Cheat sheet: Rules for pronunciation of Latin words \Latin\. Latin language - phonetics

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RF

FGOU VPO TYUMEN STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

S.A. Veremeeva

LATIN LANGUAGE

With the basics of veterinary

Terminology

educational manual for students

specialty 111201 "Veterinary"

Tyumen 2010

UDC 811.124(075.32)

BBK 81.2я723

Reviewer:

Ph.D. biol. Sci., Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy

and physiology of humans and animals Tyumen State University

Lepunova O.N.

L 27 Veremeeva S.A., Latin language with basics of veterinary terminology: Educational and methodological manual for students of the specialty “Veterinary Medicine” / TGSHA. – Tyumen, 2010. – 84 p.

The teaching aid “Latin with the basics of veterinary terminology” contains phonetics, morphology: verb, noun, adjective, terminalology, as well as the most common vocabulary of the Latin language, grouped according to its part-speech, and within parts of speech - according to certain formal classes (declensions and conjugations), indicating Russian borrowings.

The educational and methodological manual is intended for 1st year full-time and part-time students of the specialty “Veterinary Medicine” as additional didactic material to the Latin textbook.

UDC 811.124(075.32)

BBK 81.2я723

Agricultural Academy, 2010

Introduction………………………………………………………….……
Lesson 1. Topic: History of the Latin language. Latin alphabet. Phonetics………………………………………....
Lesson 2. Topic: Accent. Accentus. Longitude and multiplicity of words……………………………………………………….
Lesson 3. Topic: Verb. Changing the verb………….…
Lesson 4. Noun. Topic: Gender and declension of nouns. First declension………….…...
Lesson 5. Noun. Topic: Second declension………………………………………………………...
Lesson 6. Noun. Topic: Third declension……………………………………………………………....
Lesson 7. Noun. Topic: fourth and fifth declension…………………………………………………....
Lesson 8. Adjective. Topic: Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd groups and their suffixes…………………………........
Lesson 9. Adjective. Topic: Degrees of comparison of adjectives……………………………………………………….
Lesson 10. Topic: Terminology………………………….

INTRODUCTION

The Latin language contains phonetics, morphology: verb, noun, adjective, terminalology, as well as terms and is recommended as an additional aid for students of specialty 111201 “Veterinary Medicine” to effectively master the basic lexical composition of textbooks on the Latin language.

The volume of lexical material included in the teaching aid is determined by the curriculum, which provides for the study of the Latin language for one semester with one credit.

The manual includes words from three parts of speech: nouns, adjectives and verbs. Latin vocabulary is arranged in accordance with its part-speak and belonging to certain formal classes (declensions and conjugations), and within these classes - in alphabetical order.

The criteria for selecting vocabulary are:

1) its frequency, usage in educational texts for reading and translation included in textbooks of the Latin language;

2) its word-formation value, productivity in relation to the Russian language.

Toolkit prepared to help first-year full-time and part-time students of the specialty “Veterinary Medicine”.

LESSON 1

Topic: History of the Latin language.

Latin alphabet. Phonetics.

Target: Learn the history of the Latin language. Remember the names and spellings of Latin letters, learn how to pronounce vowels, pronounce consonants, and pronounce letter combinations.

The Latin language (Linqua Latīna) received its name from a small Italian tribe of Latins (Latini), who lived in the region of Latium. This area is located in the middle part of the Apennine Peninsula.

The history of the Latin language is divided into several periods:

· Archaic period VI-IV centuries. BC e.;

· Preclassical period III-II centuries. BC e. - This is the period of formation of the literary Latin language.

· The era of the “golden age” - during the reign of Emperor Augustus (1st century BC). Classical, or “golden” Latin received its grammatical, syntactic and stylistic completeness. The “Golden Age” is the century of the highest flowering of Roman literature. At this time, Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Caesar, and Sallust were working.

· The period of “Silver Latin” (1st century AD). It is characterized by deviations from the purity of the classical literary language and is somewhat influenced by the languages of the Roman colonies. The Middle Ages in the history of the Latin language is characterized as the period of Latinĭtas culinaria (“kitchen Latin”). It was during this period that a lot of new words and concepts that were absent in classical Latin were introduced into the Latin language.

· The Latin language again approaches the ideal of “golden Latin” in the era of humanism (XIV-XVII centuries). It was during this period that wonderful New Latin literature was created (Francisk Skaryna, Nikolai Gusovsky, Jan Wislitsky, Simeon of Polotsk).

· In modern times, up to the 18th century, Latin was used as the language of science and diplomacy.

· Latin is currently the official language catholic church and the Vatican State. Despite the subsequent displacement of the Latin language by national languages, to this day it retains its importance in the field of scientific terminology, especially in law, biology, medicine, and veterinary medicine.

Phonetics

Latin, like Russian, is predominantly synthetic.

Alphabet

Block letters	Title	Pronunciation	Block letters	Title	Pronunciation
Ahh	a	A	Nn	en	n
Vb	bae	b	Ooh	O	O
Ss	tse	ts or k	RR	pe	P
Dd	de	d	Qq	ku	To
Her	uh	uh	Rr	er	R
Ff	ef	f	Ss	es	With
Gg	ge	G	Tt	te	T
Hh	ha (ha)	g(x)	Uu	U	U
II	And	and or th	Vv	ve	V
Kk	ka	To	Xx	X	ks
LI	ale	l	Yy	upsilon	And
mm	Em	m	Zz	zeta	h

Pronunciation of vowels

Vowel sounds a, o, u pronounced like Russians a, oh, y.

e uh.

I pronounced like a vowel sound in Russian And.

If I stands at the beginning of a word before a vowel or in the middle of a word between vowels, then it is read as th("and short""). In these cases, in modern scientific terminology in international nomenclatures, the letter iota is used Jj.

In words of Greek origin it occurs at"upsilon" or "igrek" ("and Greek"), reads as And.

Diphthongs

Diphthong or two-vowel, i.e. a combination of two different vowels that are pronounced as one sound or as one syllable.

Diphthongs oh, oh pronounced like a vowel in Russian e.

If diphthongs oh, oh do not constitute one sound and must be pronounced separately, then over " e» two dots are put - e.

Diphthong au pronounced as in Russian diphthong aw.

Diphthong eu pronounced like in Russian ew.

Diphthong ou rare, pronounced like Russian at.

Pronunciation of consonants

Before letters e, i, y and diphthongs ae, oe – s pronounced like Russian ts, in other cases s is pronounced as a sound To.

g pronounced like a sound G.

H pronounced as an average sound between Russians To And X, closer to Ukrainian ha.

Letter k borrowed from Greek language pronounced like To. IN Latin k is very rare because instead k more often written With. Even in words borrowed from Greek, the sound To often transmitted through With.

L always pronounced softly.

M always pronounced like Russian m.

n always pronounced like Russian n.

q always goes in combination with u and is pronounced like kv.

s pronounced like this With, how h(like sound h pronounced between two vowels or between vowel And m or n).

X pronounced like ks. In some cases (between vowels) X pronounced like short circuit.

Z pronounced like Russian h, found in words of Greek origin. In words borrowed from other languages (but not Greek), z pronounced like Russian ts.

Related information.

LESSON 1

§1. Latin alphabet

There are 24 letters in the Latin alphabet:

§ 2. Classification of sounds

In Latin, sounds are divided into consonants and vowels. Consonant sounds correspond to the letters: b, c, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z. The vowel sounds correspond to the letters: a, e, i, o, u, y. In addition to vowels, the Latin language has stable vowel combinations - double vowels (diphthongs): ae, oe, au, eu.

§ 3. Pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs

Aah, oh,Uu pronounced like Russian vowels [a], [o],[y]: caput [káput] - head, opticus [opticus] - visual, genu [genu] - knee.

Her pronounced like a Russian vowel [e]: vertebra [vertebra] - vertebra, nervus [nervus] - nerve, dens [dance] - tooth.

II pronounced like Russian [и], but at the beginning of a word before a vowel or in the middle of a word between vowels it’s pronounced like Russian [th]: digitus [digitus] - finger, jodum [yodum] - iodine, major [major] - big.

Yy found only in words of Greek origin and pronounced like a Russian vowel [And]: gyrus [gyrus] - gyrus of the brain, larynx [larynx] - larynx, pharynx [pharynx] - pharynx.

Double vowels (diphthongs) are pronounced as follows:

ae like a Russian vowel [e]: vertebrae - [vertebre] - vertebrae, laesus - [lezus] - damaged;

oh like a Russian vowel [ё] in the word motley or as in Russian [e]: oedema - [yodema] - swelling, foetus - [fetus] - fruit.

In cases where oh, oh do not constitute a diphthong, that is, each vowel is pronounced separately, two dots are placed above the second vowel: aёr [aer] - air, dyspnoë [dyspnea] - shortness of breath;

Au- as a combination of Russian vowels [ay] with a brief : trauma - [t͡auma] - damage, auris [͡auris] - ear;

eu as a combination of Russian vowels [eu ] with short [ y] : pleura - [pl͡eura] - pleura, pneumonia - [pn͡eumonya] - inflammation of the lungs.

Note. In the spelling of anatomical, histological and other nomenclatures

changes made: diphthongs oh, oh replaced by monophthong e; semivowel j -

vowel i.

§ 4. Pronunciation of consonants

Ss before vowels e,i,y, and also before diphthongs Aé , oеpronounced like a Russian consonant [ts]: cerebrum [tserebrum] - brain, acidum [acidum] - acid, cytus [citus] - cell, caecum [tsekum] - cecum, coelia [tseliya] - abdominal cavity. In other cases With pronounced like a Russian consonant [To] : caput [kaput] - head, crista [crista] - comb, laс [varnish] - milk.

Ll pronounced softly, like Russian [l], for example: animal [animal] - animal, collum [collum] - neck, labium [lyabium] - lip.

Qq occurs only in combination with a vowel u, which is pronounced as a combination of Russian consonants [kv]: aqua [aqua] - water, liquor [liquor] - liquid, quercus [kverkus] - oak.

Ss pronounced like a Russian consonant [With], but in the position between vowels, and also between a vowel and consonants, m or n is pronounced as [h]: septum [septum] - partition, scapula [scapula] - blade, basis [basis] - base, plasma [plasma] - plasma, mensio [menzio] - measurement.

Xx pronounced as a combination of Russian consonants [ks] usually between vowels [kz]: radix [radix] - root, arekh [apex] - top,

exitus [exitus] - outcome.

Zz pronounced like Russian [h] in words of Greek origin: zygoma [zygoma] - cheekbone, zona [zone] - belt, eczema [eczema] - skin disease. In words of non-Greek origin it is pronounced like Russian [ts]: zincum [zincum] - zinc, influenza [influenza] - flu.

Letter combination ngu pronounced before vowels [ngv]: lingua [lingua] - tongue, unguis [ungvis] - nail.

Combination ti pronounced before vowels [qi], but after the consonants s, x this combination is pronounced [ti]: substantia [substance] - substance, mixtio [mixtio] - mixing, ostium [ostium] - entrance.

The following combinations are found in words of Greek origin and are pronounced as one sound:

ch- like Russian [X]: chirurgus [surgeon] - surgeon;

ph- like Russian [f]: encephalon [encephalon] - brain;

rh- like Russian [R]: rhaphe [rafe] - seam;

th-like Russian [T]: thorax [thorax] - chest.

On the topic: “Phonetics in Latin”

Introduction

In classical Latin, stress, according to the evidence of ancient grammarians, was musical (raising the tone on a stressed vowel); the place of stress was almost entirely determined by the phonological structure of the word. In the Preclassical era there may have been a strong initial stress (this explains many historical changes in the Latin vowel system). In the postclassical era, stress loses its musical character, and musical stress is not preserved in any of the Romance languages.

The Latin language is also characterized by various restrictions on the structure of the syllable and rather complex rules for the assimilation of vowels and consonants (for example, long vowels cannot be found before the combinations nt, nd and before m; voiced noisy ones do not occur before voiceless noisy ones and at the end of a word; short i and o also - with a few exceptions - does not occur at the end of a word, etc.). Confluences of three or more consonants are avoided (there are few permissible combinations of three consonants; they are possible mainly at the junction of a prefix and a root - for example, pst, tst, nfl, mbr, etc.).

1. Latin alphabet

latin language syllable vowel

The Latin alphabet is a variety of Western Greek, adopted by the Romans, like many other achievements of material and spiritual culture, possibly through the Etruscans. A modern version of the Latin alphabet, more precisely, the pronunciation of the sounds of the Latin language in the international transcription system (24 letters). However, more than two thousand years ago, during the time of the great Roman lawyer and statesman During the times of the Roman Republic, Marcus Tullius Cicero spoke of 21 letters of the Latin alphabet, there were no letters “K”, “Y”, “Z”. They were later borrowed from the Greek alphabet, so linguists argue that it is impossible to absolutely accurately reproduce the sounds of a dead language phonetically correctly.

In the oldest versions of the Latin alphabet, the letter G is missing (officially legalized by the end of the 3rd century BC), the sounds u and v, i and j are designated in the same way (additional letters v and j appear only in the Renaissance among European humanists; in many scientific publications of classical Latin texts they are not used). The direction of writing from left to right was finally established only by the 4th century. BC. (the direction of writing in more ancient monuments varies). The length of vowels, as a rule, is not indicated (although in some ancient texts a special sign “apex” is used to convey longitude in the form of a slash above the letter, for example b).

To study international legal terminology and legal formulas of Roman law, we are forced to use a version of the ancient alphabet, which, moreover, has become half native to the Russian language.

Table No. 1. Comparative table of pronunciation options for letters and letter combinations in Latin

Letter/combination	Classic	Traditional	Modern

2. Vowel sounds

The vowels a, e, i, o, u, y are pronounced as indicated in the alphabet. They can be both long and short. Longitude and brevity are natural and positional. Natural longitude and brevity in writing are indicated by superscripts: longitude - v, brevity - g, for example: civоlis, pop?lus. Positional longitude and brevity are determined by the rules and are not indicated in writing.

Longitude and brevity are important for determining the semantics of words, for example: mglum - evil, mвlum - apple, and their forms, for example: justitiг and justitiв - these are different case forms of the word. But the main objective definitions of longitude and brevity - correctly put the emphasis in a word. In this regard, it is important what the number of the penultimate syllable in a word is, since this determines the place of stress.

Pronouncing two vowels as one syllable is called a diphthong. There are 4 diphthongs in Latin:

ae = e aera - (era)

oe = e poena - (pen)

au = ау aurum - (aurum)

eu = eu Europa - (europa)

If the combinations ae, oe are two separate syllables, then a colon is placed over the e or its length or brevity is indicated: alr = azr [b-er], colmo = coemo [k-e-mo].

3. Consonants

Consonant sounds are divided:

1) According to the organs of speech that primarily produce: labial, laryngeal, dental;

C c - before the vowels e, i, y and diphthongs ae, oe is read as Russian c, and before other vowels and at the end of the word - as Russian k:

Cicero (Cicero) corpus - (corps)

Caesar (Caesar) culpa - (culpa)

сyanus (cyanus) caput - (kaput)

coepi (chain) fac - (fak)

H h - pronounced like Belarusian g with aspiration:

heres (gheres), honor (ghonor);

L l -- pronounced midway between hard and soft l:

lex (lex), lapsus (lapsus);

Q q -- used only in combination with u: Qu, qu = q:

aqua (aqua), equus (equus), quid (quid);

S s - pronounced like s: sed (sed), and between vowels like z: casus (case).

The phrase ngu before vowels is read [ngv] - sanguis - blood, lingua - language; before consonants - [ngu] angulus - corner, lingula - tongue.

The phrase ti before vowels is read as [qi] solutio - solution; before consonants after s, t, x, before vowels like [ti] - inflamatio - inflammation, ostium - entrance, hole mixtio - mixing.

The phrase su before the vowels a, e is read sv:

suavis (swavis), Suebi (swabi), but: suus (suus).

To convey aspirated Greek sounds, combinations of consonants with h were created:

ch = x -- charta (charta);

ph = f -- sphaera (sphere);

th = t -- thermae (terme);

rh = p -- arrha (arra).

4. Syllable and syllable division

Syllables in Latin can be open or closed. A syllable ending in a vowel is open; a syllable ending in a consonant or group of consonants is closed.

The syllable division goes:

1. Between two vowels: de-us [d "e-us] god;

2. Between a vowel or diphthong and a single consonant: lu-pus [l "yu-pus] wolf, cau-sa [k"au-za] reason;

3. Before the group muta cum liquida: pa-tri-a [p"a-tri-a] homeland, tem-plum [t"em-plum] temple;

4. Within a consonant group:

a) between two consonants: lec-ti-o [l "ek-tsi-o] reading;
b) in a group of three consonants - usually before the last consonant (except for combinations with the group muta cum liquida!): sanc-tus [s"a?k-tus] sacred, BUT doc-tri-na [doc-tr"i -on] teaching.

5. Number of consonants

Vowel sounds can be long or short by nature or position in a syllable. It should be remembered that:

1. All diphthongs are debtive in nature;

2. The vowel before a group of consonants is long in position;

3. The vowel before the vowel is short in position.

5. Number of syllables

1. All syllables containing diphthongs are long by nature. For example, in the word causa [k "auza] reason, the syllable cau is long.

2. All closed syllables are long in position, since their vowel comes before a group of consonants. For example, in the word ma-gis-ter [ma-g "is-ter] teacher, the syllable gis is long.

An exception to this rule is when the vowel of a syllable comes before the combination muta cum liquida. In prose, such a syllable is considered short: te-ne-brae [t "e-ne-bre] darkness, shadow, but in poetry such a syllable can be long.
3. Open syllable short in position if it is followed by a syllable beginning with a vowel sound. For example, in the word ra-ti-o [p"a-tsi-o] mind, the syllable ti is short.

4. An open syllable followed by a syllable beginning with a consonant is either long or short in nature. For example, in the word for-tы-na [for-t"u-na] fate, the syllable tы is long in nature; in the word fe-mi-na [f"e-mi-na] woman, the syllable mi is short in nature. To find out the number of vowels in such cases, you should consult a dictionary.

6. Accent

The stress is placed only on the long syllable. It is never placed on the last syllable, naturally, except for monosyllabic words.

The stress is placed on the 2nd syllable from the end if it is long and on the 3rd syllable from the end if the second one is short.

The stress itself in Latin was not always expressed in the same way. Initially, the stress was melodic: the stressed syllable was emphasized by the voice. Later it became expiratory - the stressed syllable is emphasized by the strength of the voice (more active exhalation), as in most modern European languages.

The number of syllables in a word corresponds to the number of vowel sounds (including diphthongs). The syllable division occurs:

1) before a single consonant (including before qu).

ro-sa, a-qua, au-rum, Eu-ro-pa

2) before the combination “mute with smooth” and before the last vowel of other consonant combinations.

pa-tri-a, sa-git-ta, for-tu-na, punc-tum, dis-ci-pli-na, a-gri-co-la, a-ra-trum

The midlingual (voiced fricative) sound j (iota) between vowels in pronunciation was doubled, distributed between two syllables.

pejor >> pej-jor

3) the prefix is highlighted.

de-scen-do, ab-la-ti-vus, ab-es-se

Syllables can be open or closed. An open syllable ends in a vowel or diphthong (sae-pe), a closed syllable ends in a consonant (pas-sus).

In classical Latin, each syllable was either long or short according to its number. An open syllable with a short vowel is short. All other syllables are long. A closed syllable containing a short vowel is long because the closing consonant requires additional time to pronounce.)

The stress in the Latin language of the classical period was musical, tonic, i.e. consisted of raising the tone when pronouncing a stressed syllable if it was long. By the 5th century. n. e., after the loss of quantitative differences between vowels, the nature of the Latin stress changed: it became forceful, aspiratory, as in the Russian language.

7. Diacritics

Diacritics (from the Greek diakritikos - distinctive) are a linguistic sign attached to a letter, indicating that it is read differently than without it. Placed above the letter, below the letter, or crossing it. The exception is the letter "i". In modern Russian, the diacritic sign is two dots above the “e” - “ё”. The sign "and" in the Czech language conveys the sound [h]. In the Belarusian language "ў" conveys "u" non-syllabic. Since ancient times, Hebrew and Arabic writing have used diacritics to indicate vowels.

In the Latin writing system, the diacritic sign tilde "~" was born, which translated as "sign at the top." It was used in the Middle Ages in cases where one letter was written instead of two consonants. The Spanish tilde symbolized the sound [n].

Nowadays, macrons (Ї) are often used to indicate the length of vowels: mвlum `apple', malum `evil'. Sometimes, instead of a macron, an acute (mblum) or a circumflex (mblum) is used.

In some cases, longitude is indicated only for meaningful vowels. In this case, the brevity of the vowels is indicated using brevis: mвlum `apple', malum `evil'.

Other symbols may have been used in medieval Latin, for example k (e caudata) was used instead of the digraph ae.

The oldest diacritics were probably the Greek longitude and brevity marks, as well as the Greek accent marks.

Diacritics are most widely used in languages using the Latin alphabet. This is due to the fact that classical Latin did not have the sibilants, nasal vowels, and palatalized vowels that other languages, especially unrelated ones, had or developed. So, if in Italian it is possible to convey sibilants purely positionally (for example, in the word cittа “citta” - “city”, where c+i automatically means a sibilant sound), then in other languages not related to Latin, this is impossible. The Czech, Slovak, Turkish, Romanian, Polish, Lithuanian, and Vietnamese alphabets are the most loaded with sound-distinguishing diacritics.

Classification

Diacritics can be classified in various ways.

1. By place of style: superscript, subscript, intrascript.

2. According to the method of drawing: freely attached to the main sign or requiring its shape to be changed.

3. According to phonetic-spelling meaning (the classification is incomplete and the categories are not mutually exclusive):

§ signs that have a phonetic meaning (affecting pronunciation):

§ signs that give a letter a new sound meaning, different from the usual alphabetic one (for example, Czech i, sh, ћ);

§ signs that clarify variants of pronunciation of a sound (for example, French й, и, к);

§ signs indicating that a letter retains its standard meaning in an environment where its sound should change (for example, French ь, п);

§ prosodic signs (specifying quantitative parameters of sound: duration, strength, height, etc.):

§ signs of longitude and brevity of vowels (for example, ancient Greek?, ?);

§ signs of musical tones (for example, Chinese c, b, a, a, a);

§ stress marks (for example, Greek “sharp”, “heavy” and “clothed” accents: b,?, ?);

§ signs that have only spelling meaning, but do not affect pronunciation:

§ signs that allow you to avoid homography (for example,

§ in Church Slavonic there are different creations. pad. units Mamlym numbers and dates. pad. plural numbers "mvlym"; in Spanish si "if" and Sn "yes");

§ signs that do not mean anything and are used according to tradition (for example, aspiration in Church Slavonic, which is always written above the first letter of the word if it is a vowel);

§ characters of hieroglyphic meaning (considered diacritic only from the point of view of typography):

§ signs indicating an abbreviated or conventional spelling (for example, title in Church Slavonic);

§ signs indicating the use of letters for other purposes (the same titles in the Cyrillic notation of numbers).

4. By formal status:

§ signs with the help of which new letters of the alphabet are formed (in Western terminology they are sometimes called modifiers, and not actual diacritics);

§ characters, combinations of letters with which are not considered a separate letter (such diacritics usually do not affect the alphabetical sort order).

5. According to mandatory use:

§ signs, the absence of which makes the text spelling incorrect and sometimes unreadable,

§ signs used only in special circumstances: in books for basic reading instruction, in sacred texts, in rare words with ambiguous reading, etc.

If necessary (for example, in the case of technical limitations), the diacritic may be omitted, sometimes with the insertion or replacement of letters of the word.

Identical-looking diacritics may have different meaning, name and status in various languages and writing systems.

Conclusion

The Latin alphabet is a variety of Western Greek, adopted by the Romans, like many other achievements of material and spiritual culture, possibly through the Etruscans.

A modern version of the Latin alphabet, more precisely, the pronunciation of the sounds of the Latin language in the international transcription system (24 letters). However, more than two thousand years ago, it was said about the 21 letters of the Latin alphabet, there were no letters “K”, “Y”, “Z”. They were later borrowed from the Greek alphabet, so linguists argue that it is impossible to absolutely accurately reproduce the sounds of a dead language phonetically correctly. To study international legal terminology and legal formulas of Roman law, we are forced to use a version of the ancient alphabet, which, moreover, has become half native to the Russian language.

In words consisting of two or more syllables, the stress is never placed on the last syllable. In two-syllable words, the stress always falls on the first syllable. If a word contains more than two syllables, then the stress falls on either the second or third syllable from the end of the word, depending on the length or shortness of the second syllable from the end. If it is long, then the stress always falls on it, but if it is short, then the stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the word.

Literature

1. Akhterova O.A., Ivanenko T.V. Latin language and basics of legal terminology. - M.: Lawyer, 1998.

2. Garnik A.V., Nalivaiko R.G. Latin language with elements of Roman law. - Mn.: Belarusian State University, 2001

3. Lemeshko V.M. Latin language. - M.: Moscow Institute of Economics, Management and Law, 2009.

4. Sobolevsky S.I. Latin grammar. - M.: List-New, 2003.

5. Yarkho V.N. Latin language. - Moscow, Higher School, 2003.

Similar documents

Peculiarities English phonetics. Sound and letter composition of the word. Classification of vowels and consonants. Transcription icons and their pronunciation. Basic types of syllables. Placing stress in words. Rules for reading vowel and consonant letter combinations.

course work, added 06/09/2014

Features of the phonetic system of the Latin language. Comparative table of pronunciation options for letters and letter combinations. Consonant sounds, syllable division. Classification of diacritics according to: method and place of marking, phonetic and orthographic meaning.

abstract, added 01/06/2015

Subject and types of phonetics. Classification of vowels and consonants. The concept and types of syllables, the basic law of syllable division in the Russian language. Features of Russian accent. Phonetic division of the speech flow, placement of phrasal and bar stresses.

test, added 05/20/2010

Nominal declension in Latin. Classical and folk Latin. Formation of the declension system in Old French. Ascending and descending lines of development of the Old French declension. Reasons for the unproductivity of the Old French declension.

thesis, added 08/18/2011

Prerequisites for the emergence of the French language. Specifics of phonetic, grammatical, lexical assimilation. Roots of the French language. Features of the assimilation of English, Arabic, Russian, Spanish and American borrowings in the French language.

course work, added 04/20/2013

Grammatical categories of adjectives: gender, number, case, declension. Adjectives of the first, second and third declension. Degrees of comparison of adjectives: positive, comparative, superlative. Syntax of cases, its characteristic features.

presentation, added 12/12/2014

The law of assimilation of sounds by softness. The law of assimilation of consonants according to voicedness and deafness. Weakening of vowels in unstressed position. The role of stress in the Russian language. Choosing endings for nouns. Stylistic characteristics various forms speech.

test, added 01/22/2012

Types of declension and conjugation in Latin. Consideration of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, depositive and vocative. Numerals as a semantic part of speech. Declension of adjectives and degrees of comparison.

test, added 11/29/2012

Pronunciation of borrowed words. Some features of the pronunciation of words of foreign origin. Stage pronunciation and its features of orthoepic pronunciation. Pronunciation of vowels and consonants. Phonetic system of the Russian language.

abstract, added 12/18/2007

Verb - independent part speech denoting movement, its use as a predicate. Series verb forms performing other functions. Description of gerunds, participles, infinitives. Supin is one of the nominal forms of the verb in Latin.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

DON STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Rostov-on-Don

ABSTRACT

On the topic: “Phonetics in Latin”

1st year full-time student

Law, service and tourism

Specialty: jurisprudence

Kasabutsky Danil Alexandrovich

Rostov-on-Don 2014

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...
	Latin alphabet……………………………………………………...
	Vowel sounds…………………………………………………………...
	Consonant sounds………………………………………………………...
	Accent…………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion…………………………………………………...........................
Literature……………………………………………………………………

Introduction

A feature of the phonetic system of the Latin language is the presence of labiovelar stops kw (orthographically qu) and (orthographically ngu) and the absence of voiced fricatives (in particular, the voiced pronunciation of s for the classical period is not reconstructed). All vowels are characterized by opposition in length.
In classical Latin, stress, according to the evidence of ancient grammarians, was musical (raising the tone on a stressed vowel); the place of stress was almost entirely determined by the phonological structure of the word. In the Preclassical era there may have been a strong initial stress (this explains many historical changes in the Latin vowel system). In the postclassical era, stress loses its musical character, and musical stress is not preserved in any of the Romance languages.

The Latin language is also characterized by various restrictions on the structure of the syllable and rather complex rules for the assimilation of vowels and consonants (for example, long vowels cannot be found before the combinations nt, nd and before m; voiced noisy ones do not occur before voiceless noisy ones and at the end of a word; short i and o also , with a few exceptions, does not occur at the end of a word, etc.). Confluences of three or more consonants are avoided (there are few permissible combinations of three consonants; they are possible mainly at the junction of a prefix and a root , for example, pst, tst, nfl, mbr, etc.).

Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet is a variety of Western Greek, adopted by the Romans, like many other achievements of material and spiritual culture, possibly through the Etruscans. A modern version of the Latin alphabet, more precisely, the pronunciation of the sounds of the Latin language in the international transcription system (24 letters). However, more than two thousand years ago, during the time of the great Roman lawyer and statesman of the Roman Republic, Marcus Tullius Cicero, there were 21 letters of the Latin alphabet, there were no letters “K”, “Y”, “Z”. They were later borrowed from the Greek alphabet, so linguists argue that it is impossible to absolutely accurately reproduce the sounds of a dead language phonetically correctly.

In the oldest versions of the Latin alphabet, the letter G is missing (officially legalized by the end of the 3rd century BC), the sounds u and v, i and j are designated in the same way (additional letters v and j appear only in the Renaissance among European humanists; in Many scholarly editions of classical Latin texts do not use them). The direction of writing from left to right was finally established only by the 4th century. BC. (the direction of writing in more ancient monuments varies). The length of vowels, as a rule, is not indicated (although in some ancient texts a special “apex” sign is used to convey longitude in the form of a slash above the letter, for example á).

To study international legal terminology and legal formulas of Roman law, we are forced to use a version of the ancient alphabet, which, moreover, has become half native to the Russian language.

Table No. 1. Comparative table of pronunciation options for letters and letter combinations in Latin

Letter/combination	Classic	Traditional	Modern
	[A]	[A]	[A]
	[b]	[b]	[b]
	[To]	[ts]	[ts]
	[d]	[d]	[d]
	[e]	[e]	[e]
	[f]	[f]	[f]
	[G]	[G]	[G]
	[X]	[x]/[g]	[X]
	[i]/[th]	[i]/[th]	[i]/[th]
		[th]	[th]
	[To]	[To]	[To]
	[l"]	[l"]/([l])	[l"]
	[m]	[m]	[m]
	[n]	[n]	[n]
	[O]	[O]	[O]
	[P]	[P]	[P]
	[To]	[To]	[To]
	[R]	[R]	[R]
	[With]	[s]/[z]	[s]/[z]
	[T]	[T]	[T]
	[y]/[v]	[y]	[y]
		[V]	[V]
			[V]
	[ks]	[ks]	[ks]
	[And]	[And]	[And]
	[h]	[h]	[h]
	[e]	[e]	[e]
	[ё]	[ё]	[e]
ae, ae, ae	ae	ae	ae
oh, oh, oh	oh	oh	oh
	aw	aw	aw
	ew	ew	ew
	Hey	Hey	Hey
	you	qi	qi
	ngv, ngu	ngv, ngu	ngv, ngu
	kv	kv	kv
	St.	St.	St.

2. Vowel sounds

The vowels a, e, i, o, u, y are pronounced as indicated in the alphabet. They can be both long and short. Longitude and brevity are natural and positional. Natural longitude and shortness in writing are indicated by superscripts: longitude ā, shortness ă, for example: civīlis, popŭlus. Positional longitude and brevity are determined by the rules and are not indicated in writing.

Longitude and brevity are important for determining the semantics of words, for example: mălum evil, mālum apple, and their forms, for example: justitiă and justitiā these are different case forms of the word. But the main goal of determining longitude and brevity is to correctly emphasize the word. In this regard, it is important what the number of the penultimate syllable in a word is, since this determines the place of stress.

Pronouncing two vowels as one syllable is called a diphthong. There are 4 diphthongs in Latin:

ae = e aera - (era)
oe = e poena - (pen)
au = ау aurum - (aurum)
eu = eu Europa - (europa)
If the combinations ae, oe are two separate syllables, then a colon is placed over the e or its length or brevity is indicated: aër = aēr [á-er], coëmo = coĕmo [koό-e-mo].

3. Consonants

Consonant sounds are divided:

1) According to the organs of speech that primarily produce: labial, laryngeal, dental;

2) According to the property of sound, they are silent (which cannot be pronounced without the help of a vowel), sonorous or long-lasting (capable of prolonged pronunciation without the help of a vowel). Mute people are also divided into deaf and voiced. The sonorous ones also include smooth l, r and nasal m, n.
C c before the vowels e, i, y and diphthongs ae, oe is read as Russian c, and before other vowels and at the end of the word as Russian k:

Cicero (Cicero) corpus - (corps)
Caesar (Caesar) culpa - (culpa)
сyanus (cyanus) caput - (kaput)
coepi (chain) fac - (fak)
H h is pronounced like the Belarusian g with aspiration:
heres (gheres), honor (ghonor);
L l is pronounced midway between hard and soft l:
lex (lex), lapsus (lapsus);
Q q is used only in combination with u: Qu, qu = q:
aqua (aqua), equus (equus), quid (quid);
S s is pronounced as s: sed (sed), and between vowels as z: casus (case).
The phrase ngu before vowels is read [ngv] - sanguis blood, lingua language; before consonants - [ngu] angulus corner, lingula tongue.
The phrase ti before vowels is read as [qi] solutio solution; before consonants after s, t, x, before vowels like [ti] - inflamatio inflammation, ostium entrance, hole mixtio mixing.
The phrase su before the vowels a, e is read sv:
suavis (swavis), Suebi (swabi), but: suus (suus).
To convey aspirated Greek sounds, combinations of consonants with h were created:
ch = x charta (charta);
ph = f sphaera (sphere);
th = t thermae (terme);
rh = р arrha (arra).

4. Accent

The stress is placed only on the long syllable. It is never placed on the last syllable, naturally, except for monosyllabic words.

The stress is placed on the 2nd syllable from the end if it is long and on the 3rd syllable from the end if the second one is short.

The number of syllables in a word corresponds to the number of vowel sounds (including diphthongs). The syllable division occurs:

1) before a single consonant (including before qu).
ro-sa, a-qua, au-rum, Eu-ro-pa

2) before the combination “mute with smooth” and before the last vowel of other consonant combinations.

pa-tri-a, sa-git-ta, for-tu-na, punc-tum, dis-ci-pli-na, a-gri-co-la, a-ra-trum
The midlingual (voiced fricative) sound j (iota) between vowels in pronunciation was doubled, distributed between two syllables.
pejor >> pej-jor

3) the prefix is highlighted.

de-scen-do, ab-la-ti-vus, ab-es-se

Syllables can be open or closed. An open syllable ends in a vowel or diphthong (sae-pe), a closed syllable ends in a consonant (pas-sus).
In classical Latin, each syllable was either long or short according to its number. An open syllable with a short vowel is short. All other syllables are long. A closed syllable containing a short vowel is long because the closing consonant requires additional time to pronounce.)

Conclusion

The Latin alphabet is a variety of Western Greek, adopted by the Romans, like many other achievements of material and spiritual culture, possibly through the Etruscans.

A modern version of the Latin alphabet, more precisely, the pronunciation of the sounds of the Latin language in the international transcription system (24 letters). However, more than two thousand years ago they talked about 21 letters of the Latin alphabet, there were no letters “K”, “Y”, “Z”. They were later borrowed from the Greek alphabet, so linguists argue that it is impossible to absolutely accurately reproduce the sounds of a dead language phonetically correctly. To study international legal terminology and legal formulas of Roman law, we are forced to use a version of the ancient alphabet, which, moreover, has become half native to the Russian language.

Vowels are pronounced as indicated in the alphabet. They can be both long and short. Longitude and brevity are natural and positional. Longitude and brevity are important for determining the semantics of words; the main goal of determining longitude and brevity is to correctly place the emphasis in a word. A syllable is long or short depending on the length or shortness of its vowel sound.
In words consisting of two or more syllables, the stress is never placed on the last syllable. In two-syllable words, the stress always falls on the first syllable. If a word contains more than two syllables, then the stress falls on either the second or third syllable from the end of the word, depending on the length or shortness of the second syllable from the end of the word. If it is long, then the stress always falls on it, but if it is short, then the stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the word.

Literature

Akhterova O.A., Ivanenko T.V. Latin language and basics of legal terminology. - M.: Lawyer, 1998.
Garnik A.V., Nalivaiko R.G. Latin language with elements of Roman law. Mn.: Belarusian State University, 2001

3. Lemeshko V.M. Latin language. - M.: Moscow Institute of Economics, Management and Law, 2009.

4. Sobolevsky S.I. Latin grammar. M.: List-new, 2003.
5. Yarkho V.N. Latin language. - Moscow, Higher School, 2003.

In addition to the simple vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [and], in the Latin language there were also two-vowel sounds (diphthongs) ae, oe, ai, e.

The digraph ae is read as [e]: vertebrae [ve "rtebre] - vertebrae, peritonaeum [peritone "um] - peritoneum.

The digraph oe is read as [e], more precisely, like the German o or French oe: foetor [fetor] - bad smell.

In most cases, the diphthongs ae and oe, found in medical terms, served to convey the Greek diphthongs ai and oi in Latin. For example: oedema [ede "ma] - swelling, oesophagus [eso" phagus] - esophagus.

If in the combinations ae and oe the vowels belong to different syllables, that is, they do not constitute a diphthong, then a separation sign (``) is placed above the “e” and each vowel is pronounced separately: diploе [diploe] – diploe – spongy substance of the flat bones of the skull ; аеr [aer] – air.

The au diphthong is read as: auris [au "rice] - ear. The eu diphthong is read as [eu]: ple"ura [ple"ura] - pleura, neurocranium [neurocranium] - brain skull.

Features of reading consonants

A double reading of the letter “С с” is accepted: as [k] or [ts].

How [k] is read before the vowels a, o, and, before all consonants and at the end of the word: caput [ka "put] - head, head of bones and internal organs, cubitus [ku "bitus] - elbow, clavicula [beak" - collarbone, crista [kri "sta] - crest.

How [ts] is read before the vowels e, i, y and the digraphs ae, oe: cervicalis [cervical fox] - cervical, incisure [incizu "ra] - notch, coccyngeus [kokzinge "us] - coccygeal, coelia [tse "lia ] - abdomen.

“H h” is read as a Ukrainian sound [g] or German [h] (haben): homo [homo] - man, hnia "tus [gna" tus] - gap, crevice, humerus [gume "rus] - humerus.

“K k” is found very rarely, almost exclusively in words of non-Latin origin, in cases where it is necessary to preserve the sound [k] before the sounds [e] or [i]: kyphosis [kypho "zis] - kyphosis, kinetocytus [kine "to -citus] – kinetocyte – mobile cell (words of Greek origin).

“S s” has a double reading – [s] or [z]. As [s] is read in most cases: sulcus [su"lkus] - groove, os sacrum [os sa"krum] - sacrum, sacral bone; back [fo"ssa] - pit, ossa [o"ssa] - bones, processus [protse"ssus] - process. In the position between the vowels and consonants m, n in words of Greek origin, s is read as [z]: chiasma [chia"zma] - cross, platysma [platy"zma] - subcutaneous muscle of the neck.

“X x” is called a double consonant, since it represents the sound combination [ks]: radix [ra "dix] - root, extremitas [extra "mitas] - end.

“Z z” is found in words of Greek origin and is read as [z]: zygomaticus [zygoma "ticus] - zygomatic, trapezius [trapezius] - trapezoidal.

Diphthongs And peculiarities reading consonants two-vowel sounds ( diphthongs) ae, oe, ai, her.
Peculiarities reading consonants. Accepted in two ways reading letters “C s”: like [k] or [ts].

Diphthongs And peculiarities reading consonants. In addition to simple vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [i], there were also two-vowel. Reading vowels (and consonant j).

Diphthongs And peculiarities reading consonants. In addition to simple vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [i], there were also two-vowel. Loading. Download Receive on your phone.

Diphthongs And peculiarities reading consonants. In addition to simple vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [i], there were also two-vowel sounds... more ».
Peculiarities

Diphthongs And peculiarities reading consonants. In addition to simple vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [i], there were also two-vowel sounds... more ».
Peculiarities fundamentals. 1. As the most common word-forming device, with...

When starting to study this topic, clearly understand that in pronunciation consonants sounds that are voiced and unvoiced.
Negative impact of phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment on children’s learning skills reading and letters.

According to According to the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation”, federal courts operate in the Russian Federation.
Peculiarities participation of the prosecutor in the consideration of criminal cases by courts of general jurisdiction.

Characteristic, peculiarities and types of majoritarian electoral system. Essential for functioning political system V foreign countries have electoral systems, from.
According to rules of the majoritarian electoral system, elected according to...

Flaws reading: Alexia - complete inability or loss of ability to master the process reading; Dyslexia is a partial specific process disorder reading.
Presence of specific errors (replacement and mitigation consonants letters) when writing for children, not...

The mortgage process is regulated Federal law“On mortgage (mortgage of real estate)” (as amended by the Fed. Peculiarities mortgage lending.

Similar pages found:10