Arm transcript. Automated specialist workstation (AWS)

State educational institution

higher professional education

"Russian Customs Academy"

St. Petersburg named after V.B. Bobkova branch

Russian Customs Academy

Department of Informatics and ITT

on the topic "Automated workplace specialist"

Performed:

5th year student

full-time education

Faculty of Economics

groups 541

Vershinina Irina

Introduction

The problem of automation of production processes and management processes has always been and remains relevant in the national economy. The need for control automation national economy and its links are explained by the tasks of facilitating the work of management personnel, restraining the growth of their numbers caused by the development of production; complication of industrial relations; increasing the volume of management functions. An important role is played by the task of matching the technical base of management with a similar base of production in relation to which automation is carried out.

At the present stage of automation of production management, the most promising is the automation of planning and management functions on the basis of personal computers installed directly at the workplaces of specialists. These systems have become widespread in organizational management under the name of automated workstations (AWS). This will allow the system to be used by people who do not have special knowledge in the field of programming, and at the same time will allow you to supplement the system as needed. The current scale and pace of implementation of management automation tools in the national economy poses the task of carrying out comprehensive research, associated with a comprehensive study and generalization of the problems that arise, both practical and theoretical.

This abstract discusses the concepts of automated workplaces and its main characteristics. This topic very relevant nowadays modern technologies and innovation. Active implementation of automated workplaces leads to improvement and acceleration of production processes, and, accordingly, to growth economic indicators generally.

§ 1. Concept and general characteristics of automated workplaces

Analyzing the essence of automated workplaces, experts most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.

For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations that correspond to their functional purpose. However, the principles for creating automated workplaces should be general: systematic, flexible, stable, efficient. According to the principle of systematicity, automated workplaces should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined functional purpose.

The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.

The principle of sustainability is that the automated workplace system must perform basic functions regardless of the impact of internal and external possible factors on it. This means that problems in individual parts of the system should be easily fixable, and the system’s functionality should be quickly restored.

The effectiveness of automated workplaces should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.

An automated workplace is a set of software and hardware that ensures human interaction with a computer, provides the ability to enter information and output it. Most often, the automated workplace is part of an automated control system (ACS). AWS can be defined as a set of information, software and technical resources that provide the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area.

According to their purpose, workstations are computer systems located at the workplaces of specialists, serving to automate their work. The role of automated workplaces is determined by the nature of their participation in the management process of a particular area of production activity.

An automated workplace as a tool for rationalizing and intensifying management activities is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of the automated workplace is information and reference services. Although this function is, to one degree or another, inherent in any workstation, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the category of the user. AWPs have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area.

The automated workplace has the following properties:

availability. (a set of technical, software, information and other tools available to the user);

the ability to create and improve automated data processing projects in a specific field of activity;

processing of data by the user himself;

interactive mode of user interaction with a computer both in the process of solving control problems and in the process of their design.

The following main functions of the automated workplace can be distinguished:

Satisfying the information and computing needs of a specialist;

Minimum response time to user requests;

Adaptation to professional needs;

Ease of mastering work on automated workstations; - Ability to work online.

Typically, the automated workplace includes:

Complex of software and software(application and auxiliary programs);

Complex of information and methodological support

Use of workstations in modern office facilitates the work of a specialist as much as possible, freeing up time and effort that were previously spent on routine data collection operations and complex calculations, for creative, scientifically based activities in solving professional problems.

The advantages of implementing automated workplaces are:

Labor automation, use of labor-saving technologies (for example, the use of computers);

Increased production safety (when used in industry);

Faster management decision making;

Worker mobility;

Increased productivity

The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and load are correctly distributed between a person and computer information processing tools, the core of which is a computer. Only then will automated workplaces become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

§2. Purpose and types of workstations

automated production workstation

The use of an automated workplace in a modern office makes the work of a specialist as easy as possible, freeing up time and effort that were previously spent on routine data collection operations and complex calculations for creative, scientifically based activities in solving professional problems. The purpose of implementation is to improve the following indicators:

labor automation, use of labor-saving technologies (for example, the use of computers);

increasing production safety (when used in industry);

faster adoption of management decisions;

worker mobility;

increasing labor productivity

To characterize the automated workplace, we can identify the main components of the information technology that implements it. These include:

Technical and hardware support (computers, printers, scanners, cash registers and other additional equipment);

Information support (standards of documents and unified forms, standards for presenting indicators, classifiers and reference information);

Network and communication devices (local and corporate networks, email).

The characteristics of these components determine the level of automated workplace, its purpose and features. The workstations are designed to provide conditions for comfortable, high-performance and high-quality work of a specialist and must meet the following requirements:

the user interface should be simple, convenient and accessible even to an untrained user. It should contain a system of hints, preferably in demonstration form (video, sound, animation);

it is necessary to ensure the safety of the specialist and the fulfillment of all ergonomic requirements (comfort, color and sound gamut corresponding to the best perception, convenient location of information and accessibility of all tools necessary for work, a unified style of performing operations, etc.);

the workstation user must perform all actions without leaving the system, so it is required to be equipped with all the necessary operations;

Ensuring uninterrupted operation of the automated workplace must guarantee the user timely completion of tasks in accordance with the work schedule. Production disruptions are unacceptable;

rational organization of a specialist’s work creates comfortable conditions for work and increases the productivity of a specialist;

workstation software must be compatible with other systems and information technologies, therefore the most valuable are technologies that combine several workstations.

§3.Principles used in creating workstations

The creation and use of workstations is based on a number of general principles for the design of data processing systems:

The principle of maximum focus on the end user. This principle is implemented by creating special means for adapting the workstation to the user’s level of training and the possibility of his training and self-learning, therefore the workstation is often equipped with special demonstration videos. It is necessary that the entry of new data and correction of information be accompanied by automation of operations, built-in control and a hint system, which allows even an unskilled worker in the computer field to quickly learn how to work in the workstation.

Problem orientation. Each workstation specializes in solving a certain class of problems, combined general technology data processing, unity of operating modes, unity of data processing algorithms.

The principle of matching the information needs of users to the technical means used. The characteristics of the technical means used must correspond to the volume of information and the algorithms for processing it. This means that only after a thorough analysis of the user’s information needs can one begin to determine the composition and functions of the workstation.

The principle of creative contact between AWS developers and their potential users. The joint participation of the user and the developer in the creation of an automated workplace helps to better understand the problem situation, stimulates the intellectual activity of the future user of the automated workplace and, ultimately, helps to improve the quality of the automated workplace.

Complete documentation, which should contain explanations of the tasks performed using the automated workplace, instructions for installing and operating the automated workplace, instructions for filling out and maintaining input and output documents.

§4. AWS and prospects for its development

The current scale and pace of implementation of control automation tools in the national economy poses with particular urgency the task of conducting comprehensive research related to a comprehensive study and generalization of the problems arising in this case, both practical and theoretical. In recent years, the concept of distributed economic management systems has emerged, which provides for local information processing. To implement the idea of distributed control, it is necessary to create automated workstations (AWS) based on professional personal computers for each level of management and each subject area. Analyzing the essence of automated workplaces, experts most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work. For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations that correspond to their functional purpose. However, the principles for creating automated workplaces should be general: systematic, flexible, stable, efficient. According to the principle of systematicity, automated workplaces should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by their functional purpose. The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements. The principle of sustainability is that the automated workplace system must perform basic functions regardless of the impact of internal and external possible factors on it. This means that problems in individual parts of the system should be easily fixable, and the system’s functionality should be quickly restored. The effectiveness of automated workplaces should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system. The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and load are correctly distributed between a person and computer information processing tools, the core of which is a computer. Only then will automated workplaces become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists. The development of electronics has led to the emergence of a new class of computers - personal computers (PCs). The main advantage of PCs is their relatively low cost and at the same time high performance. So, for example, if we analyze the characteristics of large computers of the early 60s, minicomputers of the early 70s and personal computers of the 80s. , then it turns out that the performance is approximately the same. Low cost, reliability, ease of maintenance and operation expands the scope of use of PCs, primarily due to those areas of human activity in which computer technology was not previously used due to high cost, complexity of maintenance and interaction. Such areas include the so-called institutional activities, where the use of personal computers.

Conclusion

In recent years, the concept of distributed economic management systems has emerged, which provides for local information processing. To implement the idea of distributed control, it is necessary to create automated workstations (AWS) based on professional personal computers for each level of management and each subject area.

List of sources used

1. Automated workstation for statistical data processing/V.V. Shurakov, D.M. Dayitbegov, S.V. Mizrohi, S.V. Yasenovsky. -

M.: Finance and Statistics, 1990. - 190 pp.: ill.

Appak M.A. Automated workplaces based on personal computers. - M.: Radio and Communications, 1989.-176 pp.: ill.

Automated systems for processing accounting and analytical information/

V.S. Rozhnov, V.B. Lieberman, E.A. Umnova, T.V. Voropaeva. - M.: Finance and

statistics, 1992. - 250 p.

Information systems for managers / Ed. F. I. Peregudova M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999.

Computer technologies in personnel services / M.A. Vinokurov, R.D. Gutgarts, V.A. Parkhomov - I.: IGEA Publishing House, 1997. - 198 p.

INTRODUCTION

Purpose this graduation qualifying work was the disclosure of the concept of an automated workplace, its types and classifications.

Relevance is determined by the widespread introduction of automated workplaces into all areas of activity without exception, both organizations and individuals.

Tasks automated workstation (AWS) can be derived from the very concept of an automated workplace, so we can say that this is a computing system designed to automate professional activities.

Modern enterprises and firms are complex organizational systems, the individual components of which are basic and revolving funds, labor and material resources and others are constantly changing and are in complex interaction with each other. Operation of enterprises and organizations various types in conditions market economy set new tasks to improve management activities based on integrated automation of management of all production and technological processes, as well as labor resources.

The market economy leads to an increase in the volume and complexity of tasks solved in the field of production organization, planning and analysis processes, financial work, relations with suppliers and consumers of products, operational management which is impossible without organizing a modern automated information system.

The presence of a system that automates the collection, preparation and processing of information is one of necessary conditions that determine the ultimate success of the enterprise.

An automated workplace can be defined as a complex of information resources, software, hardware, organizational and technological tools for individual and collective use, combined to perform certain functions of a professional management employee.

One of the first examples of the systematic use of computers in world practice were the so-called administrative data processing systems: automation of banking operations, accounting, reservations and ticketing, etc. Of decisive importance for the effectiveness of systems of this kind is the fact that they rely on automated information bases. This means that the computer memory constantly stores information necessary to solve the problems for which the system is designed. It constitutes the contents of the information base of the corresponding system.

When solving the next problem, the system needs to enter only a small portion of additional information - the rest is taken from the information base. Each piece of newly entered information changes the information base of the system. This database (information or database) is thus in a state of continuous updating, reflecting all changes occurring in real object, with which the system deals.

With their further development, administrative data processing systems develop into automated control systems (ACS) for the corresponding objects in which, as a rule, they are not limited to one computer, but two or more computers are combined into a computer complex (CC).

An automated control system (ACS) is a human-machine system in which, with the help of technical means, the collection, accumulation, and processing of information is ensured, the formulation of an optimal control strategy for certain components and the delivery of results to a person or group of people making management decisions. An optimal strategy is understood as a strategy that minimizes or maximizes some characteristics of an object.

In order to ensure the possibility of interaction between a person and a computer in an interactive mode, there is a need to implement within the framework of an automated control system, the so-called automated workplace (AWS). An automated workplace is a set of software and hardware that ensures human interaction with a computer, i.e. such functions as the ability to enter information into a computer; the ability to output information from a computer to a monitor screen, printer or other output devices (currently this list is quite wide - plotters, etc.).

The so-called intelligent workstations, in turn, also contain a computer connected in one way or another to the central computer (VC) of the automated control system. Input devices must also provide a wide range of input information: text, coordinates, fax, etc. Therefore, workstations are equipped, if necessary, with a universal or special keyboard, coordinate information input devices (such as a mouse), various types of scanners, etc.

In order to increase the range of forms of presentation of information output from the computer, the workstation is equipped with color monitors, means for creating and managing audio signals, up to the ability to create and reproduce speech signals.

1.1. general characteristics control systems

A control system is a combination of a controlled object or process and a control device, which includes a set of means for receiving, collecting and transmitting information and generating control signals and commands. In this case, the action of the control system is aimed at improving and maintaining the operation of a process or object. In some cases, without an automated control system it is generally impossible to solve a problem due to the complexity of the control process. A managed object is an element of a system that requires systematic control and regulation for normal functioning. A control object is a system element that monitors the activities of a managed object, identifies possible deviations from a given program and ensures its timely return to normal operation.

All control systems, from the point of view of the logic of their functioning, solve three problems:

1. Collection of information about the managed object;

2. Information processing;

3. Issuance of control actions in one form or another.

Depending on the type of system, management represents impacts at the physical or information level aimed at maintaining or improving the functioning of the managed object in accordance with the existing program or management goal.

There are two main types of control systems:

1. Process control systems in the broad sense of the word, designed to directly control production processes at the physical level of the process;

2. Information management systems dealing with objects of an organizational nature, designed to solve management problems of such management objects as large technical units, military, construction and other objects of various ranks.

The main difference between them is the nature of the control object. In the first case, these are all kinds of installations, instruments, machines, etc., in the second, first of all, people.

Another difference between these systems is the form of information transfer. If in technological process control systems the main form of information transfer is various kinds of signals, then in organizational management systems these are documents. It is impossible to draw a clear boundary between the two types of systems under consideration; most often, information is transferred both with the help of documents and with the help of signals.

Automation of control systems is carried out using computer technology. Depending on the degree of human participation in management, control systems can be classified as follows:

1. Automated;

2. Semi-automatic;

3. Automatic.

An automated system does not exclude, but on the contrary, presupposes human participation in managing the system and human making key decisions, while automatic control systems exclude human participation in managing the object. A semi-automatic system may be considered as an option automatic system, in which the level of technological development does not yet allow excluding a person from the contours of the control system.

The central core of the control system, with the help of which its automation is carried out, is Calculating machine. There are two possible ways of interaction between the computer, the control object and the control body.

In the first case, a computer is used, as a rule, to solve individual periodically repeated labor-intensive tasks. Information is collected manually, and documents with control actions are also prepared. Such a system can be called a data processing system. Users' access to data processing systems most often results in updating information; The output of information may be completely absent or may be the result of software processing of stored information, and not the information itself. An example of a data processing system would be the system of a city savings bank. It contains information about the deposits of city residents; most processing of banking information involves updating deposit amounts, calculating interest, summing up results for a certain period of work, etc.

In the second case, basic information about the state of the managed object is collected automatically by a machine (in the general case, a computer center). The computer processes incoming information and prepares output documentation in one form or another, after which a decision is made on the impact on the object. Automated control systems are also classified depending on the type of output documentation they issue. The latter can be represented as:

1. A processed, ordered set of information about the managed object. Based on them, a person (or a group of people) makes a decision about the nature of the impact on the object. This is inherent in the data processing system, but not in the automated system itself.

The increasing pace of informatization of society contributes to the increasing role of computer technology in management processes. The capabilities of modern computer technology to automate the information processing process can increase labor productivity, improve the efficiency of working with documents and speed up the exchange of management information.

Currently, the concept of distributed automated control systems aimed at local information processing has become widespread. This allows you to organize the division of labor of management personnel and automate the performance of their functions. To implement this idea, it is necessary to create automated workstations based on personal computers for each management level and each subject area.

Automated workstation(AWS) is a complex of computer hardware and software located directly at the employee’s workplace and designed to automate his work within the specialty.

Automated workstations must be created strictly in accordance with their intended functional purpose. However general principles creation of workstations remain unchanged:

consistency;
flexibility;
sustainability;
efficiency.

Under principle of consistency the following is understood: an automated workstation must be a system of interconnected components. At the same time, the structure of the automated workplace must clearly correspond to the functions for which this automated workstation is created.

The principle of flexibility is of great importance in creating modern and efficiently working automated workplaces. This principle means the possibility of adapting the automated workplace to the intended modernization of both software and hardware. At present, when the rate of obsolescence of software and hardware is constantly growing, compliance with this principle becomes one of the most important conditions when creating an automated workplace.

To ensure the principle of flexibility in actually working automated workstations, all subsystems of a single workstation are implemented in the form of separate, easily replaceable modules. To avoid incompatibility problems when replacing, all elements must be standardized.

Of great importance principle of sustainability. It consists in performing the functions laid down in the automated workplace, regardless of the influence of both internal and external factors. If failures occur, the functionality of the system must be quickly restored, and problems with individual elements must be easily resolved.

Principle of efficiency implies that the costs of creating and operating the system should not exceed the economic benefits from its implementation. In addition, when creating an automated workplace, it should be taken into account that its effectiveness will largely be determined by the correct distribution of functions and load between the employee and computer information processing tools, the core of which is a personal computer. Only if these conditions are met, automated workplaces become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

Practical experience in using automated workplaces as one of the elements of distributed control systems allows us to highlight the following: requirements for an effectively and fully functioning automated workstation:

timely satisfaction of the user's information needs;
minimum response time to user requests;
adaptation to the user’s level of training and the specifics of the functions he performs;
opportunity fast learning user basic operating techniques;
reliability and ease of maintenance;
user-friendly interface;
ability to work as part of a computer network.

Let's consider the structure of an automated workstation and the connections between its components. Typically, an automated workplace consists of hardware and software computer tools, as well as the necessary methodological documentation that allows the user to effectively interact with these tools.

Information support means constant information support for each individual automated workstation. The functioning of modern automated workplaces is impossible without the supply of timely, reliable and high-quality information.

Methodological documentation is a set of documents relating to the functioning of a given automated workplace and, as a rule, includes input and output documents, instruction cards, job descriptions and etc.

Creating a well-thought-out set of methodological documentation that is not difficult to master is especially important when an organization is introducing a system of automated workstations for the first time. In this case, it is necessary to explain to employees in detail how to work with equipment that is new to them, as well as all the positive aspects of its use.

If necessary, it is necessary to arrange for employees to attend advanced training courses in working with computer technology. It is necessary to do everything possible so that when introducing modern information processing technologies into an organization, employees do not consider the emerging technical means interfere with their normal work, but understood all the benefits and all the advantages of using them.

Currently, there is a huge selection of different software products that meet almost all the requirements imposed on them by representatives of various professions. However, there are situations when there is a need for some other programs. In such cases, special professional workstations are developed. When creating such programs, it is necessary to take into account such points as:

tasks to be solved;
interaction with other specialists;
professional habits and inclinations of the employee;
development of not only functional software (FPO), but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic telephone dialing, etc.).

The creation of efficiently operating professional workstations allows increasing the productivity of specialists and reducing the number of personnel. At the same time, the speed of information processing and its reliability increase, which is necessary for effective planning and management.

For effective use of the automated workplace complex, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define for which specialists (managers, economists, statisticians, accountants) automated jobs will be created. The composition and number of automated workplaces depend on the profile of the organization, its structure, scale and other parameters.

In practice, the development of specific workstations most often represents the automation of the most typical functions performed by an employee at a given workplace. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the employee’s workstation should consist only of those programs that the specialist really needs for his work. Excessive software in the workplace takes up PC resources and can distract an employee from performing his duties.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to clearly define the information needs of each specialist - the intended user of the automated workplace. Generally speaking, each user must formulate such needs independently. Optimal implementation of the system being created is only possible if users can define their goals and indicate the nature of the information they need to achieve these goals. In addition, this approach to solving the problem of creating automated workplace software eliminates the psychological barrier in the relationship between man and machine. In this case, the user himself determines the operations that he constantly performs, and clearly knows which programs were installed for their automated execution.

However, in practice, it is not always easy for employees of an organization to clearly define their needs for the information necessary for their work. In this case, you can obtain information about the operations performed by the employee and the data used for this in two different ways: by asking the employee a direct question or by obtaining information indirectly.

In the first case, employees draw up special certificates in writing containing:

a list of your main responsibilities;
specific information necessary to perform the above responsibilities.

Information needs are determined by the employee based on the composition of the main responsibilities and decisions made in the process of their implementation.

In another approach, information about responsibilities and information needs is obtained indirectly. The developer of the automated workplace asks employees - users of future automated workplaces - to describe what happens in the process of performing their job duties. After this, the developer must formulate specific questions that need to be answered under the assumption that the automated workplace is already functioning. This approach also allows the employee to gain greater insight into their activities and, in particular, the process of making complex decisions.

The result of applying any of the above approaches should be a clearly formulated list of the functions performed by the employee and his information needs. The next steps towards creating an automated workplace are identifying those functions from this list that can be automated and selecting programs with which this can be done.

An employee of any specialty using an automated workplace can perform the following operations:

enter written information from the keyboard and visually monitor this process using a monitor;
edit data;
move, copy, delete information;
display information on the screen, printer, record it on media;
transfer data from one PC to another using storage media;
exchange data via communication channels within a local area network or the Internet;
accumulate and store data;
search and collect necessary information, update data;
obtain information from databases;
protect information.

Let us determine the composition of the software necessary to create standard workstations. Let us recall that the composition of specific workstations largely depends on the specific organization and job responsibilities performed by employees.

Let's consider the main approaches to staffing a manager's workstation. By manager we mean not only the head of the organization, but also his deputies, chief accountant, chief engineer, heads of structural divisions of the enterprise, i.e. managers at various levels. For these categories of employees, the functions they perform are largely similar, so the composition of the functional workstation software will be approximately the same.

Most often, a manager needs information in connection with the implementation of the management process. The nature of information needs depends mainly on two factors: the personal qualities of the manager (knowledge of information systems, management style, understanding of information needs) and the organizational management structure within which decisions are made.

The higher the manager's competence in the field of information systems, the more complex and precise his information needs will be. A realistic understanding of the capabilities and costs involved puts him in a much better position to help develop an effective system.

A manager's technical background, leadership style, and decision-making ability all influence the nature and amount of information he or she requires. Some managers prefer to make decisions based on detailed information, while others prefer to make decisions based on more general information, using personal consultations with subordinates.

The manager's own ideas about information needs also have a great impact on the composition of the automated workplace software. Often, managers hesitate between wanting to know only the necessary data or knowing all the information. Many managers have no idea what information they need.

There are several views among managers regarding their responsibilities regarding the dissemination of information to their subordinates. A leader who cannot or does not want to delegate authority usually tends to withhold information.

Problems of information support for management depend on the scale of the enterprise and the complexity of its organizational structure. Larger enterprises with more complex organizational structures require more formal information systems, and information needs become even more complex. higher value to carry out transactions.

At each level of management it is necessary different types information and, as a rule, different shapes. At the planning level, a one-time message, inference or single request is required; at the level of calendar and planning management - reporting deviations, conclusions and various messages about periodic assessments. At the operational control level, formal communication of established procedures and daily communication of the operation are necessary to ensure operational control of activities.

The more complex the organization's structure, the easier it is to determine information needs. Where rights and responsibilities are clearly defined, relationships are understood, and decision-making areas are limited, information needs are easier to identify. The manager's responsibilities include:

making management decisions within its terms of reference;
analysis and synthesis of information necessary to make these decisions;
definition necessary actions to implement the decisions made and determine the circle of persons who must ensure their implementation;
formulating tasks for specific employees participating in the process of implementing management decisions and communicating these tasks to them;
monitoring the execution of tasks.

It is obvious that most modern workstations cannot assume the function of making management decisions, but they can significantly facilitate and speed up the performance of this function by the manager. It is advisable to include at least the following software tools in the functional software of the manager's workstation:

word processor;
table processor;
DBMS (for working with databases on all aspects of the organization’s activities, as well as for obtaining the necessary archival and operational information);
applied expert system (if necessary);
web browser;
program Email.

When developing automated workplaces for specialists, it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the nature of their job responsibilities. The information needs of ordinary employees, as well as the management apparatus, depend on factors such as the personal qualities of the employee and the structure of the organization. As for personal qualities, knowledge of information systems and technologies, as well as an understanding of the need for information, are of great importance.

In the area of the organization's structure, the profile of its activities plays a significant role. For example, although the accounting functions of a large industrial enterprise and a small trading company are essentially the same, the specific tasks performed by the accounting staff, as well as the types of documents with which they have to work, may be very different. Therefore it is extremely important correct selection and configuration of software products for the operation of a specific organization.

Let's consider the composition of the automated workplace software for the most common specialties. The programs listed below constitute the minimum set of software tools for the average specialist.

The current stage of economic development of society has a significant impact on the composition and content of the functions performed by an accountant. He is required not only to have knowledge of traditional accounting, but also to be able to work with securities, justify investments Money, have an objective idea of the economic and financial condition of the organization, etc. The use of modern computer technologies can provide significant assistance in this.

The use of computer technology makes it possible to automate many functions performed by an accountant. The main functions of accounting are:

accounting:
- – cash in the central cash desk and in the organization’s current account(s) in banks;
- – settlements with personnel regarding remuneration of employees;
- – commodity transactions(for trade organizations);
- – materials and fixed assets available in the organization (of greater importance for industrial enterprises);
- – taxation;
conducting:
– settlements with supplier companies, customers, co-executors, etc.;
– consolidated financial statements.

This list of accounting functions is far from complete; it only gives general idea about the minimum range of tasks that the accountant’s workstation software package should provide. A separate range of tasks is to ensure information links between the accounting department and external organizations. This means that it is necessary to organize the timely receipt by accounting staff of regulatory and methodological materials, as well as the transfer of consolidated reporting to the relevant external organizations. Such organizations include higher authorities and management, tax inspectorates, statistical authorities, etc.

It is advisable to organize machine-to-machine exchange of information with banks within the framework of the “client-bank” system. This service is offered by the bank that services the current account of this organization. It consists in providing the ability to manage this account directly from the organization’s office. Programs of the "client-bank" system allow you to implement many useful functions: creating payment orders and transmitting them to the bank via modem, receiving statements from a current account, etc. To ensure the protection of transmitted data, it is mandatory to use special information security tools (encryption, electronic signature) . The use of such a system has many positive aspects. It allows you to save time and speed up customer service (by promptly receiving information about funds being credited to your account). Also, the use of this technology eliminates the need for employees to constantly travel to the bank to make payments.

Thus, the functional software of an accountant’s workstation should include the following programs:

word processor;
financial and economic information processing system;
personal information system (organizer);
DBMS;
email program;
programs that implement the “client-bank” technology.

On modern Russian market computer programs a large number of complexes for accounting automation are presented. The main difference between software products is their focus on large, medium or small enterprises. The programs are also released in local and network versions. Network options are somewhat more complex and expensive. They require special equipment operating systems etc. In addition, the organization needs staff to maintain the network qualified specialists. However, network options are convenient in that they include functions for computer processing of management information for the entire organization.

For small organizations it is convenient to use so-called mini-accounting packages. They are designed to automate the work of a small staff of accounting employees who do not have a clear specialization in specific areas of accounting.

These packages are designed for untrained users; they are easy to learn and operate. The main capabilities provided by this kind of programs include the formation of a number of primary accounting documents, maintaining a journal of business transactions, drawing up consolidated financial statements, etc. The most well-known such software products are “1C: Accounting”, “Turbo-Accountant”, etc.

For larger small and medium-sized businesses, it is advisable to use packages like “Integrated Accounting System”. These packages allow you to conduct automated accounting for some areas offline and then combine them into a single summary report. Software products of this type, which are most widespread, are a logical continuation of the development of mini-accounting packages. Good quality have such packages as “Sail”, “Kompekh+”, “Bambi+”, etc.

For organizations of medium and large businesses, packages like “Comprehensive Accounting System” are best suited. Main feature Such software products are designed in a modular manner. Moreover, each module is responsible for performing the functions of a specific area of accounting. All modules are interconnected, which allows you to create consolidated reporting documents. Typically, such complexes include the following modules: “posting – general ledger – balance”, labor accounting, wages, fixed assets accounting, fixed assets accounting, finished products, production cost accounting, analysis financial condition organizations, etc. Such systems allow you to connect new modules and thus expand the complex and its functionality. In this case, it is necessary to observe the condition of interconnection of all components of the system. The best way this is achieved by purchasing separate software products (modules) from the same company.

In the accounting software market, packages like “Comprehensive Accounting System” from companies such as Infosoft, Intellect-Service, Omega, etc. have proven themselves well.

The organization of automated workplaces for managers and accountants is the most developed area of development and implementation of computer technologies in the enterprise management process. However, the functions of other specialists can also be performed more efficiently with the introduction of computer technology. Let's look at some of them.

Specialist's workstation By personnel The main functions of a HR specialist include the following:

definition personnel organization, compilation staffing table;
selection and placement of personnel;
current work with personnel;
storage of information about the company’s employees (personal data, information about career advancement, rewards and punishments, hours worked, etc.).

To solve these problems, the HR specialist’s workstation should include the following software:

word processor;
DBMS;
email program;
applied expert system for selection and placement of personnel.

Secretary's workstation

The main functions of the secretary are:

provision of the manager operational information about the activities of the enterprise;
maintaining a calendar of business meetings, meetings, etc.;
ensuring communications between managers at various levels;
preparation of necessary documents.

To perform these functions, the following set of programs is required:

word processor;
table processor;
DBMS;
web browser;
email program;
document management system.

Lawyer's workstation

The main functions of a lawyer are:

preparation of templates for basic documents of the organization (samples of contracts, external reports, certificates transferred to third parties, etc.);
legal support of transactions.

The corresponding automated workstation includes:

word processor;
personal Information system(organizer);
DBMS;
web browser;
email program;
specialized reference and legal systems (Garant, ConsultantPlus, etc.).

In addition, the automated management system may include a sales department employee’s workstation, a warehouse employee’s workstation, a security officer’s workstation, a marketer’s workstation, a cashier’s workstation, etc. (depending on the organization’s field of activity).

For each of these specialists, corresponding software packages that make up an automated workstation are also developed.

When creating a complex of automated workstations in an organization, it is necessary to ensure mutual exchange of information between them. This is necessary due to the fact that many tasks require the participation of various specialists in solving them and recording data in various reporting documents.

So, for example, when accounting for the consumption of materials, it is necessary to use automated workstations of various specialists: the workstation of a warehouse worker, the workstation of a material accounting accountant, the workstation of the marketing department, the workstation of an employee of the financial department and, finally, the workstation of the accounting department for consolidated accounting.

When calculating employee wages, the corresponding accounting workstation exchanges information with the workstation of the HR department employee.

Thus, the introduction of automated workplaces into an organization should be carried out inseparably from the entire process of informatization of the organization and as part of the creation of a comprehensive automated management system for this organization.

It should be noted that at the moment there are a large number of companies offering ready-made automated workstations for individual specialists or automated workplace complexes. If the set of functions they offer meets the objectives of a particular organization, then the use of these software packages will be the optimal solution. Otherwise, it is necessary to attract specialists to develop specialized software systems.

With the advent of competition between enterprises and organizations, quick and economically justified management decisions are required to solve vital operational and tactical issues. The organizational activities of management workers, including accountants, specialists in the credit and banking system, planners, etc., should be focused on the use of developed technologies that save time.

New approaches to the organization and implementation of management functions require a fundamental change in the management technology itself, the introduction of technical means of information processing, primarily PCs. In the new conditions, PCs must transform from systems for automatically processing input information into reliable and accessible means for managers to accumulate information, analyze, evaluate and develop the most effective economic decisions.

The trend of increasing decentralization of management entails a transition to distributed information processing with decentralization of the use of computer technology and improvement of the organization of user workplaces.

The main purpose of workplaces for management and other employees is to provide conditions for comfortable, highly productive and high-quality work. For this purpose, the specialist’s workplace must be conveniently planned, equipped with everything necessary and providing uninterrupted information support and rational organization of work at this place. The use of automated workplaces should not disrupt the user’s usual rhythm of work and should concentrate the user’s attention on the logic of the tasks being solved. However, if a specified user action is not performed, the user must know the reason and information about this must be provided to the user.

Under automated workstation(AWM) is understood as a set of methodological, language (linguistic), hardware and software tools that provide automation of user functions in a certain subject area and allow one to quickly satisfy his functional and computational needs.

Thus, the automated workplace has a problem-professional orientation towards a specific subject area. The creation of automated workplaces assumes that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computer technology, while a specialist performs a certain part of manual operations and operations requiring creative approach when preparing management decisions. At the same time, the PC works in close interaction with the user, who controls his actions, changes the values of individual parameters while solving the problem, and also enters the initial data for solving problems and control functions.

The automated workplace, as a tool for intensifying management activities, must ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of an automated workplace is information and reference service, and this function is inherent to one degree or another in any automated workplace, however, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the category of the user.

Many well-known workstations can be classified based on the following characteristics:

Functional scope of use ( scientific activity, design, production and technological processes, organizational management);

Type of computer used (micro, mini, macro computer);

Operation mode (individual, group, network);

User qualifications (professional and non-professional).

Within each of the selected groups of automated workplaces, a more detailed classification can be carried out.

For example, the workstations of organizational management can be divided into the workstations of heads of organizations and divisions, the workstations of employees of planning departments, the workstations of logistics workers, the workstations of accountants, etc. Conventionally, all these workstations can be called AWS - economist.

Based on the level of decisions made by the employee, we can distinguish the following types AWS:

Manager's workstation;

specialist's workstation;

Workstation of a technical worker.

The features of each type of automated workplace are determined by the main functions and tasks of workers.

The main functions of a manager are operational management and decision making.

It is these functions that determine the general requirements for Manager's workstation:

The presence of a sufficiently developed database, constantly updated with prompt and reliable information, and part of this database, as a rule, has access to a limited number of employees, and only the manager himself has access to its individual fragments;

Providing the ability to quickly search for information;

The ability to present information in the required convenient and integrated form (including those coming from different sources);

Availability of software tools that support decision-making and tools that regulate organizational and administrative activities;

Ensuring prompt communication with subordinates and various sources information.

The professional orientation of a specialist determines the requirements for specialist's workstation, however, the workstation of any specialist must provide the opportunity to conduct analytical work.

Therefore to general requirements The specialist's workstation should include:

Ability to work with corporate databases, institutional and personal databases;

Possibility of modeling analyzed processes;

Ensuring multifunctionality and flexibility of the system.

Technical workers include secretaries, operators, typists, inspectors, etc. They, as a rule, perform routine work that requires certain professional skills. This includes entering information, maintaining card files and archives, monitoring daily personal plan manager, processing incoming and outgoing documentation, etc. Technical worker's workstation should provide automation of these functions.

Standard forms Technical worker's workstation are:

Workstation of the inspector of the letters department;

Workstation of the time record inspector;

Operator's workstation for processing text documents;

Archivist's workstation.

The first workstations were created on the basis of large mainframe computers, and later they were built on the basis of small computers. With the development of personal computers, PC technical means are mainly used to build workstations.

At the present stage various types The automated workplace corresponds to various architectural and technological solutions:

PC-based workstation- the simplest and most common version of the automated workplace of employees in the field of organizational management. Such an automated workplace is a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides the user with a monopoly on all types of software for the entire work session. The user does everything himself functional responsibilities on information transformation.

Such workstations provide:

Simplicity, convenience and user friendliness;

Ease of adaptation to specific user functions;

Low requirements for operating conditions;

High reliability;

Simple organization of maintenance.

The conceptual difference between PC-based workstations is that the workstation is an open architecture. Functionally, physically and ergonomically it is configured for a specific user (personal workstation) or a group of users (group workstation).

AWS as a workstation provides efficient mode work within a local computer network. This mode is appropriate when it is necessary to distribute information and computing resources between several users.

Workstation using a PC as an intelligent terminal involves remote access to the resources of the central (main) computer or external network. Several PCs are connected via communication channels to the main computer, and each PC can operate in autonomous mode. In addition, workstations can connect to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems, etc.).

LECTURE 7

Subject: Automated specialist workstation (AWS).

Questions:

3. Classification of workstations

1. The concept of an automated specialist workstation (AWS).

Organizationally, AIS is implemented through the creation of automated workplaces for specialists, the composition of which depends on the structure of the enterprise and corresponds to the complex of tasks being solved.

Automated workstation(Workstation ) this is a specialist’s workplace, equipped with a personal computer, software and a set of information resources for individual or collective use, which allow him to process data in order to obtain information that provides support for the decisions he makes when performing professional functions.

A department equipped with a set of workstations of employees of this service becomes an automated unit. In it, a significant part of the routine work of processing information is performed by a computer. At the same time, a specialist can actively intervene in the process of solving data processing problems, independently generating information that allows them to make informed decisions.

The computer becomes an everyday tool for a specialist, organically fitting into the technology of his work. When: the emphasis is transferred from the formal-logical aspects of information to the decision-making process. This technology reduces the flow of paper, reduces the labor intensity of the work performed, and increases professional level workers and the comfort of their working conditions: As with hand technology organization of work, the specialist bears full personal responsibility for the entire process, but, while continuing to perform traditional functions, he also acts as a PC operator, becoming a direct participant in the process of automated information processing.

2. Structure of a specialist’s workstation.

AWS includes five main components:

Personal Computer;
set of programsfor information processing;
training system(a hypertext documentation system for the user; an integrated hint system; a system of bookmarks, indexes and help; a system of examples; a system for monitoring and error detection);
workstation configuration tools(calculation algorithms, analytical and technological parameters; devices: printer, scanner, modem; ergonomics of screen forms, etc.);
means of operating automated workstations(classifiers, generator of reporting forms, tools for receiving/transmitting data via communication channels, copying and storing data, database administrator, monitoring the work of specific users).

In addition, the workstation is equipped with documentation and methodological materials on the use of programs, as well as regulations for performing work on information processing. The specific intensity of each component is determined by the tasks being solved.

Workstation can operate autonomously or as part of a computer network. Atoffline operationWorkplaces are created to solve individual functional problems and cannot quickly use the entire information base of an economic object, and the exchange of information between different workstations is carried out using computer media. Work fordatabase computer networks allows you to organize data exchange between workstations via communication channels, combine the information space of the control object and organize access to it for any employee within the limits of his authority. Each workstation is considered as an independent subsystem, and together they form a single whole. At the same time, the head of the department has the opportunity to manage the process of solving functional problems and integrate the results of the work of individual specialists, promptly receiving processed information for decision-making. At the same time, the possibility of autonomous work of each specialist remains.

AIS can use not only local, but also global networks for connecting geographically remote units and accessing external general-purpose information services: national information retrieval systems, databases, etc.

The organizational structure of an enterprise predetermines the nomenclature (quantity) of automated workstations, and the decomposition of goals and functions, as well as the distribution of responsibilities between employees determine the functional content (functional orientation) of specific automated workplaces the composition of tasks that will be solved at a specific workplace. The specifics of the functions performed by each of these employees require different information, information and software resources. The distribution of work depends on the technical base, as well as on the level of computer training of specialists. As a rule, workstations are organized in accordance with the existing distribution of work. Depending on the volume of work and total number computers at one workplace can solve various problems. Another option is possible, when one task will be distributed among several workstations.

3. Classification of automated workstations

Any specialist (economist, lawyer, etc.) must have an appropriately equipped workplace to successfully perform the tasks facing him.

3.1. By degree of automation:

manual workstationsspecial furniture available to the employee (table, chair, cabinets, telephone, rulers, tables and other auxiliary equipment);
mechanized workplaces, in addition, contain simple or programmable calculators;
automated workstationsBe sure to use a PC with the appropriate software.

3.2. By the number of employees using automated workstations and the functions they perform:

individual workstations, which are typical for managers of various ranks;
group workstations , used by persons who prepare information for the purpose of its further use and management decision-making by managers (workstation of accountants, financiers, clerks, etc.).

3.3. According to the typification of the functional tasks to be solved:

unique workstations , highly specialized to solve the set non-standard tasks;
mass workstations , created to solve typical problems in various industries.

3.4. By specialization:

Manager's workstationcharacterized by functional isolation, completely ensuring the autonomous work of the manager.
Specialist's workstation should provide him with the opportunity to solve any functional tasks facing him, making maximum use of all the necessary information.
Technical worker's workstationshould relieve him of the daily routine work that requires certain professional skills.

3.5. By technical base creation of workstations:

Workstation based on mainframe computers, providing specialists with the opportunity to work with large amounts of data with technical and software support provided by employees of their own information center (ICC).
Workstation based on personal computersare the simplest and most common option for creating automated workstations, as they eliminate all the disadvantages of workstations based on mainframe computers.

Arm transcript. Automated specialist workstation (AWS)

Secretary's workstation

Lawyer's workstation

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