Sewer wiring diagram. Do-it-yourself sewerage installation in a private house
It is not always possible to connect a country cottage to the village sewer system. But fortunately now there are various septic tanks for installation within your own estate. You can always install one of the options yourself and connect pipes from your home plumbing to it. Just how to make a sewer system in a private house so that it long years served correctly and efficiently. There are few rules for the design and installation of such autonomous drainage systems, but they all must be followed.
Types of sewer systems in private homes
The external street part of the sewer system of a country house can be arranged in the form of:
- sealed storage tank;
- septic tank (with one or several chambers);
- septic tank with infiltrator;
- biological stations with aerobic treatment.
Plus, there are also cesspools, but they should only be used in dachas with small volumes of wastewater. For arranging sewerage in a cottage with permanent residence two or three people should choose only a full-fledged septic tank. And in some cases perfect choice there will be a simple storage tank, and in others there will be a purification station with aerobic microorganisms.
Before buying this or that model, you need to weigh everything carefully. What is important here is the number of people living in the house, the amount of wastewater in cubic meters per day, and the characteristics of the soil in the local area.
Storage tank, sealed container
It is customary to choose a storage tank when high level groundwater(UGV). This sealed container is not afraid of rain and floods; sewage will come out of it only in extreme situations. It is best to make such a storage tank from concrete rings or an iron tank. It comes out inexpensively and quickly. The only drawback of this sewerage option is the constant expense of calling a sewer truck every two to three weeks to pump out wastewater.
Installation of a sewer storage tank
Single chamber septic tank
A single-chamber septic tank is a slightly improved classic cesspool in the form of a well with a drainage bottom. The purification of wastewater in it occurs due to the passage of water from the internal sewerage system of a private house through several layers of crushed stone and sand. There is no need to call a vacuum cleaner here, but you will have to clean and rinse the crushed stone-sand drainage twice a year. This option is inexpensive to do, but it can only cope with a small volume of wastewater (suitable only for families of a couple of people).
What is the difference between a single-chamber and a two-chamber septic tank?
Two-chamber septic tank with overflow settling wells
A septic tank with two or three chambers is a structure made up of several overflow wells. The first (and the second for sediment, if any) is made airtight, and the latter, on the contrary, comes with drainage at the bottom. Such a sewer system is capable of purifying fairly large volumes of wastewater from a private home and does not require special attention. However, if the groundwater is located high, then such a septic structure will have to be abandoned.
Construction of a two-chamber septic tank
Septic tank with filtration field
If the ground water level is high and the cottage is large, then to clean the sewer drains you can install a septic tank with filtration field or an infiltrator. In this case, water drainage into the soil also occurs through a sand and gravel filter. However, here it is located not at the bottom of a narrow vertical well, but on a “field” located further away from the foundation of the house in the form drainage pipes or a large-area infiltration structure.
Filtration field design options
Septic tank with biofilter
An anaerobic septic tank with a biofilter will cost more than the options listed above. However, it is more efficient and productive. Plus, after purification, the water can be used to water the garden or wash the car. Such a station is made at a factory from plastic or fiberglass and is divided into compartments inside. The wastewater gradually flows through several chambers, one of which contains special organic-eating bacteria. The result is 90–95% purified water at the outlet.
Construction of a septic tank with a biofilter
Septic tank with forced air supply
An aerobic septic tank (active biotreatment station) is the maximum in productivity and efficiency that is available among autonomous systems sewerage for a private house. Wastewater purification here is carried out by aerobe microorganisms that need constant oxygen supply. This is done using an electric pump; such a septic tank is energy dependent. But the rate at which bacteria “eat” organic matter is high, and the degree of purification fluctuates around 98–99%. A serious disadvantage is the high cost of the station.
Design and principle of operation of a septic tank with forced ventilation
How to choose a sewer system for your home
For a country house with temporary residence, a cesspool, a small storage tank or a single-chamber septic tank with soil drainage is quite enough. But for a private house in which a large family constantly lives, a more powerful treatment plant is required. Best choice there will be an aerobic or anaerobic station.
Pad
Regardless of the option chosen, installation of the external part of the local sewer system can almost always be done independently. Just dig a hole and then install it inside ready septic tank or build it there from brick or concrete.
Where to begin
It is most correct to calculate and think about how to make a sewer system in your cottage not even during the construction of a home, but even at the stage of its design. It is necessary to provide technological openings for pipes in the floors, walls and foundation of the building in advance. It is much more difficult to do this in an already built house. Here, like replacing electrical wiring or installing a ventilation system, it is better to calculate and recalculate everything in advance.
A simple diagram of a septic tank in a private house
How to calculate the volume of a septic tank
The internal volume of a septic tank is calculated based on the number of plumbing fixtures and the amount of their actual waste. But to simplify the sewage system in a private house, it is customary to plan based on 150–200 l/day of wastewater for each person permanently residing in it.
Laying depth
If a septic tank for sewerage installation is chosen with soil drainage, then it must be taken as far away from the cottage as possible. Otherwise, moisture escaping into the soil will negatively affect its foundation. At a minimum, this distance should be 5 m, but in this case it is better to increase it to 8–10 m.
But if a sealed container or biological station is chosen, then the rules for installing sewerage allow them to be located closer than five meters from the building. At the same time, the digging depth treatment plant and sewer pipes from the building should be such that they do not freeze in winter.
System design
Designing internal sewerage in the cottage itself is also quite simple. Difficulties can arise only if the house is built on several floors and with a lot of plumbing. For ordinary low-rise housing of 100–150 square meters, everything can be designed independently. It's no more difficult than choosing an emergency gas generator. You just need to comply with the appropriate building codes.
Tilt angle rules
All horizontal sections of sewerage in a private house should be made at a slope of three (for pipes D = 50 mm) and two degrees (for D = 110 mm) in the direction of movement of the drains. It is no longer possible to tilt the pipelines, as water will flow through them too quickly, leaving feces and solid waste inside. And with a lower slope, sewage, on the contrary, will stagnate in the outlets, not reaching the central riser.
Internal piping
The internal sewage system consists of:
- horizontal outlet (pipes to the septic tank);
- vertical riser with ventilation hole upstairs;
- horizontal bends to each plumbing fixture.
To lay the outlet, riser and branch from it to the toilet, you should choose pipes with a diameter of 100–120 mm; for other sections, 40–50 mm will be sufficient. The easiest way to make sewer pipelines is from plastic products, connected into a socket with a rubber cuff for tightness.
Installation of sewer pipes in the house
Riser installation
The branches are connected to the vertical pipe using tees, and it is turned to the outlet using an elbow with a smooth bend. In general, the installation of sewerage in a private house begins with the installation of a riser, assembled from the bottom up and strictly vertically. It is attached to the wall with clamps with a distance between fasteners of a maximum of 2 meters. To carry it through interfloor ceilings metal sleeves are used a couple of centimeters wider than the pipeline itself.
Living in your home, you always want to have the best living conditions for yourself and your family, and it is on this basis that you need to think about installing a sewer system; an important difference is the ability to make your own autonomous sewer system.
If you carry out the sewerage yourself, you can save a considerable amount. Money, but it is very important to carry out all construction work correctly and comply necessary requirements. Taking into account the layout of the house, it is necessary to choose a sewerage scheme.
When designing a house, experts recommend providing small closets, which in the future should become a bathroom or control place for the entire sewer system. A smart solution would be to connect all the plumbing (sinks, showers, toilets, etc.) to one collector pipe.
When the house is large, it is best to include two or more cesspools when planning. If the house is multi-story and the bathrooms are at different levels, it is necessary to install risers.
Types of sewerage, how to choose
Most of the work related to the construction and installation of sewer systems ends with the installation of external or internal sewerage. Work inside the house is called work that involves installing pipes for the bathroom, shower, toilet, and so on.
Well, external work includes everything that should be installed outside the house. Eg, pipe system(necessary for entering all impurities and complete cleaning sewer pit).
Sewage calculation
Before starting construction work, it is necessary to correctly calculate the sewerage system in order to ensure the highest quality operation of the entire sewerage system.
So let's get started:
- First, let's determine how much water will be used. Water is used to provide water for the kitchen, water for flushing the toilet, and water for bathing in the bathroom. Also, you cannot take into account additional water consumables ( Dishwasher, washing machine and so on). If you incorrectly calculate the water flow, it can overflow the hole where it is drained. In order to carry out sewerage calculations, it is necessary to use water consumption standards per person.
Let's roughly calculate how much water is spent on this or that action per day, and present the costs in the table.
General rules for sewerage in a private house
Before calculating the sewer system and its design, it is necessary to take into account General rules for sewerage in a private house.
Any sewage system must comply with general building rules:
- The width of the trench should be twenty centimeters;
- The depth of the pit should be at the freezing level;
- The minimum slope of sewer systems should be no more than 7 millimeters;
- The bottom of the trench must be insulated with sand and slag.
Internal sewerage
What does the internal sewage system consist of:
- Waste receiver – devices for processing natural waste;
- Internal sewerage networks - necessary to prevent blockages;
- Local waste cleans the most contaminated wastewater.
What pipes can be used for construction home system sewer:
- Cast iron;
- Polypropylene;
- Polyvinyl chloride.
Cast iron
Types of cast iron pipes:
- With bell– on one side they have a ready-made coupling for installation, into which rubber seals are inserted;
- Without bell– such a pipe is completely smooth and even on all sides (inside and outside), and they are connected to each other using a special stainless metal clamp with a rubber seal.
Characteristics of cast iron pipes:
- High strength and reliability of pipes;
- Cast iron pipes are resistant to corrosion processes;
- Not exposed to alkaline acids;
Resistance to high and low temperature conditions, as well as to sudden changes in temperature;
- Durability;
- Reasonable price;
- Cast iron pipes are environmentally friendly.
Polypropylene
Today there are many types of polypropylene pipes. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and ease of use.
The internal structure of pipes is similar to cast iron, but with one difference– b There are reinforced and non-reinforced pipes. Non-reinforced ones are best used for cold water delivery.
What is inside the polypropylene reinforced pipe: 
- The outside of the pipe is covered with a thin polypropylene layer, and the inside is covered with thick polypropylene with the addition of polyethylene;
Let's take a closer look at several representatives of polypropylene:
- PN ten. The cheapest in price and average in quality polypropylene pipe. The pipe can withstand up to forty-five degrees Celsius, which means if you want to use it for water supply in the house, then only for transporting cold water.
- PN sixteen. This is higher quality and stronger water, the maximum water temperature is up to sixty degrees Celsius. This pipe is suitable for transporting both hot and cold water. But, if we consider that the average temperature hot water seventy-five degrees Celsius, then such a pipe should not be considered as a durable candidate.
- PN twenty. Perhaps this is the most best trumpet average price segment of those presented on today's construction market. Boiling water at one hundred degrees will not harm the internal structure of such a pipe.
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride – it is a building material having the following advantages:
- Resistant to open fire;
- Resistance to sudden changes in temperature conditions;
- PVC pipe is very flexible, but strong, which allows it to be used for laying water supply in hard to reach places. Thanks to the special coating inside the pipe, it does not change the chemical composition of the water;
- Such a pipe has high ring rigidity.
Types of PVC pipes:
- With pressure;
- No pressure.
Advantages:
- Reasonable price;
- Corrosion resistance;
- High performance properties;
- Ease of installation.
External sewerage
This is a sewer system in a private house for draining and delivering water.
External sewage system:
- Drains for natural waste;
- General drains (for example, for toilets and bathrooms);
- Biofilter;
- Diversion well;
- or a septic tank.
Cesspool with no bottom
A cesspool is very convenient for a private home, since there is no need to worry about cleaning it (all sewage is filtered and comes out of the pit in the form of fertilizers). But, if the filtration devices are not made correctly, the drinking water sources on the site may deteriorate.
How to avoid this:
- Reduce the soil surface;
- Install auxiliary waste.
Sealed container in the form of a storage tank
Waste storage tank- this is a reservoir where all waste and sewage will accumulate and go down. The tank needs to be cleaned once every two weeks.
The simplest option for soil cleaning - single-chamber septic tank
A septic tank consisting of one chamber is practically cesspool, with one difference in shape, the septic tank is more reminiscent of a well, the bottom of which is densely covered with a sand and crushed stone layer.
Overflow settling wells - two-chamber septic tank
The storage facility consists of two chambers for waste collection and consists directly of a well with a sealed bottom and a second well with a crushed stone bottom.
Soil and biological treatment - septic tank with filtration field
This is a more serious system for water purification with a complex filtration system.
This septic tank itself consists of:
- The first compartment (where waste enters);
- Second compartment (waste passes through it);
- Third compartment (a tank filled with water and with a biofilter installed);
- Infiltrator (removes all impurities, preserving the environment).
Natural treatment station - septic tank with biofilter
Structure of a septic tank with a biofilter:
- Entrance;
- Ventilation;
- Ring number one;
- Ring number two;
- Stub;
- Membrane with holes;
- Biofilter retainer;
- LOU housing;
- Additional biofilter;
- Planar filter number one;
- Exit.
Artificial treatment station - a septic tank with forced air supply
Structure of a septic tank for artificial cleaning:
- Sump;
- First stage aeration tank;
- Additional settling tank;
- Aerotank number two;
- Third settling tank;
- Discharge of sewage through the air duct.
The most popular sewage option in a private home
The most popular sewage option in a private home – This is an internal sewer. It gained its popularity due to its simplicity installation work, high performance properties and an affordable final price.
How to make a sewer with your own hands
Due to the fact that internal sewerage is the most common, let’s use its example to look at how to make a sewerage system with your own hands.
It is best to first install a sewer system inside the house. When designing, you need to think about the need for the location of all important premises. It is also very important to take into account that the toilet uses pipes with a diameter of one hundred to one hundred and fifteen millimeters to drain water.
For drains through which water for the kitchen and bathroom will flow, it is best to use polyvinyl chloride pipes or polypropylene pipes up to fifty millimeters in diameter.
Their advantages over cast iron pipes are:
- Reliability;
- Cheapness;
- Long service life and high performance properties.
If the pipe is not in the form of a straight line, but bending, then the turns should be made of plastic elbows (they should be bent at an angle of forty-five degrees). This angle of inclination will further prevent the formation of blockages, which is not an easy task to eliminate.
It is important to know: before starting installation work, the first thing you need to do is decide on the location where the main collector pipe will be located, and only after that you can proceed.
But, before all this, you need to develop a scheme for the sewer system. To do this you will need:
- Get a complete scale plan of your home. You can do it yourself (if you have the appropriate architectural education, or order a plan from a professional construction company);
- Determine the location of the risers;
- On the house plan, highlight the places where all plumbing fixtures and types of connections will be located general system drainage;
- Next, draw how the pipes will pass through the house;
- If you have multi-storey building, then the above steps must be repeated on each floor of the house;
- Decide on the size of the pipes and riser;
- The final stage will be outline the external sewage system of a private house. The external system includes all pipes that extend outside the house and lead to the cesspool.
Pipe connection
The sewer pipe system should be connected using detachable and welding methods.
- A detachable connection involves the use of fittings to connect pipes to each other;
- Welding pipes is a connection (of the same type) to each other.
Pipe routing and riser installation
It is best to install the riser in the toilet room from – for a convenient location. The riser can be installed in an open or closed manner.
Fan pipe outlet
Fan pipe – this is a kind of continuation of the boner; in simple words- This is a pipe that is led to the roof in an open way.
The pipe outlet is necessary for:
- Extending the service life of sewer systems;
- Penetration of air into the general sewer system, for circulation of liquid and its removal;
Sewer outlet
Sewer outlet- This is a pipe system located under the foundation of the house.
To set up the release you will need:
- Pipes;
- Stub;
- Retraction;
- Tee;
- Pieces of pipe for installing an additional sleeve.
Outside the house
Installing external sewerage, please remember the following:
- The amount of time you will be in it (residential building or cottage);
- The number of people inhabiting the house;
- Groundwater level;
External sewerage is divided into 2 main types:
- Cumulative;
- Treatment plant.
Pipe laying
As practice shows, the most difficult difficulty when installing a sewer system yourself is laying pipes. When doing all the work yourself, it is better to call a friend to help you, which will have a positive effect on the speed and quality of work in the future. It is also very important, before starting pipe laying work, to make sure that the entire system you have installed is properly sealed and only then begin work.
Septic tank
Septic tank – this is one of essential elements treatment facilities. It is used for complete purification of domestic and industrial waters. The purpose of a septic tank is to collect waste water and purify it.
- Before building a sewer, leave its exact plan and calculate the water flow;
- When installing the sewer system, do not forget to install outlets (to prevent blockages) and treatment facilities;
Laying sewerage in own home quite enough for today actual question, because without all the amenities in the house to which we modern people used to (bathroom, toilet room, washing machine and dishwasher and much, much more), we can no longer imagine our life with you.
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Hard to call comfortable a private house, not equipped with a well-thought-out, well-functioning drainage system. It is as much a part of civilized existence as electricity, ventilation and heating. Such an important component of the home communications network is subject to requirements for environmental friendliness and efficiency; The drainage system of a private home should be simple to install and easy to use.
Schematic diagram of a sewer system in a private house
One of the main issues of improvement is sewerage for a private house; How to design it correctly and what to focus on during installation will be helped by empirically tested rules.
Types of sewerage systems in a private house
All houses located in the private sector are divided into two categories:
Houses with the ability to connect to the city (central) network. In most cases - best option, with a long service life and no problems with maintenance, unplanned expenses and water quality control.
Houses where connection to a centralized system is not possible. What city network inaccessible is not a reason to give up comfort. In such conditions, the installation of sewerage in a private house is reduced to an autonomous option, where water purification and waste disposal occur in locally installed treatment facilities.
You can also combine sewer and drainage systems
The autonomous sewerage system includes:
Internal sewerage responsible for collecting wastewater and discharging it outside. This includes internal wiring (piping system), as well as plumbing and household appliances.
External sewerage. Its elements are external piping and a water purification device (septic tank or autonomous sewage system).
The most suitable type of individual cleaning equipment (in terms of performance) is selected taking into account several factors:
seasonality of living in the house;
intensity of water use;
plot size, soil type and structure;
groundwater level;
climatic conditions of the region.
The first stage of sewerage installation is the development of a preliminary project diagram.
Rules for drawing up a sewerage diagram in a house
The sewerage diagram in a private house is tied to the house plan. It must contain key elements systems - riser (if the building has more than one floor), pipe markings (internal wiring, corners and turns), water drainage points.
When designing, it is important to remember that an overly complicated circuit will cause problems in the future during operation and repair.
Internal wiring is laid during the construction of the house. Its installation begins when the roof of the house and ceilings are installed, but Finishing work premises has not yet been completed. External sewerage is installed after the internal system is fully equipped. Below is a sewerage diagram for a private two-story house:
General diagram of internal sewerage in a two-story house
The procedure for drawing up a diagram:
All drawings are drawn to scale; the installation location of the riser, pipe laying lines, and the number of drain points (connection of plumbing and household appliances) are indicated on the plan.
The size of the riser is determined, the total length of the pipeline is calculated (taking into account the outlet), and the exit point from the main riser structure.
In places where blockages may form, cleaning and inspection are provided.
A separate drawing is constructed for each floor.
The size and installation location of the sewer pipe are calculated (in large sewer systems it prevents the occurrence of vacuum in the sewer pipe)
The external communications scheme is based on the same principle.
On our website you can find contacts construction companies who offer design and installation services for sewerage and water supply. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the “Low-Rise Country” exhibition of houses.
About the sewerage diagram with a waste pipe in the video:
Selection of pipes for internal sewerage
The following categories of pipes are allowed by building codes:
Cast iron. Traditional (until recently) solution. Cast iron products are strong, corrosion-resistant and durable. The disadvantage is the weight and roughness of the inner surface. The latter quality contributes to the formation of deposits and blockages. Pipes are ideal for laying in the ground.
Plastic. They are lighter and cheaper than cast iron analogues, have smooth surface, but less durable. Pipes for indoor wiring are gray in color; intended for external use are made of orange plastic. The most popular options include:
Pipes from PVC(polyvinyl chloride). Frost-resistant and wear-resistant, the main disadvantage is high hardness. They soften from high temperature and are mainly used in outdoor work.
Pipes from PP(polypropylene). Elastic, lightweight and wear-resistant. They are valued for their heat resistance (soften only at 140 C°), making them ideal for indoor use.
Plastic pipes for internal and external circuits
Less common ceramic And asbestos-cement analogues.
In practice, installation of sewerage in a private house is in most cases carried out using products from polymer materials(plastic). The choice is determined by the lack of corrosion (plastic is resistant to the aggressive environment of wastewater), and easy installation of structures.
How to make a sewer line
The most labor-intensive part of the work is considered to be the installation of sewerage for a private home; how to carry it out correctly is indicated in the design and installation rules.
Inside the house
Elements of the sewerage system for a private house are installed parallel to the construction of the building. Holes for internal wiring are laid during the construction of walls, partitions and ceilings.
The sewerage installation technology provides for several types of pipes:
Sewer riser, diameter 100 mm.
Main (between the riser and the outlet); diameter 70 mm.
Branch pipes (connected to a washbasin, bathtub, washing machine) – 50 mm.
Completed installation of the outlet pipe
The drainage system inside the house is gravity (non-pressure). To avoid blockages, pipes are installed with a slope, the magnitude of which is controlled by the level and depends on the diameter. Sewer pipe with a diameter of 40–50 mm, a slope of 30 mm per linear meter is set, with a diameter of 100 mm – 20 mm.
Completed ceiling wiring
Horizontal wiring is carried out using oblique tees and adapters (crosses) for connection. Turns are carried out using two knees with a smooth bend at an angle of 45°; This arrangement reduces the risk of clogging. After each turn, inspections (cleaning) are provided. Right angles are permissible only in vertically located structures.
Fan pipe
If a large amount of waste suddenly enters the sewer, the latter can completely fill the entire diameter of the pipe. At the same time, when the drains go down, an area of low atmospheric pressure (rarefaction) is created behind them, into which water from the siphon and air from the room are sucked in with characteristic sounds.
When the pressure equalizes, without a water plug, the smell from the sewer enters the room through the siphons. To prevent the occurrence of vacuum, install fan pipe With air valve– they are responsible for maintaining atmospheric pressure in all parts of the sewer system.
Features of the fan pipe:
It is designed and installed 50-70 cm above the roof.
It is prohibited to combine it with a chimney or ventilation.
It is not placed near windows or balconies.
Outlet of the exhaust (waste) pipe through the roof
External part
Installation of the external part of the sewer system begins after determining the location of the septic tank.
The outlet (the connecting link between the external and internal sewerage at the boundary of the room) is laid in the foundation of the house below the freezing point of the soil and is thermally insulated. If it was not provided for when laying the foundation, it is necessary to drill a hole for the protective sleeve, 200-250 mm wider than the diameter of the pipe. Its edge should protrude 15 cm from each side of the foundation. The space between the sleeve and the outlet pipe is filled with foam.
Laying external communications
It is reasonable to place wet rooms (kitchen, bathroom) nearby and at the same time as close as possible to the central riser. This will help reduce the length of sewer lines to the riser, which will facilitate installation and further maintenance.
A large project (swimming pool, bathhouse, sauna) and additional plumbing means a large volume of waste. A carefully designed water supply and drainage system, additional risers and septic tanks, and a pump connection will be required.
Sewage pipes in a private house can be located under the floor, in the walls, or laid on top. A water seal is installed near the sink, in the shower and in the toilet, thanks to which foreign odors will not be able to penetrate into the premises.
It is unacceptable to arbitrarily change the slope. Its increase will lead to a deterioration in the self-cleaning of the system and the appearance of strong noise. As the slope decreases, the flow of water slows down, which can lead to blockages.
Slope control when laying sewerage
The difficult terrain of the site creates additional problems for laying a pipeline with a slope. In this case, build axonometric diagram, which allows you to determine the position of sewerage elements in space. If difficult places cannot be bypassed, installing a pump will be the solution.
You can clearly see some of the nuances of sewerage in the video:
Conclusion
Well designed and organized system sewerage will help create minimum required comfort for the inhabitants of the house. Achieving this worthy goal is facilitated by the involvement of specialized specialists. And it doesn’t matter whether it’s a wooden or brick house - the principles of operation of the system are the same everywhere.
If desired, even a private house in a rural area can be equipped. The first thing a suburban resident faces is the lack of a warm toilet in the house. Without sewerage, a person is deprived of many amenities. This is not a luxury, it is a necessity. Laying sewerage in a private house - difficult process, which requires taking into account every little detail. How to do this?
External and internal
Work related to the installation of a sewer system in a private house begins with the design of the internal and In the first case, the installation of a drain pipe, a riser, as well as pipe distribution to all rooms where it is required is required: kitchen, toilet, bathroom, and so on. Concerning external system, then this is everything that is located outside the house. Its arrangement requires connecting pipes to the septic tank. You can also connect the sewer system to a deep cleaning station.
The task is greatly simplified if it is possible to discharge wastewater into centralized system. If the house is located in an isolated area, then you should create a system with homemade septic tank. It can be with or cumulative. A cesspool is not suitable in this case.
Layout diagram in a private house
Before starting work, you should draw up a plan for laying pipes inside a private house. The process is greatly simplified if all wet rooms are located in close proximity. The scheme is drawn up strictly individually. In the process, you should take into account all the features of the house and the location of the premises. Ready option can look anything.
When designing a sewer system inside a house, it is necessary to accurately calculate the location of the collector pipe. Only after this can you determine where the remaining parts of the system will be laid.
How to make the right diagram
The scheme for laying a sewer system in a private house is important stage. The quality of the system and its reliability depend on how well the plan is drawn up. Stages of drawing up a diagram:
- On a piece of paper, preferably in a box, you need to recreate the house plan. When drawing up a plan, it is worth considering the scale.
- Then you need to decide on the location of the riser or collector pipe.
- At all levels of the building, the location of plumbing fixtures must be noted. At this stage, you should learn about how to connect it.
- From the plumbing it is necessary to lay pipes on paper to the riser. In this case, everything should be taken into account connecting elements, tees, bends and corners.
- It is necessary to measure the length of each element internal system and summarize the data. The result will be required amount pipes In this case, the diameter of the material must be taken into account.
The final stage is drawing up a diagram of the external system: releasing pipes and laying them to the septic tank. In this case, it is necessary to take into account all the requirements specified in SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02, as well as SNiP 2.04.03-85.
What to consider when arranging the internal system
The installation of internal sewerage in a private house begins after drawing up a rough diagram. At this stage, several nuances should be taken into account:
- To drain wastewater from the toilet, pipes with a diameter of 10-11 cm are required. Their total length must be at least 100 centimeters.
- For gray drains that enter the common riser from the kitchen and bathroom, pipes made of PP or PVC are required. The diameter of the material should be 5 centimeters.
- To arrange turns in the system, it is necessary to use several plastic elbows made at an angle of 45°. This allows you to reduce the risk of blockages during sewer use.
- It is best to use polypropylene for arranging sewage systems inside the house. This material is more durable, reliable and relatively inexpensive. When using such pipes, laying sewerage in a private house is simplified.
Choosing pipes
Laying a sewer system in a private house requires careful preparation. After drawing up the diagram and carrying out the necessary calculations, the purchase of materials is required. Gray pipes are used for wiring inside the house. To install an external system, orange-colored pipes are required. The difference in color can be explained based on logic. Orange hues are best seen in the ground. In addition, pipes have differences in properties. First of all, this concerns the material. Pipes located underground must withstand more severe loads. The material for their manufacture must be more rigid.
To ensure successful installation of sewerage in a private house with your own hands, you can use double-layer corrugated pipes. But, as practice shows, their use is often inappropriate. After all, the depth of sewerage in a private house is from 2 to 3 meters. It is much cheaper and no less effective to use orange pipes. Most often, a material with a diameter of 11 centimeters is used for arranging the external system. This is quite enough for normal wastewater drainage.
How to lay pipes? It's simple!
Laying a sewer system in a private house with your own hands requires certain skills and patience. The most difficult stage is the placement of pipes and their fastening. It is almost impossible to do this alone. Therefore, you will need an assistant for the job. This will not only speed up the process, but also improve quality.
The simplest option for laying sewerage is to use PVC or PP pipes. A fairly wide range of such products is produced. If necessary, you can purchase material required diameter, tees, elbows and revisions. It is worth noting that each part is equipped with a special rubberized insert - a cuff. Thanks to this element, laying a sewer system in a private house takes little time. The joints are connected easily and securely. If desired, you can process the seams additionally. Silicone-based plumbing sealant is suitable for this.
Things to consider
When laying pipes, it is necessary to take into account some nuances:
- If pipes run through walls or ceilings, they must be placed in special sleeves that reduce the load on parts of the system.
- The slope of the sewer system elements depends on their diameter and is prescribed in SNiP 2.04.03-85. For example, for a material whose diameter is 5 centimeters, this figure should be 3 cm/m, and for a diameter of 10 to 11 centimeters - 2 cm/m.
Sewer outlet installation
If a problem arises and the internal system does not correspond to the external one, then the laying of sewer pipes in a private house should begin with the outlet. This is the border zone between systems. At this point, the riser is connected to a pipe leading to a wastewater collection tank.
The outlet must be installed through the foundation wall. The depth of its laying should be below the depth of soil freezing. Otherwise in winter period Difficulties may arise during the operation of the sewerage system. If the outlet hole was not specified during the construction of the building, then it will have to be punched. Its diameter must correspond to the dimensions of the pipe located in the sleeve. The latter should be longer than the hole. At each edge, the sleeve should cover the pipe by more than 15 centimeters. These are the basic requirements for sewerage release.
Installation of the riser and further wiring
The size of the pipe from the riser to the toilet should be 1000 mm. This allows you to determine its location. It is better to install the riser in the toilet itself. The installation can be hidden or open. It all depends on where the pipe will be installed. You can install the riser close to the wall. To do this, you should use pendants and clamps. You can also install the pipe in a niche, in a channel or in a box.
To connect the riser and other parts of the system, you can use oblique tees. If the pipes are different in diameter, then adapters should be used to connect them. They allow you to avoid using sealant. In those places where there is an intersection of elements coming from the shower, sink or bathtub, it is necessary to install a collector pipe. Its diameter should be from 10 to 11 centimeters. Don't forget about water seals. These elements do not allow unpleasant odors enter the living space.
On each floor, a revision is installed in the riser - a kind of tee designed to clear the system in case of severe blockage.
What is a fan pipe
By following the rules for laying sewerage in a private house, you can create an external and internal system without any problems. In addition to installing the riser, a drain pipe is also required. This is its continuation, which is displayed on the roof of the house. This part is installed on the riser. A revision is installed at the connection point. After this, the vent pipe is led into the attic at an angle. Do not connect it to the building ventilation system or chimney.
Types of septic tanks
Laying an external sewer system in a private house is no less important than installing an internal system. If the arrangement is incorrect, problems may arise not only with comfort, but also with environmentalists. One mistake can turn your drain into a big, smelly problem that will take a lot of time and money to fix.
You should start with the installation of a septic tank. Settlement type structures are most often used. This is a container or a combination of them through which wastewater passes. Gradually they are cleared. This occurs due to the precipitation of heavy inclusions. Afterwards, the wastewater undergoes additional purification in a filtration well or in the field. In this case, both mechanical and biological cleaning methods are used.
There is another, simpler type of septic tank - storage. In this case, a closed container of sufficiently large volume is installed. All waste is collected in it. To empty such a septic tank, sewage pumping is required, which is carried out This method Arranging an external system is easier to implement. Plus it's cheaper.
How to calculate the required volume
Calculating the dimensions is not that difficult. The volume is determined based on settling for 3 days. Wherein average consumption per person per day is equal to 200 liters. If desired, this indicator can be calculated individually. If two people live in a house on a permanent basis, then the volume of the septic tank should be:
2 x 200 x 3 = 1200 liters or 1.2 cubic meters.
Stages of installation of an external system
The installation of sewerage in a private house does not end after the complete installation of the internal system. After all, the arrangement of the external part is required. Stages of arranging an external system:
- First you need to prepare the materials: a ready-made container of the required volume made of PP or a ring made of reinforced concrete. If desired, you can lay it out of brick or fill it with a monolith.
- The next step is to determine a suitable wastewater treatment method.
- Afterwards, excavation work is carried out: a pit is dug for the container and trenches for laying pipes.
- All structural elements must be connected. At the same time, do not forget about comfortable septic tank maintenance.
- Pipes should be installed at a certain slope. This indicator should be 2 cm/m. The joints must be sealed.
- The septic tank should be equipped with a ventilation system.
- After carrying out work on the heat and waterproofing of individual fragments of the system, you can fill the structure with soil.
When placing a septic tank, it is worth considering the location of buildings on personal plot. You should not place a waste container near a recreation area or playground.
In conclusion
Now you know how to sewer a private house. If you follow all the rules, you will get a reliable system. Before starting to operate the sewer, it is worth running it. To do this, the system needs to be flushed clean water. This will allow you to identify all the shortcomings and correct them. Only after this can the operation of the sewer system begin.
In fact, the process of installing individual fragments is not particularly difficult. The main thing is to avoid mistakes when drawing up a sewerage diagram, and also to make correct slope pipes Otherwise, the system will not function normally.
The coziness and comfort of a country house, private household, or country cottage cannot be imagined without an effective, well-functioning sewer system.
Planning, arrangement and maintenance of the drainage complex in proper condition is the object of constant close attention of owners of individual real estate.
Understanding all the fundamental principles of constructing and maintaining a wastewater drainage system, the design of the main components and assemblies of the system, it is not difficult to install a sewer system into a private house with your own hands. At the same time, significant savings in selection costs are achieved Supplies and remuneration of qualified specialists.
Every House master, who created with his own hands such a complex functional system For own home, How autonomous sewerage, automatically becomes an indispensable specialist in its maintenance.
In the construction market of Moscow and the region, there are many companies providing turnkey water supply and sewerage works. The Moscow region positions a different price range - for a small country house the cost is in the range of 20-30 thousand rubles. For a medium-sized building with up to 6 people, drainage will cost 50-60 thousand rubles. Equipment drain system A large 2-3 storey cottage with more than 12 residents can cost 200-300 thousand rubles and more.
So, how to design and implement a sewer system in a private house that will operate for decades without failures or emergencies? How to plan everything yourself, while saving 50% of the total costs? This will be discussed further in our article.
Drain design
Before starting all work, it is necessary to carefully consider the structure of the entire system as a whole, as well as the composition of all its components. It is best to put your vision of the design on paper.
The drawn project will be constantly in sight, helping to take into account important details. Working on the drawing will allow you to plan a compact arrangement of pipes and take into account the structural features of the building.
In the project, it is important to take into account the location of each plumbing unit, identify methods for laying pipelines to the equipment, and calculate the required number of fittings, pipes, and materials.
Specific sections of the utility network to be laid must be designated separately, calculating the length of the pipes and their diameters. When purchasing materials this information will be very useful. A sewerage diagram in a private house will be a reliable help in its construction.
The design process involves the arrangement of internal and external waste water discharge circuits.
When laying internal sewerage, the following are installed:
- Fan pipe
- Central riser
- Pipes for shower, bath, toilet
External sewerage in a private house is responsible for the removal of external wastewater. It is arranged for supply to a septic tank or to a deep cleaning station. The latter structure will have a high cost. If available near home central system sewer system, the task of arranging an external outlet for waste water is greatly simplified, and considerable savings are achieved.
To simplify installation, as well as to reduce costs, at the design stage, the areas of the house associated with water consumption should be arranged as compactly as possible. Thanks to this arrangement, laying pipes inside the house is greatly simplified.
Important advice - the design process must begin with the riser. Only by determining the passage channel of the riser and the collector pipe can the further location of all other components of the system be outlined.
- The best material option for laying sewer systems is polypropylene or polyvinyl chloride pipes, tees, and fittings. They are much cheaper, but much more durable than cast iron products;
- When laying drain networks, all turns in them can be mounted using two plastic elbows with a 45-degree bend. The design significantly minimizes the likelihood of blockages, which often occur when using a single 90-degree bend;
- pipes are used for gray kitchen drains, as well as for removing used water from the bathroom PVC diameter 50 millimeters;
- Toilet drain pipes must have a diameter of at least 100-110 millimeters. The total length of such pipes should be no more than 1000 millimeters.
Routing and laying of pipes
Installation work when laying pipelines for the drainage complex is considered the most labor-intensive in construction. When furnishing a house with your own hands, it will be difficult for one owner to cope with the entire volume of work. Therefore, it is recommended to have one or two assistants from among family members, neighbors, and acquaintances. The speed of work and quality of sewerage installation will only benefit from this.
Currently, the trading network and construction Internet portals offer a wide variety of plastic pipes, revisions, tees, and elbows. By using rubber cuffs They connect without problems and function perfectly without leaking water. The joints are treated with special construction materials. silicone sealants. Where pipe communications pass through walls, sleeves are installed on top of them to prevent damage.
An indicative list of tools that will be needed when laying sewer pipes:
- Automatic sealant gun
- Screwdriver Set
- Hammer 200 g
- Electric hammer drill
- Pencil
- Level
- Grinder with a long cord
- Hacksaw for cutting plastic and metal
At similar works Minor errors are always possible. In order to detect leaks or defects in fittings, the finished sewerage system must be tested with clean water before putting it into operation. Only after making sure that its condition is reliable can it be connected to the existing equipment of the home. Storm drain can be combined at the exit from the house with an internal drain.
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Slope and release
An important factor during installation drainage structures is the correct slope. Modern building codes suggest that the slope of systems where there is no liquid pressure should be made taking into account the diameter of the pipelines. 50mm pipes should have a slope of 3 centimeters per meter of their length. Pipes with a diameter of 100-110 millimeters can have a slope of 2 centimeters in their length. Based on this, different points horizontal pipes must be at different heights.
To prevent the external wiring from not connecting with the internal wiring, installation begins with the sewer outlet. The outlet is the location in the pipeline where the internal riser connects to the pipe leading to the septic tank. It is laid deep in the ground through the foundation, below the freezing level of the soil in a given region.
In extreme cases, if conditions do not allow and the outlet is located higher, it must be very carefully insulated. Otherwise in winter frosts the drainage pipe will freeze and cause problems.
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Cesspool and septic tank for wastewater treatment
Most inexpensive way arrangement of the removal of used water from a private house - a cesspool. It is manufactured at the rate of 0.5-0.8 m³ per person. The bottom of the pit is filled with concrete. The side walls are lined with bricks, blocks, and can be filled with concrete. To prevent waste from entering the drinking water The top of the masonry is sealed with bitumen mastic.
The sewer line is laid in a trench 1 meter deep. The ditch is covered with a wooden ceiling, which is filled with liquid bitumen on top and an inspection hatch with a lid is installed.
The cesspool should be located in a convenient place accessible for sewage transport. This is necessary so that as the pit is filled it must be cleaned. In all settlements there is a service that, at the request of private house owners, sends special machines to clean cesspools.
When deciding to create a sewerage design, the owner should familiarize himself with full list special devices widely available on the market building materials. Plastic septic tanks, storage tanks, multi-chamber sewer systems– these devices facilitate the installation of the drain complex, ensuring the reliability and durability of its service.
The septic tank has more reliable design, longer service life, ease of use. Its task is to clarify wastewater and discharge it into the ground. A septic tank is usually made of several sections, depending on the expected volume of water flow in the house. According to the standards, it should be located at a distance of 20 m from a residential building. The drainage installation is installed at a distance sufficient to prevent erosion of the soil, foundation and wastewater from entering basements and wells.
The drainage system should be located below the drinking water intake level, no closer than 50 m from the water intake point. In the absence of groundwater, a filter well is installed instead of a drainage system. It is laid out from bricks, blocks or filled with concrete in formwork. The top of the device is closed with a lid and covered with molten bitumen for sealing.
A ready-made septic tank can be purchased in retail chains and on Internet portals. Often used for this purpose plastic containers, concrete rings. Important to remember: draining water into drainage system the pipe must be laid at a depth of at least one and a half meters. The depth of the sewer system will prevent it from freezing in winter. The septic tank is cleaned at least once a year. Bottom sediments are converted into minerals, which are successfully used as fertilizers for the garden.
Filter well
A filter well is installed when water consumption is low - up to 1 m³. A sealed housing is made, the bottom is filled with some kind of bulk filter material: crushed stone, slag, gravel, granular screenings. Such a device is located at a distance of 50 m from the water intake. Its bottom is located at least one meter above the groundwater level.
When arranging a sewer system for a country house, it is advisable to use modern technological materials. Pipes made of polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene are best suited here. good quality. Such materials will serve for decades, delighting the inhabitants of the house with their functionality, reliability, uninterrupted operation. If it is necessary to replace small parts, they can be easily changed without compromising the family budget.
Thus, the rhetorical question of how to make a sewer system in a private house or cottage with your own hands is an attractive topic that every property owner can do for himself, choosing the best option from a variety of designs.
Having understood the vicissitudes of construction and correctly installed the sewerage system, the owner of the mansion will be able to independently resolve all emerging issues throughout the long period of its operation, without involving specialists from specialized companies.