Zemsky Sobor - history and significance. Zemsky Sobor is... What are Zemsky Sobors

G. Ivan created the Council of Reconciliation. Subsequently, such cathedrals began to be called Zemsky cathedrals. By “cathedral” was meant any assembly. Including the meeting of the boyars (“boyar cathedral”). The word “zemsky” could mean “nationwide” (that is, the matter of “the whole earth”). During the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible, the practice of convening class meetings, called “Zemstvo Sobors”, spread only in the 17th century.

The history of zemstvo cathedrals is history internal development society, the evolution of the state apparatus, the formation of social relations, changes in the class system. In the 16th century, the process of forming this was just beginning; initially it was not clearly structured, and its competence was not strictly defined. The practice of convening, the procedure for forming, especially its composition of Zemsky Sobors for a long time were also not regulated.

Periodization of Zemsky Sobors

The periodization of Zemsky Sobors can be divided into 6 periods:

1. The history of zemstvo councils begins during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible. The first council took place in the city. Councils convened by the royal authorities - this period continues until the city.

There is also an opinion that this was the so-called “cathedral of reconciliation” (possibly between the king and the boyars or reconciliation between representatives of different classes among themselves).

B. A. Romanov that the Zemsky Sobor consisted of two “chambers”: the first consisted of boyars, okolnichy, butlers, treasurers, the second - governors, princes, boyar children, great nobles. Nothing is said about who the second “chamber” consisted of: those who happened to be in Moscow at that time, or those who were specially summoned to Moscow. The data on the participation of the townspeople in zemstvo councils is very doubtful, although the decisions made there were often very beneficial to the top of the town. Often the discussion took place separately among the boyars and okolnichy, the clergy, and service people, that is, each group separately expressed its opinion on this issue.

The earliest council, the activity of which is evidenced by the document of verdict that has come down to us (with signatures and a list of participants in the Duma Council) and news in the chronicle, took place in 1566, where the main question was the continuation or cessation of the bloodshed Livonian War.

Important place the zemstvo councils included the clergy, in particular the zemstvo councils of February - March 1549 and the spring of 1551 were simultaneously church councils in full, and only the metropolitan and the highest clergy participated in the remaining Moscow councils. Participation in the councils of the clergy was intended to emphasize the legitimacy of the decisions made by the monarch.

Historical background for the appearance and disappearance of zemstvo cathedrals

R. G. Skrynnikov expresses the opinion that Russian state In the 16th century, until the Zemstvo Council of 1566, it was an autocratic monarchy with an aristocratic boyar Duma, and subsequently took the path of becoming an estate-representative monarchy.

Already under Grand Duke Ivan III, the supreme power, trying to reduce the power functions of large feudal lords, turned to peasant self-government for support. Code of Law 1497 determined that courtiers, elders and the best people from the volosts, that is, representatives of peasant communities.

Even under Ivan IV, the government is trying to expand its social base by turning directly to the various classes of the Russian state, which is overcoming the feudal fragmentation. The Zemsky Sobor can be considered as a body that replaces the veche. Taking into account the traditions of the participation of public groups in solving government issues, he replaces the elements of democracy with the principles of class representation.

According to some historians, the existence of zemstvo councils was relatively short-lived and did not have much influence on the social development of Russia:

Firstly, councils never met independently; they were convened by the monarch, most often to support his policies, in order to give them legality and justice in the eyes of the people (the approval of new taxes by the will of “the whole earth” excluded complaints from the population);

Secondly, the estate representative body could not develop in Russia due to the fact that all estates by and large were equally powerless before the unlimited royal power, regardless of nobility and wealth. “We are free to execute and pardon our slaves,” Ivan the Terrible asserted, meaning by slaves all his subjects, from high-born princes to the last enslaved men. As V. O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “The estates in Russia in the 16th-17th centuries were distinguished not by rights, but by responsibilities.”

Other researchers, such as I. D. Belyaev, believed that zemstvo councils:

Contributed to overcoming the remnants feudal fragmentation in Russian society, both politically and psychologically;

Accelerated reforms in the courts and local government, because different classes of society had the opportunity to inform the supreme power about their needs.

Zemsky Sobors XVI-XVII centuries quite objective reasons did not give rise to stable class representation in Russia. Russian economy of that period was not yet productive enough for the development of industrial and trading classes (and in most European countries of that period, much stronger economically, absolutism prevailed), however, zemstvo councils played a significant role in overcoming crises and the development of Russian society in the 16th-17th centuries .

Bibliography

A. N. Zertsalov. "On the history of Zemsky Sobors." Moscow ,
A. N. Zertsalov. "New data on zemstvo councils in Russia 1648-1649." Moscow, 1887.

Notes

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Zemsky Sobor- (English: Zemsky Sobor) in the Russian state in the 16th - 17th centuries. a national meeting of representatives of the elite classes, convened for collegial discussion and resolution of issues usually within the competence of the monarch. Story … Encyclopedia of Law

S. Ivanov Zemsky Sobor Zemsky Sobor (Council of the Whole Land) the highest class representative institution of the Russian kingdom from the middle of the 16th to late XVII century, imagine the collection... Wikipedia

Zemsky Sobor- Zemsky Cathedral (source) ... Russian spelling dictionary

Zemsky Sobor- (source) ... orthographic dictionary Russian language

ZEMSKY CATHEDRAL- - the central body of class representation in the Russian state since the mid-16th century. until the mid-17th century, which was an instrument of influence primarily of the local nobility. Appearance 3. p. was caused by changes in the economy and social system... ... Soviet legal dictionary

ZEMSKY CATHEDRAL- the highest class representative body in medieval Russia (XVI-XVII centuries), which included members of the Consecrated Cathedral, the Boyar Duma, the sovereign's court, elected from the provincial nobility and the top citizens. Z.s. solved the most important issues... Political science: dictionary-reference book

History of Zemsky Sobors

The earliest council, the activity of which is evidenced by the sentencing letter that has reached us (with signatures and a list of participants in the Duma Council) and news in the chronicle, took place in 1566, at which the main question was the continuation or termination of the bloody Livonian War.

The history of zemstvo councils is the history of the internal development of society, the evolution of the state apparatus, the formation of social relations, and changes in the class system. In the 16th century, the process of forming this was just beginning; initially it was not clearly structured, and its competence was not strictly defined. The practice of convening, the procedure for forming, and the composition of zemstvo councils were also not regulated for a long time.

As for the composition of zemstvo councils, even during the reign of Mikhail Romanov, when the activity of zemstvo councils was most intense, the composition varied depending on the urgency of the issues being resolved and the very nature of the issues. The clergy occupied an important place in the composition of the zemstvo councils, in particular, the zemstvo councils of February - March 1549 and the spring of 1551 were simultaneously church councils in full, and only the metropolitan and the highest clergy participated in the remaining Moscow councils. The participation of the clergy in the councils was intended to emphasize the legitimacy of the decisions made by the monarch. B. A. Romanov believes that the Zemsky Sobor consisted of two “chambers”: the first consisted of boyars, okolnichy, butlers, treasurers, the second - governors, princes, boyar children, great nobles. Nothing is said about who the second “chamber” consisted of: those who happened to be in Moscow at that time, or those who were specially summoned to Moscow. The data on the participation of the townspeople in zemstvo councils is very doubtful, although the decisions made there were often very beneficial to the top of the town. Often the discussion took place separately among the boyars and okolnichy, the clergy, and service people, that is, each group separately expressed its opinion on this issue.

Periodization of Zemsky Sobors

List of Zemsky Sobors

The periodization of Zemsky Sobors can be divided into 6 periods:

6. 1653-1684. The importance of zemstvo cathedrals is declining (a slight rise was observed in the 80s). The last council in its entirety met in 1653 on the issue of accepting the Zaporozhye Army into the Moscow state.

In 1684, the last Zemsky Council took place in Russian history. He resolved the issue of eternal peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After this, zemstvo councils no longer met, which was the inevitable result of the reforms of the entire social structure of Russia carried out by Peter I and the strengthening of absolutism.

Proposals for convening in later eras

Priamursky Zemsky Sobor

The cathedral opened on July 23, 1922 in Vladivostok; his goal was to restore the monarchy and establish a new body of Supreme Power in the Amur region - the last stronghold of the White Army. The initiator of the convening of the council was Lieutenant General Dieterichs and the Amur Provisional Government. The Council included representatives of the clergy and parishioners, the army and navy, civil departments and city government, zemstvo and public organizations, urban homeowners, rural residents, merchants and entrepreneurs, Cossacks (both local and newcomers), higher educational institutions, Russian population of the CER right-of-way.

The Council adopted decisions on recognizing the power of the House of Romanov, appealing to the Romanovs with a request to indicate Supreme ruler, and the election of General Dieterichs as interim ruler. The final meeting of the Council took place on August 10, 1922, and already in October, attacks by Red Army soldiers and partisans led to the defeat of the White Army.

Literature

Klyuchevsky V. O. Composition of representation at the zemstvo councils of ancient Rus'
Zertsalov A. N. “On the history of Zemsky Sobors.” Moscow ,
Zertsalov A. N. “New data on zemstvo councils in Russia 1648-1649.” Moscow, 1887.

Notes

Links

On the history of Moscow Zemstvo cathedrals Article by prof. S. F. Platonova
Ivanov D. Zemsky Sobors

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S. Ivanov Zemsky Sobor The Zemsky Sobor in Rus' from the middle of the 16th to the end of the 17th century was a meeting of representatives of various segments of the population of the Moscow state to resolve political, economic and administrative issues. Zemsky Sobor... ... Wikipedia

Zemsky Sobor- Zemsky Cathedral (source) ... Russian spelling dictionary

Zemsky Sobor- (source) ... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

Zemsky Sobor is called the highest estate-representative state institution, which was a meeting of representatives of the majority of the population (with the exception of serfs) to discuss administrative, economic, and political issues.

Convening of the very first Zemsky Sobor in 1549(February twenty-seventh) coincided with the beginning of the period of reforms of Tsar Ivan the Fourth (the Terrible). It addressed two main issues: the abolition of feeding, as well as abuses by local officials. The cathedral emerges as a national analogue of the city councils that previously existed in large county towns. The First Zemsky Sobor united the highest clergy (members of the Consecrated Cathedral), boyars and appanage princes (Boyar Duma), wealthy citizens, as well as the tsar's courtiers. The meeting was held according to rank, and the decisions made were recorded as completely unanimous. The Zemsky Sobor consisted of two chambers. The first included: treasurers, okolnichy, butlers, as well as boyars. And in the second: great nobles, princes, boyar children and governors. The council lasted two days. During this time, the tsar, the boyars spoke three times, and finally a boyar meeting took place.

This first Zemsky Sobor was nicknamed the “Cathedral of Reconciliation”, since it was he who marked the change of the Russian state into an estate monarchy through the formation of an estate-representative central institution, in which the nobility played a significant role. However, at the same time, the aristocracy was obliged to give up its privileges in favor of the common layer of the population. This cathedral also became famous thanks to the compilation (correction and addition) of a new Code of Law, which was approved already in June 1550.

Also, simultaneously with the holding of the Zemsky Sobor, meetings of the Church Council took place, by the decision of which, after considering their lives, the celebration of sixteen saints was established.

Another innovation introduced at the Zemsky Sobor in connection with the decision to “give justice” to a petitioner against the boyars was the Petition Izba. It not only received petitions in the sovereign’s name, but also made decisions. This Izba became a kind of control body and appellate department that oversaw other institutions.

- gathering of representatives of different segments of the population Russian state to solve political, economic and administrative issues. The word “zemsky” meant “nationwide” (that is, the matter of “the whole earth”).

Such meetings were convened to discuss the most important issues of internal and foreign policy The Moscow state, also on urgent matters, for example, dealt with issues of war and peace, taxes and fees, mainly for military needs.

In the 16th century, the process of forming this public institution was just beginning; initially it was not clearly structured, and its competence was not strictly defined. The practice of convening, the procedure for forming, especially the composition of zemstvo councils for a long time were also not regulated.

The first is considered to be the Zemstvo Sobor of 1549, which lasted for two days; it was convened to resolve issues about the new Tsar Code of Law and the reforms of the “Elected Rada”. The sovereign and the boyars spoke at the cathedral, and later a meeting of the Boyar Duma took place, which adopted a provision on the non-jurisdiction (except in major criminal cases) of boyar children to governors.

“Tsar John IV opens the first Zemsky Council with his repentant speech.” (K. Lebedev)

How it all happened (“The Degree Book”)

1549 - under the influence of his environment, Tsar Ivan IV decided to take a new step in Russian history - the convening of the first Zemsky Sobor. “In the twentieth year of his age,” it is said in the Degree Book, “seeing the state in great anguish and sadness from the violence of the strong and from untruths, the king intended to bring everyone into love. Having consulted with the metropolitan about how to destroy sedition, ruin untruths, and quench enmity, he called for assembling his state from cities of all ranks.” When the elected officials gathered, on Sunday the Tsar went out with a cross to the Place of Execution and after the prayer service began to say to the Metropolitan:

“I pray to you, holy master! Be my helper and champion of love. I know that you desire good deeds and love. You yourself know that I remained four years after my father, and eight years after my mother; my relatives did not care about me, and my strong boyars and nobles did not care about me and were autocratic, they stole dignity and honors for themselves in my name and practiced themselves in many selfish thefts and troubles. I was as if deaf and did not hear, and had no reproach in my mouth due to my youth and helplessness, but they ruled.”

And, addressing the boyars who were in the square, Tsar Ivan threw at them passionate words: “O unrighteous covetous and predators and unrighteous judges! What answer will you give us now that many have brought tears upon themselves? I am pure from this blood, expect your reward.”

After bowing in all directions, Ivan IV continued: “People of God and given to us by God! I pray for your faith in God and love for us. Now we cannot correct your previous troubles, ruins and taxes due to my long minority, the emptiness and lies of my boyars and authorities, the recklessness of the unrighteous, covetousness and love of money. I pray you, leave each other enmity and burdens, except perhaps for very big matters: in these matters and in new ones, I myself will be your judge and defense, as much as possible, I will ruin untruths and return what was stolen.”

That same day, Ivan Vasilyevich granted Adashev a okolnichy and at the same time told him: “Alexey! I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and analyze them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and brutalize the poor and weak with their violence; do not look at the false tears of the poor, who slander the rich, who want to be right with false tears, but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; choose righteous judges from the boyars and nobles.”

The result of the first Zemsky Sobor

No other information about the first Zemsky Sobor has survived to this day, however, from a number of indirect signs one can see that the matter could not be limited to one speech by the sovereign, but many were initiated practical issues. Ivan IV ordered the boyars to make peace with all Christians of the state. And in fact, soon after this, an order was given to all feeding governors to quickly put an end to all disputes with zemstvo societies regarding feeding by the world order.

At the Council of the Stoglavy in 1551, Ivan Vasilyevich said that the previous council had given him a blessing to correct the old Code of Laws of 1497 and to establish elders and kissers throughout all the lands of his state. This means that the Zemsky Sobor of 1549 discussed a number of legislative measures with the aim of restructuring local government.

This plan began with the urgent liquidation of all litigation between the zemstvo and the feeders, continued with the revision of the Code of Law with the mandatory universal introduction of elected elders and kissers into the court, and ended with the granting of charters that abolished feeding altogether. As a result of these measures, local communities were supposed to free themselves from the petty tutelage of boyar-governors, collect taxes themselves and administer justice themselves. It is known that feeding, unjust trials and uncontrolled collection of taxes became the real scourge of Russian life by the middle of the 16th century.

Zemsky Sobor. (S. Ivanov)

The many abuses of boyar-governors in the performance of their duties are reported in all sources of that era. By abolishing feeding and creating independent community courts, Ivan Vasilyevich tried to destroy the evil that had taken deep roots in Russian society. All these measures were fully consistent with the new state of mind of the sovereign and followed from his speech delivered to all the people in 1549. But the charters, according to which the volosts were given the right to be governed by both elected authorities, were paid off. The volost paid off the governors with a certain amount contributed to the treasury; the government gave her the right to pay off as a result of her request; if she did not hit with her forehead, considering it unprofitable for herself new order things, then stayed with the old ones.

The following year, 1551, a large and church cathedral, usually called Stoglav. A new Code of Law was presented at it, which was a corrected and disseminated edition of the old grandfather’s Code of Law of 1497.

highest class-representative institutions in Russia ser. XVI - XVII centuries They included members of the Consecrated Cathedral, the Boyar Duma, the “sovereign court,” elected from the provincial nobility and the elite of the townspeople. We considered the most important national issues.

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ZEMSKY Cathedrals

central estate-representative institutions in Russia in the 16th-17th centuries. They included members of the Consecrated Council - archbishops, bishops and others, headed by the metropolitan, and from 1589 - by the patriarch, members of the Boyar Duma, the “sovereign court”, elected from the provincial nobility and the elite of the townspeople. The most important national issues were considered at the Z.S. At the beginning of the 17th century. During the period of mass popular movements, Polish and Swedish intervention, the “Council of the Whole Earth” was convened, the continuation of which was Z.S. in 1613, which elected the first Romanov, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, to the throne. During his reign, the Z.S. was convened most often. The practice of convening and conducting meetings of the Z.S. was not strictly regulated. The councils confirmed or elected kings, approved the conciliar code of 1649, abolished localism in 1682, approved treaties on the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, on “eternal peace” with Poland in 1683-1684, with their help the government introduced new taxes, changed existing ones, discussed foreign policy issues, the need to recruit troops, etc. Sometimes unplanned issues were proposed for discussion, for example, at the Council of 1566 the question of abolishing the oprichnina introduced by Ivan IV the Terrible was raised. From the middle of the 17th century. Z.S.’s activities are fading, which is explained by the strengthening of absolutism in Russia.

Composition of Z.s. was formed through representation from class groups, socio-political and state institutions. Representation was conditional on the status of the person, determined by choice or, possibly, by appointment (invitation). Core Z.s. and its permanent parts (curias) were: the Consecrated Council, headed by the Moscow Metropolitan (from 1589 - the Patriarch) and including archbishops, bishops, archimandrites, abbots of influential monasteries; The Boyar Duma (including Duma nobles and Duma clerks), as well as (until the beginning of the 17th century) persons who ex officio had the right of a boyar court (butlers, treasurers, printers). The bulk of the secular feudal lords of the 16th century. represented various groups of the Sovereign's court (stewards, solicitors, Moscow and elected nobles, clerks). From the trade and craft population to Z.s. privileged groups of merchants were represented (guests, members of the Living Room and Cloth Hundreds). From 1584 to W.s. there were “elected people” from the district nobility, from 1598 sotskys of the Moscow Black Hundreds, from 1612 – elected representatives from the peasants. Z.s. lost importance by the end of the 17th century.

First Z.s. (1549 and 1566) are organically included in the system of institutions of the estate-representative monarchy that emerged by the middle of the 16th century, when a number of political reforms were carried out.

In June 1566 on W.S. Only representatives of the zemshchina were present; delegates were appointed by the government. Here for the first time the government faced strong opposition. Large group boyars and nobles turned to the tsar with a petition for the resignation of the oprichnina. Z.s. stands out in particular. 1613: it was broader and more democratic in terms of representation than the previous ones - a new dynasty was elected to the Moscow throne. Some time after the election of Mikhail Fedorovich Z.s. did not dissolve and acted as the supreme body under the king. At the beginning of the 17th century. frequent meetings of Z.s. were necessary to make unpopular decisions about new tensions in the country's military and economic forces.

Z.s. gathered in one of the Kremlin chambers (Granovitaya, Stolovaya and others). The cathedral was opened by the clerk or the king himself. The clerk read out the “letter” (agenda) for the cathedral. The answer to the agenda item was given on “separate articles” by each estate.

Duration Z.s. ranged from several hours (1645) and days (1642) to several months (1648–1649) and even years (1613–1615,1615-1619,1620–1622).

Solutions Z.s. were formalized in a conciliar act-protocol under the seals of the Tsar, the Patriarch, the highest ranks and the kissing of the cross for lower ranks. Z.s. existed until the end of the 17th century, gradually losing their significance and role in the life of the state.

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Zemsky Sobor - history and significance. Zemsky Sobor is... What are Zemsky Sobors

Periodization of Zemsky Sobors

Historical background for the appearance and disappearance of zemstvo cathedrals

Bibliography

Notes

See what “Zemsky Sobor” is in other dictionaries:

History of Zemsky Sobors

Periodization of Zemsky Sobors

Proposals for convening in later eras

Priamursky Zemsky Sobor

see also

Literature

Notes

see also

Links

See what “Zemsky Sobor” is in other dictionaries:

How it all happened (“The Degree Book”)

The result of the first Zemsky Sobor

ZEMSKY Cathedrals

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