Angiosperms are monocots and dicotyledons. Dicotyledonous plants
Biology [ Complete guide for preparation for the Unified State Exam] Lerner Georgy Isaakovich
4.5.2. Monocots and dicotyledons
Flowering plants are divided into two classes – dicotyledonous And monocots. The main characteristics of the Dicotyledonous class are the following:
– there are two cotyledons in the seed embryo;
– root system, as a rule, rod-shaped;
– growth of the stem in thickness is ensured by the cambium (lateral meristem);
– leaves, usually with reticulate venation. The exception is plantain.
The flowers have a double perianth. The number of flower components is a multiple of 5, sometimes 4.
The main life forms are trees, grasses, and shrubs.
Signs of the class Monocots:
– the embryo has one cotyledon;
– fibrous root system;
– the stem does not grow in thickness, because has no cambium;
– leaves are simple, with parallel or arcuate veins. The exception is the raven eye.
The number of flower components is a multiple of 3. The perianth is simple.
Classes of flowering plants are divided into: divisions, orders, families, genera, species.
Some families included in these classes are presented in table form:
From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (G-D) author Brockhaus F.A.Dicotyledons Dicotyledones (Dicotyledones). – A class of seed plants containing up to 80,000 species. It constitutes, therefore, about 3/4 of the entire plant kingdom, and therefore appears to predominate in all floras of the globe. Judging by the available paleontological data, they
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(DU) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (DV) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IN) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KR) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OD) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (RA) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SA) by the author TSB From the book I Explore the World. Living world author Cellarius A. Yu. From the book Universal Encyclopedic Reference author Isaeva E. L. From the book Autonomous Survival in extreme conditions and autonomous medicine author Molodan Igor From the book A Primer on Survival in Extreme Situations author Molodan Igor From the author's bookPlants Until recently, when algae also belonged to the plant kingdom, they were called higher plants. Now algae have gone into the kingdom of protists, and now the title “higher” has lost its meaning. There are simply no others in the plant kingdom. Plants in general are land creatures. Back
From the author's bookPlants Avranus officinalisAdonis vernacularAdonis VolzhskyAlthea officinalisArgusia siberianAstragalus sulcatalisAstragalus long-leggedAstragalus short-lobedAstragalus cornucopusHenning's astragalusZinger's astragalusRough wild rosemaryLedum marshBelozor
From the author's book6.11.1. Plants Due to their low energy value flora you should choose plants that grow in large quantities, or with a large food mass, high-calorie plants growing in the coastal part of water bodies (cattail, chilim, reed,
From the author's bookPlants The energy value of many plants is low (no more than 30–40 kcal per 100 g of food mass), so it is difficult to get enough of them. Therefore, first of all, you should look for plants that grow in large quantities or with a large food mass, high-calorie
Continuation. See No. 10, 11, 12/2005
Botany in tables, diagrams, tests and terms
Scheme 5. Development cycle of a flowering plant
Table 11. Main characteristics of families of flowering plants
Family name, |
Flower formula |
Inflorescence |
Structural features vegetative organs |
Representatives and their practical application |
|
Class Dicotyledons |
|||||
Cruciferous (brassicas), 3 thousand |
H 2+2 L 2+2 T 2+4 P 1 |
Pod, pod |
Stems are often shortened (rosette), leaves are simple, whole or dissected; modifications of roots – root vegetables (radish, radish) |
Vegetables: cabbage, radish, radish, horseradish, turnip. Oilseeds: rapeseed, mustard. Medicinal: hiccup, shepherd's purse. Decorative: gillyflower, lunaria. Weeds: wild radish, field grass |
|
Rosaceae (pink), 3 thousand. |
Ch 5 L 5 ТҐПҐ |
Brush, simple umbrella, shield |
Drupe, apple or apple, polynut, frag |
Stems often have thorns, shoot spines, leaves are simple and compound with stipules |
Fruits and berries: apple, pear, plum, cherry, almond, raspberry, strawberry. Medicinal: cinquefoil, mantle, rosehip, rowan. Decorative: sweet clover, spirea, hawthorn |
Legumes, 18 thousand |
R 5 L 1+2+(2) T (9)+1 P 1 |
Brush, head |
The stems are often herbaceous vines, the leaves are pinnately compound with large stipules, trifoliate; leaves can be modified into tendrils |
Food: peas, beans, beans, lentils, soybeans, peanuts. Forage: clover, lupine, alfalfa, vetch. Medicinal: sweet clover, gorse, thermopsis |
|
Solanaceae, 2.5 thousand. |
R (5) L (5) T (5) R 1 |
Brush, curl, whisk |
Berry, box |
Stems are forked, leaves are simple; some have tubers - modified shoots |
Vegetables: potatoes, peppers, eggplant, tomato. Technical: tobacco, shag. Medicinal: henbane, datura, nightshade, belladonna. Decorative: petunia, fragrant tobacco |
Compositae |
There are 4 types of flowers: instead of a calyx, there are films or tufts. |
Brush, curl, whisk. Basket |
Achene, often with a tuft, sail, or spines |
Stems are often shortened (rosette), leaves are simple and compound |
Oilseeds and vegetables: sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke. Medicinal: tansy, yarrow, calendula, string, chamomile |
Class Monocots |
|||||
Cereals (poagrass), 10 thousand. |
O 2+(2) T 3 P 1 |
Complex ear, plume, panicle, cob |
Caryopsis with starchy endosperm |
The stem is culm, hollow inside the internodes, with swollen nodes; leaves sessile with a sheath, entire, simple, linear with parallel veins |
Grains: wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, millet, sorghum. Technical: sugar cane. Forage: timothy, bromegrass, bluegrass. Weeds: wheatgrass, bristle grass, chaff. |
Lily 1, 3 thousand. |
O 3+3 T 3+3 P (3) |
Umbrella, brush, whisk |
Box, berry |
Almost all representatives have modified shoots: rhizomes or bulbs. Only flower stalks appear on the soil surface: leaves are simple, entire, linear or oval, with parallel or arcuate venation |
Vegetables: onions, garlic, asparagus. Medicinal: lily of the valley, kupena, hellebore, aloe. Decorative: lily, tulip |
Table 12. Comparative characteristics of classes of flowering plants
Comparable features |
Class Dicotyledons |
Class Monocots |
Seed embryo |
Has two cotyledons - germ leaves |
Has one cotyledon |
Root system |
Tap type, consists of main, lateral and adventitious roots |
Fibrous type, consists mainly of adventitious and lateral roots |
As it grows, it thickens due to the division of the cambium - the ring of the lateral meristem; conductive bundles open type(have a cambium) arranged in an orderly manner in the stem |
It does not thicken as it grows, since there is no cambium; conductive bundles closed type(do not have a cambium), are located randomly in the stem |
|
Simple and complex of various shapes, petiolate and sessile, often with stipules; venation reticulate with finger-like or pinnate arrangement of veins |
Simple linear, oval, lanceolate, entire sessile and vaginal with parallel and arcuate venation |
|
Four-membered or five-membered with a double perianth, often insect-pollinated |
Three-membered (less often four-membered) with a simple perianth, often self-pollinating and wind-pollinated |
|
Life form |
Trees and shrubs, annual, biennial and perennial herbs |
Annual and perennial herbs (with the exception of tree aloe and palm trees) |
Number of species and families |
180 thousand species, 370 families |
60 thousand species, 60 families |
Table 13. general characteristics bacteria
Cell shape and size |
Features of cellular structure |
Nutrition and breathing |
Reproduction and sporulation |
Representatives |
Spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), curved (vibrios), spiral (spirilla); can form colonies: a thread of balls (streptococcus), a “bunch of grapes” (staphylococcus). Dimensions range from 0.1 – 10 microns (1 micron = 10-6 m). A. Leeuwenhoek first described plaque bacteria in 1683. |
Prokaryotic (prenuclear) unicellular or colonial cells have cell wall from the protein murein and a mucous capsule from polysaccharides; in the cytoplasm there is a nucleoid (nuclear zone) with a circular DNA molecule (plasmid); the cytoplasm also contains ribosomes, photosynthetic membranes (only in autotrophic photosynthesizers) and a mesosome (respiratory organelle); the cell membrane may have outgrowths - flagella and pili (organelles of movement) |
They reproduce only asexually, by direct division into two (amitosis), which occurs when favorable conditions every 20 minutes; asexual reproduction may be preceded by a sexual process (conjugation, transduction or transformation), leading to genetic recombination of daughter cells. Under unfavorable conditions (lack of moisture, food, positive temperature, etc.) they proceed to sporulation: one large endospore is formed from one cell, covered with a thick protective shell, capable of withstanding drying, boiling, freezing, etc. |
They ensure the circulation of substances in nature and participate in the formation of humus - a fertile layer of soil (rotting bacteria); bind atmospheric nitrogen in the form of nitrates and nitrites available to plants (nodule bacteria). Used in industry to produce curdled milk, yogurt, silage (lactic acid bacteria), antibiotics (actinomycetes, streptomycetes), feed protein (hydrogen bacteria). Causative agents of dangerous diseases in humans (plague, cholera, diphtheria, tonsillitis, etc.), animals and plants (burn of apple tree bark) |
Table 14. Characteristics of the main representatives of fungi
Representatives |
Structural features |
Nutrition method |
Features of reproduction |
Meaning |
Molds: mucor, or “white mold” |
Mycelium (mycelium) colorless, multinucleated with rhizoids, sporangia on stalks develop on the mycelium |
Saprophyte (feeds on dead things) organic substances). Develops on bread |
With the help of spores formed in spherical black sporangia; when the nutrient medium is depleted, it switches to sexual reproduction |
Food spoilage |
Penicill, or "green mold" |
The mycelium is multicellular, greenish, with partitions between cells; At the ends of the mycelial filaments (hyphae), tassels (conidia) are formed that carry spores |
Saprophyte. Develops on vegetables, fruits, jam |
With the help of spores formed on conidia; when the nutrient medium is depleted, it switches to sexual reproduction |
Mycelial cells produce penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of staphylococcal bacteria. This family was discovered by A. Fleming in 1929. |
Yeast mushrooms: bread yeast |
Unicellular microscopic, without mycelium, forming colonies of oval cells |
Saprophytes. They feed by fermenting sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide with heat release |
Under favorable conditions, they reproduce vegetatively - by budding; when the nutrient medium is depleted, they switch to sexual reproduction |
Known only in culture, widely used in baking |
Dark horns containing toxic substances – hallucinogens – grow on the mycelium developing in the ears of cereals. |
Fungal spores are carried by insects attracted by the sugary liquid “honeydew” secreted by the fungus. |
Flour made from infected ears of corn can cause severe poisoning, accompanied by gangrene and convulsions. |
||
Mycelium develops inside shoots of plants grown from infected seeds; the resulting ears acquire a “charred” appearance, since the mycelium disintegrates into spores by the time they ripen |
During the flowering of cereals, fungal spores are carried by the wind and, falling on the pistils of flowers, infect new plants. |
Causes diseases of cereals - dusty, blister, stem and bunt |
||
Cap mushrooms: White mushroom, boletus, boletus, russula, chanterelles, etc. |
On multicellular mycelium in favorable conditions (warm, moisture) they develop fruiting bodies(sporophores), consisting of a cap and a stalk; on the underside of the cap, spores develop in the spore-bearing layer (hymenophores) of a tubular or lamellar type |
Using spores; with the help of gametes formed at the ends of the mycelium; vegetative; using pieces of mycelium |
They destroy wood (tinder fungi, honey mushrooms); used as food for humans and animals |
Scheme 6. Scheme biological system plants (basic taxonomic units)
Table 15. General characteristics of lichens
Habitat and representatives |
External |
Internal |
Nutrition and reproduction |
Meaning in nature and human life |
On stones (graphis, lecanora), on tree trunks and branches (parmelia, usnea), on soil (cladonia, cetraria), on processed wood (ramalia, alectoria), in water (hydrothyria, dermacarpon) |
By appearance thalli are distinguished: scale or cortical (graphis), leafy (parmelia), bushy (cladonia) |
The thallus consists of an upper and lower cortex, a core formed by fungal hyphae, and a layer of algal cells (gonidial layer) |
The algae supplies the lichen with organic substances formed during photosynthesis, and the fungus supplies mineral salts and water. Reproduces vegetatively by pieces of the thallus, groups of cells entwined with fungal hyphae blown through holes in the bark (soredia) |
Destroy rocks and form the soil layer (vegetation pioneers). They form the ground cover of the tundra and serve as food for reindeer (moss moss). They are used in industry to record the smell of perfumes, obtain dyes, indicators, etc. |
Table 16. Main life forms (according to K. Raunkier)
Life form |
Characteristic |
Examples of plants |
Fanerofit |
Plants in which renewal buds are located at some distance from the soil surface (above 25 cm). This life form of plants is absolutely dominant (96%) in tropical rainforests (hylaea), and is also significantly represented in subtropical forest formations (65%) |
Siberian pine, ash maple, silver birch, sticky alder |
Low-growing succulents, herbs (creeping), the renewal buds of which are located low above the soil surface (below 25 cm). Found in tundras, highlands and arid regions |
Lingonberries, blueberries, heather, casandra |
|
Hemicryptophyte |
Plants in which renewal buds are kept at soil level during an unfavorable period of the year for vegetation and protected by dead leaves or snow cover. Prevails in the composition of vegetation of the tundra (60%) and steppes (63%) |
Buttercup, dandelion, campanula, some cereals |
Cryptophyte |
Perennial herbaceous plants in which renewal buds are formed in bulbs, tubers, rhizomes and are located in the soil, due to which they are protected from direct exposure to the environment. The above-ground organs of these herbs die off with the onset of a period unfavorable for the growing season, and are subsequently restored from hidden underground buds of renewal, present on the rhizomes and other perennial underground organs of plants |
Anemone buttercup, tulip, goose onion |
Annual plants, completely dying off by winter, but retaining viable seeds. These annual herbs dominate in semi-deserts and deserts (73%), in dry steppes |
Self-seeded poppy, white pigweed, common gillyweed, gray hickory grass |
Table 17. Main plants - indicators of pollution atmospheric air
Components of pollution |
The most important tree species |
Agricultural and ornamental plants |
Sulfur dioxide |
Spruce (European, Serbian), European fir, Scots pine, American ash |
Wheat, barley, alfalfa, clover, cotton, violets |
Hydrogen fluoride |
Norway spruce, European fir, walnut |
Grapes, apricot, gladiolus, lily of the valley, daffodil, tulip, rhododendron |
Common hornbeam, heart-shaped linden |
Celery, shag |
|
Hydrogen chloride |
Norway spruce, European larch, common hazel, sticky alder |
Beans, spinach, radishes, currants, strawberries |
Weymouth Pine |
Tobacco, potatoes, soybeans, tomatoes, citrus fruits |
|
Heavy metals |
Canadian hemlock, smooth elm |
Fescue, orchids, bromeliads |
To be continued
Dicotyledonous plants (lat. Dicotylédones), or Magnoliopsida (lat. Magnoliópsida) - department class angiosperms. The embryo of a dicotyledon seed has two lateral opposite cotyledons, which is their main characteristic, hence the name. Dicotyledonous plants include over 200 thousand species (approximately 10 thousand genera and 300 families ). This class includes both trees and shrubs, but the vast majority are herbaceous plants, which are distributed in all corners of the globe. The most numerous group is the flowering department, numbering over a quarter of a million species.
Unlike monocots, in dicots the vascular bundles are open, of the same size and arranged in the form of rings, and educational tissue (cambium) develops between the wood and the phloem, which provides secondary thickening. The leaves of these plants can be simple or complex, and have reticulate veining. They are usually divided into leaf blade and petiole. The leaf blade is rarely whole, its edges are jagged or with notches. Flowers are 4- or 5-membered, and the number of flower parts (sepals, stamens and carpels) is often a multiple of 4 or 5. The perianth in most species is double. The embryonic root is mainly transformed into the main root, adapted to long-term existence. Among dicotyledons, you can find representatives with atypical characteristics, and sometimes with qualities more characteristic of the monocotyledonous group.
Reproduction
Reproduction of dicotyledons occurs with the help of flowers, in which pollination of the female organs occurs, represented by pistils, which contain eggs, pollen from the male organs or stamens. The process of germination and union of pollen with the egg in the ovary is called fertilization. Pollination can be cross-pollination or self-pollination.
According to the cyclicity of growth and fruiting, all plants are divided into annual, biennial and perennial. Any dicotyledonous plant belongs to one of these groups. Among annual weeds, there are many weeds that grow, bloom, produce seeds and wither in one season. Cycle of growth and maturation biennial plants is two years. During the first season, the plant takes root firmly and forms a leaf rosette. On next year continues its development, blooms and bears fruit, after which it dies. Perennials develop and grow for many years, reaching a certain age, continuing to grow, bloom and bear fruit every year. This maturation takes several years.
If, depending on the number of cotyledons, everything flowering plants are divided into two main classes, the structure of the flower serves as the basis for the formation of families. These are cruciferous vegetables, legumes, nightshades, etc.
Dviskilčiai augalai statusas T sritis ekologija ir aplinkotyra apibrėžtis Augalai, kurių sėklą sudaro du skilčialapiai. atitikmenys: engl. dicotyledonous plant vok. zweisamenlappige Pflanzen, f rus. dicotyledonous plants... Ekologijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
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dicotyledonous plants- (Dicotyledones, or Magnoliopsida), a class of angiosperms (flowering) plants characterized by an embryo with two cotyledons (hence the name). They differ from monocots in the arrangement of vascular bundles in 1 or 2 circles, the presence of a cambium, pinnate... Agriculture. Large encyclopedic dictionary
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- (Lauraceae) usually evergreen woody or less commonly shrubby dicotyledonous plants with leathery leaves. Typical genera of Laurus ( noble laurel), Cinnamomum, Persea, Ocotea, Sassafras, etc. Known since the Early Cretaceous. Distributed mainly in... Geological encyclopedia
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- (Plantae, or Vegetabilia), the kingdom of living organisms; autotrophic organisms, which are characterized by the ability to photosynthesize and the presence of dense cell walls, usually consisting of cellulose; The reserve substance is usually starch. Biological encyclopedic dictionary
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Books
- Set of tables. Biology. 6th grade. Plants, mushrooms, lichens. 14 tables + methodology, . Educational album of 14 sheets. Flower. Inflorescences. Seed. Fetus. Root. Escape and bud. Stem. Sheet. Vegetative propagation plants. Bacteria, fungi. Seaweed. Lichens. Mosses. Moss mosses. Horsetails...
- Flora of Eastern Europe. Volume 11. Angiosperms. Dicotyledons, . The 11th volume of FLORA OF EASTERN EUROPE, like the previous volume, is a continuation of the previously published “Flora of the European Part of the USSR” and contains characteristics of 37 families higher plants from 222...