Auxiliary verb did. What is am, is, are? Auxiliary verbs in English

The function of which is to convey additional grammatical and semantic information in combination with a semantic verb. In this case, the auxiliary verb completely or partially loses its main verb. lexical meaning. Auxiliary verbs participate in the formation of various aspectual and tense forms. Typically, auxiliary verbs do not form a separate class, but are ordinary verbs that are not used in their main meaning. In Indo-European languages ​​these are most often the verbs ‘to be’ and ‘to have’.

• Ich habe das Buch gelesen - I read this book (Perfekt).
• Ich hatte davon nicht gewusst! - I didn’t know about it (Plusquamperfekt).
• Ich bin nicht hingegangen - I didn’t go there (Perfekt).
• Ich war dort noch nie gewesen. - I’ve never been there before (Plusquamperfekt).

Auxiliary werden(become, become) is used to form the simple future tense (Futurum I or simply Futurum) and the passive voice (Passiv), as well as to form the subjunctive mood (Konjunktiv) of other verbs:

• Ich werde das Buch lesen - I will read this book (Futurum).
• Ich würde das Buch lesen - I would read this book (Konjunktiv).
• Das Buch wurde noch nicht gelesen - The book has not yet been read (Passiv).

In more difficult cases Several auxiliary verbs can be used at the same time. For example, in the past future tense (Futurum II) or when using the passive voice (Passiv) with the past or simple future tense (Futurum):

• Morgen werde ich das Buch gelesen haben! - Tomorrow I will read this book (Futurum II).
• Das Buch wird bald gelesen werden - This book will be read soon (Futurum Passiv).
• Das Buch ist immer noch nicht gelesen worden! - The book has not been read yet! (Perfect Passiv).
• Das Buch war immer noch nicht gelesen worden - The book has not yet been read (Plusquamperfekt Passiv).
• Das Buch wird bald gelesen worden sein - This book will be read soon (Futurum II Passiv).

In colloquial speech, the verb is sometimes used as an auxiliary verb to describe a continuous action in the present tense tun(to do), and the verb sein used in a form different from the standard rules to form the past or future tense:

• Tust du noch rauchen? - Do you still smoke? (instead of: Rauchst du noch?)
• Schlafen tu’ ich nicht mehr - I’m no longer sleeping (instead of: Ich schlafe nicht mehr).
• Ich war telefonieren - I talked on the phone (instead of: Ich habe telefoniert).
• Ich bin mal essen - I will (go) to eat now (instead of: Ich werde essen).

see also

Literature

• Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M., 1966. - p.89

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Auxiliary verb” is in other dictionaries:

A verb, initially with a certain independent meaning, which is used in the role and meaning of simple educational elements of suffixes and endings. In various Indo-European languages ​​you can often find the so-called... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

AUXILIARY. A verb used in combination with forms of other verbs with the loss of its real meaning to form complex verb forms. These are in Russian. future tense forms of the verb to be (I will, etc.) in combination with ... Literary encyclopedia

A verb used in combination with other words (usually infinitive verbs) to form analytical forms of those words. In these forms, the auxiliary verb more or less loses its lexical meaning and... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Auxiliary- AUXILIARY. A verb used in combination with forms of other verbs, losing its real meaning to form complex verb forms. These are in Russian. future tense forms of the verb to be (will, etc.) in... ... Dictionary of literary terms

auxiliary- A verb used in combination with forms of other verbs with the loss of its real meaning to form complex verb forms. These are in Russian. future tense forms of the verb to be (I will, etc.) in combination with infinitives of others... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

AUXILIARY, auxiliary, auxiliary. 1. An employee to provide assistance and support. Auxiliary cash desk. Auxiliary squad. Auxiliary capital (spare). 2. Secondary, not main, additional. Auxiliary Sciences... ... Dictionary Ushakova

Verb in German this is a part of speech that denotes an action in time or a state and plays syntactic role predicate and less often than other members of the sentence. According to grammatical functions, German verbs can be divided into full-valued ones... ... Wikipedia

About the verb as a part of speech in the languages ​​of the world, see the article “Verb”. In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of a verb is the infinitive, otherwise called indefinite form(according to the old terminology, indefinite mood) verb.... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Verb (meanings). A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what did you do(a, and, o)?. The verb can be... ... Wikipedia

AUXILIARY, oh, oh. Auxiliary, additional. V. squad. Auxiliary sections of science. V. verb (in grammar: semi-nominal or copular). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Auxiliary verbs in English language- these are verbs that do not have their own lexical meaning, with the help of which various complex forms of the verb are formed. Auxiliary verbs include: to be, to have, to do, will (would), shall (should).

Auxiliary verbs themselves do not have lexical meaning, they only participate in the construction of complex forms, but note that the verbs to be, to have, to do can be used as semantic ones (in the meanings of “to be”, “to have”, “to do” ), in which case they will have a lexical meaning. The verb to be can also be used as a linking verb, and the verbs will (would), shall (should) can be used as modal verbs.

Auxiliary verb to be

The verb to be is the only verb that has special forms in different persons and numbers. It can be used as a linking verb, an auxiliary verb and a semantic verb. Read more about the forms of the verb to be (all forms are given in the form of tables and cards).

As a semantic verb, to be is used in the meaning of “to be”, “to be”:

Do you want to be our friend? - You want be our friend?

I have to be at home now. - I have to now be Houses.

Like a linking verb– in a compound predicate (consisting of to be + noun, adjective or pronoun) in the place where the verb “to be” or “to appear” can be used in Russian (in Russian it is usually omitted).

I am your friend. - I am your friend.

He is a doctor. - He is a doctor.

We are not rich. - We are not rich.

As an auxiliary the verb to be is used:

1. For the formation of all tenses Continuous and Perfect Continuous in the active (active) voice.

I am looking for someone. - I'm looking for someone.

We were expecting a better result. – We expected a better result.

I have been waiting for you for two hours. - I've been waiting for you for two hours.

2. For the formation of all forms.

The newspapers have been delivered. - The newspapers have been delivered.

The building is being constructed now. - The building is currently under construction.

Auxiliary verb to have

The verb to have can be used as semantic in his direct meaning“have”, “possess”:

I have a big family. - I have a big family.

I don't have time. - I have no time.

As an auxiliary, the verb to have is used to form all Perfect tenses:

You have done a lot of work. – You did a lot of work.

We had finished the task by two o’clock. – We completed the task before two o’clock.

I will have read the article by nine. – I will have read the article by nine o’clock.

Auxiliary verb to do

The verb to do is used as a semantic in the meaning of “to do”, “to engage in”:

Read more about the forms of the verb to do in the article.

He does what he wants. - He does what he wants.

Just do it! - Just Do It This!

As an auxiliary, the verb to do is used:

1. For the formation of interrogative and negative forms and all verbs, except auxiliary and.

Do do you understand me? - Do you understand me?

My sister doesn't trust her husband. – My sister doesn’t trust her husband.

Did did you see that? -Did you see this?

We didn't see anything. - We didn't see anything.

2. To form a negative form of the imperative mood.

Don't touch the button! - Don't touch the button!

Don't be late. - Do not be late.

3. To enhance the meaning of a verb in the form or in the affirmative form.

Why did you say I don’t know your sister? I do know her. - Why did you say that I don’t know your sister? I know her.

You don’t believe that I helped them, but I did help them. “You don’t believe that I helped them, but I really helped them.”

Auxiliary verb will (would)

The verb will (would) can be used both modal and auxiliary.

As an auxiliary it is used:

1. The verb will – to construct all forms of the future tense.

The winter will be cold. - The winter will be cold.

I will be walking with my dog ​​this evening. – I will walk the dog this evening.

2. The verb would – to construct forms of the future tense in the past (Future in the Past).

He said that the winter would be cold. - He said that the winter would be cold.

She said that she would be walking with her dog. She said she would be walking her dog.

Auxiliary verb shall (should)

1. The auxiliary verb shall is used to construct forms of the future tense (that is, instead of will) with the 1st person singular and plural:

I shall meet you at the gate. - I'll meet you at the gate.

We shall discuss it later. - We'll discuss this later.

2. Auxiliary verb should used to construct forms of the future in the past (that is, instead of would) with the 1st person singular and plural:

I told him that I should meet him at the gate. “I told him I would meet him at the gate.”

They said that we should discuss it later. “They said we would discuss it later.”

In modern English, will and would are used in all these cases. Auxiliary (not modal, but auxiliary) verbs shall, should can be found in books about good old England, films about Sherlock Holmes and Soviet textbooks in English.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. There are two types of verbs in English: semantic and auxiliary. Semantic ones carry a certain meaning, that is, they denote an action or state. For example: wait, love, miss, run.

What are auxiliary verbs for? What are they? When theyare they used and who do they help? Now I'll tell you.

What are auxiliary verbs for?

Auxiliary the verbs have no meaning and cannot be translated in any way. They act as pointers that help us determine:

• Time of what is happening (present, future, past),
• Quantity characters(many or one).

The following auxiliary verbs exist in English: be, do, have. We will look at each of them in more detail later, but for now let’s figure out what an “auxiliary verb” is.

How in Russian?

It is very difficult for Russian people to understand what an “auxiliary verb” is and why it was invented in the first place. In fact, everything is very simple. In Russian, in order to understand at what time an action is performed and who performs it, we change the endings.

... ghoul la- tells us that there was one person (a woman) and in the past (yesterday or some time ago) she went outside and breathed some air for a while.

... ghoul no- tells us that one person in the present went outside and breathes air for some time (now).

... ghoul eat- tells us that many people in the present have gone outside and are breathing air for some time (now).

As you can see, in Russian we change the word itself (the ending) and thanks to this we understand who did the action and when.

How in English?

The English (luckily for us) are too lazy to change words, because then their language would be very complex. So they decided they would put extra little words before actions. These little words will show the time and number of people who perform the action.

Attention: Want to overcome the language barrier and speak English? Find out in Moscow how our students begin to speak in 1 month!

In this case, we only change small words (auxiliary verbs) before actions, and not the verbs themselves. Let's look at how this happens.

Let's take a semantic verb swim(more precisely its swimming form).

Swimming in the pool.
___ ______ swim in the pool

We understand WHAT a person/people do - they rake the water with their hands in order to stay on it and not drown. But can we understand WHEN a person/people do this? Yesterday? Today now? Tomorrow? And can we understand how many people do this action? One? Or more than one? No.

Now let's add the auxiliary verb be:

am swimming
float ayu

are swimming
float yut

were swimming
float Ali

will be swimming
will floating t

Now we see that:

• In the first case, the person talks about himself, and the action takes place in the present moment, now ( am swimming)
• in the second, we are talking about several people (more than one) and in the present tense ( are swimming)
• in the third case, we have the past tense, that is, the action was yesterday or has already happened, and there are many people ( were swimming)
• in the fourth, we are talking about the future tense ( will be swimming)

We do not translate the auxiliary verb, but it helps us translate the semantic verb it is paired with in the correct time and number.

By the way, in Russian there is still one auxiliary verb. You all know it - this word “will”. When we talk about the future, we say “I will be, he will be, we will be.” This is what points us to the future.

I will dance all night.
We we will swim.

What auxiliary verbs are there in English?

As I already said, there are not many auxiliary verbs in English: do, have, be. These same verbs can also be semantic and have meaning:

• do - to do,
• have - to have,
• be - to be.

Important: I will say again that we consider these verbs as auxiliary verbs. Therefore they are not translated. Let's compare the sentences in the examples.

He is a doctor.
He is doctor. (Here be is a semantic verb. It carries the meaning “to be, to appear.”)

He is going to a doctor.
He goes to the doctor. (Here be is an auxiliary verb - it helps to understand that the action (the semantic verb “to go”) is happening at the present time)

They have a cat.
They have cat. (Here have is a semantic verb. It carries the meaning “to have, to own.”)

They have fed a cat already.
They have already fed the cat. (Here have is an auxiliary verb. It helps to understand that the action (feed) has already been completed recently.)

I do my homework.
I I do my homework. (Here do is a semantic verb. It carries the meaning of “to do.”)

Do do you learn English?
Do you learn English? (Here do is an auxiliary verb. It helps to understand that the action (learn) is happening at the present time.)

Auxiliary verb be

Now we will look at all forms of auxiliary verbs in different times: Present, Past and Future.

She is sleeping.
She is sleeping.

They are dancing now.
They are dancing now.

We were watching TV, when he came.
We were watching TV when he arrived.

My sister will go abroad.
My sister will go abroad.

We examined this verb in its semantic form in great detail in these articles:

Auxiliary verb do

I don’ t know it.
I don't know this.

She doesn't like to sing.
She doesn't like to sing.

He didn't watch this film.
He didn't watch this movie.

They will give up smoking.
They will quit smoking.

Auxiliary verb have

I have lived here for five years.
I lived here for five years.

She has worked as a doctor since 2007.
She has worked as a doctor since 2007.

They had read this text.
They finished reading this text.

We will have prepared it, before you come.
We'll have it ready before you arrive.

As you can see, auxiliary verbs are very important because they help us determine what tense is being used and how many people are involved. So don’t forget about them, even though we don’t translate them.

I hope you now understand what auxiliary verbs are and how and when to use them. Now let's move on to practice!

Reinforcement task

And now, to consolidate, translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to our pointers - auxiliary verbs:

1. He will go to the cinema.
2. My sister is playing tennis now.
3. They have broken the window.
4. I don’t speak Spanish.
5. We will dance all night.
6. She didn’t take this pen.
7. You will not buy this dress.

As always, write your answers in the comments.

In English there is a special type of verbs that can play different roles in a sentence.

In one case, they can act as simple ones, for example, to be - to be, to do - to do, to have - to have. In another case, these verbs can turn into irreplaceable helpers, which help to accurately determine the time. After all, it is precisely with times that problems most often arise when learning English. In such situations, these verbs act as auxiliary verbs. And, it is important to note that auxiliary verbs are very rarely translated into Russian. And why? You will find out the answer in this article.

Why do we need this type of verb in English?

Fortunately, native English speakers do not want to change words, because if they did, their language would be quite complex. Thus, they concluded that they would use additional small words in the form of auxiliary verbs before actions. This class of verbs plays one of the key roles in the English language. After all, with their help absolutely all proposals are compiled. You will also need auxiliary verbs to construct sentences in the passive voice. All this is extremely important in learning, because it is auxiliary verbs that are the layer of the English language. Without a clear understanding of the use of such verbs, it is impossible to write or speak loudly in English.

The question arises: “What are am, is, are and all other verbs with special forms?”

Auxiliary verbs of the present and past and continuous tenses

In the present tense of the English language there is an auxiliary verb such as to be in the appropriate form. But what is am, is, are? And this is the most appropriate form of the auxiliary verb. All these words are used in certain situations.

What is am? This form is used in the English present continuous tense with a 1st person singular noun. For example, I am Lena, which in translation will sound like: “I am Lena,” and if translated literally, then “I am Lena.”

What are are? This special verb form is used in the same tense, but for 2nd person singular and plural nouns. For example, You are pretty, which will be translated as: “You are beautiful,” and in a literal translation this sentence will sound like “You are beautiful.”

What is is and in what case should it be used? It is actively used with 3rd person singular nouns. For example, She is greed, which in translation will sound like “She is greedy”, and in the literal translation “She is greedy”.

As for the past tense, in this situation the form of the verb to be also changes. In the past continuous tense, the auxiliary verbs sound like this: was, were. The word was is used with the singular noun, and were is used with the plural.

Auxiliary verb to do

The verb to do has three special forms, namely do, does, did. The form does is used in English only in one case, namely with third person singular nouns, and in all other cases you can safely use do, and you will never make a mistake. Although, the sad fact is that, according to statistics, it is in this situation that mistakes are very often made. Apparently this happens automatically. All of the above applies to the simple present tense.

Now we need to talk about the auxiliary verb of the simple past tense. Here everything is much simpler; you need to use the word did in any situation.

It can be concluded that for correct use In English times, you need to know what am, is, are, did, was, were, etc.

Auxiliary verb to have in perfect tenses

The verb to have has three forms, namely This verb is used in perfect tenses. These tenses always indicate the perfection of a certain action. The form have is required for all person and number nouns, with the exception of the third person singular. In this situation, the has form is used. But this information relates exclusively to the present time. In the past, everything will be a little different, but no more difficult. In the past perfect tense, the form had is used for all subjects.

Auxiliary verbs to form sentences in the future tense

The verbs shall and will are necessary to form sentences in the future tense.

It is important to note that such an auxiliary verb of the present tense as shall is practically not used today, but in the old days it was used with 1st person pronouns, both singular and plural.

Now the verb will is used to construct sentences in the future tense. And, if earlier the use of only this verb was considered a mistake, now the word will has already become the norm of the English language.

The importance of auxiliary verbs

Based on the above, we can conclude that the student needs to know what am, is, are and other auxiliary verbs are. He must know how they function in the construction of sentences and what role they play. Only in this case will a student of English be able to write and speak English correctly.