The separating soft sign is written in the word. Words with a hard sign: main groups and spelling rules
DividingKommersantwritten after consonants before lettersI, Yu, Yo, E,conveying combinations [j] with vowels, in the following cases.
1. After prefixes ending in a consonant .
For example:
a) in words with Russian prefixes: non-nuclear, reveal, enraged, become enraged, worn out, interlingual, get fed up, go around, departure, lift, pre-anniversary, present, disperse, detachable, eat, shrink, sarcastic, supernatural, super-capacious, super-bright.
Letter ъ traditionally it is also written in the word flaw, Although from- is not a prefix in it.
b) in words with prefixes of foreign origin : counter-tier, post-nuclear, post-anniversary, subunit, subcore, superyacht, trans-European .
Words of foreign origin with initial parts are also written ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, ob-, sub- , which in the source language are prefixes, but in the Russian language they are usually not distinguished as prefixes. These include: abjuration, adjective, adjectivation, adjunct, adjustage, adjutant, disjunction, injection, injected, interjection, coadjutor, conjecture, conjugates, conjugation, conjunctiva, conjunctiva, conjunctivitis, conjuncture, conjunction, object, objective, subject, subjective .
2. B difficult words:
a) after the initial parts two-, three-, four- , For example: double-anchor, double-capacity, triple-core, quadruple-tier ;
b) in words pan-European, courier .
After the initial parts of compound words, a separator ъ traditionally it is not written, for example: military lawyer, state language, children, party cell, food fair, special education, household unit, foreign language, Inyurkollegiya, Ministry of Justice.
3. The letter ъ is also written when transmitting foreign proper names and words derived from them (after letters containing paired hard consonants), for example: Kizilyurt(city in Dagestan), Toryal(village in the Republic of Mari El), Guo Hengyu(Chinese personal name), Hengyang(city in China), Tazabagyab culture(archaeological), Jyväsjärvi(lake in Finland), Manyoshu(anthology of ancient Japanese poetry).
In this case, the separating ъ also possible before the letter And , For example: Junichiro(Japanese name).
Note!
1) The letter ъ is not written before letters a, o, y, e, and, s.
For example: interatomic, counterstrike, transoceanic, three-story.
2) The letter ъ is not written in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!), for example: dress, clerk Exception – courier.
3) The letter ъ is not written at the junction of parts of a compound word.
For example: detyasli (nurseries), Inyaz (Institute of Foreign Languages).
4 ) The letter ъ is not written in a noun clerk(there is no prefix in this word under- !). A separator is written in the middle of the word b , since the prefix stands out here By- and the root dyak (-dyach-).
5) In the middle of a word (at the root) rearguard is written separating ь , but not ъ , since prefixes ar- not in Russian.
6) In a word flaw (Turk.) written ъ by analogy with the verb take away.
Dividing b written after consonants before letters i, yu, e, e, and, conveying combinations [j] with vowels.
For example:
- ya : devil, yudyachiy, monkey, billiards, family, drunk, ears of corn, draw, shepherd's, Lukyan;
-yu : loach, interview, pour, family, drink, trot, fifty, sew, fut(interjection);
- yo : nightingale, gun, drinking, crow, serious, life, whose, sewing;
-ye : premiere, play, courier, entertainer, jam, calm, Vietnam, Fourier;
-y : passerine, nightingales, pancakes, bearish, vary, articles, whose, Vigny.
1) The separating b is written in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) after a consonant before letters e, e, yu, i, if after a consonant before a vowel it sounds [j]; for example: vVyot [v’jot], loach [v’jun], clerk [d’jak]).
2) The separative b is written in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [j]) after a consonant before a letter O.
For example: bouillon[bul'jon], sir[sin'jor], minion[min'jon].
In Russian, soft and hard signs have one general function– dividing.
1. Separating Kommersant written before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I after Russian or foreign language prefixes ending in a consonant or in compound words, where the first part is two-, three-, four-, and the second part begins with E, Yo, Yu, I. For example, corrosive, subjective, two-tiered.
REMEMBER: courier, four-act.
2. Separating b written before vowels E, E, Yu, I, I inside a word. Found in foreign words b before ABOUT, For example: blizzard, dress, nightingales, battalion.
3. b used to denote softness at the end of a word: shampoo, stone; after L before other consonants (except L): balsam, glazier; after a soft consonant before a hard one: letter, nanny; in numerals (denoting tens and hundreds) from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900: eight hundred, seventy.
REMEMBER: b not written in combinations H And SCH with other consonants, in combination of letters NN, ZN, SN, NT, ST, ZD: babysit, nocturnal, monkey.
1. b is used to denote grammatical forms:
at the end of third declension nouns: mouse, rye;
· at the end of adverbs ending in hissing: all over, backwards, gallop, backhand(BUT: already, married, unbearable);
· V indefinite form verb : wash, love;
· in the 2nd person singular present and future tense: eat, write;
· in the instrumental case: children, eight;
in particles: only.
Task 1. Rewrite the words, insert the missing letters.
1) in...cautious, 2) from...reveal, 2) from...yat, 4) white...floor, 5) piano...yano, 6) adjutant, 7) n...yuans, 8) nine...yu, 9) head...yuzhit, 10) inter..yuer, 11) os...lamprey, 12) p...edestal, 13) film...capacity, 14) warm...capacious, 15) trans...European, 16) third...annual, 17) three ...tiered, 18) four...storeyed, 19) pass...yans, 20) champignon...on. 21) without...nuclear, 22) var...irovanie, 23) bondage...ero, 24) in...reality, 25) injection...injection, 26) from...yang, 27) mail...on, 28) mouse...yak, 29) fe...eton, 30) inter...linguistic, 31) un...unified, 32) with...capacious, 33) feld...jaeger, 34) four...tier, 35) kan...on, 36) man...chursky, 37) district... e, 38) hugs, 39) conjunctivitis, 40) drive up.
Topic: Text analysis.
Exercise No. 1
Last year something bad happened to me. I was walking along the street, slipped and fell... I fell badly, it couldn’t have been worse: my face hit the curb, I broke my nose, my whole face was broken, my arm popped out in my shoulder. It was approximately seven o'clock in the evening. In the city center, on Kirovsky Prospekt, not far from the house where I live.
With great difficulty I got up - my face was covered in blood, my hand hung like a whip. I wandered into the nearest entrance 5 and tried to calm the blood with a handkerchief. Where there, she continued to whip, I felt that I was holding on in a state of shock, the pain was rolling in more and more, and I had to do something quickly. And I can’t speak - my mouth is broken.
I decided to turn back home.
I walked down the street, I think not staggering: I walked holding a bloody handkerchief to my face, my coat was already glistening with blood. I remember this path well - about three hundred meters. There were a lot of people on the street. A woman and a girl, some couple, an elderly woman, a man, young guys walked towards me, all of them at first looked at me with curiosity, and then averted their eyes, turned away. If only someone along this path would come up to me and ask what was wrong with me, if I needed help. I remembered the faces of many people - apparently with unconscious attention, heightened expectation of help...
The pain confused my consciousness, but I understood that if I lay down on the sidewalk now, they would calmly step over me and walk around me. We need to get home.
Later I thought about this story. Could people mistake me for being drunk? It seems that no, it is unlikely that I made such an impression. But even if they took me for a drunk... They saw that I was covered in blood, something happened - I fell, hit myself - why didn’t they help, didn’t they at least ask what was wrong? So, passing by, not getting involved, not wasting time, effort, “this doesn’t concern me” has become a familiar feeling?
Thinking, I remembered these people with bitterness, at first I was angry, accused, perplexed, indignant, but then I began to remember myself. And I looked for something similar in my behavior. It’s easy to blame others when you’re in a difficult situation, but you definitely have to remember yourself. I can’t say that I had exactly such a case, but I discovered something similar in my own behavior - the desire to step away, evade, not get involved... And, having exposed himself, he began to understand how familiar this feeling had become, how it had warmed up, how it had quietly taken root.
Unfortunately, our abundant conversations about morality are often too general. And morality... it consists of specific things - of certain feelings, properties, concepts.
One of these feelings is the feeling of mercy. The term is somewhat outdated, unpopular today and even seems to have been rejected by our life. Something characteristic only of former times. “Sister of mercy”, “brother of mercy” - even the dictionary gives them as “obsolete.” , that is, outdated concepts.
In Leningrad, in the area of Aptekarsky Island, there was Mercy Street. They considered this name obsolete and renamed the street to Textile Street.
To take away mercy means to deprive a person of one of the most important effective manifestations of morality. This ancient, necessary feeling is characteristic of the entire animal community, the bird community: mercy for the defeated and injured. How did it happen that this feeling became overgrown in us, died out, turned out to be neglected? You can object to me by citing many examples of touching responsiveness, condolences, and true mercy. There are examples, and yet we feel, and have been for a long time now, the decline of mercy in our lives. If only it were possible to make a sociological measurement of this feeling.
I am sure that a person is born with the ability to respond to the pain of others. I think that this is innate, given to us along with our instincts, with our soul. But if this feeling is not used 5 and not exercised, it weakens and atrophies.
Exercise assignment:
Read the text from D. Granin's book "Fulcrum". The article is called "On Mercy". Is this text an argument? Name the main features of the text and this type of speech, prove your opinion.
1) What is the main thesis of this text? What arguments are used to prove it? Are there enough of them? What is the conclusion? Do you agree with this conclusion?
2) What types of speech, besides reasoning, are used in this text?
We repeat the spelling.
1. Final consonants in prefixes (except for prefixes on h-c) over-, under-, before-, before -, from-, about- are always written the same way, no matter how they sound: train – grind, cut – inscription.
2. Consoles without-, through-, from-, bottom-, once-, through-, through- written with a letter Z before vowels and voiced consonants, and with the letter WITH before voiceless consonants: tasteless, heartless, worldview, extremely, excessively.
3. On consoles times- (dis-) or rose- (ros-) written under stress ABOUT, written without accent A: search, search, painting, painted.
Exception: wanted .
REMEMBER: calculation, prudent, count, settle, quarrel.
4. Set-top box With- written before voiceless and voiced consonants: cut down, knock down. In words here, building, health, no way is part of the root.
Fill in the missing letters in the words:
and...following; ra…to know; be...treasured; b...shabby; and...flow; ra…reduced; deathless; ra... to provoke; ra... trample; and...scoop; r...write-off; r...investigation department, r...looking for a book, give r...list.
We repeat the spelling.
Consoles pre-, pre- differ in meaning:
a) prefix pre- close:
* to the meaning of the word “very”: cute;
* to the meaning of the word “differently”: transform, wrangle;
* denotes an action reaching an extreme degree: surpass;
b) prefix at -:
* indicates spatial proximity: coastal;
* joining or approaching: get closer, solder;
* performing an action incompletely: cover, lie down;
* bringing the action to completion: swim, accustom;
* action performed in the interests of the subject: appropriate, pocket.
It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words:
REMEMBER: pursue, neglect, claims, obstacle, challenger, prestige, president, prerogative, punctuation marks; pretend, privilege, private, priority.
Exercise. Write down the phrases, insert the missing letters.
1) give in to dreams, 2) give in to circumstances, 3) a picture without pr...beauty, 4) give in to misunderstanding, 5) give in to ridicule, 6) signs of kicking, 7) give in to memories . .
>>Russian language 2nd grade >>Russian language: Dividing soft sign(b)
Separating soft character(s)
The role and meaning of the soft sign in Russian
Today in the Russian language lesson we will study a special letter, which is called a soft sign. Such a letter, as a soft sign, does not have or indicate any sound, but its role is to indicate the softness of consonant sounds in the letter.
For example: bathhouse, stranded, coal, seal, laziness, pity, horse.
But, in addition to the fact that the soft sign is an indicator of the softness of consonant sounds, it can also be dividing.
And so, now we can sum up the results and conclude that such a letter as a soft sign is used in the Russian language:
To soften the preceding consonant;
As separator;
To indicate certain grammatical forms.
We have already determined when it is necessary to write a soft sign in words to soften consonants. Now let's try to understand the separating soft sign and find out why a soft sign is also called a separating sign, in which cases a soft sign is a separating sign, and how words with a separating soft sign are written.
In order to better understand this topic and understand the difference between a soft sign, which serves to soften consonant sounds, and a dividing soft sign, let’s try to consider this issue with an example.
For example: Seed and family
Read these words carefully. Now pay attention to how the last syllable sounds in the first word - seed. In this word “seed” the sound [m"] has a soft sound, since the letter I gives it softness, and in this syllable the vowel and consonant are pronounced together.
Now let's take a look next word. The word “family” is [sem "ya]. In this case, we see that the consonant and the vowel following it are pronounced separately. Such a separate pronunciation between a vowel and a consonant in writing is indicated using a soft sign, which is called a separating soft sign.
For example: Kolya - stakes, salt - salt, flight - pouring.
Therefore, we can already conclude that the separating soft sign indicates that the consonant and vowel sounds are pronounced separately.
Rules for writing a soft separating character
The separating ь (soft sign) is written:
Firstly, in the middle of the word before the vowels: e, e, yu, i. For example: blizzard, terrier, monkey, health, linen, leaves.
Secondly, in words foreign origin before the letter O. For example: champignons, postman, broth.
Thirdly, the separating soft sign is written at the roots of words, after consonants. For example: December, barley, sparrows, steppe, night.
Also, you need to remember that the separating soft sign is never written:
First, the words come first;
Secondly, after the consoles.
Now let's carefully look at the picture and try to compare the difference between the soft sign, which serves to soften the consonant and the dividing soft sign:
Homework
1. Read carefully the words with a soft sign and first write down only those in which the soft sign is an indicator of softness, and then - words with a separating soft sign.
Moth, dress, family, skates, day, chairs, wool, streams, stakes, ice hole, laziness, despondency, housing, friends, bathhouse, health, jelly, coat, autumn, letter, downpour, computer, corduroy, Daria, happiness, fun, sadness.
2. Choose antonyms for these words and say what role does the soft sign play in them?
Cleanliness, boredom, work, harm, light, enemies, sugar.
3. Write down the words in the plural:
Friend, leaf, wing, branch, log, tree.
4. When writing a separator, what sound do you hear in the words?
5. Solve the crossword puzzle.
Questions for the crossword:
1. What else can you call a snowstorm?
2. Where do bees live?
3. Dad, mom, I are friendly….
4. An animal that loves to climb trees.
5. Carlson’s favorite treat.
The letter Ъ - “hard sign” - is the 28th letter of the Russian alphabet. IN modern language the hard sign does not indicate a sound and serves as a kind of guide for the correct pronunciation of a number of words. However, the hard sign is one of the symbols that formed the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet and, to this day, has gone through a long and difficult path along with the development of the language.
Words with a hard sign: a little history
The hard sign has been known in Cyrillic graphics since ancient times. In the Old Russian language, the letter had a different name - “er” and in some roots it could be pronounced as “o”, and was also written at the end of words ending in a consonant, and after a prefix with a consonant before a root starting with a vowel. This use was practiced until the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1918, during the reform of Russian spelling, the writing of a hard sign at the end of words ending in a consonant was abolished. Today, words with a hard sign in the Russian language are characterized by total number more than 140, and the use of this letter is clearly regulated. Let's talk about this in more detail.
Basic groups of words with a hard sign and their spelling norms
Modern Russian language uses the symbol “Ъ” as a separator. The hard sign is used after consonants before iotated vowels e, e, yu, i, mainly at the junction of morphemes.
Solid sign between prefix and root
1. After prefixes ending in a consonant, before a root beginning with a vowel, and in words with native Russian prefixes ( eat, departure, go around, cringe, sarcastic), and in words with borrowed prefixes ( counter-tier, sub-core, trans-European).
2. A separate group consists of borrowed words with a solid sign, starting with combinations ob-, sub-, ad-, ab-, diz-, inter-, con- and others, which were originally prefixes, but in modern Russian are identified as part root: object, subject, adjutant, abjuration, disjunction, intervention, conjuncture.
Solid sign between parts of compound words
1) before the second root after parts two-, three-, four- ( two-tier, three-anchor, four-capacity);
2) words with a separating solid sign are highlighted separately, such as courier And pan-European;
3) if we are talking about the spelling of complex abbreviated words with a similar structure, then a hard sign is not used in them: specialist, owner, military officer, state language and others.
Hard sign in proper names and their derivatives
There are a number of nouns and their derivatives (names of people and geographical names), where the hard sign is also used: city Kizilyurt, village Toryal, lake Jyväsjärvi, artist Guo Hengyu.
Thus, words with a hard sign in modern Russian are separate group with its own patterns in spelling. Unlike a soft sign, which can be used several times in the same word, a hard sign can only be used once in one word. The above cases of using a hard sign are clear rules that must always be followed. In situations not discussed in this article, under similar conditions, a soft separating sign is used.
The famous Soviet-era linguist Lev Uspensky calls it the most expensive letter in the world. In his work on the origin of words, one can see how he relates to it. In his words, “she absolutely does nothing, helps nothing, expresses nothing.” A pertinent question arises: how did the letter Ъ appear in the Russian language, and what role did its creators assign to it?
The history of the appearance of the letter Ъ
The authorship of the first Russian alphabet is attributed to Cyril and Mythodius. The so-called Cyrillic alphabet, which was based on Greek language, appeared in 863 after the birth of Christ. In their alphabet, the hard sign was number 29 and sounded like ER. (before the reform of 1917-1918 - 27th in a row). The letter Ъ was a short semi-vowel sound without pronunciation. It was placed at the end of a word after a hard consonant.
What then is the meaning of this letter? There are two tractable versions of this explanation.
The first option concerned the Old Slavonic letter itself. Since the familiar spaces at that time simply did not exist, it was she who helped to correctly divide the line into words. As an example: “to God’s chosen king.”
The second explanation is associated with the Church Slavonic pronunciation of words. It was ER that did not muffle the voiced consonant when reading a word, as we see in modern Russian.
We pronounce the words flu and mushroom, which have different meanings, the same way - (flu). There was no such sound phonetics in the Old Church Slavonic language. All words were both written and pronounced. For example: slave, friend, bread. This was explained by the fact that the division of syllables in the Old Church Slavonic language was subject to one law, which sounded like this:
“In the Old Church Slavonic language, the ending of a word cannot have consonants. Otherwise the syllable will be closed. What cannot happen according to this law.”
In view of the above, we decided to assign ERb (Ъ) at the end of words where there are consonants. So it turns out: Deli, Tavern, Pawnshop or Address.
In addition to the above two reasons, there is also a third. It turns out that the letter Ъ was used to denote the masculine gender. For example, in nouns: Alexander, wizard, forehead. They also inserted it into verbs, for example: put, sat, (past tense masculine).
Over time, the letter Ъ performed the function of a word separator less and less often. But the “useless” Kommersant at the end of the words still held its position. According to the aforementioned linguist L.V. Uspensky. this small “squiggle” could take up up to 4% of the entire text. And these are millions and millions of pages every year.
18th century reforms
Anyone who believes that the Bolsheviks fired a control shot at the “head” of the ill-fated letter Kommersant and thereby cleansed the Russian language of church prejudices is a little mistaken. The Bolsheviks simply “finished off” her in 1917. It all started much earlier!
Peter himself thought about language reform, especially about Russian writing. An experimenter in life, Peter had long dreamed of inhaling new life in "decrepit" Old Slavonic language. Unfortunately, his plans only remained plans. But the fact that he got this issue off the ground is his merit.
The reforms that Peter began from 1708 to 1710 primarily affected the church script. The filigree “squiggles” of church letters were replaced by common civilian ones. Letters such as “Omega”, “Psi” or “Yusy” have disappeared into oblivion. The familiar letters E and Z appeared.
The Russian Academy of Sciences began to think about the rationality of using certain letters. So the idea of excluding “Izhitsy” from the alphabet arose among academicians already in 1735. And in one of the printing publications of the same academy, a few years later an article was published without the notorious letter B at the end.
Control shot for the letter Ъ
In 1917, there were two shots - one on the cruiser Aurora, the other at the Academy of Sciences. Some people believe that the reform of Russian writing is the merit of the Bolsheviks exclusively. But historical documents confirm that in this matter, royal Russia also moved forward.
In the first years of the 20th century, Moscow and Kazan linguists were already talking about the reform of the Russian language. 1904 was the first step in this direction. A special commission was created at the Academy of Sciences, the purpose of which was to simplify the Russian language. One of the questions at the commission was the notorious letter B. Then the Russian alphabet lost “Fita” and “Yat”. New spelling rules were introduced in 1912, but, unfortunately, they were never censored then.
Thunder struck on December 23, 1917 (01/05/18). On this day, People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky A.V. signed a decree on the transition to a new spelling. The letter Kommersant, as a symbol of resistance to the Bolsheviks, breathed its last.
In order to speed up the funeral of everything that was associated with the “tsarist regime,” on November 4, 1918, the Bolsheviks issued a decree on the removal of the matrix and letters of the letter Kommersant from printing houses. As a result of this, a spelling miscarriage of the Bolsheviks appeared - the apostrophe. The function of the separator was now played by a comma (lifting, moving).
One era has ended and another has begun. Who would have thought that the small letter B would become so big and important in the confrontation between two worlds, white and red, old and new, before the shot and after!
But the letter Ъ remained. It remains simply as the 28th letter of the alphabet. In modern Russian it plays a different role. But that's a completely different story.