How to correctly determine the accusative and genitive cases. Accusative

There are six cases in the Russian language, each of which has its own meaning. Each case has its own questions, which makes determining the case much easier. Questions often arise about how to distinguish the two cases from each other. The following tips will help you cope with this task.

Get to know the cases in primary school, at this age the emphasis should be on questions, auxiliary words and prepositions. And the difficulty in determining the accusative and genitive cases sometimes coincide, so in determining them you should not use only this principle.

Signs of cases

Endings matter. Thus, nouns in the genitive case (R.p.) have the following endings:

• -и, -ы - in the 1st declension;
• -a, -i - in the 2nd declension;
• -i - in the 3rd declension.

The ending of nouns in the accusative case (V. p.):

• y, -yu - in the 1st declension;
• a, -i - in the 2nd declension;
• in the 3rd declension.

Questions will help determine the case. In the genitive case - whom? and what? In the accusative - whom? So what? To make it easier to define, auxiliary words are added:

• in the genitive case - there is no (who? what?) computer;
• in the accusative case - I see (who? what?) a computer.

Comparative table of genitive and accusative cases

How to determine case

You should use a step-by-step guide to determine case:

• Determine animate/inanimate.
• Ask appropriate questions (when asking questions, it is easier to use questions in pairs - who? what? and whom? what? since they are the same for animate nouns).
• Determine compatibility with auxiliary words (no, I see).
• If it is necessary to replace words and determine the case by analogy.

So, replacement is necessary in several cases. Animate masculine nouns of the 2nd declension have the same forms in R. p. and V. p. (student’s portfolio and know student).

The trick: in order not to make a mistake, you should replace it with any word of the 1st declension (student’s briefcase and I know the student). In this case, “student” is R. p., and “student” is V. p. The same will happen with the word “student”.

In plural the forms of animate nouns also coincide (books of students and know students). To do this, they should be replaced with inanimate noun in the plural (books of libraries and know libraries). “Libraries” - R. p., and “libraries” - V. p.). The same is true with the word “disciples”.

Meaning of cases

The rule is that Genitive means:

• belonging to someone or something (for example, a man’s car);
• the relationship between the whole and the individual part (school class);
• display of a feature of an object in relation to another feature (questioning result);
• the object of influence, if there is a verb with negation (does not drink milk);
• object of influence, if there is a verb of desire, removal or intention (to avoid punishment);
• comparison ( faster than the river);
• object of measurement, date or account (glass of juice).

The accusative case means:

• transition of action to an object (for example, reading a book);
• transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (study all day, run a kilometer);
• dependence on the adverb (sorry for the bird).

There are a number of tasks to consolidate the material: exercises on comparison, transformation, distribution and others.

What case is needed for negation?

A noun referring to a negative verb can take the genitive or accusative form, for example: didn't read this article - didn't read this article. The difficulty lies in the fact that in some cases one case or another is preferable, while in others there is an equal opportunity to use both the genitive and accusative cases.

When is the genitive case needed?

When combined with a verb Not have: Not It has rights, values, meaning, intentions, concepts, influence; Not It has Houses, money, cars, brother, friend, information.

If there are words no, nobody's neither one : did not take any responsibility, did not lose a single gram, did not read a single article.

With verbs of perception, thought: didn’t understand the question, didn’t know the lesson, didn’t feel pain, didn’t notice the mistake, didn’t see the road sign.

If the noun has an abstract meaning: does not waste time, does not feel desire, does not hide joy.

If a pronoun is used as a dependent word: I won’t allow this; don't do that.

If there are intensifying particles before the verb or immediately before the name And, even : We were leaving behind shopping three of us, But Lyuba And words say Not succeeded, old men themselves All chose(Kettle.); Hands trembling And Not hold even bowls With medicine - Not hold them And books(Sart.); On sidewalks closely, But nobody you Not will push, nobody neither With by whom Not quarrels, Not you'll hear even loud words(gas.)

If there is a repeating conjunctionno no: does not read either books or newspapers.

Notplays roles, Not produces impression, Not draws does not pay attention, does not pay attention,Not brings damage, Not gives significance, no doubt, does not participate etc. And also: Not speaking (Not having said) thin words; Not reduce eye With whom-what-l.; Not find to myself places; whip butt Not you'll kill me.

When is the accusative case needed?

If negative Not stands not with a verb, but with another word:I don’t really like poetry, I don’t always read books, I haven’t fully mastered the subject(cf.: I love poetry, but not very much; reads books, but not always; mastered the subject, but not completely).

If a verb, in addition to this noun, must have another dependent noun or adjective: he doesn't find the book interesting; I didn’t read the article last night; did not provide the region with electricity; Isn't it You Not do you think this practice useful?

If the noun refers to an infinitive separated from a negated verb by another infinitive: he doesn't want to start writing his memoirs(cf. he doesn't want to write memoirs And memoirs).

If there are pronouns in a sentence indicating the definiteness of the object: This song Not you'll strangle, Not you will kill; he didn't solve this problem(cf.: he didn't solve problems); Rostov, Not wanting impose yours acquaintance, Not went V house(L. Tolstoy).

When present after a noun subordinate clause with the word which : He didn't read the book I gave him.

With an animate noun or with a proper noun: Co time my conduction I Not I love Lesnaya street(Paust.); But Surovtsev already understood, What leave, Not having seen I believe, Not V forces(Chuck.).

If negation is part of the particle barely Not, a little Not, a little-a little Not: Barely Not dropped cup; A little Not missed it tram; A little was Not lost ticket.

In fact negative sentences typeNo one show work; nowhere publish article.

In some stable combinations: Not fool to me head; Not rock teeth.

In other cases, nouns in the described constructions can usually be used in the form of both the genitive case and the accusative case.

Which case was used earlier in these constructions - genitive or accusative?

Previously, verbs with negation were almost always used in the genitive case. “Russian Grammar” writes: “The single old norm of the obligatory genitive case for verbs with negation in modern language under the influence of colloquial speech it is not maintained: in many cases the use of the accusative case is not only preferred, but is also the only correct one.”

The strict obligatory nature of the genitive case for a verb with negation was questioned already in the 19th century. Objecting to the criticism, A. S. Pushkin wrote: “The verse “I don’t want to quarrel for two centuries” seemed incorrect to the criticism. What does the grammar say? That an active verb, controlled by a negative particle, no longer requires the accusative, but the genitive case. For example me Not writing poems. But in my verse the verb quarrel we control not a particle Not, and the verb Want. Ergo rule does not apply here. Take, for example, the following sentence: I Not I can let you start writing ... poetry, and certainly not poems. Is it really possible that the electrical force of a negative particle must pass through this entire chain of verbs and be reflected in a noun? I don’t think so” (from the article “Rebuttal to Critics”, 1830).

References:

Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. –3rd ed., erased. M., 2008.

Russian grammar / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1980.

Noun is a part of speech that names objects and answers questions “ What? » / « Who? " In Russian, a noun acts as an object, adverbial, subject or predicate. This is one of the main lexical categories denoting the names of things, organisms and living beings, persons, events, facts, geographical location, phenomena, as well as properties, states, qualities and actions. The noun is modified according to special cases, between which there is a certain system of differences. To avoid grammatical and lexical errors, you need to be able to distinguish them.

Necessary:

To learn to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case, you need to remember school curriculum Russian language for grades 4-5. In this case, you will need not only school textbook, but also a table of cases.

Instructions:

• The school textbook tells us that there are only six cases in the Russian language. They are called as follows: nominative , dative , prepositional , instrumental , accusative And genitive . We're interested in the last two, so let's focus on them.
• To determine this characteristic for any noun, it is necessary to use special auxiliary questions and words. It should be noted that both schoolchildren and highly educated people constantly confuse the accusative and genitive cases. This happens because the auxiliary questions for determining them are almost identical: for the genitive " no one? what? ", for accusative " see who? What? " That is, a question to animate objects the same is specified: “ whom? ».
• If you cannot determine the required form, ask a clarifying question to the noun: “ see what? " or « no what? " to define it. The accusative case is used if the word takes on the nominative form after a clarifying question.
• The genitive case can also be determined using a test word "cat". When you substitute the indicated word for any noun, pay attention to the ending. Example: instead of a word "teacher" in a phrase "pride in the teacher" Substituting the test word, we get the phrase "pride of the cat". Ending « And » indicates genitive case, ending "y" to accusative.
• Remember that the genitive always indicates the relationship between the whole and the part ( glass of water), comparison with something or someone ( more beautiful than Vasilisa) and belonging ( brother's motorcycle). The accusative describes and denotes temporal-spatial relations ( wait a minute), and also indicates a transition from an action to an object ( stroking a cat).

In Russian everything six independent cases, and nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns are declined (changed by case). But schoolchildren often have difficulty determining case. Students cannot always correctly put a question to a word, and this leads to mistakes. Particular difficulties arise when the word is different cases has the same shape.

There are several techniques that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Please note that the question must be case, and not semantic. For questions where? Where? When? Why? case cannot be determined.

Both candidates(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – etc.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining case:

To distinguish homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e in both D. p. and P. p.).

Walk on the roads(Why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine gender.

Met a friend(the ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.).

Met a friend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. Magic word Mother.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. As always, he will come to the rescue "Mother". This is the word that can be substituted into a sentence. Framed, look at the ending: mom A – nominative, mom Y – Genitive; mom U – accusative.

Perish yourself, and comrade(ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, and mom(V.p.) help out.

6. Knowledge of characteristic prepositions also helps to determine case.

As you can see, there are prepositions characteristic of only one case: without– for genitive case (no hitch); by, to – for dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, in front of you).

Let us remember that the case of the adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with the new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – etc.

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You will need

• Nouns in genitive and accusative cases.
• Knowledge of case definitions.
• Knowledge of questions that determine cases.

Instructions

Genitive
According to the definitions in, the genitive case means:
Belonging to someone or something, for example “an arctic fox skin”, “teacher’s journal”;

If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, for example, “magazine page (RP)”;

Displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another object, for example, “survey results (RP)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, for example, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, for example, “to wish happiness (R.p.)”, “to avoid responsibility (R.p.)”;

If there is a comparison of objects, for example, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”;

If the noun is the object of measurement, or genitive date, for example "a spoonful of sour cream" or "Paris Commune Day".

Accusative
According to definitions in the Russian language, the accusative case means:
Transition of action to the subject completely, for example, “leafing through a magazine,” “driving a car”;

Transfer of spatial and temporal relations “walk a mile”, “rest”;

In rare cases, it is formed as a dependence on, for example, “it’s a shame for a friend.”

In order to never confuse a noun, it is important to remember that each case in the Russian language corresponds to a universal question, asking which of a given noun, we ultimately get the corresponding case.
The genitive case corresponds to the question “there is no one?” for the animate and “no what?” for inanimate nouns.
The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see who?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.
Determining the cases of nouns based on its definitions or is extremely difficult. Let’s say that remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings of nouns quite often coincide.
Here is an example using an animate noun in the plural:

Not far away I noticed people (see who? - V.p.)

There were no people around (there was no one? - R.p.)
As you can see, the word is declined in the same way in both cases.

But, in order to finally make sure that the case is determined correctly, mentally substitute an inanimate noun instead of an animate one.
For example:

Not far away I noticed a pillar (see who? - V.p.)

There were no pillars around (there was no one? - R.p.)
From the example it is clear: an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case.

From this we can draw conclusions:
1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a defining question.

2. If you determine the case of an animate noun, because the question “who?” refers to both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it a defining question. For the genitive it will be “no what?”, and for the accusative “I see what?”. If the word looks like in, then the case of your noun is accusative.

In most cases, distinguishing the forms of the genitive and accusative case does not present any difficulties: you just need to pay attention to case endings. If the endings of both forms coincide, you need to proceed according to the following algorithm.

Instructions

If you have something inanimate in front of you, then you should ask a question about it. Nouns in