Volochaevsky battles. Short description
Automotive armored detachment for special purposes, 1920. The ranks of the detachment have colored ceremonial caps of the technical units of the old army: dark green crown, black band, 3 red edgings (1 on the crown and 2 on the band).
Commanders of the armored units of the Red Army near the British Mk5 tank, 1920 (RGAKFD). One of them has a non-standard tunic with a red collar, breastplate and cuffs.
To fight the rebels N.I. On October 4, 1920, the Makhno Red command in the area of the village of Pavlovka, Kherson province, formed a separate consolidated Zavolzhsky brigade, consisting of the 1st Zavolzhsky Rifle and Zavolzhsky Hussar Regiments. The latter was commanded by the former cavalry officer Whatman. At the beginning of 1921, in the battle near Balakleya, the brigade suffered significant losses, and, as noted by a participant in the Civil War and famous Soviet writer I.V. Dubinsky, the Makhnovists “tore off the dead and wounded cavalrymen new ones, made of bright cloth, riding breeches. But they didn’t flaunt them for long...” Soon the brigade was replenished, and on March 18, 1921 it was reorganized into the Consolidated Trans-Volga Division, and on May 19 - into the Separate Trans-Volga Brigade.
AVIATION AND MILITARY SERVICE OF THE RKKA, 1918-1922
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Air Fleet (RKKVF) was divided into aviation and aeronautics. Its construction was supervised by the Main Directorate of the RKKVF, formed on May 24, 1918, and leadership at the fronts from September of the same year was carried out by the Field Directorate of Aviation and Aeronautics of the Active Army. The main organizational units of the RKKVF were aviation detachments of 6 aircraft each, which, in turn, were part of air divisions (3 air detachments each) - mainly fighter ones. Air squads were often combined into air groups used in the decisive direction of the ground forces' operations. There was also naval aviation, since March 1920, subordinate to the Main Directorate of the RKKVF.
In total, during the Civil War, the RKKVF had about 2.3 thousand aircraft, of which about 300 remained in service by the end of the war.
The coherence and clarity of the work of the military communications service played a very important role important role during the Civil War. On November 28, 1918, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars, martial law was introduced on the railways, and all railway employees were considered liable for military service. Extraordinary military commissars were appointed to the railways, approved by the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic. In 1918, military transportation amounted to 6.9 thousand trains, in 1919 - 12 thousand, and in 1920 - 21 thousand trains.
PEOPLE'S REVOLUTIONARY ARMY OF THE FAR EASTERN REPUBLIC (NRA FER), 1920-1922
After the defeat of the white armies of Admiral A.V. Kolchak on January 22, 1920, the Irkutsk Military Revolutionary Committee from volunteer and partisan detachments, as well as military units of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Political Center (former Kolchak's, who went over to the side of the Bolsheviks) formed the East Siberian Soviet army(VSSA) under the command of D.E. Zvereva. Due to its small numbers, on February 26 the army was consolidated into the 1st Irkutsk Rifle Division. On March 10, the VSSA was renamed the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) of the Baikal region (from mid-April - the PRA of Transbaikalia). On April 6, the creation of a puppet Far Eastern Republic (FER), entirely dependent on the Central Committee of the RCP(b), was proclaimed, and in mid-May the NRA of Transbaikalia was renamed the NRA FER. By November 1, the NRA included the 1st and 2nd Amur, 1st and 2nd Irkutsk Rifle and Transbaikal Cavalry Divisions, the Amur Cavalry Brigade and other units - a total of 40.8 thousand people, by May 1, 1921 - 1st Chita, 2nd Verkhneudinsk, 3rd Amur and 4th Blagoveshchensk Rifle and Transbaikal Cavalry Divisions, 1st Troitskosavskaya, 2nd Sretenskaya and 3rd Khabarovsk Cavalry Brigades (total 36.1 thousand people), and on October 1, 1922 - 3 rifle divisions and 1 separate cavalry brigade - a total of 19.8 thousand people. Units of the NRA of the Far Eastern Republic took part in hostilities against the troops of Ataman G.M. Semenov and in battles with the Asian Cavalry Division of General R.F. Ungern in Northern Mongolia in 1921 and in the fight against the Zemskaya Rati of General M.K. Diterichs in Primorye in 1922. On November 16, 1922, the NRA joined the 5th Army of the Red Army and put on the Red Army uniform and insignia.
A group of military pilots of the 1st Cavalry Army, 1920. On the sleeves of military pilots - various options flight emblems and technical staff former Russian aviation Imperial Army. Red stars are inserted into the double-headed eagles without crowns.
Red military pilot V. Nazarchuk (sitting) with his technician near the Sopwith Camel aircraft, 1920. On the military pilot’s cap is the emblem of the pilots of the old army (the so-called “fly” or “eagle”); the technician had a propeller with wings, informally called a “duck.”
MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE RKKA, 1918–1922
The military educational institutions of the Red Army included military academies, military schools and various courses. The Red Army created courses and schools for training junior command personnel, short-term command courses for platoon commanders, various advanced training courses for command personnel, schools for training mid-level specialists and a network of military academies that trained senior command personnel of all specialties. The organization and management of universities was in charge of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions (GUVUZ). The main form of commander training was short-term courses. February 14, 1918 People's Commissariat on military affairs announced the opening of command courses in Petrograd, Moscow, Oranienbaum, Tver and Kazan - mainly on the basis of former military schools and schools for warrant officers. Training began for commanders of infantry (later rifle units), cavalry, artillery, engineering troops, communications, armored vehicles and electrical units, etc.; Over 5.2 thousand people studied there. In September of the same year, the number of different courses increased to 34, and in December - to 50. In addition to the courses that were under the jurisdiction of the State University of Higher Education, command courses were also created at the headquarters of armies and fronts. All of them were staffed mainly by former soldiers, non-commissioned officers and volunteers who were loyal to the RCP (b) and had combat experience. The duration of training for them was 34 months; junior cadets, often without finishing their studies, were sent to the front...
The first Soviet military educational institution was the Moscow revolutionary machine gun school of red command personnel, which immediately enrolled 150 people, of which 105 were Bolsheviks. At the end of 1918, the Higher Rifle School of the Red Army, the Higher Military Electrotechnical School, the Higher Art School, the Higher Military Cavalry School, etc. began their activities. A number of academies were opened: in 1918 - the General Staff Academy, the Art Academy, the Military Engineering Academy, Military Medical and Military Economic Academies; in 1919 - the Naval Academy, the Teachers' Institute of the Red Army (its first graduation - 134 people - took place in 1920, and on its basis in 1925 the Military-Political Academy was created), the Aviation College was formed (reorganized in 1920 to the Institute of Engineers of the RKKVF). During the Civil War, the network of universities was significantly expanded - if in January 1919 there were 63 universities (13 thousand cadets and students) under the jurisdiction of the State University of Higher Education, then by September 1 of the same year their number increased to 107, and by November 1, 1920 - up to 151 (54 thousand cadets and students).
During the civil war on fragments Russian Empire Many state formations arose. Some of them were relatively viable and existed for decades, and some still exist today (Poland, Finland). The lifespan of others was limited to several months, or even days. One of these state formations that arose from the ruins of the empire was the Far Eastern Republic (FER).
Background to the creation of the Far Eastern Territory
At the beginning of 1920, a rather difficult situation was developing in the Far East of the former Russian Empire. At that time, it was in this territory that the most important events Civil War. During the onset of the Workers 'and Peasants' and internal uprising, the so-called Russian state of Kolchak, with its capital in Omsk, which had previously controlled most Siberia and the Far East. The remnants of this formation took the name Russian Eastern Outskirts and concentrated their forces in eastern Transbaikalia, with the center in the city of Chita under the leadership of Ataman Grigory Semenov.
The Bolshevik-backed uprising won in Vladivostok. But she was in no hurry to annex this region directly to the RSFSR, since there was a threat from a third force in the person of Japan, which officially expressed its neutrality. At the same time, it increased its military presence in the region, clearly making it clear that in the event of further advance of the Soviet state to the east, it would openly enter into armed confrontation with the Red Army.
Birth of the Far Eastern Republic
In order to avoid a direct clash between the forces of the Red Army and the Japanese army, the Socialist Revolutionary Political Center, which briefly seized power in Irkutsk in January 1920, already then put forward the idea of creating a buffer state in the Far East. Naturally, he assigned himself a leading role in it. The Bolsheviks also liked this idea, but at the head of the new state they saw only a government from among the members of the RCP (b). Under pressure from superior forces, the Political Center was forced to yield and transfer power in Irkutsk to the Military Revolutionary Committee.
The formation of the Far Eastern Republic as a buffer state was especially zealously tried to be realized by the chairman of the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee, Alexander Krasnoshchekov. To resolve the Far Eastern issue, a special bureau was created under the RCP (b) in March 1920. In addition to Krasnoshchekov, the most prominent figures of the Dalburo were Alexander Shiryamov and it was with their active assistance that on April 6, 1920, a new state entity was created in Verkhneudinsk (now Ulan-Ude) - the Far Eastern Republic.
People's Revolutionary Army
The creation of the Far Eastern Republic would have been impossible without active support from Soviet Russia. In May 1920, it officially recognized the new state entity. Soon the central Moscow government began to provide the Far Eastern Republic with comprehensive assistance, both political and economic. But the main thing at this stage of the state’s development was military support from the RSFSR. This type of assistance consisted, first of all, in the creation on the basis of the East Siberian armed forces of the Far Eastern Republic - the People's Revolutionary Army (NRA).
The creation of a buffer state took away the main trump card from Japan, which officially expressed its neutrality, and it was forced to begin withdrawing its troops from the Far East on July 3, 1920. This allowed the NRA to achieve significant success in the fight against hostile forces in the region, and thereby expand the territory of the Far Eastern Republic.
On October 22, the forces of the People's Revolutionary Army occupied Chita, hastily abandoned by Ataman Semenov. Soon after this, the government of the Far Eastern Republic moved to this city from Verkhneudinsk.
After the Japanese left Khabarovsk, in the fall of 1920 a conference of representatives of the Trans-Baikal, Primorsky and Amur regions was held in Chita, at which it was decided to include these territories into the single state- DDA. Thus, by the end of 1920, the Far Eastern Republic controlled most of the Far East.
DVR device
The Far Eastern Republic during its existence had a different administrative and territorial structure. Initially, it included five regions: Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Amur and Primorsk.
As for the authorities directly, at the stage of formation of statehood, the role of governing the Far Eastern Republic was assumed by the constituent assembly, elected in January 1921. It adopted a Constitution according to which supreme body The People's Assembly was considered to be in power. It was chosen by general democratic voting. Also, the Constituent Assembly appointed a Government headed by A. Krasnoshchekov, who was replaced by N. Matveev at the end of 1921.
White Guard rebellion
On January 26, 1921, White Guard forces, with the support of Japan, overthrew the Bolshevik government in Vladivostok and thereby removed the region from the Far Eastern Republic. On the territory of the Primorsky region the so-called Priamursky zemstvo region was formed. As a result of the further advance of the white forces, by the end of 1921 Khabarovsk was torn away from the Far Eastern Republic.
But with the appointment of Blucher as Minister of War, things went much better for the Far Eastern Republic. A counteroffensive was organized, during which the White Guards suffered a heavy defeat, lost Khabarovsk, and by the end of October 1922 they were completely ousted from the Far East.
Thus, the Far Eastern Republic (1920 - 1922) fully fulfilled its purpose as a buffer state, the formation of which did not give Japan a formal reason to enter into open armed confrontation with the Red Army. Due to the expulsion of the White Guard troops from the Far East, the further existence of the Far Eastern Republic became inappropriate. The question has arisen about joining this public education to the RSFSR, which was done on November 15, 1922 on the basis of an appeal from the People's Assembly. Far Eastern people's republic ceased to exist.
Thanks to the efforts of Igor Ryzhov (author of the book “The Last March”), it was possible to decipher some photographs that were previously . Thank you humus for the pictures themselves.
It is clear that these photographs are from some kind of album, and since the turnovers are shown, they are probably from an auction. One photo shows the entry of NRA units into Vladivostok on October 25, 1922. Most of the photos show a parade-meeting on October 26, 1922 in Vladivostok on the occasion of the liberation of Primorye from the Units. In fact, there are many more of these photos and there are even newsreels.
-photos are clickable-
Commander of the 1st Transbaikal Division Glazkov A.A. ( there are two more photos with him and). About the division commander. Since April 1921, he took part in hostilities against troops (in Russia and Mongolia). From August 1922 - commander of the 1st Chita (later called the 1st Transbaikal) rifle division, at the head of which he participated in the hostilities for the liberation of Primorye and the capture of its capital, Vladivostok, at the end of October 1922. He was the first commander of the Vladivostok garrison. Arrested on December 29, 1941. He was under investigation for about two years. Accused of conducting anti-Soviet propaganda. Died in Butyrka prison on September 23, 1943.
Commander of the 1st Chita Rifle Regiment, 1st Zab. page div. Gnilosyrov and the commissar of the Mashin regiment.
In the center is the commander of the partisan detachments of Primorye M.P. Volsky. Finding himself in the Far East in 1919, Volsky took part in the partisan movement. On January 27, 1920, after the fall of power of A.V. Kolchak, Volsky was appointed commander of the 1st Far Eastern Cavalry Regiment of the Separate Ussuri Rifle Brigade of the Zemstvo Administration of the Primorsky Region. After the defeat of the army by Japanese troops on April 5, 1920, with the remnants of his forces, he retreated to the Suchan Valley, where he began to unite scattered partisan detachments under his leadership. At the end of 1921, Volsky created and headed the headquarters of the Primorye partisan detachments in the village of Benevskaya near Olga Bay. From May 26, 1921, he was a member of the Military Council of Primorye partisan detachments (until October 25, 1922). In December 1922, he headed the Kamchatka expeditionary detachment of the 5th Army. In July 1923, he also headed the Communist detachment of ChON, formed from local and expeditionary forces. In 1923 - 1926 M.P. Volsky was the chairman of the Kamchatka provincial revolutionary committee. In April 1926, Volsky was elected chairman of the executive committee of the Kamchatka District Council. In August 1937, M.P. Volsky was appointed acting chairman of the Dalkrayispolkom, but on September 10 he was arrested by the NKVD. Volsky was accused of being part of the “reserve illegal Trotskyist center” headed by the second secretary of the Dalkraikom V. A. Verny as one of the leaders. Mikhail Petrovich Volsky was shot on April 8, 1938 in Khabarovsk. In 1939, investigator Viktor Fedorovich Semenov, who was in charge of Volsky’s case, was arrested and put on trial. Witness A.V. Toropygin testified at the trial that he was present at the interrogation of Volsky, who by this time was physically broken, and saw how Semenov invited him to testify against persons on a certain list. Volsky gave evidence. V.F. Semenov was sentenced by the Military Tribunal of the NKVD troops of the USSR Khabarovsk District to 7 years in forced labor camps.
Cavalry detachment of the NRA DVR, but somewhere I came across a signature that these were transport workers.
Banner group of the 1st Chita Regiment.
Red Army soldiers of the People's Revolutionary Army at the railway station in Vladivostok.
PEOPLE'S REVOLUTIONARY ARMY OF THE FAR EASTERN REPUBLIC (NRA FER), 1920–1922.
After the defeat of the white armies of Admiral A.V. Kolchak On January 22, 1920, the Irkutsk Military Revolutionary Committee from volunteer and partisan detachments, as well as military units of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Political Center (former Kolchak's, who went over to the side of the Bolsheviks) formed the East Siberian Soviet Army (VSSA) under the command of D.E. . Zvereva. Due to its small numbers, on February 26 the army was consolidated into the 1st Irkutsk Rifle Division. On March 10, the VSSA was renamed the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) of the Baikal region (from mid-April - the PRA of Transbaikalia). On April 6, the creation of a puppet Far Eastern Republic (FER), entirely dependent on the Central Committee of the RCP(b), was proclaimed, and in mid-May the NRA of Transbaikalia was renamed the NRA FER. By November 1, the NRA included the 1st and 2nd Amur, 1st and 2nd Irkutsk Rifle and Transbaikal Cavalry Divisions, the Amur Cavalry Brigade and other units - a total of 40.8 thousand people, by May 1, 1921 - 1st Chita, 2nd Verkhneudinsk, 3rd Amur and 4th Blagoveshchensk rifle and Transbaikal cavalry divisions, 1st Troitskosavskaya, 2nd Sretenskaya and 3rd Khabarovsk cavalry brigades (total 36.1 thousand people .), and on October 1, 1922 - 3 rifle divisions and 1 separate cavalry brigade - a total of 19.8 thousand people. Units of the NRA of the Far Eastern Republic took part in hostilities against the troops of Ataman G.M. Semenov and in battles with the Asian Cavalry Division of General R.F. Ungern in Northern Mongolia in 1921 and in the fight against the Zemskaya Rati of General M.K. Diterichs in Primorye in 1922. On November 16, 1922, the NRA joined the 5th Army of the Red Army and put on the Red Army uniform and insignia.
A group of military pilots of the 1st Cavalry Army, 1920. On the sleeves of the military pilots are various versions of the emblems of the flight and technical personnel of the aviation of the former Russian Imperial Army. Red stars are inserted into the double-headed eagles without crowns.
Red military pilot V. Nazarchuk (sitting) with his technician near the Sopwith Camel aircraft, 1920. On the military pilot’s cap is the emblem of the pilots of the old army (the so-called “fly” or “eagle”); the technician had a propeller with wings, informally called a “duck.”
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