legitimate son of Hitler and his young niece Geli Ruabal, who, according to historians, was killed by the dictator in a fit of jealousy. He provided family photographs in which the Fuhrer of the Third Reich and Geli Ruabal are depicted in an embrace. Also, the possible son of Hitler showed his birth certificate, in which only the initials “G” and “R” were written in the data column about the parents, which was done, apparently, for the purpose of secrecy.
According to the Fuhrer's son, after the death of Geli Ruabal, nannies from Austria and Germany were involved in his upbringing, but his father visited him all the time. In 1940, Schmedt last met with Hitler, who promised him that if he won the Second World War, he would give him the whole world. But since events did not unfold according to Hitler’s plan, Werner was forced to hide his origin and place of residence from everyone for a long time.
What's special about this 50-year-old documentary writer from Argentina is not that he puts forward such theories. Perhaps Abel Basti was the first to support the theory of Hitler’s disappearance with real documents and photos from the archives of the special services. In 2004, the writer published his first book, which brought him international success, “The Nazis in Bariloche.” However, it was impossible to predict what kind of “bomb” he would explode in the second part of his story - the bestseller “Hitler in Argentina.” Having conducted research, interviewed dozens of witnesses, and published documents declassified by the FBI, Basti wants to prove that Hitler could have hidden in South America and lived there to old age. Let the readers of AiF judge how well he succeeded. The writer kindly agreed to give an interview to the largest Russian weekly magazine.
The Fuhrer's jaw was not examined for DNA
- SENOR Basti, in your book you claim that on April 30, 1945, Hitler managed to escape from Berlin by plane. How could he do this if by that time the airfields were destroyed and the Allies controlled the skies?
My book contains previously classified evidence from the FBI archives that on April 30 at 16:30 (that is, an hour after the alleged suicide), Hitler was seen next to his personal Ju-52 plane. At night, throughout the last week of April, air transport of the Fuhrer's trusted representatives landed on Unter den Linden Avenue, where street lighting poles were preserved. For example, Reich Minister Speer left the “Führerbunker” on the 20th, and three days later he calmly returned back on the Fieseler-Storch plane. As you can see, the Allied air defense did not stop him. On April 25, a secret meeting was held in the “Führerbunker” to evacuate Hitler, in which the female pilot Hanna Reitsch, the famous pilot Hans Ulrich Rudel and Hitler’s personal pilot Hans Baur took part. The secret plan for the safe movement of the Fuhrer from the besieged capital of the Third Reich was codenamed “Operation Seraglio”.
- And who exactly, in your opinion, carried out the evacuation of Hitler?
Two days later, five Storch planes arrived in Berlin (each with seats for ten passengers), and on April 28, the same Ju-52, piloted by pilot Bosser, arrived - this was officially confirmed by Allied intelligence. A day later, on the orders of General Adolf Galland, the last forces of the German Air Force were unexpectedly lifted into the air over the capital of the Reich - a hundred Me-262 jet fighters. They covered Hannah Reitsch’s plane: she managed to break through the fire of Soviet anti-aircraft guns and fly away from Berlin - it was an experimental flight, and the fact that it was carried out is not disputed by any historian. The next day, according to the scenario already tested by Frau Reitsch, Adolf Hitler also left Berlin - he was heading to Spain, from where at the end of the summer he sailed on a submarine to Argentina. He was accompanied by Eva Braun, Müller and Bormann.
- Okay, but what about the fragments of Hitler’s jaw, which are stored in Moscow in the archives of the FSB? Research by both Soviet and independent experts unanimously confirmed that it belonged to the Fuhrer. What happens then - Hitler had part of his jaw torn off, but he still escaped?
Experts only had the opportunity to compare this charred jaw with x-rays of that era, which were of terrible quality, and with the testimony of Hitler’s personal dentist - and he could say anything. If you know, no DNA testing has ever been carried out: Russia systematically refuses to allow such analysis. Meanwhile, this is the only way to find out the truth: it is necessary to compare DNA samples that can be obtained from the remains of Adolf Hitler’s sister, Paula, who died in 1960 and was buried in the Bergfriedhof cemetery. I formally appeal to the Russian authorities to allow me to examine this jaw to obtain final proof that I am telling the truth.
- You know, people love conspiracy theories. For so many years there has been talk about the mysterious disappearance of “Nazi number two” - Martin Bormann, who evaporated from Berlin on May 1, 1945. A lot of people swore that they saw him in South America with their own eyes and could not be mistaken. But in 1972, a skeleton was found while digging a pit in Berlin, and a double DNA study showed that these were Bormann’s bones...
The funny thing is: both are right here. Martin Bormann really escaped, lived in Argentina and Paraguay: I found a lot of evidence of this, including documentary ones - especially a photo of Bormann taken in the fifties. Therefore, it is quite possible that when Bormann died of natural causes, his remains were secretly transported to Berlin, after which a performance was staged with their “find”.
Best of the day
“Submarines found off the coast of Argentina”
- AGAIN: in your book you write that Hitler and Eva Braun, along with an extensive retinue and security, arrived in Argentina on three submarines, which were then sunk in the bay for purposes of conspiracy. Indeed, in the place that you indicated, at a depth of approximately 30 meters under water, with the help of special equipment, teams of divers discovered large objects covered with sand. But where is the evidence that these are Nazi submarines?
I relied on the testimony of witnesses who, after the war, observed the arrival of three submarines with swastikas in the tiny bay of Caleta de los Loros, located in the Argentine province of Rio Negro. You say: Argentina has formally been at war with Germany since March 27, 1945 - maybe these are traces of past naval battles? However, in the archives of the Argentine Ministry of Defense there is not a single word about the sinking of any German submarines. Then where did these sunken ships lying on the ground come from? I submitted a request that the submarines be brought to the surface and thoroughly examined. German submarines sailed to Argentina several times after the war - for example, the submarine U-977 arrived in the country on August 17, 1945: it is assumed that its commander Heinz Schaeffer was transporting gold and other valuables of the Third Reich.
- You published a US FBI document that casts serious doubt on the official version of the death of Adolf Hitler. This paper, dated November 13, 1945, contains a report from an American agent in Argentina who works as a gardener for wealthy German colonists - the Eichhorns. The agent reports that the couple, who live in the village of La Falda, have been preparing the estate since June for the arrival of Hitler, which will take place in the very near future. Is this document real?
This is a very strange question because I legally obtained this document after it was declassified from the FBI archives: file number 65-53615. And this is far from the only documentary evidence of Hitler’s escape. There are several more secret reports from the FBI, CIA and MI5 about the living Fuhrer - but, unfortunately, the USA, Britain and Russia have not yet fully declassified all materials relating to this topic. For example, there are three shorthand recordings of a conversation between Joseph Stalin (one of them with US Secretary of State Byrnes) - there the leader of the USSR openly says that the Fuhrer managed to escape. Over fifteen years, I conducted hundreds of interviews with direct witnesses to Hitler's presence in Argentina. Most of them have only started talking now - many Nazis in Argentina have died, they have nothing to fear anymore, although not everyone is still making contact. A letter from Nazi General Seydlitz, dated 1956, has also been preserved - he reports that he is going to attend a meeting in Argentina between Hitler and the Croatian “Führer” Pavelic.
- You often refer to the testimony of witnesses. But how, in this case, should we treat the words of other witnesses who saw Hitler dead and buried his corpse?
There is not a single person who saw with his own eyes how Hitler saw through an ampoule of poison and shot himself in the head. The story of the Fuhrer's suicide from beginning to end was invented by people from his inner circle - it was a special plan to confuse everyone. But even at first glance, there are several contradictions in the eyewitness accounts of Hitler's death if you study the archival documents. At first it was said that he was poisoned. Then - no, he shot me in the temple. After - excuse me, first he poisoned himself, and then he shot himself. Potassium cyanide causes instant death and convulsions: how did the person then pull the trigger of the gun?
About Hitler.
nikolaimoisenko 30.04.2010 10:31:09
I had to read a lot of similar publications on the topic of Hitler’s flight. But no one has officially confirmed reliable facts about his flight or suicide. Maybe he really fled, or maybe he committed suicide. I served in 1967-69 in Karl Marx Stadt, Among the Germans With whom I had to talk about this topic, there is also no consensus.
Big doubts about leaving And Hitler's native Germany
Tim Don 21.03.2016 05:57:37
There are big doubts about A. Hitler leaving his native Germany. This was not taken into account - how could such a person, completely devoted to the cause and life of the German People, live with such a stone far from his homeland.
Preparing for a New War, they would know about such preparation.
Adolf Hitler (German: Adolf Hitler) April 20, 1889, Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary - April 30, 1945, Berlin, Germany) - the founder and central figure of National Socialism, founder of the totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, leader (Führer) of the National Socialism -Socialist German Workers' Party from July 29, 1921, Reich Chancellor of National Socialist Germany from January 31, 1933, Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor of Germany from August 2, 1934, Supreme Commander of the German Armed Forces in World War II, war criminal.
Childhood
The father of the future Fuhrer, Alois Hitler (1837-1903) was first a shoemaker, then a customs officer; mother - Clara (1860-1907), née Pölzl.
His father, being illegitimate, until 1876 bore the surname of his mother Schicklgruber (German: Schicklgruber), and then took the surname of his stepfather, who recognized himself as the father - Johann Georg Hiedler (German: Hiedler), when registered as Hitler (German: Hitler) .
Currently, based on all available materials, we can say with almost absolute certainty that in fact Alois’s father was the official father’s brother, Johann Nepomuk Güttler.
He trained to be a customs officer and received the low rank of chief official.
Adolf Hitler himself, contrary to the statement widespread since the 1920s and even included in the 3rd edition of the TSB, never bore the surname Schicklgruber.
After the death of his second wife, the father was left with two children. Alois and Angela. Angela later became the mother of Hitler's mistress Geli.
On January 7, 1885, he married for the third time to Clara Pelzl. Alois Hitler's last wife was his niece, granddaughter of Johann Nepomuk Güttler and daughter of his half-sister Johanna Clara Pölzl. In order to marry her, Alois had to seek permission from the church, since, according to the laws that existed at that time, they were too close relatives (kinship of 2-3 degrees) to enter into a legal marriage.
Clara gave birth to six children, including Adolf Hitler.
It has now been reliably established that Adolf Hitler is the product of close inbreeding. Clara's grandfather (her mother's father) was also Alois' father. That is, Clara's mother was Alois' half-sister.
Six years later, another son was born into the family - Edmund (1894-1900). At this time, the father received a new assignment in Linz, but the family remained in Passau for another year so as not to move with the newborn baby.
When the father retired, the family moved to Hafeld near Lambach. From the age of six, Adolf attended the village school in Fischlam. From July 1897 at the school at the Lambakh monastery, where he studied until January 1899. Until 1904 he studied at a real school (Realschule) in Linz, then until 1905 in Steyr.
In 1898, the family once again changed their place of residence, this time they settled in a remote area of Linz, in a place called Leonding, and Adolf changed school for the third time. He attended this school until September 1900.
He went to school with disgust. His school teacher said that Hitler was undoubtedly gifted, although one-sided. But he almost did not know how to control himself, he was stubborn, self-willed, wayward and hot-tempered.
Youth
The following year, in order to move up to third grade, he had to take exams in some subjects. He entered the state higher real school in Steyr, but even before finishing the 4th grade he decided that he would not attend the last, fifth grade.
He received good marks only in drawing, as he had an artistic gift. The only thing that really interested him was architecture.
Adolf was passionate about the novels of Karl May and never lost interest in his books.
At the age of 13, Adolf's father died. He subsequently wrote: “This death plunged us all into deep sadness.”
At the age of 16, Hitler dropped out of school in Steyr without receiving a secondary education. Sang in the church choir. He dreamed of becoming an artist and was engaged in copying paintings by famous artists of that time. Quite often he could be found in theaters and operas. He read a lot and was an “omnivore”: he loved both adventure literature and esotericism. In addition, he often took walks through the forests near Linz.
September 1907 passing the entrance exams to the General Art School of the Academy of Fine Arts. Advances to the second round. Fails the “Drawing from a Model” exam.
November 1907 return to Linz to care for his sick mother.
21.12. 1907 death of mother.
February 1908 moved to Vienna after the settlement of inheritance matters.
September 1908 re-entry into the Vienna Academy of Art. Failure in the first round.
The rector of the academy said that the drawings brought by Hitler did not leave the slightest doubt that he would not become an artist. But from these drawings it is clear that Hitler has the talent of an architect - and he should completely give up the idea of an artistic department and think about an architectural department. The fact was that there were no portraits among his works, and the second stage of the academy exams was to evaluate them. He passed the first stage of the exams - assessing landscapes and still lifes - brilliantly.
1909-1913 evades the army (as a subject of Austria) and therefore changes apartments.
He lived in homeless shelters, doing odd jobs - working in construction, and later drawing postcards and advertisements. Every day he draws a small picture and gives it to the client in the evening (often these are Jewish collectors). The work brings in such a large income that in May 1911 he refuses in favor of his sister Paula the monthly pension due to him as an orphan.
On December 29, 1913, the Austrian police ask the Munich police to establish the address of the hiding Hitler.
On January 19, 1914, the Munich criminal police deliver Hitler to the Austrian Consulate.
Participation in the First World War
In May 1913, Hitler moved to Munich, where he led a bohemian lifestyle, selling watercolors. In the first month of the war, he signed up as a volunteer and in October 1914 found himself on the Western Front as a private in the 1st company of the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment (otherwise known as the “List Regiment”, after the commander’s surname), a liaison officer at the regiment’s headquarters.
In December of the same year he was awarded the Iron Cross, second class.
On October 5, 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh near Le Bargur in the First Battle of the Somme. Upon leaving the hospital (March 1917) he returned to the regiment.
In August 1918 he was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, an award rarely given to privates. Hitler's colleagues subsequently claimed that he received this award for capturing 15 enemy soldiers (according to one version, the British, according to another, the French), but in the archives of the “List Regiment” nothing is said about his specific merits.
On October 13, 1918, he was shell-shocked as a result of a British gas attack near Ypres and temporarily lost his sight. A month later, while being treated in the hospital, he learned about the surrender of Germany and the overthrow of the Kaiser, which became a great shock for him.
At the beginning of February 1919, Adolf Hitler signed up as a volunteer for the security service of a prisoner of war camp located near Traunstein not far from the Austrian border. About a month later, the prisoners of war - several hundred French and Russian soldiers - were released, and the camp and its guards were disbanded.
Worldview
“In his thoughts, as well as in his actions, he was guided not by knowledge, but by emotions” (Traudl Junge).
Hitler's National Patriotism and Racism
Hitler came from an ethnically border region. According to Hitler himself in Mein Kampf, at school he was neutral towards Jews, perceiving them as Germans; Hitler developed a sharply negative attitude towards them after meeting the Jewish community in Vienna. The active participation of Jews in the social democratic and then revolutionary and communist movements fed Hitler's anti-Semitic feelings, although, as can be seen from his own words, it was not their primary source.
Hitler's views were formed under the influence of the extreme nationalist Linz professor Petsch and the famous anti-Semite Lord Mayor of Vienna Karl Lueger. Hitler believed in the greatness and special mission of the German nation. He experienced the shameful defeat of Germany and the subsequent revolution extremely hard, which he perceived as the result of betrayal and, in particular, anti-national actions of the Jews. Under the influence of these events, his worldview finally took shape. Hitler attached importance to the so-called “purity of blood”; The Nazi “race theory” was built on these ideas.
Vienna, 1909. Adolf Hitler meets with the publisher of the Ostara magazine, Lanz von Liebenfels, to buy a couple of missing issues. This magazine, along with mystical and sentimental texts, regularly and consistently writes that “blond Aryans” should rule the world, subjugating or destroying the “lower races.” After the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, Lanz hoped for Hitler's patronage, but he may have been embarrassed by his early connections. Thus, it was forbidden to publish Lanz's writings. The most notable copies of Ostara were withdrawn from circulation. After the war, Lanz accused Hitler not only of stealing, but also of perverting his idea. There is no clear agreement among scholars whether Hitler was directly or indirectly significantly influenced by the work of Liebenfels, and there is no serious evidence that he was interested in the occult movement beyond its racial aspects, yet the connection between the two figures has been emphasized time and time again by critics and occultists throughout history. times and after the Third Reich.
Beliefs and habits
Hitler's ideology
“They put everything in the service of the single goal of creating a United Europe under German rule” (Traudl Junge).
The basic ideas of Hitler that had developed by this time were reflected in the NSDAP program, many of them were set out in the autobiographical book “My Struggle” (“Mein Kampf”, German: Mein Kampf)
Attitude to religion
Hitler called himself a Christian and in many speeches spoke out in support of religion and Christianity in particular.
Chapter 10 of the first part of “Mein Kampf” is devoted, among other things, to the importance of religion for preserving the morality and unity of the German nation. The following facts testify to Hitler's affiliation with the Christian faith: he was baptized in Catholicism and even studied at the parish school of a Benedictine monastery.
Immediately after coming to power, Hitler banned organizations supporting religious freedom (such as the German League of Freethinkers) and organized a “movement against the godless.” In 1933, he declared: “We began the fight against the atheist movement, and it was not limited to a few theoretical declarations: we eradicated it.”
Daily Habits
According to most biographers, Hitler was a vegetarian from 1931 (from the suicide of Geli Raubal) until his death in 1945. Some authors argue that Hitler only limited himself in eating meat. He also had a negative attitude towards smoking; in Nazi Germany, a fight against this habit was launched.
He took care of cleanliness with painful care.
He was terrified of people with runny noses.
Hitler's daily routine and menu (started to be followed in 1934)
10 hours. He takes newspapers and correspondence from the chair near the door and looks through it while lying in bed. Then wash, shave, get dressed.
After his hands began to tremble, a servant began to shave him.
About 11 o'clock. A servant knocks on the locked door with the greeting “Good morning, my Fuhrer. It is time!"
11 - 12 o'clock. Hitler uses a bell to demand breakfast.
Until 1938 - a glass of milk and crispbread.
Later - Apple, mint or chamomile tea. Sweet rich bread.
In 1944-45 - A lot of chocolate cakes. Or. Porridge - made from oatmeal, doused with milk, grated apple, several nuts and lemon slices.
Sometimes Gerwise cheese.
During breakfast, he makes arrangements with the adjutant about meetings and business for the day.
After 12 o'clock. Meetings, conferences, etc.
Women
Hitler was aware of the incest in his family and knew exactly about his origin and therefore never wanted to touch on this topic.
It has been proven that Hitler was afraid of becoming a father. He was afraid that he might have a abnormal child due to his incest background.
At the same time, he assessed the incubation positively. Thus, in a memo on the Jewish question, he wrote: “Thanks to the thousand-year insurgency... the Jew has preserved his race and identity more clearly than many of the peoples among whom he lives.”
Experts note that among the descendants of incestuous couples, as a rule, continuation of incestuous relationships is a common occurrence. Hitler also proved this by his connection with Geli.
He spoke negatively about marriage and believed that it was better to have a mistress.
His attitude towards women was as follows. He believed that a great man, in order to satisfy his physical needs, has the right to have a girl and treat her at his own discretion and without a sense of responsibility
Hitler knew and used the influence he had on women. It is no coincidence that women were the most important patrons of Hitler and his party. Women in love very often lent him money and made large contributions to the party, both in money and in works of art. He tried to make every woman believe that he considered her beautiful, admired her and idolized her. For example, he never yelled at his secretaries, even when they made serious mistakes. His favorite expressions are “my beauty” and “beautiful child.” In the presence of women, he never sits first, although on occasion he does so even when receiving government officials. It was forbidden to smoke in his presence, but sometimes he allowed ladies.
Preferred women with large breasts. Hair color was not of fundamental importance.
In terms of age, his mistresses were on average 20 years younger than him. There were several suicide attempts because of him.
Close acquaintances with girls before 1914 have not been proven, but the fact that he had sexual experience before the start of the war is indisputable.
Charlotte Lobjoie
Charlotte Edoxy Alida Lobjoie (05/14/1898-09/13/1951). Frenchwoman. The butcher's daughter. She spoke German well. She looked like a gypsy.
She first met Adolphe with friends of her relatives on the Rue de Cerans in April 1916, since as a liaison he lived exclusively in civilian apartments during the war. She was 18 years old.
She entered into an intimate relationship with him in Premona. And from 1916 until the autumn of 1917, she moved with him to Fournoux, Waffren, Seclin and Ardua. Their connection was interrupted while Hitler was being treated for his wound.
In 1916, Hitler painted her in Ardua, with a bright scarf covering her head, a deeply unbuttoned blouse and her breasts partially exposed.
09/30/1917 Hitler received leave and went to visit his relatives in Spital. Since then, Charlotte has not seen him again.
In March 1918, in Seclin, in the house of friends, she gave birth to an illegitimate son.
In 1918 she left for Paris and in 1926 parted with her family forever. She was considered missing. She married twice in 1922 and 1940.
Only before her death did she tell her son that his father was Hitler.
Hitler knew about the existence of his son.
After the end of the war, he is not particularly picky and has many love affairs in Munich.
"Gels"
"Geli" (1908-1931) had features of a pronounced Slavic type with black hair. She was 19 years younger than Hitler and was his niece. The daughter of his half-sister (shared father).
Geli's relationship with Hitler allegedly lasted from 1925 until her death. Recently I lived in Hitler's apartment. According to some reports, she was pregnant in 1931 before committing suicide.
When "Gels" 18.09. In 1931 he commits suicide, he is terribly shocked. He wants to shoot himself, moves away from his surroundings, and is severely depressed. And since then he has never eaten meat or dishes prepared with animal fat.
In Hitler's Munich apartment (Prinzregentenplatz 16), which had 15 rooms, no one except him and his mistress Annie Winter had the right to enter Geli's room.
The sculptor Josef Thorak is obliged to create a bust of Geli, which is exhibited in the new Reich Chancellery.
The artist Adolf Ziegler was to paint her portrait, which occupies a place of honor, always decorated with flowers, in the large room at the Berghof.
On May 2, 1938, in his will, he writes that the furnishings of the room where Gelya lived should be transferred to my sister Angela (her mother).
After Geli's death, at one time the Goebbels couple tried to find attractive ladies for the Fuhrer in order to lift him out of depression.
During this period, he had relationships with singer Gretl Slezak (daughter of opera singer Leo Slezak), actresses Leni Riefenstahl and Madi Rahl.
Maria Reiter
Daughter of the co-founder of SPD in Berchtesgaden. (1911-1992)
Hitler met Maria Reiter (Kubis) in 1926. In 1927, she tried to hang herself because of her unhappy love for Hitler.
She got married twice.
From 1931 to 1934 and in 1938, she again met with Hitler several times.
Eva Brown
(1912-1945). Daughter of a teacher from Munich. She graduated from a monastery school and a lyceum in Munich. Then the Institute of English Frauleins in Zimbach. Blonde (not quite a bright blonde, used hydrogen peroxide).
Eva Braun first meets Hitler in October 1929 at the home of his comrade and friend, “personal photographer” Heinrich Hoffmann at 50 Schellingstrasse in Munich. She works in a photographer's studio as a photographer's apprentice, saleswoman and delivery girl.
She is 17 years old, and Adolf is 40 years old.
Hitler immediately liked her, but at this time “Geli” was living with him and he loved her.
At the same time, he increasingly began to seek meetings with Eva. When Gelya was still alive, during the day he went with Eva to the cinema, to a restaurant, to the opera, but the evenings and nights belonged to Gelya. Eva knew about Geli’s existence and was very worried.
Knowing Hitler's taste for women with large breasts, Eva initially put handkerchiefs in her bras.
After the death of Geli Raubal, at the beginning of 1932, Eva finally became his mistress.
She tried to commit suicide twice.
The wedding of Hitler and Eva Braun took place on April 28, 1945; Martin Bormann and Joseph Goebbels were witnesses at the wedding.
On April 30, 1945, Eva Braun and Hitler committed suicide together.
Hitler was not always faithful to Eva. He had other short-lived relationships with women during this period.
Diseases
Height - 175 cm. Weight - 70 kg. Blood type A (data from 1936)
The nose was different from the norm. Anatomically it was narrowed. Apart from frequent runny noses and nasal congestion, he did not cause any particular trouble.
In the upper jaw there are 9 teeth made of gold and porcelain. Of the 15 teeth in the lower jaw, 10 are artificial.
There are quite a few publications that say that Hitler suffered from syphilis all his life, having contracted it from a prostitute. It has been proven that Hitler never had syphilis and never suffered from progressive paralysis.
It is also not true that Hitler was inclined towards homosexuality.
It is also incorrect to say that Hitler was incapable of physical intimacy with women.
Poisoning as a result of a gas attack and temporary loss of vision.
His left hand and left leg began to tremble. He could move his left forearm to a limited extent. After a few years the trembling went away.
After he refused to eat meat, he began to suffer from a diet he had created himself. Stomach pain and bloating appear.
He was treated for hoarseness and throat discomfort.
In the spring, doctors at a Berlin hospital conducted a full examination of Hitler and stated that he was completely healthy.
He convinces himself that he is seriously ill. He sleeps poorly, complains of heart problems and frequent stomach pain and bloating.
Doctors attribute this to his uncontrolled and unfit diet.
Starting this year he needs glasses.
Inflammation of the gums.
Prolonged hoarseness appears and his vocal cord polyps are removed.
Theo Morell becomes his personal physician.
Pain in the stomach (especially after eating) and in the area of the right kidney continues to torment him. Doctors attribute this to the enlarged left lobe of the liver.
Eczema appears on the left leg. Morell's diagnosis is due to digestive disorders and the presence of intestinal dysbiosis.
Until 1943, he began to take two capsules of Mutaflor and four pills of Dr. Köster’s antigas pills daily.
He feels worse and worse and does not believe that he will live long. Complains of chest pain.
Feverish impatience appears. He is tormented by the fear that he will die before reaching his goal.
Proclaims an open policy of expansion. The idea that he has little time is dominant.
Begins taking multivitamins Ca in huge doses until 1944.
Writes a will.
Agrees to an x-ray. Cancer has not been confirmed.
Before 1944, he began taking eiflat to stimulate the intestines.
January 9, 11, 13 detailed medical examinations, including for syphilis (negative). Only excessively high blood pressure and associated cardiac abnormalities were detected.
But Hitler feels very sick and begins to read special medical journals and books.
On December 21 he orders a re-examination. The results differ only slightly, but Hitler sees this as further evidence that he is seriously ill.
Swelling on the calves and tibia.
Among other medications, Morell prescribes the drugs caffeine and pervitin. Under their influence, Hitler often does not control himself. His instructions on the final solution to the Jewish question date back to this period.
On August 9 he complains of stomach pain, nausea, chills and attacks of weakness. Diarrhea and dysentery appear. There is swelling on the calves of the legs and tibia.
On August 14, an ECG is performed, which shows rapidly progressing sclerosis of the coronary vessels of the heart.
He complains of severe headaches and admits for the first time that his memory is failing him.
In February, people in Vinnitsa catch the flu.
After Stalingrad it changes literally before our eyes.
The eyes are watery, the gaze is frozen, the posture is not quite normal.
The left hand and left leg, which he is dragging, begin to tremble again. His movements are clearly impaired.
Reacts angrily to objections, stubbornly sticks to only his own opinion.
Until 1944, he began to additionally take vitamins A, D and Intelan twice a day.
Painful mistrust and suspicion.
If earlier he was in a feverish hurry, now he is cautious and sees the main principle of his military leadership in strengthening every square meter, that is, he applies Stalin’s tactics, which almost destroyed the USSR in 1941.
In February, my vision in my right eye began to deteriorate. After several weeks of treatment, my vision improved.
Wears new glasses with double lenses (bifocals). A great rarity for that time. Instead of glasses, he often uses a large magnifying glass.
After the assassination attempt, the trembling in my left leg went away for a while.
Mistrust is rampant.
The curvature of the spine is now clearly visible, even when he sits.
The whole left side is already shaking. The gait is dragging. Eyes are subject to tic. Balance problems, constantly falling while walking.
Headaches are treated with cocaine.
Sick with jaundice.
Cardiogram and ECG show sclerosis of the coronary vessels of the heart, hypertrophy and disruption of the left ventricle of the heart (most likely a heart attack)
Losing weight.
From the outside it looks terrible.
There is no sense of balance. If he needs to move 20-30 cm, he needs to sit on a special bench several times and hold on to his interlocutor.
Even though he had documents printed at 3x magnification, he had to wear very high magnification glasses.
Memory lapses, asking the same question several times.
Since February it has been virtually a ruin.
Leader of the NSDAP
Creation of the NSDAP
Hitler considered the defeat of the German Empire in the war and the November Revolution of 1918 to be the product of traitors who “stabbed in the back” the victorious German army.
At the end of 1918 he returned to Munich and joined the Reichswehr. On behalf of the unit commander, Major K. Hirl, he was engaged in collecting incriminating material on participants in the revolutionary events in Munich. On the recommendation of Captain Ernst Röhm (who became Hitler’s closest ally), he became a member of the Munich “German Workers’ Party”, which held meetings in the Sterneckerbräu beer hall.
On October 16, 1919, the future Fuhrer made his first party political speech in the Hofbräukeller beer hall, showing himself to be an excellent speaker. Quickly ousting its founders from the leadership of the party, he became the sovereign leader - the Fuhrer.
On February 24, 1920, Adolf Hitler organized the first of many large public events of the Nazi Party that would take place there in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall. During his speech, he proclaimed twenty-five points that became the program of the Nazi Party. This date is considered the date of formation of the NSDAP. At Hitler's initiative, the party adopted a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party (in German transcription NSDAP). In political journalism they began to be called Nazis, by analogy with the socialists - Soci.
07/11/1921 - withdrawal from the NSDAP.
07/26/1921 - return to the NSDAP.
07/29/1921 - election as chairman of the NSDAP.
01/12/1922 - sentenced to three months in prison for disturbing the peace.
26.06-27.07. 1922 - Munich-Stadelheim prison.
01/27-29/1923 - the first all-German congress of the NSDAP in Munich.
"Beer putsch"
Hitler in the 20s
By the beginning of the 1920s. The NSDAP became one of the most prominent organizations in Bavaria. Ernst Röhm stood at the head of the assault troops (German abbreviation SA). Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria.
In 1923, a crisis broke out in Germany, caused by the French occupation of the Ruhr. The Social Democratic government, which first called on the Germans to resist and plunged the country into an economic crisis, and then accepted all the demands of France, was attacked by both the right and the communists. Under these conditions, the Nazis entered into an alliance with the right-wing conservative separatists who were in power in Bavaria, jointly preparing an attack against the Social Democratic government in Berlin. However, the strategic goals of the Allies differed sharply: the former sought to restore the pre-revolutionary Wittelsbach monarchy, while the Nazis sought to create a strong Reich. The leader of the Bavarian right, von Kahr, proclaimed a state commissar with dictatorial powers, refused to carry out a number of orders from Berlin and, in particular, to disband the Nazi units and close the Völkischer Beobachter. However, faced with the firm position of the Berlin General Staff, the leaders of Bavaria (Kar, Lossow and Seiser) hesitated and told Hitler that they did not intend to openly oppose Berlin for the time being. Hitler took this as a signal that he should take the initiative into his own hands.
On November 8, 1923, at about 9 o'clock in the evening, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of armed stormtroopers, appeared at the Munich beer hall "Bürgerbräukeller", where a meeting was taking place with the participation of Carr, Lossow and Seiser. Upon entering, Hitler announced the “overthrow of the government of traitors in Berlin.” However, the Bavarian leaders soon managed to leave the beer hall, after which Carr issued a proclamation dissolving the NSDAP and the storm troopers. For their part, the stormtroopers under the command of Röhm occupied the ground forces headquarters building at the War Ministry; there they, in turn, were surrounded by Reichswehr soldiers.
On the morning of November 9, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of a 3,000-strong column of stormtroopers, moved towards the Ministry of Defense, however, on Residenzstrasse, their path was blocked by a police detachment that opened fire. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters fled the streets. This episode went down in German history under the name “Beer Hall Putsch.”
In February - March 1924, the trial of the leaders of the coup took place. Only Hitler and several of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler (for high treason) to 5 years in prison and a fine of 200 gold marks, however, after 9 months he was released.
On the way to power
07/07/1924 - resignation from the leadership of the banned NSDAP.
12/20/1924 - early release.
During the absence of the leader, the party disintegrated. Hitler had to practically start everything from scratch. Rem provided him with great help, beginning the restoration of the assault troops. However, a decisive role in the revival of the NSDAP was played by Gregor Strasser, the leader of right-wing extremist movements in North and North-West Germany. By bringing them into the ranks of the NSDAP, he helped transform the party from a regional (Bavarian) into a national political force.
07/18/1925 - publication of the first volume of Mein Kampf.
07/3-4/1926 - second congress of the NSDAP in Weimar. Foundation of the Hitler Youth.
11/1/1926 - establishment of the senior leadership of the SA. The beginning of the conquest of “red Berlin” by Goebbels.
12/10/1926 - publication of the second volume of Mein Kampf.
08/19-21/1927 - third congress of the NSDAP in Nuremberg.
Meanwhile, Hitler was looking for support at the all-German level. He managed to win the trust of some of the generals, as well as establish contacts with industrial magnates.
08/1-4/1929 - the fourth all-German congress of the NSDAP in Nuremberg.
When parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1932 brought the Nazis a significant increase in parliamentary mandates, the ruling circles of the country began to seriously consider the NSDAP as a possible participant in government combinations. An attempt was made to remove Hitler from the leadership of the party and rely on Strasser. However, Hitler managed to quickly isolate his associate and deprive him of all influence in the party. In the end, the German leadership decided to give Hitler the main administrative and political post, surrounding him (just in case) with guardians from traditional conservative parties.
02/25/1932 - German citizen.
March-April 1932 - candidate in the elections of the Reich President of Germany. The first German politician to make campaign trips by plane. Takes lessons in public speaking and acting from opera singer Paul Devrient.
06/04/1932 - dissolution of the Reichstag.
November 6, 1932 - elections to the Reichstag. The NSDAP has the strongest faction.
Reich Chancellor and Head of State
Domestic policy
On January 30, 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler Reich Chancellor (head of government). As Reich Chancellor, Hitler was the head of the Reich Cabinet. On February 27, the parliament building, the Reichstag, was set on fire. The official version of what happened was that the Dutch communist van der Lubbe, who was captured while putting out a fire in the Reichstag, was to blame. There is a version of Nazi involvement in the arson.
William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: Volume 2, Chapter 7, "Fire in the Reichstag":
It seems clear that van der Lubbe was used as a figurehead by the Nazis. Yes, he was pushed into arson. But the bulk of the “work” was assigned - of course, without Lubbe’s knowledge - to the stormtroopers. And indeed, at the trial that followed in Leipzig, it was established that this crazy Dutchman could not have set fire to a huge building so quickly.
Thus, with the help of one legal act, Hitler had the opportunity not only to silence his opponents and throw them behind bars at his whim, but also to give the notorious communist danger, so to speak, an “official” character, in order to instill more fear in millions of fellow citizens from the middle class and the peasantry, to convince them that if they do not vote for the National Socialists in a week, then the communists may seize power.
One way or another, by taking advantage of the arson of the parliament building, the Nazis only strengthened their control over the state. First the communist and then the social democratic parties were banned. A number of parties were forced to dissolve themselves. Trade unions were liquidated, the property of which was transferred to the Nazi labor front. Opponents of the new government were sent to concentration camps without trial or investigation. Anti-Semitism was an important part of Hitler's domestic policy. Mass persecution of Jews and Gypsies began. On September 15, 1935, the Nuremberg Racial Laws were passed, depriving Jews of civil rights; in the fall of 1938, an all-German Jewish pogrom (Kristallnacht) was organized. The development of this policy a few years later was Operation Endlözung (Final Solution), aimed at the physical extermination of the entire Jewish population. This policy culminated in the genocide of the Jewish population, a decision about which was made already during the war (see Holocaust).
On August 2, 1934, President Hindenburg died. According to the results of a plebiscite held in mid-August, the presidency was abolished, and the presidential powers of the head of state were transferred to Hitler as the “Führer and Reichskanzler” (Führer und Reichskanzler). These actions were approved by 84.6% of the electorate. Thus, Hitler also became the Supreme Commander of the armed forces, whose soldiers and officers now swore allegiance to him personally.
Under Hitler's leadership, unemployment was sharply reduced and then eliminated. Large-scale humanitarian aid campaigns have been launched for people in need. Mass cultural and sports festivals, etc. were encouraged. However, the basis of the policy of the Hitler regime was preparation for revenge for the lost World War I. For this purpose, industry was reconstructed, large-scale construction began, and strategic reserves were created. In the spirit of revanchism, propaganda indoctrination of the population was carried out.
1-16.08.1936 - XI Olympic Summer Games in Berlin.
The beginning of territorial expansion
Shortly after coming to power, Hitler announced Germany's withdrawal from the military articles of the Treaty of Versailles limiting Germany's military efforts. The hundred-thousand-strong Reichswehr was transformed into a million-strong Wehrmacht, tank troops were created and military aviation was restored. The status of the demilitarized Rhineland was abolished.
In 1936-1939, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, provided significant assistance to the Francoists during the Spanish Civil War.
In March 1938, Austria was annexed.
In the fall of 1938, in accordance with international agreements (Munich Agreement of 1938), part of Czechoslovakia was annexed - the Sudetenland (Reichsgau).
Time magazine, in its January 2, 1939 issue, called Hitler "the man of 1938." The article dedicated to the “Man of the Year” began with Hitler’s title, which, according to the magazine, reads as follows: “Führer of the German people, Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, Navy & Air Force, Chancellor of the Third Reich, Herr Hitler." The final sentence of the very lengthy article foreshadowed: “To those who watched the closing events of the year it seemed more than probable that the Man of 1938 may make 1939 a year to be remembered).
In March 1939, the Czech Republic was occupied (a satellite state was created on the territory of Slovakia) and part of the territory of Lithuania near Klaipeda (Memel region) was annexed. After this, Hitler makes territorial claims to Poland (first - about the provision of an extraterritorial road to East Prussia, and then - about holding a referendum on the ownership of the “Polish Corridor”, in which people living in this territory as of 1918 would have to take part ). Since the latter demand was clearly unacceptable to Poland's allies - Great Britain and France, Hitler actually announced his readiness to enter into conflict with them.
The Second World War
These claims are met with sharp rebuff. Hitler concludes the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Stalin, containing the terms of the division of Eastern Europe between Germany and the USSR (August 23, 1939), then provokes the Gleiwitz incident and uses it as a pretext for an attack on Poland (September 1), in fact - the casus belli of World War II . Having defeated Poland in September, Hitler occupied Norway, Denmark, Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium in April-May 1940, broke through the front in France and in June occupied Paris and took France out of the war. An attempt to force England to capitulate or sign peace fails due to the threat of attack from the USSR, and hopes for a landing operation and occupation of the island are in vain. In the spring of 1941, Hitler captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 attacked the USSR. The defeats of the Soviet troops at the first stage of the Soviet-German war led to the occupation by Hitler's troops of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and part of Russia. A brutal occupation regime was established in the occupied territories, which killed many millions of people.
However, from the end of 1942, Hitler's armies began to suffer major defeats both in Russia (Stalingrad) and in Egypt (El Alamein). The following year, the Red Army launches a broad offensive, while the Anglo-Americans land in Italy and take it out of the war. In 1944, Soviet territory was liberated from occupation and the Red Army advanced into Poland and the Balkans; at the same time, Anglo-American troops landed in Normandy and liberated most of France. With the beginning of 1945, the fighting was transferred to the territory of the Reich.
Attempts on Hitler
Every year on November 8, Hitler spoke to veterans of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany in the Munich beer hall "Bürgerbräu". Their meetings and speeches by the Fuhrer were one of the most sacred traditions for the Nazis. A certain Johann Georg Elser, a carpenter by profession, decided to take advantage of this. In the fall of 1938, he decided to destroy Hitler and spent a year carefully preparing the assassination attempt. He mounted an improvised explosive device with a clock mechanism into a column in front of which a platform for the leader was usually installed. Knowing that the Fuhrer's speeches at these meetings always began at 21:00 and lasted for about an hour, he set the explosive device for 21:20. On November 8, 1939, at 9:20 p.m., the pub was rocked by an explosion. 8 people were killed and 63 wounded. However, Hitler was not among the victims. The Fuhrer, this time limiting himself to a brief greeting to those gathered, left the hall at 21:13, as he had to return to Berlin. That same evening, Elser was captured at the Swiss border and, after several interrogations, confessed to everything. As a "special prisoner" he was placed in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, then transferred to Dachau. On April 9, 1945, when the Allies were already close to the concentration camp, Elser was shot by order of Himmler.
In 1944, a plot was organized against Hitler on July 20, the purpose of which was his physical elimination and the conclusion of peace with the advancing Allied forces.
Hitler remained alive. After the assassination attempt, he was unable to stand on his feet all day, as more than 100 fragments were removed from his leg. In addition, his right arm is dislocated, the hair on the back of his head is singed, and his eardrums are damaged. The ear canals are bleeding. I became temporarily deaf in my right ear.
Eva Brown. Hitler drawing
Death of Hitler
“There is no doubt that Hitler shot himself” (Dr. Matthias Uhl).
“With the arrival of the Russians in Berlin, Hitler was afraid that the Reich Chancellery would be bombarded with sleeping gas shells, and then they would put him on display in Moscow, in a cage” (Traudl Junge).
According to the testimony of witnesses interrogated by both Soviet counterintelligence agencies and the corresponding Allied services, on April 30, 1945, in Berlin surrounded by Soviet troops, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide, having previously killed their beloved dog Blondie.
In Soviet historiography, the point of view has been established that Hitler took poison (potassium cyanide, like most Nazis who committed suicide), however, according to eyewitnesses, he shot himself. There is also a version according to which Hitler, having taken an ampoule of poison into his mouth and bit into it, simultaneously shot himself with a pistol (thus using both instruments of death).
According to witnesses from among the service personnel, even the day before, Hitler gave the order to deliver cans of gasoline from the garage (to destroy the bodies). On April 30, after lunch, Hitler said goodbye to people from his inner circle and, shaking their hands, together with Eva Braun, retired to his apartment, from where the sound of a shot was soon heard. Shortly after 15:15, Hitler's servant Heinz Linge, accompanied by his adjutant Otto Günsche, Goebbels, Bormann and Axmann, entered the Fuhrer's apartment. Dead Hitler sat on the sofa; a blood stain was spreading on his temple. Eva Braun lay nearby, with no visible external injuries. Günsche and Linge wrapped Hitler's body in a soldier's blanket and carried it out into the garden of the Reich Chancellery; after him they carried out Eve’s body. The corpses were placed near the entrance to the bunker, doused with gasoline and burned. On May 5, the bodies were found by a piece of blanket sticking out of the ground and fell into the hands of the Soviet SMERSH. The body was identified, in particular, with the help of Käthe Heusermann (Ketty Goiserman), Hitler's dental assistant, who confirmed the similarity of the dentures presented to her at the identification with Hitler's dentures. However, after leaving the Soviet camps, she retracted her testimony. In February 1946, the remains, identified by the investigation as the bodies of Hitler, Eva Braun, the Goebbels couple - Joseph, Magda and their 6 children, as well as two dogs, were buried at one of the NKVD bases in Magdeburg. In 1970, when the territory of this base was to be transferred to the GDR, at the proposal of Yu. V. Andropov, approved by the Politburo, these remains were dug up, cremated to ashes and then thrown into the Elbe] (according to other sources, the remains were burned in a vacant lot in area of the city of Schönebeck (Elbe) 11 km from Magdeburg and thrown into the Biederitz River). Only dentures and part of the skull with a bullet entry hole (found separately from the corpse) were preserved. They are kept in Russian archives, as are the side arms of the sofa with traces of blood on which Hitler shot himself. However, Hitler's biographer Werner Maser expresses doubts that the discovered corpse and part of the skull really belonged to Hitler. In September 2009, researchers from the University of Connecticut, based on the results of their DNA analysis, stated that the skull belonged to a woman less than forty years old. FSB representatives denied this.
Hitler in cultural works
Films and performances
Movies have been made about the biography of Adolf Hitler, including: the Canadian “Hitler: The Rise of Evil” (2003; Hitler is played by Thomas Sangster, Simon Sullivan and Robert Carlyle); Italian-English “Hitler: The Last 10 Days” (Hitler: The Last 10 Days, 1973); German "Bunker" (Der Untergang, 2004).
The following films are dedicated to satirizing Adolf Hitler: Charles Chaplin's comedy film “The Great Dictator”; short film by A. Kagadeev and N. Kopeikin “Adolf and his team” from the “Geopolips” series (in the role of Hitler - I. N. Tourist); comedy by German director Dani Levy “Mein Fuhrer: The Truly Truest Truth about Adolf Hitler” (2007).
appears in American cartoons during World War II, for example, in the film “Russian Rhapsody” produced by Warner Bros.
Much attention is paid to Adolf Hitler in Leni Riefenstahl's documentary Triumph of the Will.
The Fuhrer also appears on screen in Riefenstahl's Olympia, cheering for German athletes at the eleventh Olympics in 1936 in Berlin (for which the Olympic flame was delivered from Greece for the first time) and leaving the stadium after the black American Owens takes his fourth gold.
A popular performer of the role of Hitler in Western cinema was the German actor Gunter Meissner. Moreover, he played this role both in serious films and in comedies (such as “Ace of Aces”). In the famous trilogy of the Czechoslovak director Otkar Vavra (Days of Betrayal, Sokolovo, Liberation of Prague), the German Fuhrer is played by Gunnar Möller.
In the Soviet film epic “Liberation” (in all five films), the role of Hitler was played by an actor from the GDR, Fritz Dietz (who played the Fuhrer in the theater and in the DEFA film “Frozen Lightning”). He continued his work in Yuri Ozerov’s next film, “Soldiers of Freedom.” In Ozerov’s subsequent film epics, another actor from the GDR, Achim Petri, plays the role of Hitler. Domestic actors also played this role in Soviet films. Such as Mikhail Astangov (“Battle of Stalingrad”, 1949-1950), Vladimir Savelyev (“The Fall of Berlin”, 1949 and “Secret Mission”, 1950), Vladimir Osenev (“Shield and Sword”), Stanislav Stankevich (“Blockade” , “General Shubnikov’s Corps”), Sergei Martinson (“Third Strike”, “New Adventures of Schweik”), V. Bogomazov (“Convoy PQ-17”)
The film “Moloch” (1999-2000) is dedicated to Hitler - the first film in Alexander Sokurov’s trilogy about people in power. In the role of Hitler - Leonid Mozgovoy.
Attention is also paid to the Fuhrer in the film Ordinary Fascism (film) by Mikhail Romm.
In the early 1970s, director of the Moscow Taganka Theater Yuri Lyubimov staged the play Fallen and Living. In this performance, Vladimir Vysotsky, in particular, played the role of Hitler and sang his song Soldiers of the Center group. Vysotsky talks about the performance
In 2004, the film "Bunker" was shot in Germany about the last days of the Third Reich, based on the memoirs of Traudl Junge, Adolf Hitler's personal secretary.
Comedy "The Producers" Mel Brooks 1968
In 2008, the domestic comedy film “Hitler Kaput!” was released, where the Fuhrer was played by Mikhail Krylov. The comedy turned out to be a failure.
In the Russian television series about Olga Chekhova “The Legend of Olga” (2008), the role of Hitler was played by Daniil Spivakovsky.
In 2008, Hollywood director Bryan Singer shot the film “Operation Valkyrie” with Tom Cruise in the title role. The film is based on real events and tells about the assassination attempt on Hitler, organized by high-ranking Wehrmacht officers.
In 2009, he was mentioned in the series Wolf Messing: Seeing Through Time.
In 2009, he was featured in the film Inglourious Basterds (based on the film; he was killed in Paris in 1944).
Literature
Welsh writer Roald Dahl wrote the story “Birth and Catastrophe” (eng. “Genesis and Catastrophe: A True Story”, in other translations - “The Road to Paradise”, “The Birth of a Disaster”) about the problematic birth of a child, the reader sympathizes with the mother, but only at the very end it becomes clear that we are talking about Hitler’s mother and the birth of Adolf himself.
In 2001, French writer Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt wrote a novel, “Part of Another,” in which he describes how Hitler’s life might have gone if he had passed the entrance exams at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts and not become a dictator.
Music
Composition "Little Hitlers" by Everything But the Girl
Composition “Hitler in my heart” by Antony and The Johnsons
Composition “Hitler” (solo album by Gleb Samoilov “Little Fritz”)
Composition “Führer, Fuhrer” by the group Splin
Composition “Hitler As Kalki” by Current 93
Composition “Hitler Was a Sensitive Man” by Anal Cunt
Composition “Happy Birthday Hitler” by Dr.Fikalister project
Interesting Facts
At the official opening of Madame Tussauds in Berlin (2008), one of the visitors tore off the head of a wax figure of Hitler. The very fact of placing the figure within the walls of the museum caused indignation among some Berlin residents (most Berliners are not against such an exhibition). According to Berlin police, the visitor, a 41-year-old unemployed former policeman, “... hit an eyewitness who wanted to interfere with him and tore off the head of the Hitler statue.”
One day, when Hitler went to rest, those who remained began to play cards and smoke. Hitler unexpectedly returned. Eva Braun's sister threw a burning cigarette into an ashtray and sat on it, since Hitler forbade smoking in his presence. Hitler noticed this and decided to joke. He approached her and asked her to explain the rules of the game in detail. In the morning, Eva, having learned everything from Hitler, asked her sister, “how are you doing with the blisters from burns on your butt.”
PYSY: In addition, I forgot to remind you about Hitler’s trash, heroes of the ROA
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