Types of minor parts of the sentence. Reminders on the Russian language

Any sentence in the Russian language can be divided into component parts, which in science are called “members of the sentence.” Among them, major and minor ones are distinguished. Without the main ones, most of the sentences cannot exist; they form its basis, and the secondary ones make the text more informative and rich. What are the main and minor members? offers?

Main

The subject and predicate in a sentence are its main members.

• Subject means the thing that does the action. Questions that will help detect it during parsing are “who?” (if the action is performed by an animate object) or “what?” (if the sentence talks about a phenomenon or an inanimate object).
• The predicate is most often expressed by a verb and means the action that the subject performs. Questions to determine - “what does it do, what will it do?”

Here's an example: A good mood helped the boys overcome difficulties. The question “what” in our example is answered by the word “mood”; it is the subject and during analysis is emphasized by one feature. To find the predicate, we ask the question: “What did the mood do?” It helped. This word is the predicate, expressed by a verb, emphasized by two features. As a result, the sentence with the found main members looks like this: A good (what?) mood (underlined by a solid line) (what did?) helped (underlined by two solid horizontal stripes) the boys to overcome difficulties.

How to find out subject and predicate during parsing

To avoid making a mistake when figuring out where the subject is, you should use a hint table.

First of all, you should find the actor by asking the question: “Who? What?”, this will be the subject. Next they look for the predicate.

Minor

To parse a proposal into members, you should be able to find circumstances, definitions and additions. They are the secondary members, the purpose of which is to specify and clarify the main ones (or other minor ones). How to find them?

• Definition. Questions that will help to detect it in a sentence - “which”, “whose”.
• Addition. Most often it is given cases: “to whom (what)”, “with whom (with what)”, “about whom (about what)” and others. That is, questions of all cases, in addition to the nominative.
• Circumstance. It can be found by asking questions of adverbs or gerunds: “from”, “where”, “why”, “how”, “where” and the like.

Let's give an example. Let's find the main and minor terms. offers:

The little boy hurriedly walked along the path.

If you want to break down the proposal by members, it will look like this:

(what, definition) The little (who, subject) boy (how, circumstance) hurriedly (what he did, predicate) walked (by what, object) along the path.

Each major and minor member. The sentence answers its own question, carries a certain load and plays its own role in the sentence.

How to recognize

To avoid mistakes when identifying additions, definitions and circumstances, you can use this summary table-help.

Minor members

Parameter	Definition	Addition	Circumstance
Meaning	Characterizes the attribute of an object	Means subject	It matters the place, time, method of action
Questions	Which? Which one, which one, which ones?	Indirect cases: to whom (what), by whom (what) and others	Where, where, from, why, when, how - all questions of adverbs
What is expressed	Adjective Participle Cardinal number The case coincides with the case of the main word	Noun (both with and without preposition) Pronoun The case can be anything except nominative	Noun
As emphasized	Wavy line	Dotted line	Dot-dash
Example	(Which one?) A beautiful vase stood in (whose?) mother’s room.	The kid was carrying (what?) a basket (with what?) with mushrooms.	(where?) It was damp in the forest (when) in the fall.

To identify which member of the sentence is in front of us, we must first ask a question.

Additional tips

To find the main members of a sentence, you must follow the rules. The subject and predicate are not a phrase, they are already a sentence, albeit a very short one. The main members are independent of each other.

Syntactic analysis should begin with identifying the subject, then it becomes clear what the predicate is and how it is expressed. Then you should identify the subject group using questions, and only after that - the predicate group. Each minor member is dependent:

• from one of the main ones;
• from one of the minor ones.

One sentence can have several main and minor parts. offers. If there are several bases, then the sentence is complex - compound or complex. If there are several definitions, additions, circumstances, but the basis is the same, then the sentence is simple common.

You can often come across calls, for example: Katya, go do your homework. Despite the fact that the address “Katya” resembles the subject, it is not a member of the sentence and is designated as an address.

Complex cases

Not all main and minor parts of a sentence look obvious. Complex but interesting cases are varied:

• A one-part sentence has only one main member. It was getting dark(this is a predicate, the sentence is impersonal). Today we were informed(predicate, indefinite personal sentence), that the exam has been cancelled.
• The predicate may include an adjective: The weather was rainy. In this example, the combination “it was rainy” is a compound nominal predicate.
• The predicate can include several verbs: Today Vasya started studying.“I started studying” is a compound verb predicate.

Main and secondary members. sentences must be highlighted correctly when parsing a sentence.

§1.General concepts

The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis. They distribute the main and other minor members and contain components of meaning necessary for more detailed transmission of information. Let's compare:

The boy is eating.

(information is presented without details)

A little boy slowly eats soup.

(information presented in more detail thanks to minor members)

Minor members:

• addition,
• definition,
• circumstance.

§2. Addition

Addition- this is a minor member of a sentence that depends on the predicate (or other members of the sentence) and answers questions about indirect cases. For example:

I love (what?) ice cream.

(addition: ice cream)

How is addition expressed?

1. By a noun in indirect cases without a preposition or with prepositions:

We met Anna on the square. I gave her flowers.

2. In addition to nouns themselves, it is common to express additions with words in the function of a noun: adjectives and participles formed by a transition to another part of speech, for example: sick, in love, participating, meeting, etc.:

The old man looked at the young people with a smile.

3. With a numeral:

Ten is divided by two.

4. Both nouns and words in the function of nouns can be replaced by the corresponding pronouns:

The old man looked at them with a smile.

5. Verb:

The doctor advised him to walk a lot.

6. Syntactically indivisible phrases or stable lexical combinations (=phraseological units) can act as additions:

We read several books.

(some books- a syntactically indivisible phrase, one cannot say: We read books. Or: We read some)

We ate a ton of salt together.

(peck of salt- phraseological unit)

It is necessary to distinguish between direct and indirect addition.

Direct and indirect object

Direct object- this is an addition in the form of V.p. without pretext. It refers to a verb and is used after transitive verbs:

I wash my hands.

A direct object can also be in the form of R.p. if:

• denotes a part of an object, a certain amount, for example, a little: drink water, eat soup;
• a transitive verb has a negation Not:did not build a new building, did not complete homework.

All other cases of complement are called indirect complement.

§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Application

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, defines the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

The definition can apply to words of different parts of speech: nouns and words formed from adjectives or participles by transitioning to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and non-agreed definition

Agreed Definition- this is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A dissatisfied girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the open terrace.

(girl(which?) unhappy, ice cream(which?) chocolate, on the terrace(Which?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: laughing boy, bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition can be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connections:

• management
• adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the nightstand.

Wed: mom's book - mom's book
(mom'sbook- this is an agreed definition, type of connection: agreement, and mom's book- uncoordinated, communication type - control)

Inconsistent definition based on adjacency:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: a more expensive gift - a giftExpensive
(a more expensive gift- inconsistent definition, connection type - adjacency, and dear gift

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Wed: five-story center - five-story center
(five-story center- inconsistent definition, type of communication - control, and five-story center- agreed definition, type of communication - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair- inconsistent definition, type of communication - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus- noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(French- adverb)

3) verb in an indefinite form:

She had a knack for listening.

(listen- verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of an adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she always chooses the more difficult tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her- possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

A special type of definition is application. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case.
Applications denote various characteristics of the subject, which are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived in the hotel with me.

A variety of applications are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, printed publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Let's compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony- agreed application, words rivers And Sukhony stand in the same case.)

My son read the fairy tale “Cinderella”.

("Cinderella"- inconsistent application, words fairy tale And "Cinderella" stand in different cases

§4. Circumstance

Circumstance- this is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of action or another sign. Usually the circumstance depends on the predicate.

Since the meanings of circumstances are varied, circumstances are classified by meaning. Each value has its own questions.

Categories of circumstances by meaning
The following categories of circumstances are distinguished by meaning.

1. Mode of action - how? how?: The children laughed loudly.
2. Measures and degrees - how? to what extent?: We are tired to the point of exhaustion.
3. Places - where? Where? where from?: Everyone around was dancing. He looked into the distance. Father returned from work.
4. Time - when? how long? since when? How long? What time?: We waited to see the doctor for about ten minutes.
5. Conditions - under what conditions?: If desired, everyone can learn better.
6. Reasons - why? why?: Masha missed classes due to illness. We didn't go into the forest because of the rain.
7. Goals - why? for what?: She came to Yalta on vacation.
8. Concessions - no matter what? in spite of what?: Despite the fatigue, the mother was cheerful.

Circumstances are expressed

1) adverbs: fast, loud, fun;
2) nouns in the form of oblique cases with and without preposition: in the forest, by Tuesday, a week;
3) pronouns: in it, above it, under it;
4) gerunds and participial phrases: lying on the stove, you won’t find good luck;
5) indefinite form of the verb: I came to talk;
6) phraseological turn: he worked carelessly;
7) the circumstances of the course of action are expressed in comparative phrases: Quartz sand sparkled like February snow in the sun.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Are the minor members of the sentence included in the grammatical basis of the sentence?

2. Is it true that the minor members of a sentence spread the main and other minor members?

3. What minor members of a sentence are there in Russian?

   • predicate and circumstance
   • circumstance, definition and subject
   • addition, definition and circumstance

4. Can an addition be expressed by a numeral?

5. Is it true that an indirect object is an object in the form V.p. without an excuse?

6. What is the name of the definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent word is agreement?

   • agreed definition
   • inconsistent definition

7. What is the definition in the sentence: This is dad's jacket.?

   • agreed definition
   • inconsistent definition

8. What type of syntactic connection is in the phrase a more expensive gift in a sentence: I want to buy a more expensive gift.?

   • coordination
   • control
   • adjacency

Secondary members of the sentence explain the main members of the sentence or other minor members, for example:
The sun disappeared behind the mountain ; main members: the sun has disappeared ; secondary member explaining the main one: disappeared (Where?) behind the mountain .

The moonlit path trembled on the dark surface of the lake . Secondary member of the sentence dark explains the minor member smooth : trembled on the surface (Which?) dark . The meanings of the minor members are recognized by the questions.

Symbols of minor members of a sentence:

The secondary members of the sentence are divided into three groups: additions, definitions, circumstances .

Addition

Supplement called the secondary member of the sentence, which answers the questions of indirect cases. It usually means item, is expressed by a noun and most often depends on the predicate, less often on a noun and an adjective: I started to cheat (What?) bonfire . ran up (to whom?) my Trezor to me. Tiger is stronger (whom?) bear Representative (what?) the embassy met us .

Grammatical meanings of complement

Ways to express addition:

Additions are divided into two groups: direct and indirect.

Direct additions are those objects that stand with transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directed. They are usually expressed accusative case without preposition , For example: Poor people have to forget (What?) grief at work. He corrected (What?) skis . (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

All other additions are called indirect: Akintich, after drinking, loved to brag about his work. Grandfather's back began to hurt. (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

Definition

Definition called a minor member of a sentence that answers questions Which? which? whose? and stands for attribute of an object : I love wandering through the autumn forest .

Grammatical definitions

Definitions can specify the subject by:

• qualitative sign ( cold winter, blue sea );
• action (falling leaves, work done );
• place ( city ​​dweller - city dweller );
• time ( summer holiday - summer holiday );
• relation to another subject ( clay cup - clay cup );
• accessories ( grandma's glasses - grandma's glasses ).

Definitions can be agreed upon or inconsistent.

They stand in the same gender, number and case as the noun being defined, i.e. are associated with a noun using agreement.

They are associated with the defined noun without agreement in gender, number and case, i.e. according to the method of control or connection.

An inconsistent definition can combine the meaning of the definition with the meaning of a circumstance or addition, that is, answer the questions of various minor members of the sentence. Wide entrance (which? where?)outside closed tightly (A. Tolstoy).

Inconsistent definitions express the characteristic more specifically than agreed upon ones: apple juice - juice from apples .

Table. Agreed and non-agreed definitions

There are definitions single(if the characteristic is defined in one word) and common(if there are explanatory words in the definition), for example: a kind face, a stolen book; a quickly invented version, cheeks red from the frost .

Application

Application- This is a special type of definition. It is expressed by a noun, which is placed in the same gender, number and case as the noun being defined: giant-cliff, giant-cliff, giant-cliff. Applications may refer to:

• profession: cosmonaut;
• nationality: Hindu guide,
• proper names of inanimate objects: the Amur River, the city of Khabarovsk;
• various qualities of the subject: spring beauty;
• age: old driver.

Various applications can be used proper names (names of literary, musical, etc. works, magazines, newspapers, etc.). Such applications are called inconsistent and are enclosed in quotation marks.

When changing the defined word by case, these applications do not change: the novel "War and Peace", the novel "War and Peace", about the novel "War and Peace".

Circumstance

Circumstance- this is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of an action or other sign: A lark sang very loudly in the sky. Circumstance answers questions Where? Where? For what? Why? How? Usually the circumstance refers to the predicate, less often - to other members of the sentence. The circumstance as a dependent word in a phrase is associated with the main word according to the method of connection or control. Circumstantial meanings can express yourself different parts of speech, as well as turns.

Ways of expressing circumstances

If the circumstance is connected with the main word by the method of control, then it may have additional meaning of complement . We stopped in front of the gate (I. Turgenev). Besides the question Where? the question of addition is also possible before what?

Levels of circumstances:

Circumstances can be expressed by adverbs, gerunds and participial phrases, indefinite forms of the verb, nouns in oblique cases, comparative phrases, syntactically indivisible combinations, for example: In the heat of the moment he felt no pain. Tired on the road, I fell fast asleep. Dersu long and patiently listened to me. In the taiga it smelled of mushrooms and autumn. During a strong earthquake People often die. I ran to you say goodbye

Lesson summary “Minor members of a sentence.”

Secondary members of a sentence are one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language. On the other hand, everything obeys simple rules, which are very easy to understand. What are definitions, additions and circumstances in Russian, how to find them in a sentence and under what conditions are they separated by commas? Let's find out.

A little theory

The complement answers questions of indirect cases (all except the nominative) and refers to the subject. Most often expressed by a noun, a phraseological phrase, a combination of a numeral with a noun, an infinitive (looked ( on whom?) on the person who entered; gave ( to whom?) to him; I bought ( What?) three books). Additions can be direct or indirect. In the first case, they are expressed as part of speech in the genitive case without a preposition (didn’t read (who, what?) books) or a noun expressing a part of the whole in the same case (I’ll drink ( what?) tea). All other additions are indirect.

The definition denotes the attribute of an object and answers the questions “which?”, “whose?” It can be any part of speech, the main thing is descriptive functions. There is a concordant (combined with the word being defined in gender, number and case (handle ( which?) blue, forest ( Which?) green)) and inconsistent (connected with the main word in meaning or grammatically (cap ( which?) askew, in the house ( which one?) made of wood)).

The circumstance in Russian is the largest secondary member of a sentence. It answers adverb questions and can denote a place (went ( Where?) home), time (meet you ( When?) tomorrow), course of action (say ( how?) loudly), etc. (all the same characteristics as the adverb).

In parsing

The Russian language is amazing: addition, definition, circumstance are not only minor members that explain the main ones, but also help to perform syntactic analysis. If there is a circumstance in a sentence, but there is no predicate that it explains, we can safely talk about an incomplete two-part sentence (I ( Where?) home - the verb “I go”/“went” is missing, and therefore incomplete). The addition and definition, in turn, explain the subject, therefore a sentence in which there is no predicate, but there are these minor members, can also be denominative ( "Early morning").

But here it is important to remember that an adjective definition, standing after a noun, automatically turns into a predicate, i.e. a sentence "Gold autumn" will be a common noun, and "Golden Autumn"- two-part.

Separate with commas

But let's return to the isolation of such members as additions and circumstances. The Russian language is designed in such a way that they are rarely separated by commas from the main sentence. Moreover, we can say that additions are almost never highlighted.
In turn, the Russian language includes separate circumstances. In total, there are three cases when this member of a sentence is separated by commas:

• Firstly, if it is expressed by an adverbial phrase ( "After traveling two hundred kilometers, we understood everything") or single gerundial participle ( "After eating, the boy went on his way"). But here it is important to distinguish the usual participle from the participle, which is more reminiscent of an adverb of manner of action ( "He read while lying down"), because in this case there will be no separation.
• Secondly, if the construction “despite” (this is something like an IPP assignment) can be replaced by the preposition “despite”, it is not an adverbial phrase ( "Despite all the difficulties, we got there").
• Thirdly, if there are comparative phrases with the words “as”, “as if”, “as if”, also similar to adverbs of manner of action ( "The clouds, like cotton wool, floated low above the ground").

The following circumstance is not highlighted in Russian:

• If it is expressed by a phraseological unit that can be replaced by an adverb ( "Ran at breakneck speed", i.e. very quickly).
• In the case of participial phrases - if they are homogeneous members of a sentence with a non-isolated circumstance ( “He told everything frankly and without any embarrassment.”). Here everything depends on the meaning: if it is important how the action was performed, i.e. it is impossible to separate the predicate from the circumstance without breaking the logical connection, then no separation is required ( "She sat with her head down").

Conclusion

Isolated addition, definition and circumstance in the Russian language are not at all complicated, but very useful and, admittedly, a frequently encountered topic. Understanding the rules will allow you to easily complete tasks of any complexity related to highlighting minor parts of sentences with commas.

All words are sorted by parts of speech. For example, etc. It is quite easy to understand which word belongs to which group - you just need to ask the appropriate question, and everything immediately becomes clear. In addition, words also work in groups. They make sentences. Each word plays its role. It acts as a definite member of the sentence. In this case, words perform their grammatical function and do so in accordance with certain rules and laws. The main information is about who performs the action, what happens, with whom, where and when. The main and minor members of the sentence are responsible for all this. Let's look at them in more detail.

Main members of the proposal

These include subject and predicate. To understand what is what, just ask a question. The subject is “Who?”, “What?”. Predicate - “What does it do?” To be a subject, a word must be in the initial form, the infinitive. Otherwise, it becomes a minor member of the sentence. This grammatical topic is first introduced to children in 3rd grade. The main members of a sentence are quite easy to understand and learn with numerous examples. It is good if they are supplemented with illustrations or tables.

Subject

The question "Who/What?" immediately shows which member of the sentence is the subject. The word that answers it is the main member of the sentence, and it is with it that everything happens in the story. Most often the subject is a noun. can also be arranged in different orders. The subject most often comes first. It is emphasized in a sentence with one straight line.

Anna waters the flowers.

The book is on the shelf.

The phone rings loudly.

Sometimes the subject can also be an adjective. However, only when there is no suitable noun.

Green is on.

Black is slimming.

Predicate

The question “What does it do?” immediately allows you to determine the predicate in a sentence. It always goes together with the subject and describes what is happening to him. It is difficult to confuse the main and minor members of a sentence with each other if you immediately select the main pair. The predicate in a sentence is expressed by a verb. It can also characterize the state of the subject. In a sentence, the predicate is emphasized by two straight parallel lines.

The house seemed huge against the backdrop of small garages and buildings.

Lena watches TV series every day.

Mom sat down at the house, waiting for the children from school.

Features of minor members of the sentence

They make the meaning of the main part of the sentence more precise, detailed, and complement it with details. From them we can learn about the place, time, mode of action of what is happening to someone or something. They can be identified by characteristic questions. The secondary members of a sentence (grade 3, Russian language textbook by O. D. Ushakova) are a circumstance (place, time, manner of action), a definition (whose/which?) and an addition (whom/what?, etc.). They are not part of the grammatical basis of sentences.

Definition

It can be expressed in several parts of speech. Nouns, adjectives, and even pronouns that replace nouns serve this purpose. The definition describes the subject. Typical questions for identification: “Which?”, “Whose?”. Used for underlining

The full moon came out from behind the clouds.

A large box blocked the road.

Addition

If a noun word does not answer the question “Who/What?”, it can definitely be said to be an object. It is expressed not only by nouns, but also by pronouns. In sentences, cases are used for emphasis to very accurately help to isolate the main and minor members of the sentence.

The neighbors bought a new car.

The grandmother picked up her granddaughter from kindergarten immediately after lunch.

The flowers were cut with a sharp knife.

Circumstance

It indicates the place, time, reason, purpose, course of action, clarifying, explaining and adding details to the description of what is happening. In each case, the circumstance answers the relevant questions. For example:

Place: Where does it happen/Where does it go/Where does it come from?

Mode of action: How did it happen/How did it happen?

Reason: Why did this happen/Why is this happening?

Time: Since when did it start/When did it start/How long will it last/How long to wait?

Purpose: Why is this/What is it for?

The role of adverbial adverb in a sentence can be played by a noun, adverb and pronoun. For underlining, a dash-dotted line consisting of dots and dashes is used.

A bunch of bananas lay on the table in the kitchen.

Friends canceled a trip to the beach due to bad weather.

He constantly reads a lot of books to appear smart.

Table "Main and secondary members of the sentence"

To remember the rules and learn to distinguish between main and minor members of a sentence, it is recommended to perform a number of special exercises in practice. They will give the necessary result in consolidating the skill.