I trust the garden to bloom. Life of wonderful names

July 15th, 2009

I know there will be a city

I know that the garden will bloom,

when such people

in the Soviet country there is!

V. Mayakovsky. Khrenov's story about Kuznetskstroy and the people of Kuznetsk

This optimistic slogan was replicated in almost all “metallurgical” cities Soviet Union. And on the station square of Novokuznetsk, and at the entrance to Zaporizhstal, and against the backdrop of the Dniprodzerzhinsk skyline stained with nitrogen dioxide, one could read that the city would be and that the garden would bloom. The second was hard to believe.

By the way, V. Mayakovsky visited America, but did not bother to visit Siberia. He personally did not see the construction of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant. The inspirational poems were written from the words of a witness, as honestly stated in the rather long title.

The witness's name was Iulian Petrovich Khrenov. He was almost the same age as the century, born in 1901, and belonged to that Russian generation that enthusiastically embraced the October Revolution, perceived it as its own personal cause, and took a significant part in this matter. And then it was mowed down by repression and war. Khrenov did not escape the common fate. But more on that later.

In the meantime, in 1929, he, as a member of the Central Committee of the metalworkers' trade union, visited the construction of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant. I returned from there in delight - a great construction project, great prospects, people working selflessly! He shared this delight with Mayakovsky - they had been friends since 1926. The poet, perceiving his friend’s enthusiasm, wrote poetry. The poems turned out good.
These are minted. Mayakovsky almost did not have to “step on the throat of his own song,” invent unprecedented words or break the syntax to the point of impossibility. The chorus repeats a kind of creed three times:

"In four years

There will be a garden city here!

Without delay, in November 1929, the poet submitted poems to the magazine “Eccentric”, and they were published in the forty-sixth, November issue.

The fact that “The Story of Kuznetskstroy” was written not about what was personally seen, but about what was personally heard is evidenced by one little detail, almost unknown to today’s readers, and therefore not perceived.

Or rather, perceived incorrectly. The garden city is, of course, a metaphor, we think. A city that will bloom like a garden. Because there are such people in the Soviet country.

So, by the time V. Mayakovsky wrote a unique ode on the occasion of the great construction project, the garden city, which the poet envisioned as an earthly paradise, had already been peacefully existing for fifteen years on the banks of the Tom River. True, the village, built back in tsarist times for workers of metallurgical plants and mines of the Kuznetsk basin, was called not a garden city, but a Garden City. It looks like you can even confuse them by ear.

Already in 1929, next to the Garden City, a construction site Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant. The plant is truly gigantic, and, indeed, built in record time, in 1000 days. True, the plant began to operate at full capacity only in 1936. Most likely, 7 years is what it was planned date commissioning of the enterprise. The construction management cheated by reporting the commissioning of the first blast furnace as an early launch of the entire plant. This is how it was developed a new style management and a new reporting style, colloquially called bullshit. So he appeared in the Soviet country new type engineer.

Iulian Khrenov, whom friends and colleagues most often called Ulyan, and even more often simply Yan, was one of the leaders of this new type. Soon after Kuznetskstroy, he will become director of the Kramatorsk metallurgical plant in the Donbass, and in 1937 he will be sent to Kolyma as a Trotskyist and enemy of the people. Khrenov will be lucky, if we can talk about luck here. He will not die in the camp, but will die a natural death in 1948, although without ever returning from Kolyma to the “mainland”

Spending days and nights at the gigantic construction site of Kuznetskstroy, enthusiast Khrenov still slept under old cart, as in the poem by V. Mayakovsky. Most likely, the guest from Moscow was accommodated in Garden City. Which Khrenov undoubtedly mentioned in his conversation with Mayakovsky. The poet took the real name of the village as a metaphor and replicated this metaphor for all-Union use.

Where did such a strange name for a workers' village come from in harsh Siberia?

From UK. The "garden city" is a popular urban planning concept in the early twentieth century. The author of this concept, (1850 - 1928) believed that at the end of the nineteenth century cities became unsuitable for people to live in. Modern capitals seemed to Howard to be poorly managed, filthy places that stifled the best in people. In 1898, Howard published the book Garden Cities of the Future, in which he proposed his alternative to the terrible monster city, the garden city. Howard's proposal was to build small communities on abandoned land. These villages should be built up with low (1-3 floors) houses with personal plots. So that man does not tear himself away from the earth, from mother nature. The number of inhabitants of such a village should not exceed 30 thousand. This eliminated the effect of loneliness in a crowd that occurs in megacities. Every inhabitant of the garden city could get to know every neighbor. Basically.

According to the project of E. Howard, the garden city should have been built in the form of several concentric round zones. The central zone is a community center, square or park. The next circle is the residential area. The outer circle would house industrial or agricultural enterprises. It's obvious that similar layout simply prevented the further uncontrolled growth of each settlement.

The owners of the garden city were supposed to be its inhabitants themselves. The settlement was formed on the principle of a housing cooperative. The introductory shares constituted the initial capital, with which land was purchased and construction began. Subsequently, the residents paid interest on the bank loan and housing and communal services.

Garden city ideas have gained supporters around the world. In 1899, the Society of Garden Cities and Urban Planning was formed in England to put Howard's plans into practice. The same societies arise a little later in Germany, France, Russia and other countries. In 1913, the International Society was created, which later became the International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning.

Howard's architectural and social projects were even put into practice, which rarely happens with utopian projects. In 1903, the town of Letchworth was built north of London. Letchworth was planned as the first of the satellite towns of London, which were supposed to “unload” the British capital. After the First World War, another garden city, Welwyn, was built not in the vicinity of London, but in another place. In Germany, in 1909, the garden city of Hellerau was built in the vicinity of Dresden, and then garden districts in Hamburg, Essen and Königsberg. The garden town of Le Logis was built in Belgium. Those who have been to Barcelona and admired the works of the architect Gaudi will probably be interested to know that the amazing Park Güell was originally conceived as a garden area. However, it was located far from the city center, so there were no people willing to build housing there. So they let the famous architect frolic in this place.

In Russia, the idea of ​​garden cities also had many ardent fans who were just looking for an opportunity to implement their wonderful ideas.

For example, they tried to build a garden city in Moscow near Losiny Ostrov. This forest area in the northeast of the city was donated to Moscow royal family with the condition that not a single tree will be cut down there. In addition, the gift to the imperial family could not become anyone's private property - sale was excluded. The cooperative garden city integrated into nature was ideal solution for the development of this area. This project was almost adopted by the Moscow City Duma, but first the war and then the revolution prevented it. For the same reason, a similar Sokolniki development project was carried out much later and in a different place. The garden village, built already in the thirties not far from the Volokolamsk highway, was named Sokol in memory of the original project. It was planned to build a garden village on Khodynskoye Field.

The Garden City in Kuzbass has already been mentioned. Another village under the same name, Sad-Gorod, was founded in 1916 near Vladivostok as a place of residence for workers of the Ussuri Railway. There is also a known project for the development of areas affected by fire in the Altai city of Barnaul. The irony of fate is that the project of the Barnaul garden city was approved by the City Duma on October 23, 1917. Two days later, in distant Petrograd, the October Revolution took place, and then such chaos began!.. In a word, the project remained a project.

When I first read about Howard's project, an Israeli settlement immediately appeared before my eyes, which is located in the north of the Jezreel Valley. This is Moshav Nagalal (נהלל ).

The Moshav dates back to September 11, 1921. The land allocated for the settlement was, as always, junk. There were many small, but very malarial swamps. A famous malaria specialist, Dr. Hillel Yafe (1864 - 1936).

Nagalal is the first agricultural settlement of “individuals” in Eretz Israel. Unlike the kibbutzniks, the residents of Nagalal owned their homes and owned their own agricultural equipment. They also preferred family life communal, as was practiced in kibbutzim. But, despite the listed shortcomings, they were people with socialist convictions, highly conscious people, aware of the latest experiments in social life Europe and America.

From beginning to end, Nagalal was built on the principle of a garden city. Even its shape, when viewed from above, is round. As the great Howard bequeathed. The layout of the moshav was carried out by an architect famous in those years Richard Kaufmann (1887 - 1958). He was born in Germany, in Frankfurt, and received his education in Darmstadt and Munich. Among other things, Kaufman studied painting and drawing at a school located in a small town near Munich, Dachau. Dachau was then famous for its former royal palace and its swampy surroundings, which were, however, very picturesque. Nazi concentration camp it was built on the local swamps much later.

Kaufman this joyful event I didn’t find it anymore. He came to Palestine in 1920 at the invitation of Arthur Rupin (1876 - 1943), who headed the settlements department of the Jewish Agency. He arrived as an experienced architect, a supporter of the “international style” (which was also called “Bauhaus”). Kaufman developed master plans many Jewish settlements, including Afula and Herzliya. He also participated in the planning of the city of Tel Aviv, which was conceived, if not as a garden city, then as a conglomerate of garden cities on the yellow dunes near blue sea under the blue sky. And if anyone thinks that it was easier to carry out such construction in our hot regions than in Kuzbass, then they are mistaken. It also took a lot of work to build new districts of the city on the bare rocks around Jerusalem, built according to the designs of the same Kaufman. Talpiot, Beit HaKerem, Beit VaGan and Rehavia were conceived by the architect as garden towns with spacious low houses surrounded by squares and alley streets. That's how they became. Now these are pleasant, prestigious and inexpensive areas of Jerusalem. The city grew and absorbed the former suburban villages where the professor lived opposite the professor, as they used to say about Rehavia.

The Jerusalem district of Irganim, directly called the “Garden City,” was destined for a different fate. Probably in mockery of the romantic name. It was built up in the 1950s with cheap houses and was populated by a public that was by no means professorial. These were Jerusalem deportations for hooligans and drug addicts, as well as for new repatriates. The city was reluctant to move here, living here is still not very joyful, and beautiful name does not correspond well to the realities of life. The garden did not bloom here.

Just like in the lands once sung by Mayakovsky, who had never seen them. By by and large Not a single one of the poet's loud prophecies came true. And now even the most desperate romantic would not dare to call Novokuznetsk, poisoned by two metallurgical plants, a garden city.



in Hebrew in the newspaper "Haaretz"
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    To say, “I am Soviet,” would be somewhat incorrect in relation to those people; after all, it was they who fought, built and dreamed of their garden city, for me. (However, this is a long-standing dream of some of the capitalists who worked with Soviet power, and had problems with their gardens. That is, the history of the Soviet dream is ambiguous and contradictory. Zhukovsky was planned as a garden city, although construction was done differently - more production plan at TsAGI, but still, the town is (still) quite green. For reference, 1929 - this is not so much the time of Stalin as of Trotsky, the time of dual power. “It was with the coming to the leadership of the company of Nikolai Karlovich von Meck (1863-1929) that the last and most significant stage in the history of the von Meck dynasty began. Nikolai Karlovich managed the Moscow-Kazan railway so successfully that during his reign he was able to increase its length by nine times. And the fortune of the von Meck family increased by approximately the same amount. What is characteristic is that von Meck prefers to spend his fortune not on entertainment and revelry, but on solving social problems own employees. On the eve of the First World War N.K. von Meck is purchased near the Prozorovskaya platforms (32 versts from Moscow, now the Otdykh station of the Kazan Railway) for more than 1 million rubles. a plot of forest area of ​​677 acres and builds on it a settlement for railway workers, or a “garden city,” an area convenient for living and recreation. As contemporaries write, boulevards, pavements, sewers were built in the village, tram tracks were laid, an electrical and telephone network, and a water supply were installed. A hospital, a tuberculosis and general sanatorium, a church, a building for public meetings with a theater, a reading room and a library, and an entire small block with a dormitory for the children of employees who did not live in the village were also designed. The total estimate for the construction of the village was 6 million rubles.
    However, the revolution of 1917 radically changed the plans and life of the dynasty of “railway kings”. By a special Decree of the Council of People's Commissars, all property of the von Meck family was nationalized. Nikolai Karlovich and his family could flee abroad, but he prefers life in exile, life in his country on a modest pension as a railway employee. During the NEP years, Nikolai Karlovich was invited to work in the State Planning Committee as a permanent representative from the People's Commissariat of Railways. He deals with issues of planning and development of railways, designs new types of steam locomotives, writes books about the future development of railways in the USSR. But in 1928 Nikolai Karlovich von Meck was arrested, and exactly a year later, in 1929. An article appears in Izvestia claiming that von Meck “strengthened the property of private railways and sought by all means to increase it to the detriment of the former state-owned railways" However, the OGPU failed to “prepare” an open trial. The verdict was passed behind closed doors. According to this verdict N.F. von Meck was executed in the basement of the Lubyanka prison.
    Material prepared and provided by the Zhukovsky Museum ")
    The Russian people are deprived of their traditional communal, artel way of life, somewhere socially advanced, somewhere backward-limited, but quite decent way of life... And therefore, without a great idea, they almost immediately (with the departure of the bearers of ideals from active labor activity) is becoming a big and trashy misunderstanding, and the church of masters could not and cannot be such an idea - it is a church of conservation of power and wealth of social groups. The Soviet people were definitely the bearers of the great and beautiful dream of a garden city, of prosperity, equality and brotherhood, which they would build when they killed all the opponents of this garden city. Yes, indeed, this idea was again tied to wealth, to prosperity, but for everyone, for all citizens of the future working city. But by the 60s cities were built, by the 70s there was some prosperity for the majority, but the garden and brotherhood did not work out... the great idea was gone, only wages remained... The situation of scientists and specialists was somewhat better , who sincerely cared for scientific and technological progress as a great idea, they did not degrade completely morally, but technology was left completely without advice, without brotherhood, only with nomenklatura...
    http://cccp.narod.ru/work/book/mayak/mayak_15.html
    VLADIMIR MAYAKOVSKY Khrenov's story about Kuznetskstroy and the people of Kuznetsk (http://v-mayakovsky.narod.ru/stihi-1929-1930.html)
    ...
    Made the dankness writhe -
    unimportant wet comfort,
    workers sit in the dark,
    They chew soggy bread.

    But the whisper is louder than hunger -
    it covers the drops of decline:
    "In four years
    there will be a garden city here!

    Explosions will cackle here
    To disperse the bear gangs,
    And I will dig up the depths of mine
    coangular "Giant".

    There will be construction walls here.
    Beetles, steam, sipi.
    We are a hundred suns with open-hearth furnaces
    Let's set Siberia on fire.

    Here they will give us a good house
    and sieve without soldering,
    thrown back all the way to Baikal
    The taiga will retreat."

    The worker's whispers grew
    Above the darkness of fat herds,
    and then it’s illegible,
    You can only hear - “garden city”.

    I know there will be a city
    I know that the garden will bloom,
    when such people
    in the Soviet country there is!

    PS
    And he also writes http://nicaragua9.livejournal.com/1412.html USSR, which we lost(

    1,000,000 wagons will be delivered to this place in the five-year period building materials. There will be a metallurgy giant, a coal giant and a city of hundreds of thousands of people.

    From the conversation.

    Clouds are running across the sky, the darkness is compressed by rain, workers are lying under an old cart. And the proud water hears the whisper both above and below: “In four years there will be a garden city here!” It’s dark and leaden, and the rain is thick as a tourniquet, the workers are sitting in the mud, sitting, burning a torch. Their lips are cold, but their lips whisper in harmony: “In four years there will be a garden city here!” The dampness was writhing - the comfort was poor and wet, the workers were sitting in the dark, chewing soggy bread. But the whisper is louder than hunger - it covers the drops of decline: “In four years there will be a garden city here! Here explosions will cackle to disperse bear gangs, and the hundred-coal “Giant” will dig up the depths with a mine. Here construction sites will stand like walls. "We will ignite Siberia with open-hearth furnaces. Here they will give us a good house and a sieve without rations, and the taiga, thrown back behind Baikal, will retreat." The whisper of a worker grew above the darkness of the fat herds, and then, inaudibly, only audibly, “the garden city.” I know - the city will be, I know - the garden will bloom when there are such people in the Soviet country!

    Note

    Khrenov's story about Kuznetskstroy and the people of Kuznetsk. For the first time - journal. "Eccentric", M., 1929, No. 46, November.

    Khrenov, Iulian Petrovich (1901-1939) - an acquaintance of Mayakovsky, a participant in the construction of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant. Party member since 1918. In the years civil war- political worker. In 1922 - Secretary of the Presidium of the Central Council of the Union of Metalworkers. In 1929 he was sent to Kuznetskstroy. In 1933 he was appointed assistant secretary of the Donetsk regional party committee. In December 1933, by order of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Machinery of the USSR, I.P. Khrenov was appointed deputy director of the Novokramatorsk Machine-Building Plant under construction, and after construction was completed in 1935, he was appointed director of the Slavyansk Insulator Plant.

    The artist N. Denisovsky recalls: “I met Iulian Petrovich Khrenov at the apartment of V.V. Mayakovsky, who loved him very much. Mayakovsky appreciated his enthusiasm, boundless energy and dedication to his assigned work... Khrenov had just returned from Kuzbass and told very interesting about the heroic deeds of the people of Kuznetskstroy.

    V.V. Mayakovsky, carried away by his story, wrote the poem “Khrenov’s story about Kuznetskstroy and the people of Kuznetsk” (“Komsomolskoe Znamya”, Kyiv, 1965, August 8),

    The poem written by Mayakovsky reached the builders of Kuznetsk. The writer Alexander Smerdov, who was a workers' correspondent at that time, recalled what a mobilizing effect Mayakovsky's poetic stanzas had: "One of our fellow fitting workers read Mayakovsky's poem to the builders in the days when they were preparing concrete base under the first blast furnace. The cold was such that the concrete workers did not have time to mix the concrete before it turned into stone, but the masons still laid the foundation. The snowstorm strove to sweep away the carpenters who were building the hothouses above the future workshops from the scaffolding; the frost annealed the iron so much that the palms of the reinforcement workers froze to it, but the carpenters raised everything higher scaffolding, reinforcement workers bent iron rods and wove frames for workshops from them. When his brigade comrades began to complain about the cold, Komsomol member Volodya, a reinforcement worker, shouted Mayakovsky’s poems in a chilled voice:

    Their lips are cold, but their lips whisper in harmony: “In four years there will be a garden city here!

    The poems were very effective..."(B. Chelyshev. “Searchs, meetings, finds.” Kemerovo book publishing house, 1963, p. 23).

    Former Chief Engineer construction (later vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences) Ivan Pavlovich Bardin recalled how Mayakovsky’s poems made an impression on the builders of Kuznetskstroy

    "“I would like... to note that the appropriate participation of writers brings great benefits,” he said in one of his speeches.- So, the poet Mayakovsky, in perhaps the most difficult times in the life of Kuznetskstroy, at the moment when the first commission that arrived for construction “fluffed” us to smithereens, wrote his “Tale about Kuznetskstroy and the people of Kuznetsk”... With this he supported our spirit, and we continued the work we had started and considered it the most important thing in realizing our dream" (Quoted from the book: B. Chelyshev. "Search, Meetings, Finds", Kemerovo Book Publishing House, 1963, pp. 25 - 26 ).

    I know the city will be, I know the garden will bloom
    From the poem “The Story of Kuznetskstroy and the People of Kuznetsk” (1929) by Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893-1930).
    I know - / the city / will / be, / I know - / the garden / will / bloom, When / there are such people / in / the Soviet country!
    The phrase is a symbol of social optimism.

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    And then Konstantin Raikin comes out and reads poetry. And I am completely stunned. The thing is that he reads... no, not like that. You can’t call it reading, it’s hard to even call it doing. It seems that he puts himself in the place of the author who gave birth to this verse, and extracts it from the very core, still primitive, in the ancestral mucus. This process involves the body, the hands, and, naturally, all the registers and modulations of the voice...

    02/13/2019 - 21:57

    Magnificent Cecilia

    At the age of 20, Cecilia Bartoli appeared on Italian TV, singing at some show together with her partner the role of Rosina in Rossini’s “The Barber of Seville.” By chance, Riccardo Muti heard this performance, was amazed - and invited the singer to audition at La Scala. So, at the age of 20, Cecilia became a sought-after opera singer. The great Martha Argerich, who performs with Cecilia in concerts, asks her: “When should you start singing?” A humorous answer follows: “We need to wait until the ligaments develop. Some people need 2 years, some 10 years, and some need their whole life - and to no avail.” Cecilia started very early. Now she is 52 years old...

    01/24/2019 - 21:26

    This is the lucky name Einstein

    It would seem that the name is just like a name, the most ordinary Jewish surname. But it’s not without reason that in the series that is currently airing on the KULTURA channel, one of the “physicists of the century” remarks: “How many emotions can the name of one person evoke!” This series, filmed in America in 2017, is originally called “Genius.” It was released on Russian screens under the title “Einstein.” I have no doubt that all the people of the earth, perhaps with the exception of primitive tribes, when asked to name the great physicist, will pronounce exactly this name: Albert Einstein...