Installing a toilet on a tiled floor with underlayment. Do-it-yourself toilet installation: step-by-step toilet installation installation

Installation of plumbing equipment is carried out in strict accordance with building regulations and norms. Home craftsmen are often afraid of such work. This is used by service companies that charge very decent money for performing fairly simple operations. Meanwhile, fixing the toilet to the floor is quite accessible for self-execution event. It is only important to carefully familiarize yourself with existing work technologies, choose the most suitable one, and strictly follow all instructions.

Regardless of the chosen method of attaching the toilet, installation work begins with assembling the flush cistern. The device is assembled in accordance with the instructions and fixed in the place intended for it. Also, before installing the toilet, water supply and drainage units must be prepared. There are several methods for attaching devices. The main selection criterion is the floor material on which the equipment will be installed. Let's take a closer look at the most common methods.

Method No. 1: installation on dowels

The most practical method that allows you to install the device with the least amount of effort and time. It is optimal for use on a flat, smooth base, since the slightest differences in height negatively affect the quality of flushing. It is preferable to use this fastening method for lightweight compact structures, since the fixation may not be entirely reliable. Plumbers advise installing the equipment on a special gasket, which you can easily make yourself from old linoleum or a sheet of thin rubber. The toilet bowl is installed on the workpiece and traced along the contour with a marker. After which, using a sharp knife or simply scissors, the gasket of the desired shape is cut out.

The device is fixed to the floor using dowels or special plumbing fasteners. Fasteners are usually included with new equipment. It can also be purchased in specialized stores

Now you need to mark. We “try on” the toilet in the place prepared for the equipment and trace its outline. We remove the device. Apply a thin layer of sealant and glue the gasket onto it. This design will be the most reliable, although some craftsmen prefer to do without a substrate at all. You can start drilling holes for fasteners. As practice shows, if you glue the gasket well and choose the diameter of the drill so that the holes for the fasteners are slightly larger than it, then further installation will be much easier. This is due to the fact that the rubber backing acts as a kind of “contact spot” for the floor and the device.

It happens that you need to not only fix the toilet to the floor, but also raise it a little. This is relevant if there are several devices in the apartment. Then the last one in the system needs to be raised by about 3-4 cm. In this case, use a piece of a two-inch board, which is used as a stand. It is cut exactly along the contour of the toilet and laid on the floor, with a rubber backing placed on top of it. All this is held together with sealant and forms a reliable and robust construction. We drill holes for fastenings directly along the gasket.

You must tighten the fastening on the base of the toilet very carefully. Excessive force may damage the ceramic material from which the device is made.

Long metal dowels or special plumbing fasteners can be used as fastenings. The latter usually come complete with new equipment. Their quality of fastening is approximately the same, so you can use both options. We hammer the dowels into the holes prepared in the floor. We install the toilet and carefully screw it on. It must be remembered that if over-tightened, the ceramic from which the device is made may be damaged.

Now you need to connect the device to the sewer. At this stage Special attention We pay attention to the corrugation. Generously lubricate both edges with silicone. We insert one of them into the sewer socket, and put the second one on the toilet outlet. All areas of the connection should be carefully pressed with your fingers to ensure a good seal. As an additional measure, you can use metallized tape to seal the joints. We connect the water supply and the device is ready for use. There is a similar fastening method, which is presented in detail in the video.

Method No. 2: glue installation

Of all the methods for fixing a toilet to the floor, this is the simplest, but at the same time the most time-consuming. It takes about 12-15 hours for the epoxy mixture, which is used as glue, to harden. This method can only be used on smooth surface. It is most often used to secure equipment to floor tiles. The method is very simple to implement. First, both surfaces to be glued must be thoroughly cleaned of dust and debris. Floor tiles can be sanded to make them rougher. This will improve the adhesion of the material. Surfaces are degreased with any solvent or acetone.

Prepare the glue. You can buy a ready-made epoxy compound or prepare it yourself. To do this, you need to take 100 parts of ED-6 epoxy resin, 200 parts of cement, 20 parts of solvent or plasticizer and 35 parts of hardener. The sequence of adding components to the solution is important. First, the resin is heated to 50C, a solvent is added to it, then a hardener and, at the very end, cement. The composition must be constantly stirred to form a plastic, homogeneous mass.

To ensure that the toilet is securely fixed in place, the floor covering is prepared: it is cleaned for better adhesion and coated with a small layer of glue. Excess composition released under the weight of the equipment is immediately removed with a damp cloth.

A properly prepared adhesive mixture can be used within one and a half hours. We apply it to the base of the toilet so that the solution covers an area of at least 20 square meters. cm, and the layer thickness was at least 4 mm. We install the prepared equipment in the right place, aligning the sewer socket with the outlet, and forcefully press it to the floor. After which we leave the device for at least 12 hours. This period is necessary for the adhesive to harden. During this time, it is not recommended to even touch the toilet. Then we connect the equipment to the water supply and sewerage.

Method No. 3: fastening with taffeta

Most often this method is used to install toilets on wooden floor. Taffeta is a pad of durable wood to which the equipment is attached. The thickness of the board from which the element corresponding to the shape of the toilet support column is cut should be 28-32 mm. To protect the part from dampness, it must be carefully treated with drying oil. To securely fasten it to the floor, anchors are installed at the bottom of the taffeta. The simplest option is nails driven in in a checkerboard pattern, which should protrude 2-3 cm from the part. The recess prepared for installing the toilet is filled cement mortar. Taffeta is sunk into it with anchors. As a result, it should be flush with the floor.

After approximately 12 hours, during which the solution dries completely, you can begin attaching the equipment. The device is fixed with screws. Rubber washers must be placed under their heads, which will prevent possible damage to the toilet frame when tightened. Experts advise lubricating the screws with grease or graphite before work so that later, if necessary, they can be easily unscrewed. Wood taffeta can be replaced with a rubber backing. She's cut out of sheet material thickness from 5 to 15 mm, possibly even from old rubber mat. Such a substrate should be 1-2 cm less than support post toilet.

Fastening the toilet to taffeta involves the use of a special wooden insert. The diagram shows all the elements of such fastening

The methods for attaching a standard toilet to the floor are varied. They differ significantly in complexity and time spent on installation work. It is important to choose the correct fastening method. It depends on the material from which the floor in the room is made. You can carry out the installation work yourself, but if you have no experience or desire, it is better to turn to professionals. They will quickly and competently carry out all the work, guaranteeing long and flawless service of the new equipment.

If you sort out the issue of installing a toilet, you can save a lot on the services of plumbing specialists. And don’t be afraid of this work, because there are no particularly difficult technological processes. The main thing is to get to the heart of the matter, study the material provided and reinforce the whole theory with the video material you watched.

In this article we will tell you about popular methods of attaching a toilet to the floor. It’s worth saying right away that we will not describe the technology of concreting a toilet; it is gradually becoming a thing of the past. Now the toilet is installed directly on the tile and here it is important to understand the methods of its fastening.

Dismantling works

First of all, it is necessary to implement dismantling work to remove the old device. All this work shouldn't take much time. First of all, turn off the tap that supplies water to the tank. After this, the nut on the hose is unscrewed. Water drains from the tank. Next, the mount on the tank is dismantled.

Helpful advice! If the fastener is metal and it is slightly rusty, then unscrewing the nut will be problematic. In this case, you can use special compounds, for example, WD-40. In just a few minutes, the rust will come off and you can easily unscrew the fasteners.

After this, the fasteners on the toilet itself are dismantled. These are usually anchors screwed into the floor. If you still have old toilet, then it can be cemented. In this case, you need to carefully break the screed and completely remove the old toilet.

If there are no plans for it or it is already leaking, then you can break the toilet itself, in which case dismantling will be easier. But remember, this is acceptable if it is concreted!

During the dismantling process, be sure to follow safety precautions so that fragments do not damage unprotected areas of the body. Plus, you need to carefully remove the toilet from sewer pipe. If it is damaged, the installation process may be difficult.

Preparing the base

After complete dismantling, the base should be prepared for installing the toilet. The amount of work will depend entirely on the quality of the floor. If there are tiles on it and you do not plan to replace them, then just make sure that they are held securely. If you delete old tile and lay a new one, then you should not rush to install the toilet.

If the old device was concreted and a hole formed in the floor after its removal, then it must be completely cleaned and cemented. It is also important to pay attention to the exit sewer pipe. It must be intact to eliminate the possibility of leakage waste water. If you have cast iron pipes, then immediately plan to replace the pipe with a plastic one.

Tools

To secure the toilet with your own hands, you need the appropriate tool. Most DIYers have one. In particular, you may need:

Hammer.
Adjustable wrench.
Hammer.
Roulette.
New flexible hose.
FUM tape.
Fastening elements.
Sealant.

This is the main set of tools. Its configuration may vary slightly depending on the installation method.

Instructions for fixing the toilet - 3 ways

So, we invite you to familiarize yourself with three ways to secure a toilet:

Using dowels.
For glue.
For taffeta.

Although the technology is different, the task remains the same - securely fix the toilet to the floor so that it does not fall during use.

Using dowels

If you have a flat floor, then this method is the most common. But a perfectly flat tile floor is important here. If there is a slight difference at the mounting location, the toilet may break.

To prevent this from happening, you can place a rubber lining or a piece of old linoleum under the toilet. To cut it out, you need to place the toilet on the material, trace the outline with a marker and then cut out the given shape.

After this, markings are carried out directly on the floor. In most cases, toilets have two fasteners. The marking process is carried out as follows:

Place the toilet in the intended place.
Trace its outline on the floor.
Place marks where the mounting hole will be drilled.
Remove the device and apply a sealant to the floor, with which the lining you selected and cut will be glued.

While the sealant hardens, you can begin making the hole. The quality of fastening will largely depend on the correct drill diameter chosen. It must fully match the diameter of the dowel. You can drill through the gasket.

A plastic dowel must be driven into the prepared hole. After this, we install the toilet in place and secure it with dowels. The device should be firmly tightened, but only moderately, otherwise the eyelet on the mount may break off.

For simplified installation, usually the dowels for fastening are equipped with a special plastic gasket, which eliminates the possibility of possible chipping.

On next stage The toilet is connected to the sewer, the tank is installed and the water is connected. When installing the tank, a rubber seal must be used. To make it more likely, it can be coated with silicone or other sealant. This will increase the quality of the joint and prevent water leakage during draining.

note

After filling the tank, you need to drain it several times. This is done to ensure that all joints are completely sealed: between the tank and the toilet, on the water hose and on the sewer pipe connection.

At the end of all work, it is recommended to treat the junction of the toilet and the tiles on the floor silicone sealant. This will prevent water from flowing in and moisture from accumulating.

On glue

You can also fix the toilet with glue. This is especially necessary when there is heated floor technology. As an adhesive composition they can be different materials, such as epoxy glue, silicone and other sealants.

If epoxy adhesive is present, its use is only allowed if the floors are sufficiently smooth. The work process is as follows:

First, the floor surface must be thoroughly cleaned of all kinds of contaminants. There should also be no moisture that will prevent good adhesion.
To ensure high adhesion quality, floor tiles can be roughened with a stiff brush.
Next, the surface is degreased with acetone or another solvent.
If the glue is ready, then it must be applied to the bottom of the toilet sole, with a layer thickness of up to 4 mm.
Then bring the device to the sewer hole, connect it and at the same time install it in its place.
After placing the toilet on the floor, it must be pressed and left for half a day for the glue to harden.
Only when the glue has dried can the tank and water supply be connected.

That's the whole technology of gluing the toilet to the floor.

For taffeta

If you have a wooden floor, then this method of fixing the toilet is the most suitable. Taffeta refers to a special layer of wood.

The thickness of the wood should be around 300 mm. In order to prevent rotting of this embedded part, it must be treated with drying oil and other anti-corrosion compounds. The essence of this technology is as follows:

Place nails on the prepared timber so that they protrude 30 mm from the taffeta.
Next, a recess is prepared in the screed according to the size of the taffeta.
Fill the hole with solution.
Apply the workpiece to the solution with the side where the nails stick out.
As a result, it should be flush with the floor.
It is necessary to give time for the solution to completely set and strengthen.
After 12 hours, you can fix the toilet using self-tapping screws directly into the wooden embed.

Advice! To make the screws easy to tighten, they can be lubricated with graphite or grease. Thanks to this, after a while they will also be easy to unscrew..

After this, the standard procedure for connecting the barrel is carried out. Additionally, you can coat the joint between the toilet and taffeta with silicone. This will eliminate the possibility that moisture will flow and accumulate under the sole.

Conclusion

So, we looked at the two most common technologies for how to properly install a toilet on tiles. We also additionally learned what to do if you have a wooden floor. As you can see, nothing special complex processes No. One of the main tasks is to choose the right fasteners.

Although in most cases, it comes with the purchased device. We hope that this material will help you independently understand all the details of installing and fastening the toilet.

How to install a toilet on tiles with your own hands, video example

Modern technologies for the manufacture of plumbing fixtures make it possible to fill the market building materials various models of toilets.

Sanitary fixtures vary in modifications cisterns, material of manufacture (porcelain, earthenware), fastening device, location of water supply and drain outlet. In most cases, bathrooms and toilet rooms decorated with tiles.

Walls and floors are covered with tiles. How to attach to tiled floor the toilet so that it stands firmly on its base? In this article we will give the reader information on how best to do this.

Preparatory work before installing the toilet

Find a comfortable toilet pipe length

The drain sink is installed when the work on tiling the walls and floors with ceramic tiles is completed.

If you install the plumbing first, and then proceed to the device flooring made of ceramics, then you will have to deal with rather complex cutting in the slabs to outline the base of the pedestal of the plumbing fixture.

This will cause a risk of damage to the cladding if the selection of cut tiles is unsuccessful.

When tiling walls and floors with ceramic tiles, you need to achieve a comfortable protrusion length from the wall water pipe.

The outlet of the water pipe must be such that a shut-off valve can be installed.

The sewer drain can protrude from both the wall and the floor. The sewer socket must provide a tight connection with the corrugation.

Required tools and materials

To successfully complete the task, you should have patience and prepare the following set of tools:

perforator, drill;
marker;
drills for glass and ceramics;
screwdrivers;
sealant;
spanners;
adjustable wrench and sockets with collar;
dowels with self-tapping screws;
pliers;
corrugated pipe;
tap;
core;
grinder with abrasive wheel;
connecting hose.

Installing a toilet on a tiled floor

Toilet installation

Installing a toilet on a tiled floor different ways depending on the position of the mounting holes in the sink pedestal.

There are three options for attaching a plumbing fixture to ceramic coating gender:

Most drain sink models are made with mounting holes for vertical fasteners. Installation of the sink is carried out in several stages:

Before installing the toilet, check the horizontal position of the installation site. If no deviations are identified, then the base of the pedestal and the tiles along the contour of the sink support are not cleaned.

Installing a toilet with side mounting holes is somewhat different from installing a sink with vertical fasteners.

The difference is that the mounting parts are hidden under the pedestal of the device.

Install this model of the device as follows:

This installation method is used if the base of the floor is equipped with a heating system. There is a risk of damage heating equipment when drilling mounting holes. For more information about the work, watch this video:

In this case, cleaning the base of the pedestal and the surface ceramic tiles along the contour of the toilet support is required. This is done to increase the adhesion of the bonded surfaces.

Press the toilet firmly to the floor

Gluing a toilet bowl to a tiled surface liquid nails. The surfaces are covered with glue, then they are pressed against each other.

The toilet is removed from the installation site and placed on its side. Maintain the time specified in the instructions. Then set the sink in place and press it to the floor.

The remaining installation work is performed in the same way as in previous cases.

You can begin installing a toilet on a tiled floor yourself only if you have the skills and experience in this type of work.

The process of installing plumbing equipment must be carried out in accordance with certain rules. Not everyone is ready to decide to install it without the help of a specialist. But, if we talk about attaching the toilet to the floor, then this task can be completed even by a beginner who is not familiar with either the design of plumbing or the rules for its installation.

Methods for installing toilets

There are three main ways to install a toilet, let’s consider them in order. But no matter which one you choose, you should remember that all installation work begins with the assembly of the structure drain tank. To ensure that all the details are in place and you don’t confuse anything, you will need our instructions. After the device is assembled, it can be mounted in the chosen location. Another important point– make sure that all connections for water supply and drainage are ready before installation.

In order to choose between all methods, you should take into account the material from which the floor in the toilet is made. Not all surfaces can be used with the same type of fastening.

Dowel mounting

This is the most practical way securing the toilet to the floor surface. You don't need to spend a lot of effort and time to complete the installation. This method is good to use when the floor is absolutely smooth and level and absolutely impossible to use if there are any unevenness or differences in the floor level. In this case, problems with flushing may occur.

It is best to mount light, compact devices on dowels; in this case, you will definitely avoid problems due to unreliable fixation. Experts recommend placing a gasket under the base of the device, and only then carry out installation. If you don't have a ready-made gasket, make one from a piece of old unwanted linoleum or rubber. To get a gasket the right size and shapes, you need to place the toilet on the linoleum or rubber and circle it with a marker. Then simply cut along the contour with a knife.

Usually, a plumbing store sells a kit along with the product itself; it includes dowels or fasteners specifically designed for plumbing devices.

So, the installation process itself looks like this:

First, marking is carried out. To do this, place a toilet in the place where the device will be located and trace its base. Then it is removed and sealant is applied thin layer. A pre-prepared substrate is attached to this place.
Next, holes for fasteners are made in appropriate places. Try to make these holes slightly larger than the diameter of the dowels. This will make installation easier.
Now it's time to hammer in the dowels and install the toilet itself. It is simply screwed into place.

If it is necessary to slightly raise the device by a few centimeters, then use a piece of board. It is used to make a stand that follows the contour of the toilet base. The stand is placed on the floor and a backing is placed on top. Everything is glued together with sealant and dowels are inserted into the holes made directly in the stand and gasket.

Do not over-tighten the fasteners, otherwise you may damage the plumbing fixtures, or rather its ceramic surface. After the device is firmly fixed in its place, you can connect it to communication systems.

Fastening with glue

This method is the easiest to do with your own hands, but it will take quite a lot of time. The fact is that epoxy resin, on which plumbing fixtures are installed, hardens for a very long time, more than 12 hours. This type of fastener is also best used if your bathroom floor is level. It is usually used to install plumbing fixtures on tiles.

Let's take a closer look at how to carry out gluing with epoxy resin:

To do this, take the following components:

Resin;
Cement;
Solvent or plasticizer;
Hardener.

All this must be taken in a certain proportion. Resin - 100 parts, cement - 200, solvent - 20, hardener - 35. The components are combined in the following sequence - first heat the resin to 54 degrees. Solvent, hardener and only then cement are poured into it. During the cooking process, the mass is constantly stirred so that it is homogeneous.

The resulting resin is used within an hour and a half. It is applied to the base of the toilet in a layer of 0.5 cm and put it in place. The pipes align and press the device to the floor. Now you need to let it sit for at least 12 hours, preferably more. Only after this time has passed can the toilet be touched, connected to systems, and so on.

Taffeta fastening

This method is usually used if the bathroom floor is wooden. Taffeta is a wooden backing about 3 cm thick; plumbing fixtures are attached to it. Since a bathroom is a room with high humidity, That wooden stand must be treated with drying oil.

The taffeta is installed using anchors. Usually they are driven in in a checkerboard pattern so that they protrude a couple of centimeters.

The recess for the toilet is filled with cement and then taffeta is installed there so that the anchors are at the bottom. It turns out that the surface of the taffeta should practically not protrude above the floor, but be flush with it.

The solution must harden thoroughly; for this, the toilet is left alone for twelve hours. After this, installation can continue. The equipment is additionally fixed with screws. In this case, it is necessary to use rubber spacers. Then the surface of the device will not be damaged when fixing the screws, that is, when tightening them.

Experienced craftsmen recommend lubricating the screws with graphite or grease before installation. Then, if necessary, they will be very easy to remove. Instead of wood for taffeta, you can use rubber 0.5-1.5 cm thick. A rubber mat is ideal for this. A support made in this way should be a couple of centimeters smaller than the toilet support.

Hidden mount

There is another type - this is a hidden toilet mount. It differs slightly from the method described first, but still has its own nuances. Let's look at the process in detail:

As with open method installation, with the hidden method, a contour is also drawn on the tile that follows the base of the toilet. The attachment points are also marked.
The hidden fastening kit is placed on the floor and markings are made along which the holes will be drilled.
Next, the mount is secured with bolts.
The toilet is installed in its place and secured with bolts. In this case, the emptiness of its base should fall on hidden fastener. It is fixed through the side holes. You should not immediately tighten the bolts too much so that you can later adjust the toilet when connecting to the systems.

If you need to install hidden fasteners, but you cannot drill the floor, then use the following methods:

Place the toilet on liquid nails.
Seal it with silicone sealant.
Apply epoxy resin.

Whatever method you choose, always keep in mind that for better adhesion, the surface of the tile must be cleaned sandpaper so that it acquires the desired roughness. Only then will the adhesion of the two surfaces work best.

There is also an option like side mount toilet to the floor. It is usually used on flush-mount toilets or if you need to install a corner toilet. Then just purchase a special set of side mounts. The toilet is mounted on plastic brackets, which are supplied with screws, dowels and caps.

So, we have considered all known methods of attaching such a plumbing device as a toilet to the floor. All methods are very different from each other in the complexity of implementation and the time spent on their implementation. However, all of them are easy to implement without outside help. It is very important to choose the right type of fastener for each specific case. This depends on many factors, such as, for example, the material from which the bathroom floor is made.

Today, several basic fastening methods exist and are used. various types toilets. Their difference lies in the fasteners, base, or material used to create the floor surface in the toilet. In addition, the time spent on work will differ significantly. Let's talk about toilet mounting options and points that you should pay closer attention to.

Attachment to floor surface

Among modern species fasteners for the toilet, the main place is the fastening to the floor surface:

dowels;
through an adhesive composition;
through taffeta.

Before purchasing, you need to decide how you intend to attach the toilet to the floor surface. Let's look at the methods.

Dowels

This option is considered one of the most popular. The basis for such fasteners is a floor made of concrete. In addition, the floor surface can be decorated with ceramics.

How to install? Before installation, it is important to make sure that the connecting link located between the sewer pipes and the toilet makes it possible to carry out work in the required place. There will be no problems when using corrugation.

If an elbow of the required size is used, then you need to put it in working condition in advance, and, if necessary, cut off the excess, adjusting the appropriate dimensions. A similar adjustment is carried out for any type of fastening work.

During the purchasing process, make sure that the mounting kit for your toilet includes bolts. Otherwise, you should buy the kit yourself.

For mounting on a tiled floor surface, the toilet is installed in the appropriate position, marking the locations for the holes. After this, the toilet bowl is removed and holes of the required size are drilled into which dowels should be inserted; a toilet bowl is installed on top, which is attached to the floor surface with bolts.

Some professionals recommend using a rubber gasket between the toilet and the tiles. It will become a damper to ensure a reliable fit to the toilet tiles and will veil the gaps. This gasket should be cut based on the size of the mounting surface.

To eliminate gaps, a colorless sealant is also used, as in the photo of the toilet mounting below.

Installing a toilet with special glue

If drilling into the floor surface is not permissible, then the best option The toilet mounts will become glue. This fastening method is the most suitable for those who want to strengthen the toilet so that it does not become loose.

Installation begins with thorough cleaning of the floor surface and toilet base from dirt and grease that impede quality adhesion. Then the toilet is placed in place and outlined according to its future shape.

After all this, dust is removed from all surfaces to be glued, and they are also degreased with a solution of acetone or solvent. Glue is applied along the line formed on the floor surface, the thickness of which should be up to 4 mm. It's better to buy adhesive composition ready.

It is necessary to install a pre-purchased toilet on top of the applied composition, while combining its outlet with the sewer pipe. After this, the toilet should be pressed well, leveled and left until the glue hardens for 15 hours. Over time, the required connections are established.

Installation using taffeta

If the toilet does not have a fixture for wall hung toilet, but at the same time the floor surface is made of solid wood, and the boards have minimum thickness, then you should consider mounting the toilet. A similar issue can be solved by fastening with taffeta.

This method involves creating a void in the floor surface that corresponds to the toilet shape with the required recess. It is filled with a solution made from cement.

Taffeta is made from hard tree species. The required shape is cut from a board of a certain thickness, then processed using drying oil. At the bottom of this form, anchors are filled in the order of chess placement.

We prepare a mass of concrete on crushed stone to obtain concrete that will not crack at the maximum thickness of the poured layer, but will be much more flexible, which is important for high-quality burial.

Afterwards, the prepared taffeta is immersed in the mass, which is lowered to the appropriate level with the floor surface. The excess remaining from the solution needs to spread into different sides. The remaining solution should harden and then you can install the toilet. It is secured with bolts of a certain length to secure the toilet.

It is important to place special rubber gaskets under the screw heads. It is necessary to lubricate the bolts with grease or a special lubricant so that they can be unscrewed without difficulty.