Status-role characteristics of personality.

Return to Social Man

For social behavior characterized by a special act, namely, turning to someone else’s life and feeling oneself in another. A special life form, which we called social, arises when this need for self-denial for the sake of another becomes a leading life need. All spiritual acts related to pragmatics are completely excluded, since the determining factor in them is not the social moment, but some other, for example, economic or political. Social orientation in its highest manifestation is love. It can be a fundamental feeling for all of life.

4. Social person

But it can also be directed at a separate object or a circle of objects and at the same time not lose the character of a leading need that determines all individual existence. The individual becomes the object of love as the center of values. You can love another person because the value of truth or beauty or holiness is discovered in him.

A special life form, which is called social, arises when this need for self-denial for the sake of another becomes a leading life need.

Social orientation in its highest manifestation is love. It can be a fundamental feeling for all of life. But it can also be directed at a separate object or a circle of objects and at the same time not lose the character of a leading need that determines all individual existence. The individual becomes the object of love as the center of values. You can love another person because the value of truth, or beauty, or holiness is discovered in him. Akin to such love is a passionate desire to acquire the values of life that are already known to us. But the essence of love itself is even deeper: it remains something in itself, turned to another life for the sake of the values contained in this life. Conceptually defining what ultimately defies formulation, we can say that love discovers in another person - one, several or many - potential carriers of certain values and finds the meaning of its own life in devotion to these people.

Along with individual traits and qualities of character, one can distinguish a general way of adapting an individual to the social environment - the social type of human character. When determining the type of character, we highlight what is essential and similar in the characters of individual people, which determines general style their life activities.

On this basis we distinguish following types characters.

The harmoniously integral type is distinguished by the stability of relationships and at the same time high adaptability to environment. A person with this type of character does not have internal conflicts, his desires coincide with what he does. He is a sociable, strong-willed, principled person. People with a harmoniously integral character retain their own value system in all difficult circumstances of life. This is a type of strong-willed fighter for his ideals and principles. Not opportunism, but changing reality in accordance with their ideals - this is the way these people adapt. The internally conflicting type, but externally harmoniously consistent with the environment, is characterized by inconsistency between internal motivations and external behavior, which, in accordance with the requirements of the environment, is carried out with great tension.

A person with this type of character is prone to impulsive actions, but they are constantly restrained by volitional efforts. The system of his relationships is stable, but his communicative properties are not sufficiently developed.

People of this type have a complex system of correlating their value orientation with the conditions of reality. These people overcome discord with the outside world through internal tactical adjustments, psychological defense, devaluing current events that do not fit into their value system, preserving the basic values of the individual, but not actively trying to change external circumstances. This is a type of wise contemplator detached from everyday struggle.

The conflict type with reduced adaptation is characterized by conflict between emotional impulses and social responsibilities, impulsiveness, the predominance of negative emotions, underdeveloped communicative properties, and insufficient structure of self-awareness. Individual connections with the world in people of this type are not included in any general behavioral system. The life of such people follows a simplified scheme: their changing needs must, in their own opinion, be immediately satisfied without special effort.

The psyche of such individuals is not burdened with much experience; they are not concerned about the future. They are not seasoned in the struggle for existence. In childhood, they, as a rule, were subjected to overprotection and were surrounded by excessive care of the people around them. They are characterized by immaturity and inability to overcome life difficulties. The main mechanism of their life is to obtain pleasure (hedonism). People of this type perceive all difficult situations as acute conflict and resort to unconscious psychological pseudo-defense - a distorted reflection of reality (whims, stubbornness, retreat into the world of dreams and fruitless dreams). The variable type indicates external adaptation to the environment as a result of instability of positions, unprincipledness, a low level of personality development, and the absence of a stable general way of behavior.

Lack of character and constant opportunism are a surrogate for plasticity of behavior; it should not be confused with genuine plasticity of behavior, with the ability to take into account circumstances to achieve basic goals, without deviating from social norms and requirements. People of this type are simplistic inner world; their struggle for existence is straightforward. They have no doubts about achieving utilitarian goals and do not have any special internal restrictions. They know only one type of obstacles - external ones. Reality puzzles them only with questions of a “technical” nature - how to achieve, how to achieve the greatest possible number of immediate benefits. This is the type of “realists”: they try to satisfy their needs as fully as possible within the limits of realistically existing possibilities. Adaptation, adjusting, adjusting the inner world to external circumstances - this is the general way of adaptation of these people.

A correct understanding of the behavior of an individual in a group, the relationship between the individual and the group requires taking into account both the properties of the individual, who has a certain social status, position and role in the group, and the composition, nature of the activity, level of organization of the group and group processes. Status-role characteristics, features of individual behavior in a group and in broader social groups express the concept of “status”, “position”, “role”, “rank”, etc.

Status (lat. status - state, position) - the individual’s place in the system interpersonal relationships in a group, society, its rights, responsibilities and privileges.

Each person is covered by various social connections and various social functions, so there can be many statuses at the same time. Being in relationships at various levels, an individual can have the status of a person, a citizen, a student, a family member, an informal association, and the like. Taking into account the naturalness of acquiring status, proposed (nationality, social origin, place of birth) and achieved (education, profession, etc.) statuses are distinguished. The economic, legal, professional, political, and personal status of a person are also significant. Sometimes we are talking about given and achieved, formal and informal, subjective and objective statuses. In a more generalized form, one can make statements about psychological and social status.

Status is the unity of objective and subjective, evidence of recognition of the importance of an individual by a group or society. It implements group norms and values. Status is determined by position, social rank (official status), as well as the attitude towards the personality of a group of people, the degree of their respect, sympathy, authority, prestige of the individual in the community (unofficial status). It depends on the social roles of the individual in the community. There is a close relationship between official and unofficial status: an authoritative person has a greater chance of occupying a high rank, while at the same time, increasing official status raises a person’s rating and his assessment by others. The authority and prestige of an individual are the main components of status.

In social psychology, this concept correlates with the idea of power (in a broad socio-philosophical interpretation, power is seen as the ability and opportunity to influence the activities and behavior of people through various means - will, law, authority, violence), although authority may not coincide with authority (authority can be possessed by a person who is not endowed with the authority of power, who is a model for group members, and therefore has a high degree of reference for others). The basis of authority is the properties and traits of a person, which, in terms of their level of development, significantly prevail over the same qualities of other people. Authority is characterized by: breadth (a quantitative characteristic - sphere of influence, the number of group members involved in the relationship), depth (a qualitative characteristic - the authority of a position, the authority of a person, the types of activities to which it extends), stability (a temporary characteristic of authority).

Power and authority are manifested to the extent that a party, mobilizing its capabilities, tries to change the behavior of the other party by means of influence. Some of the changes generated by psychological influence disappear as soon as a person or group of people find themselves outside the sphere of influence, others continue to exist, influencing the person, turning under certain circumstances into character traits. The source of authority and power is the influence of one part of the phenomenon on another.

The authority of a person in a group can be real and formal. The power of real authority is stronger than formal authority. In the hierarchy of social statuses, a person has real authority and is perceived by the group without the slightest doubt; her recommendations and instructions have great persuasive power, she instills confidence in actions. A typical phenomenon is formal authority, that is, it is supported by the right of power of a person. In both cases, the use of power is effective if its source is recognized as legal (legitimate) and acceptable. Consequently, the effectiveness of a person’s power depends on her authority, as well as her moral and material capabilities.

Prestige (French prestige - authority, influence, respect) - a measure of recognition by society of the merits of an individual (social community), public assessment of its social significance; the result of the correlation of socially significant characteristics of an individual with the scale of values that has developed in a given group.

The prestige of an individual can be determined both by the brand of a car, a bank account, etc., and by its high moral qualities and activity. Prestigious professions, positions, lifestyles, external behavioral manifestations (behavior style), etc. Indicators of prestige depend on the social conditions of the individual, group, socially recognized norms of behavior, and personality characteristics.

The social mobility of a person in society is a prerequisite for changing her social status, which contributes to comprehensive development and the fullest realization of her abilities. At the interpersonal level of communication, status is determined by its place in the system of connections with other people. That is, it is an indicator of the socio-psychological properties of the individual in the structure of the communicative process.

The place of the individual in the communication system, the reflection of interpersonal relationships in its internal structure, expresses such a socio-psychological phenomenon as position.

Position (lat. positio - I place, I put) is a stable system of human relations with certain aspects of reality, manifested in corresponding behavior and actions; a generalized description of the views, ideas, attitudes of a person or group in a status-role structure.

The sociological approach considers this phenomenon as something external to the individual, that is, its place in the system of relations, the conditions under which a person acts as an individual. For the psychological approach, position is an internal component that is part of the personality structure.

A position reflects a person’s views, ideas, attitudes regarding the conditions of his own life, that is, it is a subjective attitude towards the surrounding reality, a subjective assessment of society, a choice of optimal behavior. A position does not arise situationally; it is associated with stable characteristics of a person, which is the basis for statements about a stable and unstable position, characterizing the degree of personal maturity. Positions are also distinguished by the degree of activity. An active life position expresses a person’s active attitude towards events and actions and is associated with an attempt to influence social relations and events in society. An important property of a position is the desire to win for oneself the right to a certain behavior.

The dynamic aspect of the social status of an individual is realized through his role in the system of social relations.

Role (French rôle - list) - a certain social one, psychological characteristics personality, the way a person behaves depending on his status and position in a group, society, in the system of interpersonal and social relations.

A role is a behavioral characteristic of a person.

Psychology classifies social roles according to various criteria. For example, the concept of symbolic interactionism (J.-G. Mead and others), taking as a basis the degree of givenness, divides them into conventional (formalized - fixed in society and determined by the individual’s position in social interaction) and interpersonal (they are determined by participants in social relations) . The concept of socialization (T. Parsons) classifies roles assigned to the inclusion of a person in social structures and groups (determined by birth, gender, social origin of the individual, etc.) and those achieved through personal efforts (related to education, career, etc.).

A significant number of roles are determined by the variety of social groups, activities and relationships in which the individual is included. However, none of them completely exhausts the personality, which plays many roles throughout its life. Constantly performing one or more roles helps to consolidate them. Regarding the personality of her environment, she has certain role expectations - a system of ideas about how she should behave in a specific situation, what actions to expect from him. Among the many roles, of particular interest are social roles, which are characterized by a high degree of norming, and psychological roles, which are characterized by stereotypical human behavior, although they can be diverse.

From a socio-psychological point of view, a role is realized as behavior, that is, it arises only in the context of an individual’s social relations. The nature of the role is determined by the characteristics of the group in which the interaction takes place, to which the person belongs or in which he represents himself. The community influences the role behavior of the individual to the extent that he adheres to social and group norms and stereotypes. This is how role expectations (expectations) are formed regarding the individual participating in the interaction.

If a role is accepted by a person, then it is also a personal characteristic of the individual, who, feeling the role identity, recognizes himself as the subject of the role. In social psychology we are mainly talking about the following forms of role identity:

Sexual (consists of identifying oneself with a particular article);

Ethnic (determined by national consciousness, language, ethnopsychological and sociocultural characteristics);

Group (depends on participation in various social groups);

Political (related to social and political values);

Professional (determined by a specific profession). Long-term performance of a role can be compared to a mask, which seems to grow to the face and become it.

There is a corresponding hierarchy in the community, thanks to which each individual can know his social rank, which is an important socio-psychological characteristic of the individual.

Rank (German Rang - rank and French rang-series) - rank, rank, category of people, phenomena of reality; the degree of social recognition of a person in a group.

The rank is determined taking into account many factors: labor productivity, attitude to work, communication skills, ability to defend one’s point of view, professional abilities, and the like. A high level of self-realization according to these criteria ensures the authority of the individual and determines his contribution to the formation of the group’s reputation.

The status-role characteristics of an individual cover the level of his inclusion in the social environment, the structure of social connections that determine the extent of his inclusion in the system of social norms, rules, expectations and responsibilities that exist in the structure of group relations. In one case, they are a tool for adaptation to society, an element of entry into it, in the other - a means of self-affirmation of the individual, revealing his communicative, professional, creative potential. In this context, the relationship of personal properties not only with each other, but also with the hierarchy of social situations in which the individual acts is important. In general, the status-role characteristic of an individual integrates and regulates the dynamics of the entire personal structure, ensures a certain level of its inclusion in social connections, self-determination as a subject of these connections.

Social role– fixation of a certain position occupied by one or another individual in the system of social relations.

A social role is a socially necessary type of social activity and a way of behavior of an individual that bears the stamp of social evaluation.

The concept of social role was first proposed by American sociologists R. Lintonomi, J. Mead .

Each individual performs not one, but several social roles.

The social role itself does not determine the activity and behavior of each specific bearer in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns and internalizes the role.

The act of internalization is determined individually by the psychological characteristics of each specific bearer of a given role.

A social role leaves a “range of possibilities” for its performer, which can be called "role playing style".

T. Parsons .

This is the scale, the method of receiving, emotionality, formalization, motivation.

Scope of the role

Method of obtaining

Social roles differ according to level of emotionality. Each role carries within itself certain possibilities for the emotional manifestation of its subject.

Formalization a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role.

Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relationships between people with strict regulation of rules of behavior; others are only informal; still others may combine formal and informal relationships.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person.

The types of social roles are determined by the variability of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the individual is included.

Depending on social relations, they distinguish social And interpersonal social roles.

Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity.

These are standardized impersonal roles, built on the basis of rights and responsibilities, regardless of who plays these roles.

Socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, etc.

Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated at the emotional level (leader, offended, etc.), many of them are determined by the individual characteristics of the person.

Among the individual-typical manifestations of personality one can highlight socially typical roles.

In interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a unique social role as the most typical individual image.

According to the degree of manifestation they distinguish active And latent roles. Active roles are determined by a specific social situation and are performed at a given moment in time; latent ones do not appear in the actual situation, although the subject is potentially the bearer of this role.

According to the method of assimilation, roles are divided into prescribed(determined by age, gender, nationality) and acquired, which the subject acquires in the process of socialization.

Main characteristics of a social role highlighted by an American sociologist T. Parsons : scale, method of obtaining, emotionality, formalization, motivation.

Scope of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships.

The larger the range, the larger the scale.

For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since the widest range of relationships is established between husband and wife.

On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are also regulated by regulations and, in a certain sense, are formal.

In other cases, when relationships are strictly defined by social roles, interaction can only be carried out on a specific occasion.

Here the scope of the role is limited to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

Method of obtaining role depends on how inevitable a given role is for a person.

Thus, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of a person and do not require special efforts to acquire them.

There can only be a problem of compliance with one’s role, which already exists as a given.

Other roles are achieved or even won during the course of a person's life and as a result of special efforts.

These are almost all roles related to the profession and any achievements of a person.

Social roles differ significantly according to level of emotionality.

Each role carries within itself certain possibilities for the emotional manifestation of its subject.

The expectations of others, social norms, customs, and fashion can determine certain features of a person’s emotional manifestation in a certain situation.

Even the difference in historical eras can predetermine the variety of emotional manifestations of people, determined by their social roles.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role.

Formal relationships are often accompanied by non-formal ones, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him.

This happens when people have been interacting for a while and the relationship has become relatively stable.

Thus, colleagues working together and connected by formal relationships most likely experience some feelings towards each other, although work presupposes coordination of actions primarily at the conventional level.

Here, the feelings of the participants in the interaction towards each other act as a side effect, but a relatively persistent effect.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are driven by different motives.

Parents, caring for the well-being of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works for the sake of the cause, etc.

With various approaches to interpretation, social roles are defined as:

1) fixation of a certain position, which one or another individual occupies in the system of social relations;

2) function, normatively approved pattern of behavior, expected of everyone occupying a given position;

3) a socially necessary type of social activity and way of behavior a person who bears the stamp of public evaluation (approval, condemnation, etc.);

4) personality behavior in accordance with her social status; generalized execution method a certain social function, when a person is expected to perform certain actions depending on their status in society and the system of interpersonal relationships;

5) existing in society system of expectations regarding the behavior of an individual occupying a certain position in his interaction with other individuals;

6) system of specific expectations in relation to himself of an individual occupying a certain position, i.e. how he represents the model of his own behavior in interaction with other individuals;

7) open, observable behavior an individual occupying a certain position;

8) performance about the prescribed pattern of behavior that is expected and required from a person in a given situation;

9) prescribed actions, characteristic of those who occupy a certain social position;

10) set of norms that determine how a person of a given social status should behave.

The social role is interpreted as an expectation, type of activity, behavior, idea, stereotype, social function.

The diversity of ideas about the social role indicates that in psychology the idea J. Mead turned out to be very convenient for describing the behavior of an individual in his various social functions.

T. Shibutani believed that social roles have the function of consolidating optimal modes of behavior in certain circumstances, developed by humanity over a long time.

The orderliness of everyday life is determined by the sequence in which a person fulfills certain social roles that are associated with rights and responsibilities.

Duty- this is what a person is forced to do based on his social role, regardless of whether he likes it or not.

While fulfilling his duties in accordance with his social role, each person has the right to present his own demands on others.

Responsibilities always come with rights.

Harmony of rights and responsibilities presupposes the optimal fulfillment of a social role; any imbalance in this ratio may indicate that the social role has not been fully mastered.

Social role has two aspects to study: role expectation And role playing.

The influence of social role on personality development is great.

Personality development is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a range of roles, as well as by its participation in the largest possible role repertoire.

The more social roles an individual is able to reproduce, the more adapted to life he is.

The process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.

Development new role can radically affect a person.

In psychotherapy, there is a corresponding method of behavior correction - imagotherapy.

The patient is asked to enter a new image and play a role. The basis of imagotherapy is the method of psychodrama D. Moreno .

He treated people for neuroses, providing them with the opportunity to play those roles that they would like, but could not fulfill in life.

The developing personality introduces individual originality into the “performance” of the social role.

This happens not only due to the specific character, temperament, and personal characteristics.

Role self-manifestation is always determined by the internal structure of the psyche exteriorization, formed under the influence of the internalization of external social activity of a person.

In human life mastering a social role– a complex and contradictory phenomenon.

D. A. Leontyev identified two aspects of mastering a social role: technical And semantic.

The technical aspect includes the perception of the essence of the role by the subject and mastery of its content.

The semantic aspect is associated with a person’s attitude towards his own role.

First of all, the individual must master the content of the role, that is, master it technically.

Most often, such development occurs through the mechanism of imitation.

Many social roles are easy to learn, while some require special effort and ability.

The semantic side of a social role lies in a person’s acceptance of the role for himself.

Sometimes a situation arises when the content of the role is completely mastered, but there are internal obstacles to its acceptance.

A person strives to prove to himself and others that he is more than a role.

On the other hand, the role can be so captivating that the individual completely subordinates himself to it.

Three problems of assimilation of a social role arise: the problem of difficulty in mastering a role, the problem of role rejection, the problem of violating the measure in its assimilation.

Throughout his life, a person is engaged in mastering new roles, as his age, position in the family, professional status, interpersonal relationships, etc. change.

Mastering it can be simple and easy, or it can be accompanied by significant difficulties.

The level of a person’s acceptance of a social role for himself can also vary.

A role can be used as a means to achieve a certain goal, or it can itself become a goal, an end result to which the subject strives for a long time.

In this case, the role can “conquer” the personality: the personality will no longer be visible behind the role.

Mastering a wide range of social roles is the most adaptive for a person, since it contributes to his development.

Role conflict- a situation in which an individual with a certain status is faced with incompatible expectations.

The situation of role conflict is caused by the fact that the individual is unable to fulfill the requirements of the role.

In role theories, it is customary to distinguish between two types of conflicts: interrole And intra-role.

TO interrole include conflicts caused by the fact that an individual simultaneously has to perform too many different roles and therefore he is not able to meet all the requirements of these roles, either because he does not have enough time and physical capabilities for this, or different roles make incompatible demands on him.

In studies of inter-role conflict, the work of the American social psychologist should be highlighted W. G. Goode "Role Strain Theory".

He calls role tension the state of an individual in a situation of inter-role conflict and proposes a theory, the essence of which boils down to identifying ways to relieve this tension.

To do this, it is necessary to free oneself from a number of roles, and make the expenditure of time and energy to perform the rest dependent on the significance of this role for the individual, the positive and negative sanctions that failure to fulfill certain roles may cause; reactions of others to the refusal of certain roles.

When it comes to inter-role conflicts, the example most often cited is the marginalized individual.

Analysis intra-role conflict reveals conflicting demands placed on holders of the same role by different social groups.

The study is considered classic in this area M. Komarovskaya , which was conducted among female students at one of the American colleges.

The results of the study showed the contradictory expectations of the demands placed on female college students by parents and college students.

Role conflicts are common.

This is explained by the complexity of social relations, the increasing differentiation of the social structure and the further division of social labor.

Role conflicts, according to researchers, negatively affect interaction, so social psychologists are trying to develop some general concepts that justify ways to eliminate role conflicts.

One of these concepts is W. Goode’s theory of role tension.

A similar approach can be found in the works N. Gross , W. Mason .

They identify three groups of factors related to the problem of eliminating role conflicts.

The first is related to the subjective attitude towards the role of its performer.

The second group includes sanctions (positive and negative) that can be applied for performance or non-performance of a role.

Based on the analysis of these factors, it is possible to predict which method of resolving the role conflict will be preferred by one or another role performer.

Frolova Svetlana Maratovna

Keywords

MINORS / SOCIAL-ROLE CHARACTERISTICS/ SOCIAL ROLE / SOCIAL POSITION OF A MINOR PERSONALITY

annotation scientific article on state and law, legal sciences, author of the scientific work - Svetlana Maratovna Frolova

Under consideration social-role characteristic personalities minor a criminal sentenced to correctional labor. Social-role characteristics personalities minor the criminal involves the study of social positions and roles of the individual. The considered personality characteristic allows us to see the personality of the criminal in reality, which is determined by the fulfillment by this person of certain social roles.

Social and role personality characteristic of minor criminal condemned to corrective works

Social and role personality characteristic of minor criminal condemned to corrective works is considered in this article. It assumes research of social positions and roles of persons, their social and role fields. The social position represents a set of relations in the social system. The considered characteristic allows seeing the criminal's personality in reality, which follows from this person's performance of certain social roles. Analysis of the behavior of the minor, condemned to corrective works, from the moment of commission of crime is necessary as a mechanism, allowing to characterize the personality of most of the condemned. The minor, condemned to corrective works, simultaneously occupies a set of social positions: in a family s/he is a son (daughter), at his/her workplace a worker, in an educational institution a pupil. Only 53.6% of minors, condemned to corrective works in Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk (2005-2010), studied in various educational institutions at the moment of commission of crime. In the poll among the minors condemned to corrective works, almost all of them (about 90%) have specified that they do not have a desire to study, which explains their skipping classes and poor study results. Teachers notice that, as a rule, this age category of the condemned has controversial relations with contemporaries, are often rude with teachers. The majority of the minors (75.5%) have negative characteristics from workplace in many respects caused by infringement of labor discipline: negligent relation to labor functions performance, in particular, poor-quality performance of the duties, and being regularly late for work. 24.5% of the minors are positively characterized minors in the organization, at the enterprise; encouragement measures are applied to them according to the labor legislation. Among the measures of encouragements specified in Article 191 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation employers basically make gratitude announcements. 98% of employers specified announcing gratitude as a way of encouragement of the worker; one employer mentioned "sending a letter of gratitude to the family of the minor" as an encouragement measure. Encouragement appears in the order of the employer. Not a single employer specified a simultaneous application of several kinds of encouragement concerning the minor worker. The poll of the minors has shown that the majority of them (75.47%) have a peculiar negative attitude to the duties in the family, namely, helping parents with the house, stating they do not have to do it.

Text of scientific work on the topic “Social-role characteristics of the personality of a minor offender sentenced to correctional labor”

S.M. Frolova

SOCIAL-ROLE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERSONALITY OF A JUVENILE OFFENDER SENTENCED TO CORRECTIVE WORK

The socio-role characteristics of the personality of a minor offender sentenced to correctional labor are considered. The social-role characteristics of the personality of a minor offender involve the study of social positions and roles of the individual. The considered personality characteristic allows us to see the personality of the criminal in reality, which is determined by the fulfillment of certain social roles by this person. Key words: minors; social-role characteristics; social role; social position of the minor’s personality.

A.I. Dolgova identifies several approaches to defining social roles. The first approach reveals a normative understanding of the social role, namely: the social role is revealed through human behavior, which depends on the positions he occupies in society. In fact, one should agree with this, since a person occupies a number of positions and performs a number of roles, each of which has its own content. The social position itself is a set of connections in social relations, and the role is the content of the requirements imposed on the person occupying this position. A role is defined as the free behavior of a person, determined by his individual characteristics. A person lives a role as a free artist. The following approach characterizes a role as the content of the expectations of other people and social groups regarding human behavior. In the scientific literature, a role is defined as a product of the interaction of social factors and a person's inner world. In our study, we will proceed from a normative understanding of the role, according to which social position presupposes a set of relationships in the social system.

So, the social-role characteristic allows us to see the personality of the criminal in reality.

Analysis of the behavior of a minor sentenced to correctional labor before the commission of a crime is necessary as a mechanism to characterize the personality of the convicted person. A minor sentenced to correctional labor simultaneously occupies many social positions: in a family he is a son (daughter), in a work collective he is an employee, in an educational institution he is a student.

Only 53.6% of minors sentenced to correctional labor in the Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions from 2005 to 2010 were studying in various educational institutions at the time of the crime. Regarding this group of minors, there are characteristics from the place of study, according to which about 70% of them are characterized negatively, the rest (30%) - positively.

When interviewing minors sentenced to the type of punishment under study, almost all of them (about 90%) indicated that they had no desire to study, as a result of which they often missed classes without good reason and studied satisfactorily.

creatively, have student debts. Teachers note that minors have conflicting relationships with peers and teachers.

M.A. also notes a lack of interest in studying among minors. Suturin, exploring the use of criminal punishment in the form of compulsory labor against minors: “Minors sentenced to compulsory labor, who at the time of the crime were studying in secondary educational institutions and primary institutions vocational education, are characterized (for the most part) by a lack of interest in learning, which is formally expressed in low academic performance, in large quantities absences from classes, violations of discipline, etc.” .

As for conditionally sentenced minors, at the place of study positive characterization 36.8% were neutral, 26.5% were neutral, and 30.6% were negative. “Most of the characteristics indicated that the convict provided assistance to family members and neighbors, the absence of violations of public order, non-drinking of alcohol, his politeness and friendliness.”

Let's consider the social role played by a convicted minor at work. By work in this case we mean serving the sentence we are studying in an organization or enterprise. The social role was examined by studying characteristics from the convict’s place of work.

At the time of studying the materials of personal files in penal inspections for minors sentenced to the type of punishment under study, characteristics from the place of work were missing for 21% of minors. As employees of the penal system explained, after registration with the penal inspection, not all minors, after 30 days from the date of receipt of the relevant court order with a copy of the verdict (ruling, resolution), are sent by inspectors of the penal system to serve the assigned punishment . This is explained by the fact that either there are no enterprises and organizations included in the list of places for serving correctional labor, or if there are these enterprises and organizations included in the list, there are no vacant places for a convicted minor, i.e. working conditions are not classified as “harmful”. In this regard, there are no characteristics from the place of work for this group of minors.

In the characteristics from the place of work of a minor sentenced to correctional labor, it was noted: “characterized satisfactorily,” “does not smoke,” “has some knowledge in the field of performing work, tries to cope with the assigned labor functions,” “conscientiously treats the performance of his labor responsibilities." At the same time, even in such characteristics (positive in form) nothing was said about the attitude of these people to the work performed, about the relationship of the minor with the work collective.

Negative characteristics from the place of work in relation to minors sentenced to the type of punishment in question were noted in 75.5% of cases.

When comparing the category of minors we are studying with those on probation, we should pay attention to the discrepancy in some characteristics. So, K.N. Taralenko, while studying the materials of criminal cases in relation to suspended minors, came to the conclusion that almost all of the category under consideration (93.0%) were characterized positively (“most of the characteristics note the qualities of hard work, respect from the work collective, as well as indicates the absence of disciplinary sanctions"); negative characteristics were noted in 3.5% of minors; the same percentage was present for individuals who had neutral characteristics.

A similar circumstance is noted by M.A. Suturin when studying criminal punishment in the form of compulsory labor in relation to the age category of convicts under consideration. Thus, “...of the number of working convicts, a slightly larger proportion of minors were characterized at their main place of work as not very disciplined employees who did not show respect for work. There is a lack of interest in the result of this work, a purely pragmatic and utilitarian attitude towards one’s profession and activities (the desire to maximize material or other consumer benefits). There are certain difficulties in establishing and maintaining positive contacts with the workforce.” As for the negative characteristics in relation to minors sentenced to correctional labor, they are largely due to the presence of violations labor discipline, including absenteeism, being late for work, as well as careless attitude towards fulfilling their assigned job functions and responsibilities. Among the violations of labor discipline committed by minors sentenced to correctional labor, a careless attitude to the performance of labor functions prevails, in particular, poor performance of their duties, as well as systematic lateness to work.

The data from our study to a certain extent coincided with the data obtained by M.A. Suturin, when studying another type of punishment, also associated with the performance of labor functions of non-

adult convicted persons - compulsory labor.

As for the positively characterized minors in an organization or an enterprise (24.5%), in relation to them the administration of the organization where they are serving their assigned sentence applied incentive measures in accordance with labor legislation. Among those specified in Art. 191 Labor Code In the Russian Federation, employers mainly use incentive measures in relation to minors who conscientiously fulfill their job responsibilities, gratitude announcements. Thus, when surveying employers about incentive measures for minors sentenced to correctional labor, 98% of employers indicated an announcement of gratitude as a form of employee encouragement; one employer cited “sending a thank you letter to the minor's family” as an incentive. The incentive is announced in the order (instruction) of the employer. When surveying employers, none of them indicated the simultaneous use of several types of incentives in relation to a minor employee.

It is also of interest to consider the fulfillment of the social role of a minor sentenced to correctional labor in the family.

A survey of minors showed that the majority of them (almost 75.47%) have a negative attitude towards their responsibilities in the family; they believe that they do not have such a responsibility. In most characteristics of the place of residence in relation to minors, the presence of conflictual relations with neighbors was also noted, which, of course, forms a “portrait” of the minor at his place of residence.

In the characteristics given to the juvenile convicts, it was noted: “during his stay he has proven himself on the positive side,” “he has never had conflicts and does not have conflicts with neighbors,” “always friendly, responsive, helps everyone, whoever asks for anything, if necessary.” . These are positive data characterizing minors. There are also negative characteristics: “constantly drinks in the entrance,” “smokes,” “constantly conflicts with neighbors,” etc.

In the majority of criminal case materials we studied, minors sentenced to correctional labor were characterized negatively by their place of residence (80%).

Analysis of characteristics from the place of residence showed that the majority of minors had complex, conflictual relationships, “cold relationships” with family members, parents were not interested in either the minor or his environment. At the same time, conflict relations in the family are based on the lifestyle of either the parents (as a rule, immoral behavior, drinking alcohol, fights between stepfather and mother) or the minor himself (failure to attend educational institution, systematic omissions training sessions, smoking). Here we are talking about formal two-parent families, i.e. such where one parent is present

tel and, as a rule, a stepfather, as well as single-parent families where only one parent, usually the mother, is involved in raising a minor.

To confirm the above, we can cite the answers of the interviewed minors sentenced to correctional labor to the following questions. So, to the first question “Are your parents interested in your affairs?” Of the minors surveyed, the majority (64.15%) gave a negative answer, the rest (35.85%) answered positively.

To the second question, “Are your parents interested in your surroundings?” The answers were distributed as follows:

Yes, they completely control it (11.32%);

Yes, but there is no constant monitoring (28.3%);

No, they are not interested at all (49.06%);

My parents are not familiar with my surroundings at all (11.32%).

Some of the minors sentenced to correctional labor were trained and successfully completed special courses (for example, sales courses, computer courses, algebra courses, computer science courses).

Thus, minor B., while studying at school No. 25 in Tomsk, in addition to classes, attended special courses in algebra and computer science.

It should be noted that 62.3% of juveniles on probation at their place of residence were characterized positively, 12.3% had neutral characteristics, and 12.3% received a negative characteristic from their parents.

Thus, when carrying out comparative analysis social-role characteristics minors sentenced to correctional labor, conditionally sentenced and sentenced to compulsory labor, there are insignificant differences.

LITERATURE

1. Criminology / ed. A.I. Debt. 4th ed., revised. and additional M.: NORM, 2010. 1070 p.

2. Suturin M.A. Compulsory work in relation to minors: dis. ...cand. legal nauk.Tomsk, 2011. 203 p.

3. Taralenko K.N. Recidivism of juveniles sentenced to probation and its prevention: dis. ...cand. legal Sci.

Tomsk, 2003. 204 p.

4. Archive of the Oktyabrsky District Court of Tomsk. D. 1-485/10.

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Introduction

A person is an autonomous person, that is, a person, to a certain extent, acting independently of society, capable of opposing himself to society. Personality is a social concept; it expresses everything that is supernatural in a person. Personality formation is carried out in the processes of socialization of individuals and directed education: their mastery of social norms and functions (social roles) through mastery of diverse types and forms of activity. A social role is a set of requirements imposed on an individual by society. This is a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform.

Relevance The topic chosen for research as part of the course work is determined by the fact that throughout life each person has many social roles. Moreover, the social role is a necessity and a pattern of life.

Consequently, by studying the main forms and types of social roles, it is possible to determine what place a person occupies in society, i.e. the topic chosen for the subject of the course work is relevant.

Object Research work is society and its structure. Item research - the social role of the individual.

Purpose work is an analysis of the concept of social role, their forms, types.

Hence, tasks test coursework are:

1. Give the concept of personality, social status and its social role.

2. Determine the main forms and types of social roles.

3. Define the concept of role conflicts and their prevention.

1. Conceptpersonalitiesand social status

1.1 Performanceabout personality

Personality formation is carried out in the processes of socialization of individuals and directed education: their mastery of social norms and functions through mastery of diverse types and forms of activity. The alienation of certain types and forms of activity inherent in a person (due to the social division of labor) determines the formation of a one-sidedly developed personality, which perceives its own activity as unfree and imposed from the outside. On the contrary, the appropriation of the entire integrity of historically established types and forms of activity by each individual in society is an indispensable prerequisite for the comprehensive and harmonious development of the individual.

In addition to social ones, a person acquires traits arising from the specific living conditions of special social communities of which individuals are members, i.e. class, socio-professional, national-ethnic, socio-territorial and gender and age. Mastering the traits inherent in these diverse communities, as well as the social roles performed by individuals in group and collective activities, on the one hand, is expressed in socially typical manifestations of behavior and consciousness, and on the other hand, gives the individual a unique individuality, since these social conditioned qualities are structured into a stable integrity based on the psychophysical properties of the subject.

In psychology, “personality” Kon I. S. Sociology of personality / Kon I. S. - M.: Helios ARV, 2007. - 267 p. - this is the integrity of mental properties, processes, relationships that distinguish subject data from another. For a psychologist, the potentialities of subjects are different, since both innate and acquired qualities of people are individual. Individuality reflects the uniqueness of a person’s biological and social properties, making him a unique operating unit of a certain group or community.

Personality properties are what bring individuals together due to their common historical and specific socially determined characteristics of their life. An individual becomes a personality in the process of mastering social functions and development of self-awareness, i.e. awareness of one’s uniqueness as a subject of activity and individuality, but precisely as a member of society. The desire to merge with a social community (to identify with it) and at the same time - to isolate, to manifest creative individuality makes the individual both a product and a subject of social relations, social development.

personality social role conflict

1. 2 Social status personalities

In sociology, personality is a set of status and role characteristics.

Social status is an indicator of the position of a social group and its representatives in society, in the system of social connections and relationships. Along with the category of social status, others are also used: socio-economic, socio-legal, etc., designed to determine the position of groups and their members in the relevant spheres of society. Components of social status are social positions that can be identified on the basis of objective indicators (for example, gender, age, education, profession, nationality, etc.).

To determine the position in society, an assessment of the social significance of these positions, expressed in terms of prestige, authority, etc., as well as orderliness, correlation, dependence, etc., is essential.

With the help of social status, the relationships and behavior of groups and their members are ordered, formalized, regulated, the assimilation by representatives of groups of signs and characteristics corresponding to a particular status, the motivation and encouragement of social behavior, etc. Each individual can have big number statuses, and those around him have the right to expect him to perform roles in accordance with these statuses. But more often than not, only one determines his position in society. This status is called main, or integral. It often happens that the main, or integral, status is determined by his position (for example, director, professor).

Social status is reflected both in external behavior and appearance (clothing, jargon and other signs of social and professional affiliation) and in internal position (in attitudes, value orientations, motivations, etc.).

There are prescribed and acquired statuses. Frolov S.S. Sociology: a textbook for higher educational institutions. 2nd ed., revised. and additional / Frolov S.S. - M.: Publishing Corporation "Logos", 2006. - 278 p. . Prescribed status is a status imposed by society, regardless of the efforts and merits of the individual. It is determined by ethnic origin, place of birth, family, etc. The acquired (achieved) status is determined by the efforts of the person himself (for example, writer, general secretary, director, etc.).

Natural and professional-official status are also distinguished. The natural status of a person presupposes significant and relatively stable characteristics of a person (men and women, childhood, youth, maturity, old age, etc.). Professional and official status is the basic status of an individual, for an adult, most often the basis of an integral status. It records the social, economic, production and technical position (banker, engineer, lawyer, etc.).

2. The concept of social role

2.1 Social rolepersonalities

Social status denotes the specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system. The totality of demands placed on an individual by society forms the content of a social role.

Proposed the concept of Mead's social role in late XIX-XX centuries A person becomes a person when he knows how to take on the role of another person.

Let us consider some definitions of the social role of Psychology. Textbook for universities / Under general. ed. V.N. Druzhinina. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. - 656 pp.: ill. - (Series “Textbook of the New Century”). :

· fixation of a separate position occupied by one or another individual in the system of social relations;

· a socially necessary type of activity and a way of personal behavior that bears the stamp of public evaluation (approval, condemnation, etc.);

· behavior of an individual in accordance with his social status;

· prescribed actions characteristic of those who occupy a certain social position;

· a set of norms that determine how a person of a given social status should behave.

Thus, a social role is a way of behavior of people that corresponds to accepted norms, depending on their status or position in society, in the system of interpersonal relations.

Children's status is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be respectful towards the latter. Women have a different status from men and are therefore expected to behave differently than men. Each individual can have a large number of statuses, and others have the right to expect him to fulfill roles in accordance with these statuses. In this sense, status and role are two sides of one phenomenon: if status is a set of rights, privileges and responsibilities, then role is an action within the framework of this set of rights and responsibilities.

The social role consists of:

1. Role expectations;

2. Performing this role.

There is never a complete match between these two aspects. But each of them is of great importance in the behavior of an individual. Our roles are determined primarily by what others expect of us. These expectations are associated with the status that a given person has.

Types of roles:

· psychological or interpersonal (in the system of subjective interpersonal relationships). Categories: leaders, preferred, not accepted, outsiders;

· social (in the system of objective social relations). Categories: professional, demographic;

· active or current - currently being executed;

· latent (hidden) - a person is potentially a carrier, but not at the moment;

· conventional (official);

· spontaneous, spontaneous - arise in a specific situation, not determined by requirements.

The normative structure of a social role usually has four elements:

1) description of the type of behavior corresponding to this role;

2) instructions (requirements) associated with this behavior;

3) assessment of the performance of the prescribed role;

4) sanction - the social consequences of a particular action within the framework of the requirements of the social system. Social sanctions in nature can be moral, implemented directly by a social group through its behavior (for example, contempt), or legal, political, etc., implemented through the activities of specific social institutions. The meaning of social sanctions is to induce a person to a certain type of behavior.

Cultural norms are learned primarily through role learning. For example, a person who masters the role of a military man becomes familiar with the customs, moral norms and laws characteristic of the status of this role. Only a few norms are accepted by all members of society; the acceptance of most norms depends on the status of a particular individual. What is acceptable for one status is unacceptable for another. Thus, socialization as the process of learning generally accepted ways and methods of actions and interactions is the most important process of learning role behavior, as a result of which the individual truly becomes a part of society.

2.2 Characteristicsocial roles

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons Volkov Yu.G., Mostovaya I.V. Sociology: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. IN AND. Dobrenkova. - M.: Gardarika, 2005. - 244 p. . He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

· by scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.

· by method of receipt. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).

· according to the degree of formalization. Activities can take place either within strictly established limits or arbitrarily.

· by types of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.

The scope of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since the widest range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions, on the other hand, relationships are regulated regulations and in a certain sense are formal. The participants in this social interaction are interested in a variety of aspects of each other’s lives, their relationships are practically unlimited. In other cases, when relationships are strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship between a seller and a buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is limited to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

The way a role is acquired depends on how inevitable the role is for the person. Thus, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of a person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of compliance with one’s role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won during the course of a person's life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all roles related to the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relationships between people with strict regulation of rules of behavior, others, on the contrary, only informal ones, and others can combine both formal and informal relationships. It is obvious that the relationship between the traffic police representative and the rule violator traffic should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This happens when people have been interacting for a while and the relationship has become relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of a person. Different roles are driven by different motives. Parents, caring for the well-being of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works for the sake of the cause, etc.

2.3 The influence of social role on personality development

The influence of social role on personality development is quite large. Personality development is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a range of roles, as well as by its participation in the largest possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to reproduce, the more adapted to life he is. Thus, the process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.

It is equally important for any society to prescribe roles according to age. Adaptation of individuals to constantly changing ages and age statuses is an eternal problem. Before an individual has time to adapt to one age, another one immediately approaches, with new statuses and new roles. Every age period is associated with favorable opportunities for the manifestation of human abilities, moreover, it prescribes new statuses and requirements for learning new roles. At a certain age, an individual may experience problems associated with adapting to new role status requirements. A child who is said to be older than his age, i.e. has reached the status inherent in the older age category, usually does not fully realize his potential childhood roles, which negatively affects the completeness of his socialization. This example shows unsuccessful adaptation to the age status prescribed by society.

Mastering a new role can make a huge difference in changing a person. In psychotherapy, there is even a corresponding method of behavior correction - image therapy (image - image). The patient is asked to enter a new image, to play a role, as in a play. In this case, the responsibility function is not borne by the person himself, but by his role, which sets new patterns of behavior. A person is forced to act differently based on a new role. Despite the conventionality of this method, the effectiveness of its use is quite high, since the subject is given the opportunity to release suppressed drives, if not in life, then at least during the game.

3. Rollher behavior andconflicts

3.1 Role behavior

A role is the behavior expected of an individual who has a certain status, while role behavior is the actual behavior of the one who plays the role. Role behavior differs from what is expected in many respects: in the interpretation of the role, in personal characteristics that change patterns and patterns of behavior, in relation to a given role, in possible conflicts with other roles. All this leads to the fact that no two individuals play a given role in exactly the same way. The diversity of role behavior can be significantly reduced when behavior is strictly structured, for example in organizations where a certain predictability of actions can be observed even with the different behavior of its members.

While role behavior typically consists of unconscious role playing, in some cases it is highly conscious. With this behavior, a person constantly studies his own efforts and creates a desired image of his own self. American researcher I. Goffman developed the concept of dramatic role performance, which consists in highlighting a conscious effort to perform a role in such a way as to create the desired impression on others. Behavior is regulated by compliance not only with role requirements, but also with the expectations of the social environment. According to this concept, each of us is an actor with his own audience.

3.2 Role conflictsand their ways areovercoming

It would be ideal if each individual could achieve the desired statuses in a group or society with the same ease and ease. However, only a few individuals are capable of this.

In the process of achieving a certain status and fulfilling the corresponding social role, role tension may arise - difficulties in fulfilling role obligations and a discrepancy between the internal attitudes of the individual and the requirements of the role. Role strain may increase due to inadequate role training, or role conflict, or failures that occur while performing a given role.

In the most general form, two types of role conflicts can be distinguished: between roles and within the same role. Often two or more roles (either independent or parts of a role system) contain incompatible, conflicting responsibilities of an individual. For example, a married student must weigh the demands placed on him as a husband against the demands placed on him as a student. This kind of conflict refers to role conflict between roles. An example of a conflict occurring within one role is the position of a leader or public figure who publicly proclaims one point of view, but in a narrow circle declares himself a supporter of the opposite.

In many of the roles individuals perform - from plumber to university teacher - there are so-called conflicts of interest, in which the obligation to be fair to traditions or people conflicts with the desire to “make money”. Experience shows that very few roles are free from internal stresses and conflicts. If the conflict escalates, it can lead to refusal to fulfill role obligations, withdrawal from a given role, and internal stress.

There are several types of actions with the help of which role tension can be reduced and the human self is protected from many unpleasant experiences. This usually includes rationalization, division and regulation of roles Nemirovsky V. G. Sociology of personality. / Nemirovsky V. G. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 320 p. . The first two types of actions are considered unconscious defense mechanisms that a person uses purely instinctively. However, if these processes are understood and used intentionally, their effectiveness is greatly enhanced. As for the third method of action, it is used mainly consciously and rationally.

Rationalization of roles is one of the ways to protect against a person’s painful perception of a situation with the help of concepts that are socially and personally desirable for him. A classic illustration of this is the case of a girl who cannot find a groom and convinces herself that she will be happy if she does not marry, because all men are deceivers and rude people. Rationalization thus hides the reality of role conflict by unconsciously seeking the unpleasant aspects of a desired but unattainable role.

Separation of roles reduces role tension by temporarily removing one of the roles from life and turning it off from the individual’s consciousness, but while maintaining a response to the system of role requirements inherent in this role. History gives us numerous examples of cruel rulers, executioners and murderers who were at the same time kind and caring husbands and fathers. Their main activities and family roles were completely separate. A salesman who breaks laws during the day and advocates for stricter laws in the evening does not have to be a hypocrite. He simply switches his roles, getting rid of the unpleasant inconsistency.

Role conflicts and incompatibilities are likely to be found in every society. In a well-integrated culture (i.e., one that has unified, traditional cultural complexes shared by the overwhelming majority), these incompatibilities are so rationalized, separated and blocked from one another that the individual does not feel them at all. For example, members of some Indian tribes treat each other with the greatest tolerance and gentleness. But their humanity extends only to members of the tribe; they consider all other people to be animals and can calmly kill without feeling any remorse. However, complex societies, as a rule, do not have a highly integrated traditional culture, and therefore role conflicts and role tension in them represent a serious social and psychological problem.

Role regulation differs from the defense mechanisms of rationalization and role separation primarily in that it is conscious and intentional. Role regulation is a formal procedure by which an individual is relieved of personal responsibility for the consequences of fulfilling a particular role. This means that organizations and community associations take on much of the responsibility for negatively perceived or socially disapproved roles. For example, a husband makes excuses to his wife for a long absence, saying that his work required it. As soon as an individual experiences tension or role conflict, he immediately begins to seek justification in the organization or association in which he plays the conflicting role.

Each person in modern society Due to inadequate role training, as well as constantly occurring cultural changes and the plurality of roles she plays, she experiences role tension and conflict. However, there are also mechanisms of unconscious protection and conscious involvement of social structures to avoid the dangerous consequences of social role conflicts.

Conclusion

Thus, the following conclusions must be drawn:

1. Personality formation is carried out in the processes of socialization of individuals and directed education: their mastery of social norms and functions through mastery of diverse types and forms of activity. In psychology, “personality” is the integrity of mental properties, processes, relationships that distinguish a given subject from another.

Every person living in society is included in many different social groups (family, study group, friendly company, etc.). In each of these groups he occupies a certain position, has a certain status, and certain requirements are imposed on him.

2. Social status is an indicator of the position of a social group and its representatives in society, in the system of social connections and relationships. With the help of social status, the relationships and behavior of groups and their members are ordered, formalized, and regulated. There are prescribed and acquired statuses, as well as natural and professional status.

The totality of demands placed on an individual by society forms the content of a social role. Thus, a social role is a way of behavior of people that corresponds to accepted norms, depending on their status or position in society, in the system of interpersonal relations.

There are: psychological or interpersonal, social, active or actual, latent (hidden), conventional (official), spontaneous or spontaneous social roles.

3. A role is the behavior expected from an individual who has a certain status, while role behavior is the actual behavior of the one who plays the role. Role behavior differs from expected behavior in many ways: in the interpretation of the role, in personal characteristics that change patterns and patterns of behavior, in possible conflicts with other roles. All this leads to the fact that no two individuals play a given role in exactly the same way.

In the process of achieving a certain status and fulfilling the corresponding social role, role tension may arise - difficulties in fulfilling role obligations and a discrepancy between the internal attitudes of the individual and the requirements of the role. Role tension may increase due to inadequate role training or role conflict.

In the most general form, two types of role conflicts can be distinguished: between roles and within the same role. There are several types of actions by which role tension can be reduced. This usually includes rationalization, division and regulation of roles. The first two types of actions are considered unconscious defense mechanisms that a person uses purely instinctively. However, if these processes are understood and used intentionally, their effectiveness is greatly enhanced. As for the third method of action, it is used mainly consciously and rationally.

List we useoh literature

Andrienko E.V. Social psychology: Textbook. aid for students higher textbook institutions / Ed. V.A. Slastenina. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2007. - 264 p.

Bezrukova O.N. Sociology of youth: Educational and methodological manual. / Bezrukova O.N. - SPb.: St. Petersburg. state univ., 2005. - 35 p.

Volkov Yu.G., Mostovaya I.V. Sociology: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. IN AND. Dobrenkova. - M.: Gardarika, 2005. - 244 p.

Kon I.S. Sociology of personality / Kon I.S. - M.: Helios ARV, 2007. - 267 p.

Nemirovsky V.G. Sociology of personality. / Nemirovsky V.G. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 320 p.

Psychology. Textbook for universities / Under general. ed. V.N. Druzhinina. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. - 656 pp.: ill. - (Series “Textbook of the New Century”).

Toshchenko Zh.T. Psychology. Textbook. / Under. ed. A.A. Krylova. - M.: “Prospekt”, 2005. - 584 p.

Frolov S.S. Sociology: textbook for higher educational institutions. 2nd ed., revised. and additional / Frolov S.S. - M.: Logos Publishing Corporation, 2006. - 278 p.

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Status-role characteristics of personality.

4. Social person

annotation scientific article on state and law, legal sciences, author of the scientific work - Svetlana Maratovna Frolova

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