How to choose autonomous sewer systems for your home. Autonomous sewerage

Evgeniy Sedov

When your hands grow from the right place, life is more fun :)

Content

To save yourself from the need to inhale odors from cesspools, it makes sense to buy a septic tank for a private home, having first studied its features and given preference to a specific variety. The device will save the residents of the house from any troubles. If a large number of people permanently reside on the territory of a private house, the drainage pit simply will not cope with the task and will need an assistant, which can be a septic tank.

What is a septic tank

Private houses or country cottages differ from ordinary apartments in that there is no central sewerage system and the removal of domestic water will require the use of special device. A septic tank is a sealed container in which liquid waste accumulates. Some models have a biological treatment function, but they cannot be classified as full-fledged treatment facilities.

What is it needed for

Owners country houses when installing sewerage systems, they must ensure wastewater treatment taking into account sanitary standards and soil characteristics. A reliable option would be a septic tank, also called a septic tank, whose function is to accumulate and purify waste leaving the premises. It passes impurities through itself, not allowing it to penetrate into the soil. Before making a septic tank in a private home, it is worth understanding its structure and operation.

Device

When building a cottage, it is necessary to pay special attention to the arrangement of an autonomous sewer system, since there is no central sewer system according to the project. Installing a septic tank in a private home allows you to solve problems with the removal of household waste and its cleaning. The work is carried out in three stages:

Sewage drains leaving a private house are collected in sealed plastic containers local treatment plant.
Inside the septic tank, particles are separated into heavy and light. The former settle at the bottom of the well, and the latter enter the next compartment.
Aerobic cleaning is not always possible, so anaerobic cleaning often occurs. The sewage is filtered, and the resulting methane is removed through the exhaust pipe.

Types of septic tanks for a private home

Local treatment facilities are divided into two large groups - old and new. The first group is represented by brick septic tanks and reinforced concrete structures. These types for private houses are used less frequently due to temporary, power and material costs. However concrete structures are considered more durable. The new ones include ready-made plastic septic tanks for the home, which have several more subtypes. The undoubted advantages include low cost, practicality of plastic, and lightness of the product.

Cumulative

Manufacturers of septic tanks installed in private homes understand that it is impossible to do without a sewer system, so they offer a wide selection. The use of special tanks is often a solution to the problem. A storage septic tank is a container into which domestic water flows through pipes and is pumped out as it fills. You need to make calculations of the volume of liquid yourself and, based on this, order a storage tank of the required size. This option has a number of features:

Bioseptic

Provide yourself comfortable life For permanent residence In a private house you cannot have a sewer system. A bioseptic with the help of special bacteria solves the problem of wastewater treatment, giving a kind of guarantee of soil safety. The process looks like this:

Sewage enters the first chamber of a popular septic tank, undergoing primary treatment there. Large particles and fats are separated and settle at the bottom.
The waste is sent to the second tank of a three-chamber septic tank, where cleaning continues more actively.
The sludge enters the first chamber, and the treated wastewater enters the third, where the final and main stage occurs.
Completely purified water enters the well through a secondary settling tank.

With post-treatment

Waste that passes through a septic tank cannot be completely counted clean water, which can be discharged into a body of water or soil. Sometimes without soil purification not enough. The design of a treatment plant for a private home depends on various parameters: the characteristics of wastewater and soil. Soil filtration is more expensive, since it will be necessary to install:

absorption trench;
sand and gravel filter;
filter well;
filter fields.

Septic tanks for home

It is not easy to make a choice from the assortment available for sale. Initially, the eye falls on those devices that are cheap:

Name: KNS Unipump Sanivort.
Price: 11,328 rubles.
Characteristics: the device pumps out wastewater, accumulating it in a tank.
Pros: low price.
Cons: small capacity.

More serious septic tanks installed in private homes are many times more expensive. However, they are often worth it:

Name: EcoProm Rostock.
Price: 55900 rubles.
Characteristics: design containing a biological filter for wastewater treatment.
Pros: high degree of purification.
Cons: large dimensions.

There are entire autonomous deep biological treatment stations. In a private home they would be appropriate:

Name: Unilos Astra 3.
Price: 66,300 rubles.
Characteristics: a container for collecting and filtering sewage that occurs in several stages.
Pros: easy to use, copes well with the tasks.
Cons: none.

Price for installing a septic tank

Retail and online stores are full of sales, promotions and discounts. Before installing a septic tank for filtering waste in a private home, you need to purchase it. It is not recommended to order delivery by mail; it is better to use the services of a transport company. You can buy a septic tank for your home, depending on its type, at a price from 12,000 to 70,000 rubles. However, purchasing is half the battle. Installation costs may vary:

How to choose a septic tank for a private home

The market for devices for organizing sewerage in a private home is wide and offers devices for every taste. The regions are not lagging behind big cities such as Moscow and St. Petersburg. However, it is necessary to approach the choice of materials responsibly in order to avoid problems in the future. It is necessary to initially calculate the volume of waste and the location for installing the structure. Which septic tank to choose for a private home will depend on the length of stay:

If your goal is to move to a private home on a permanent basis, then it is better to opt for bioseptics. This will ensure better wastewater treatment.
Those who come to a private home for a weekend or summer period You can limit yourself to a storage septic tank. The design is simple, does not require electricity, but requires periodic emptying of the tanks.

When there is no connection to central system drainage system, an alternative is an autonomous sewage system for the home. Let's consider what liquid household waste disposal systems exist for suburban buildings, and what you should pay attention to when choosing.

Any autonomous sewer system in a private house has the following components in its design:

plumbing fixtures (toilet, bathtub, sink, shower, washing machine and dishwasher);
internal pipeline for wastewater collection;
external pipeline for transporting waste water to a storage tank;
storage tank.

Wastewater collection tanks vary according to appearance and principle of operation, the most common:

cesspools;
septic tanks;
biorefinery stations.

cesspool

Until recently, the autonomous sewage system of a country house was reduced only to the presence of a cesspool on the site.

The design of a cesspool has the simplest structure and most often consists of a tank lined with brick or reinforced concrete rings. However, in last years It became possible to use ready-made containers made of polypropylene or PVC.

The arrangement of a cesspool can be either with or without a sealed bottom wall. In cases where the bottom is not installed, the base of the dug hole is laid out with broken bricks, crushed stone, sand of various fractions, which serve as a kind of filter for treating wastewater before it goes into the deeper layers of the soil. After this, walls are laid out from bricks or reinforced concrete rings. Sometimes in the masonry they form through holes for additional water infiltration.

This arrangement makes it possible to reduce the time intervals between pumping out sewage. It is most suitable for sandy and sandy loam soils with no close groundwater. In this way, maximum seepage of liquid into the soil is achieved, and at the same time the container does not fill with groundwater. On clay soils absorption of waste water into the ground occurs with less intensity, and the pit fills much faster. In the first years, of course, filling the tank will occur slowly, but over time, as the filter layers of crushed stone and sand become clogged, the process will accelerate significantly.

In cases of living in densely populated regions with strict sanitary standards, sealed cesspools are installed. Such a device also makes sense when groundwater is located nearby and on clay soils.

For small volumes of wastewater, when the dacha is used for temporary residence or in the absence centralized water supply, the filling of the cesspool occurs relatively slowly. And it is quite acceptable at the end of the summer season to place colonies of bacteria in a reservoir with sewage, and then simply pump out the purified liquid with a pump and dump it on the harvested garden.

Despite the appearance on the market of more modern sewerage models, the installation of a cesspool is very popular in areas where there is no centralized sewerage system.

Septic tank

A septic tank is a wastewater treatment system, which consists of several separate tanks connected by a sewer pipeline, or a single tank divided into 2 or 3 sections. Water seals and blockers allow drains to flow in only one direction. From the second section, the liquid cannot return to the first, this makes it possible to carry out step-by-step cleaning without mixing liquid from adjacent tanks.

Through sewer pipes, the waste water flows into the first section of the tank or into the first settling tank, in which primary gravity (rough) cleaning occurs. Mechanical impurities settle to the bottom, and a fatty film floats to the surface. The liquid settled in the central part flows through the pipe into the next section: for this it is very important that the outlet is located above the level of sludge formation, but below the level of the fatty film.

The second section of the septic tank is a primitive digester in which a complex process of decay occurs organic matter under the influence of anaerobic bacteria, the result is the formation of water, carbon dioxide and biogas.

The intensity of the decomposition process depends on:

from the temperature, 30-37 degrees is considered optimal, so in the summer cleaning occurs much faster;
from mixing: additional installation of blades for the movement of water layers or seething systems can significantly enhance wastewater treatment;
the vital activity of aerobic microorganisms is possible only in the absence of oxygen, so the container must be absolutely sealed.

After this, partially treated wastewater enters the third section for additional treatment and clarification and only then is discharged into the soil.

In places where wastewater discharge is provided, filter layers of various fractions are pre-placed: crushed stone, gravel, broken brick, sand.

Important! When installing septic tanks, you should pay attention that the majority of anaerobic bacteria are able to develop only in a neutral environment, in which there are no impurities of chemical detergents, powders, chlorine, household acids that can destroy colonies of microorganisms.

It is not always possible, according to sanitary standards, to dump insufficiently treated wastewater into the ground. In this case, a post-treatment system is provided in the form of a filtration field. To do this, install a system of perforated pipes, which are installed on a pre-laid filtration layer of broken stone, crushed stone and sand. After all stages of cleaning in the septic tank, the liquid enters the filtration field and only then is discharged into the ground.

Important. Like cesspools, septic tanks require periodic maintenance. When sludge accumulates, as well as when the filter layers become clogged, they require cleaning and rinsing, and in some cases replacement.

Biorefinery stations

Biopurification stations today are considered the most effective of all existing sewer systems for a country house. The efficiency of household wastewater treatment reaches 95-98% of the initial state of the waste liquid. At the outlet of the reservoir, process water is obtained, which is quite suitable for watering a summer cottage. To do this, after the biorefinery station, a sealed container is installed, which serves as a well for collecting and storing the purified liquid.

Important. The presence of unpleasant specific odors - natural deficiency domestic wastewater treatment systems. An air duct is provided for the exit of biogases from the system; the greatest effect will be from it if it is mounted underground and brought above the roof level. In this way, it will be possible to completely avoid the presence of unpleasant odors on the site..

The only disadvantages of such a system are high cost and energy dependence. The cleaning station can only operate if electricity is available.

Manufacturers of biorefinery stations have an extensive network of warranty and operational service points. After all, like all autonomous sewer systems, they need periodic cleaning, replacement of parts and introduction of bacteria.

What should you pay attention to when choosing a particular sewer system?

Having figured out what an autonomous sewage system can be like in a private house, how to choose the most convenient option? The following factors need to be taken into account:

Of course, the choice of system is influenced by the volume of liquid used, which directly depends on the number of people living in the house, as well as on the number of installed plumbing fixtures. This indicator can be easily seen from the water meter readings. In its absence, the average daily norm of water per person is taken as 200 liters of cold and 100 liters hot water. Although in reality this figure is much lower, because in a general calculation, all losses during the transportation of water to the consumer (bursts in areas) fall on his shoulders.

Knowing the daily rate of fluid consumption, you can easily calculate the period during which the tank will be filled, the approximate time frame for calling a sewer truck, and also calculate how much monthly maintenance will cost. When purchasing biotreatment systems, it is necessary to take into account the consumption rate to select a model with optimal processing capacity and wastewater treatment. In septic tanks, the number and volume of tank sections are also calculated depending on water consumption.

Most often, the movement of wastewater through a sewer pipeline is carried out by gravity without the participation of pumping equipment. In this case, it is very important to calculate correct slope deepening, because insufficient slope of the pipes will lead to stagnation of sewage. However, you should not arrange the pipeline location too steeply, because not only will it be necessary to install a trench that is too deep, you will also have to dig a collection tank to a considerable depth.

If liquid flows too quickly through the pipes, mechanical suspensions will settle on their surface, which will inevitably cause clogging of the system. The optimal depth - which does not exceed 3 m, makes it convenient to operate with a sewer truck and makes it possible to pump out the entire volume of wastewater.

When installing a sewer pipeline, a constant slope with a depth range of 20 mm per meter of pipe is considered optimal. However, this value is applicable for a pipeline with a cross-section of 110 mm, if you are using a 160 mm pipe - it is enough to provide a slope of 8 mm for each linear meter.

Important. How larger diameter pipe used, the smaller the slope required when installing the sewer system.

Naturally, the depth of the pipeline should be below the soil freezing zone, but in some cases this value is too significant, so the pipe is insulated.

Correct selection of treatment facilities is a very important indicator in the work of the company and the formation of positive customer reviews about this company.

Discussion of details with the client is necessary for the most the right choice type of treatment plant, as well as the choice of the most suitable technology cleaning. There are a number of questions, the answers to which will provide a complete picture of what kind of autonomous or modern local sewerage necessary.

These are the questions, divided into groups:

1. Calculation of the volume of a local or autonomous type treatment plant

you need to know the total volume of runoff per day
runoff characteristics (grey water, black water)
periods of residence
peak periods (depending on the number of people living in the house at the same time)

2. water disposal.

presence of slope in the area
the presence of elevation marks on the site in relation to general condition relief
groundwater level at the site, mandatory recording of snow melting in autumn
height of groundwater underground at the highest and lowest points of the relief
availability on site drainage system(ditches, ditches, etc.)
Availability stormwater collection structures and its cleaning
it is necessary to determine the composition of the soil, its ability to filter

3. Sources of potable water and their sanitary areas

it is necessary to clarify the presence of a well on the site with drinking water or water well
situational characteristics (being near the site of neighboring residential buildings)
presence of wells with drinking water on neighbors' property
location of the site close to the water protection zone of a special-purpose reservoir
it is necessary to clarify the spillway point

4. Specifications object

depth at which the exit from the house is located sewer pipe
the presence of a riser with ventilation, the presence of an internal sewer system
distance from the wall of the room to the approximate installation location of the cleaning equipment
availability of constant power supply
the possibility of approaching the sewage disposal truck to the distance required for pumping.

Autonomous sewerage of a private house or Autonomous sewerage system with your own hands.

To make a decision regarding the manufacturer of the cleaning equipment, the client needs to have knowledge that could help him navigate the market.

5. Manufacturer and brand

manufacturer's productive potential and market reviews
presence of distributors in different locations
availability of areas allocated for warehouses
installation and maintenance services
transportation services
Availability of stocks in warehouses and delivery times of equipment

6. Technical characteristics of the equipment

material
design features
strength characteristics
modular design
universal equipment

7. Price

value for money
ratio of market prices to manufacturer prices

8. Warranties

product warranty period
warranty period for installation work

9. Maintenance and other services

Availability of services in your area
availability of contract groups involved in equipment installation
the possibility of consultation and implementation of the process of drawing up the binding of treatment equipment directly in one of the company’s offices

10. Differences from similar products on the market

ease of use
reliable operation
the ability to carry out maintenance independently
lack of complex technologies in equipment
high quality cleaning
Possibility of different configurations depending on the characteristics of the object

1) Calculation of the volume and productivity of a modern sewerage system

1.1 Applicable as autonomous sewers or local sewer , treatment facilities must be installed only after an accurate calculation of data regarding the number of people simultaneously living in the house, as well as the number and volume of plumbing fixtures. The following factors must be taken into account: the average number of people living per day, a possible increase in runoff volumes due to the arrival of guests to calculate the reserve.
1.2 The volume of flow sometimes changes when the characteristics of the wastewater composition change. To do this, you need to understand the issues regarding separate drainage. Wastewater is divided into gray water and black water. Black waters suggest the presence of fecal waste, which makes up approximately 5 percent of the general composition wastewater during joint drainage. Gray water is the collection of wastewater from all types of plumbing fixtures, such as a bathtub, shower stall or sink.
1.3 Seasonality of residence is an important factor that must be taken into account due to the fact that the full operation of the treatment plant depends on the continuous flow of wastewater. Runoff water contains organic substances necessary for the implementation of the biological treatment process due to the work of microorganisms. Uneven flow can disrupt the functioning of such organisms, which will lead to a decrease in the quality of the treatment process.
1.4 The size of the third chamber of the septic tank must be determined in advance so that peak loads do not disrupt the process complete cleaning and did not wash away incompletely purified water along with some beneficial microorganisms.

Calculation of daily flow volumes and required volumes treatment equipment for local or autonomous sewerage.
The volume of wastewater in one day dictates the volume of treatment equipment. The calculation must be made on the basis regulatory documents, in this case it is SNiP 2.04.03-85 Sewerage. External networks and structures.
Calculation of water consumption volumes per inhabitant is made on the basis of SNiP 2.04.01-85 Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings (Appendix 3 of water consumption standards for consumers)
Calculation of water consumption volumes per inhabitant is made based on the data given in SNiP 2.04.01-85 Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings. The average rate of 200 liters per person is taken as a statistical average and used in the calculation. This standard includes all plumbing fixtures that a person can use.
The calculation of the required volumes of treatment equipment is carried out in strict accordance with the standards of SNiP 2.04.01-85 Sewerage. External networks and structures.
The daily influx of wastewater determines the required volume of a septic tank for a country house: if the volume of wastewater does not exceed 5 cubic meters per day, then the volume of the septic tank should be 15 cubic meters (that is, three times more). When the volume of wastewater exceeds 5 cubic meters per day, the volume of the septic tank should be two and a half times greater than the volume of drainage. Such calculations are valid for at least one use of cleaning equipment.
The volume of the septic tank can be reduced by 15-20 percent only if the average wastewater temperature in winter exceeds 10 degrees, and the norm per person is more than 150 liters per day.

For example, in country house Five people live at the same time, therefore 5 people. * 200 l = 1000 l/day. Therefore, the volume of treatment equipment should be 3000 liters (1000*3=3000). This tripling is necessary for the cleaning process, since the work of beneficial microorganisms is carried out over 3 days.
Calculations of the volume of cleaning facilities at industrial enterprises, campsites, hotels, and hostels are carried out on the basis of the standards specified in SNiP 2.04.01-85.

2) Water drainage

During planning systems local sewer or modern autonomous sewer Very important points should be clarified regarding the place where the purified water will go. These factors can seriously affect the packaging of cleaning equipment.

2.1 The presence of a natural slope on the site allows it to be used during construction systems water drainage
2.2 The general topography of the site in which the site is located can provide an indication of what will occur as a result of the increased volume of wastewater discharge, taking into account the groundwater level and the infiltration capacity of the soil.
2.3 It is strictly forbidden to neglect knowledge of information regarding the groundwater level, since this factor is extremely important when constructing treatment equipment. The water level can be determined by test drilling. After such an operation, a special document is issued that reflects the most important characteristics soil and description of soil layers.
Lack of groundwater information can be filled with site data by checking the following:
- depth of the laid foundation of the house
— the presence of ditches, ravines, standing water at the base
— determine the direction of water movement in ditches (if any)

Failure to periodically change wastewater can lead to unpleasant odors. The three points above can provide information about groundwater levels, taking into account seasonal changes (snowfall and rainfall in spring). The level of water under the ground can radically change the drainage system and transform it from gravity to pressure, the discharge of water when used is carried out using a pump. In the event that the groundwater level exceeds the depth at which the outlet pipe of the treatment plant is laid, a sealed water inlet well should be used for installation sewage pump with float switch.

2.4 If the site is located at lower points of the relief, then the likelihood of seasonal and permanent flooding, as well as periodic complete or partial swamping of the site, should be taken into account.

2.5 Artificial or natural systems drainage are pluses when considering sewer equipment options. In this case, we can talk about ditches on the site, as well as other drainage systems at a larger scale. Such systems make it possible to reduce the groundwater level and thus facilitate the installation of equipment for the disposal of treated wastewater.

2.6 An equipped drainage collection and treatment system allows it to be used for the disposal of wastewater that has been treated.

2.7 The composition of the soil and its ability to filter are very important indicators when selecting treatment equipment. Everything that was described in paragraph 2.3, as well as test drilling of wells and geological data must be strictly taken into account.
The components of the soil and its ability to filter greatly influence the water drainage system, and therefore the required length of pipes sewer and the number of wells providing filtration.
There is a need to consider different options water drainage:
— dependence of the design of water treatment equipment on climate conditions, soil type, groundwater level, conditions for water discharge after treatment, terrain, conditions for discharge of runoff water (with a sufficient level of treatment)
The project for the construction of a treatment facility is developed taking into account a special connection to the facility; At the same time, a detailed study of the hydrogeological situation in the area of possible location, the presence of karst rocks, the level of protection of the underground aquifer, the height of groundwater, and the ability of the soil to filter is required.
Where drainage of wastewater after being in a septic tank is impossible according to sanitary standards, a filtration field should be installed, which is a system of pipes for drainage laid in crushed stone on sandy base. Water will pass through it and enter the layers of crushed stone to undergo filtration, and then be absorbed into the soil. It is recommended to use a filter trench, a filtration well, a filter with activated materials, and ultraviolet lamps for disinfection.

Equipment for soil purification:

soaking trench
filtration well
filtration trench or gravel-sand filter
underground filtration field

Their installation is carried out on soils for filtration - sandy loam, sandy soils, and on soils that are not capable of filtering runoff, provided that the groundwater level is more than 1 meter from the base of the well, drainage pipe tray or irrigation pipe tray. The equipment is equipped with risers for ventilation with a diameter of 10 cm, and their height should be greater than the probable level of snow cover (usually 0.7 m). Vents should be installed at the end of each irrigation line and at the beginning of each drain pipe. Determining the length of the irrigation system and the size of the well is based on the calculation of water consumption per 1 square meter of surface for filtration (walls and bottom of the well) or per 1 square meter of irrigation pipe length.

The method of water disposal should be chosen depending on the ability of the water in the area to filter.

The filter well is installed on soils for filtration (sandy loam, sand) with a filtering area of 1.5 square meters of sand or 3 square meters of sandy loam (per resident of a country house). The larger the filter area, the longer the service life of the well. The groundwater level should be 50 centimeters below the crushed stone layer and 1 meter below the base of the well. The filtration well is made of brick, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete.

Absorption trench (platform)

Where drainage after treatment with a septic tank is not recommended according to sanitation standards, you can install an additional absorption platform or make an absorption trench, which is a pipeline route made of porous material. Water enters the soil and passes through a layer of soil that is ideal for beneficial bacteria to live. Trenches and sites for absorption are used where sandy loam or sandy soils predominate - in this case these systems They are a pipeline or system of pipes for irrigation installed at a depth of 0.6-0.9 meters, and 1 meter higher than the groundwater level. Systems Irrigation pipes are perforated pipes installed with a slope of 1 to 3 percent, which is 1-3 cm per 1 m of pipe. The pipes rest on a bedding made of broken bricks, fine gravel, slag or crushed stone. The ventilation riser must be located at the end of each pipe, its height must be at least 0.7 m. Almost one hundred percent cleaning efficiency is achieved through the use of such additional systems cleaning.

Filtration trench
A filtration trench is installed where the soil has low filtration capacity. It is a depression with drainage and irrigation pipe networks. Typically these trenches are located near swamps, ditches or bodies of water. Water that has been purified in a filtration trench enters there by gravity. The space between the drainage and irrigation networks should be filled with crushed stone and sand.

The sand and gravel filter resembles a filtration trench, with drainage and irrigation pipes arranged in parallel.

An underground filtration field or filtration trench is usually located along a natural slope in the terrain. 12 meters is the recommended limit for the length of one drainage or irrigation network. The slope in the direction of water movement should be 1 percent (that is, 10 millimeters per 1 meter of pipe). When choosing the configuration of an underground filtration field (linear, parallel, radial), one should take into account the general layout, size of the site, topography, plans for further landscaping or landscaping.
Uniform distribution of wastewater when using several irrigation or drainage pipes carried out through a distribution well.

Parallel pipes are usually made either in separate trenches, or in one wide trench in which 2 or 3 lines of irrigation pipes are installed (it is important to maintain the distance between the axes). 1 or 2 drainage pipes are installed at a distance below the irrigation pipes. The water that has gone through the filtration process will subsequently be collected in drainage pipes and discharged into a ditch or ravine, etc.

A post-treatment filter is a device that is used when there are increased requirements for the quality of waste water purification. The material used as a filter can be granite crushed stone, sand, granulated blast furnace slag, gravel, anthracite, polymers or activated carbon.

Calculation of the length of pipes for irrigation (Extract. Sewerage. External networks and structures) SNiP 2.04.03.85

6.190. The total length of irrigation pipes should be determined depending on the loads presented in Table 49. The length of each sprinkler should not exceed 20 meters

Notes:

load indicators are presented for those areas in which the average annual precipitation is up to 500 millimeters.
with average annual precipitation ranging from 500 to 600 millimeters, the load values should be reduced by 10-20 percent, but if the annual average exceeds 600 millimeters, then it is recommended to reduce the load value by 20-30 percent. For climatic region I and subregion IIIA, the value decreases by 15 percent. The percentage reduction is greater when considering sandy loam soils, and less when the terrain consists primarily of sandy soils.
coarse bedding with a thickness of 20 to 50 centimeters requires the use of coefficients of 1.2-1.5 when considering the load value.
with a specific water disposal of more than 150 liters per person, the load values increase by 20 percent. The same applies to areas with seasonal residence.
Calculation of the approximate length of pipes for irrigation in underground fields for filtration in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External structures" taking into account the increase in the coefficient of coarse bedding and the increase in load if the drainage rate exceeds 150 liters per person.
area with 70 millimeters of precipitation
use of coarse bedding in a layer of 20 to 50 centimeters (1.5 - coefficient)
specific water disposal per person is 200 liters (the load increases by 20 percent).

3) Water sources of drinking water and sanitary areas

3.1 Consideration of the issue regarding the installation of sewerage systems on the site involves taking into account such factors as the presence of a water well or drinking well. In this case is necessary definition depth of water in the well and depth of the well. Such information will allow you to approximately determine the depth of the level drinking water in this area.

3.2 When considering the option for water drainage, one should take into account the presence of devices for water intake not only directly on the site, but also in the territories adjacent to it (neighbors, water protection zones). It is necessary to take into account the location of the site on the general scale of the area, and also determine the area of adjacent sites.

3.3 If the neighbors’ plots are located close to the water drainage point, then the sanitary zones of the neighbors’ plots should be taken into account, and also determine whether they have devices for collecting drinking water.

3.4 If the site is located in the water protection zone of a fishery reservoir, then this implies additional restrictions regarding the use of wastewater treatment facilities, as well as their additional disinfection using special equipment. Chlorine cartridges, ultraviolet lamps, ozonation, etc. are used to carry out the disinfection process. At the design stage, all this is agreed upon by the supervisory authorities in accordance with existing scheme within the framework of regulatory documents.

3.5 When carrying out work on the project, the supervisory authorities agree on the type of treatment facility, its necessary indicators and quality characteristics of wastewater treatment. All the above factors are carefully taken into account, sanitary zones are also determined, and the final point of wastewater discharge is agreed upon. The most important thing when agreeing on the water discharge point is to take into account the level of protection of the aquifer for drinking water.

4) Technical characteristics of the object.

4.1 Pre-design binding during development autonomous sewerage and installation of treatment facilities, as well as site planning and installation diagrams are the first step. When choosing the type of structure for treatment, you should understand that the structure itself is not at all a complete complex for water purification and that it requires the installation of utility networks.
Connecting the pipeline to the outlet of the waste pipe from the house is the beginning of calculating the required depths. The pipeline should be laid on a sand bed with a slope of 2 to 3 percent per meter of pipeline. This slope is responsible for ensuring uniform movement of dense inclusions, for example fecal discharge, in the general flow of liquid substances, and also prevents the formation of any blockages.
The depth at which the drain pipe is laid is determined by building codes, taking into account the freezing depth characteristic of the area. Can be used additional elements for heating or insulation that can maintain temperatures from +2 to +5 degrees. The use of moisture-saturated materials is necessary when installing insulation that can withstand soil loads. Such insulation materials include energyflex, thermoflex, extruded foam when insulating foundation structures. The thickness of such insulation depends on the depth of the pipeline.

4.2 Sanitary zones of 5 meters are required for septic tanks, which should be taken into account when planning the site before installing a treatment facility. If the distance increases, then the volume of work also increases, and the point of connection of the sewer pipe to the entrance of the treatment structure and the exit point from the treatment structure when using a gravity scheme are deepened. This factor is very important, because a slight increase in the depth of the exit from the structure for cleaning leads to additional difficulties in the arrangement drainage systems . If it is not possible to remove purified runoff water from a significant depth, then you should convert the circuit from gravity (gravity) to pressure, and, as a result, order a sewer pump and a well for receiving water as a set. This factor is of serious importance in the presence of high groundwater levels, since high levels can lead to flooding of the treatment facility, making it impossible to use.
If the exit from the cleaning structure is deeply buried, the existing slope to the point of lowering the relief should be taken into account.

4.4 When installing a pressure circuit using a sewage pump, the mandatory availability of a constant supply of electricity should be taken into account. The float switch on the pumping equipment carries out the process of periodically turning on the pump as a certain volume of wastewater accumulates and drains the wastewater into drainage systems .
Treatment facilities are not 100 percent power dependent because the treatment process itself uses technologies that do not require power. The use of electrically dependent devices is inevitable only when a pressure circuit is used. If there are interruptions in the power supply, the treatment facility has a reserve part for storage (a well for receiving water and a biological filter chamber in the corresponding systems). The volumes of the reserve part of the well and the biological filter are 0.62 m/cub.-1.5 m/cub., which allows residents to use plumbing fixtures in the house for quite a long time.

4.5 Dimensions of the plot, taking into account sanitary zones must be considered when drawing up the installation diagram.

4.6 Periodic maintenance is necessary for the correct operation of any type of treatment facility. Systems When using a septic tank, it must be serviced once a year. When using additional bioenzyme additives, it increases the percentage of wastewater treatment, and also extends the period between maintenance of facilities for cleaning with a sewage disposal machine to three years.
Due to the fact that the length of the hose of a sewage disposal machine is 7 meters, when planning the installation of a cleaning structure, it is necessary to ensure that the machine can reach a distance of no more than 4-5 meters.
As a last resort, you can use a sump pump or sewer pump to pump out the accumulated sediment. In this case, pumping is carried out into a machine container or onto a heap for rotting and subsequent use as fertilizer.
The use of the resulting humus without preliminary heat treatment is unacceptable due to the fact that it may contain pathogenic bacteria or helminth eggs.

5) Manufacturer

5.1 Due to the fact that the production of this type of product is technologically and production process, this fact should be taken into account when assessing the cost of such equipment and the durability of its operation. Therefore, it is worth excluding consideration of the option of purchasing complex structures produced by handicraft.
Additional financial costs always result from purchasing equipment from companies that are not specialists in a particular field.

6) Technical characteristics of the equipment

6.1 Some of our cleaning structures are made from fiberglass.
The scope of application of products made from composite materials based on fiberglass when using different types of resins is maximally expanded due to the strength of this material. The strength characteristics of fiberglass are comparable even to metal, and sometimes even exceed it in some indicators, such as corrosion and chemical resistance, specific gravity etc. Thus, cleaning structures made of fiberglass are much more convenient to use than equipment made of polyethylene or reinforced concrete.
In fact, septic tanks made of polyethylene are cheaper than those made of fiberglass, but they require special installation due to their low strength. Such a process requires the installation of a special reinforced concrete box, which will significantly increase the cost of the equipment and its installation in total. Reinforced concrete has a number of significant disadvantages - it is very heavy, requires the mandatory use of special equipment for transportation and installation, is also leaky and can allow water to pass through. Aggressive environments can destroy reinforced concrete structures.

Therefore, fiberglass is one of the best options, since it meets all the requirements for cleaning facilities. It is light, strong, durable, and these are the qualities that must be taken into account when choosing sewerage system for a country house.

7) Cost

7.1 The price of our company’s products is in the middle compared to other manufacturers of cleaning equipment. It is safe to say that almost all systems Russian-made, made of polyethylene, cheaper than imported products. We have already explained what the advantages and disadvantages of polyethylene and fiberglass are.

8) Warranties

8.1 Trademarks Graf and Traidenis provides a warranty for treatment facilities - 10 years for the underground part and 3 years for the blower and compressor.

8.2 The work carried out to install cleaning equipment by any organization is guaranteed directly by this organization.

9) Maintenance

9.1 The necessary consultations of our specialists are free of charge. The company provides the necessary support in selecting the type of treatment facility, which happens right in the company’s office, where they also provide all the necessary information regarding the treatment facility.

9.2 Our company also informs you about the existence of related organizations engaged in dealer activities, and also provides information about the location of an authorized representative of the company in your area, performing the entire range of services from the purchase of equipment to its installation.

You should be guided by the Product Data Sheet, as well as the installation and operating instructions when considering a possible arrangement in a country house autonomous sewerage .

Activated sludge is sludge located in a biological treatment structure (aeration tank), which is formed from solid particles suspended in domestic wastewater. A variety of microorganisms (bacteria and protozoa) serve as the basis for activated sludge. The process involves the decomposition of organic pollutants by bacteria, which in turn are eaten by protozoan single-celled organisms. Activated sludge is an accelerator of the process of wastewater purification and oxidation.

Anaerobic bacteria are microorganisms that can exist in an environment without oxygen.

Aeration - This is the artificial saturation of the medium in water with air to oxidize the organic substances contained in it. Aeration is the basis of the process of biological wastewater treatment in aeration tanks and biofilters, as well as in other treatment facilities.

Aerobic bacteria are microorganisms that require oxygen to function. Aerobic bacteria are divided into conditional and unconditional (the former can live on a small amount of oxygen, while the latter live without it at all - in this case they receive oxygen from sulfates, nitrates, etc.). Denitrifying bacteria, for example, are a type of conditional bacteria.

Aerotank (aero - air, tank - container) - This is a container for purifying wastewater from organic contaminants due to their oxidation by various kinds of microorganisms that are found in activated sludge. Using a pneumatic or mechanical aerator, air is introduced into the aeration tank, mixing the waste water with activated sludge and saturating it with the oxygen necessary for the life of bacteria. The continuous supply of oxygen and the strong saturation of wastewater with activated sludge provide a high degree of intensity of the oxidation process of organic substances and make it possible to achieve a high degree of purification.

Aerofilter - This is a device for biological wastewater treatment, which differs from a biofilter in that it has larger area filtration layer, as well as the fact that an air supply device is installed in it to guarantee a high degree of oxidation intensity.

Biological wastewater treatment - This is one of the methods for removing unfavorable substances and microorganisms from industrial wastewater, based on the ability inherent in microorganisms to use pollutants of organic origin as food.

Biofilter - This is a device for artificial biological wastewater treatment, which is made in the form of a container with a double bottom and coarse-grained material for filtration inside (crushed stone, slag, expanded clay, gravel, etc.). Accumulations of microorganisms form a biological film as a result of wastewater passing through the filter material. Microorganisms mineralize and oxidize organic substances.

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) - This is the amount of oxygen that is necessary for the final decomposition of organic matter contained in runoff waters. An indicator of the degree of water pollution, which is characterized by the amount of oxygen spent over a set time on the oxidation of pollutants (5 days - BOD 5) contained in one unit volume of water.

Nitrification - This is the purification of wastewater from ammonia nitrogen.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) This is the amount of oxygen required for the final oxidation of wastewater.

10) Differences from analogues on the market

10.1 No difficulty to use. Installation and operation of treatment facilities brands Traidenis and GRAF do not imply special skills or technical knowledge.

10.2 The reliability of our cleaning systems is also ensured by the fact that cleaning is carried out through the use of natural biological processes, and this is an indisputable advantage over systems that use complex technological solutions in their operation.

10.3 Sewage machines carry out maintenance treatment systems. Using a sewer pump or transfer pump, pumping is possible if it is impossible for a vehicle to travel to the site where the treatment facility is installed.

10.4 No need for complex technological solutions due to the fact that the operation does not involve the use of complex instruments in the operation of the structure for cleaning and drainage systems treated wastewater during water disposal.

10.5 Quality of wastewater treatment:

Water drainage:

A septic tank that does not use bioenzymes (up to 50 percent). Maintenance periods after 1 year. Mandatory soil purification.
A septic tank that uses bioenzymes (up to 70 percent).

When considering water discharge into a drainage system closed type or storm drainage system, it should be taken into account that systems , which are analogous to our company’s systems, do not have water seals or blockers in their design, without which only 35 percent of wastewater treatment is achieved. The lack of a stable water surface does not allow such systems to use bioenzymes.

Discharge of treated standing water onto the terrain is prohibited for all types of treatment facilities.

Systems tertiary treatment is a mandatory addition to any water treatment scheme when considering the option of water discharge in a fishery area. For this, sand filters, physical and chemical devices, reagents such as coagulants or flocculants, disinfection with UV lamps, ozonation, and a chlorine cartridge are used.

Qualified employees of our company will help you make the right choice of system autonomous sewerage and will answer all your questions.

Modern autonomous private sewer for a country house, cottage or cottage. Selection, description, advice.

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Autonomous sewerage in a private home - in many cases this is an objective necessity that provides the required level of living comfort. Such options are installed in properties remote from city communications, where connecting to main networks is unprofitable or impossible due to their absence. Local sewerage facilities vary in design, functionality and degree of complexity.

Introduction

To make your own sewer with your own hands, by by and large no need to have specific knowledge. Depending on the budget, the desired sump device is selected.
Analysis available options sewer drains for a private house will help to create the following list of types:

aeration structures with a sewer sump;
improved mini-facilities for natural waste treatment with subsequent use on the farm;
combined systems or factory-produced SBR reactors.

In all three options Various septic tanks and preparations can be used for post-treatment of discharges and soil. Depending on the chosen brand of bioseptic, you can significantly increase the efficiency of disposal.

Types of sewer systems used for residential buildings

When installing a local sewer system in a private house, you can choose between a cesspool, from which sediment will be removed as it accumulates using bioseptic tanks or a special removal service, and automatic systems from factory production. If you are counting on waste removal, then the sewer pit should be located within the reach and free access of the car.

If the structure is built at a considerable distance from the road, bioseptics of organic origin are used, but this method also has objective limitations associated with the effective processing of organic waste by bacteria without chemical reagents and in relatively warm times. And also the construction of a volumetric waste pit is a labor-intensive task. For these purposes, an area is allocated that can only be used for setting up flower beds and has no other functional purpose.

VOCs

Often, when contacting a company that installs automatic aeration tanks, such structures are called local treatment facilities or VOCs. Meanwhile, the use of this term is inappropriate, since according to the standards, VOCs are considered to be sewage waste treatment devices installed upstream of the waste discharge point into public utilities. This term refers to batch SBR reactors.

The simplest local sewerage structures are sewage pits

Local sewerage with improved functionality is an anaerobic treatment facility, in which various organic septic tanks can optionally be used to facilitate accelerated processing of fecal and domestic waste, absorption of wastewater by soil and subsequent soil post-treatment.

Combined systems

Ready-made sets of combined systems are offered on the market. Their designs can vary significantly, but there is one unifying principle - they require connection to a power source. Accordingly, not only the cost of the initial installation increases, but also the operating costs.

The only advantage of this option is the fact that there is no sewage drain under your site as in the case of anaerobic systems.
At the same time, the unanimous opinion of experts is that the installation of combined aeration systems for the personal needs of one family is excessive. If we talk about technology, the cleaning process in SBR reactors is fundamentally different from home waste aeration pits, which you can painlessly do with your own hands.

The reactor differs in that in one container where contaminants enter, different cleaning modes can be activated, for example, aerobic and anoxic. And a less expensive settling tank mode is also allowed.

Improved settling pit

The classic “grandfather’s” pit, made by hand, differs from an improved design or structure by successive brick tanks in which post-treatment occurs. As a result, processed waste in a modified system can be used to fertilize the site, and purified water can be used for technical needs.

For example, purified water is used for irrigation, which significantly reduces overall water consumption and is recommended for individual properties remote from civilization without a water well. Such options are often classified as passive technologies, which practically do not require connection to main utility networks, and also do not pollute the environment even with waste of natural origin.

Local waste pit with soil filtration

The most conventional design local sewerage is sewage pit, the size of which depends on the volume of wastewater. Part of the organic matter in such waste is processed by naturally present aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. The purified liquid goes into the soil; some can be physically pumped out using a sewer truck.

If access to the structure is difficult, additional treatment is carried out using septic tanks. Some owners have already fundamentally switched to septic tanks, since the technology, despite its higher cost, provides high treatment efficiency.

Successful cesspool design

The simplest cesspool is built with your own hands using bricks, cement and boards as formwork. The local flow scheme, which has proven itself over the years, is shown in the figure below. This is a common option and will provide a baseline for your local sewer system.

The recommended pit volume is 6 m3. On average, the pit should be no less than 0.5 m3 for each family member. The increased volume allows sewage pumping of waste to be done much less frequently, but the depth of the pit is not made more than 3 meters due to inefficiency. The groundwater level should also be below 2.5 m.

When building with your own hands, the lower base of the pit is made with a slope for those cases when sewage pumping is planned. Please note that the ground level above the pit must be at least 1 m higher.

There are sanitary requirements for accommodation, which, however, are often violated. The pit should be located at a distance of at least 5 m from the building. If there is a well on the site, at a distance of 25-30 m from it.

With the help of bricks, a lattice structure is provided for drainage of wastewater from the pit, while solid waste is guaranteed to be retained in the pit and subject to natural decomposition. The use of septic tanks helps make the cleaning process faster; bacteria decompose organic pollutants and turn them into water, which is discharged through the holes.

Do-it-yourself pit construction can be simplified by using perforated well rings, as well as ordinary solid rings, but in this case, drainage must be pumped out with strict regularity. Ordinary concrete can also be used to fill the hole.

Various cesspool designs

Schemes of pits for DIY construction without perforated walls assumes the presence of a bottom filter with a height of up to 1 mm of gravel and sand. The discharge of fecal discharges from a residential building is done at an angle; in this case, the natural water pressure is quite sufficient for reliable drainage.

Pay attention to the backlash closet, this is nothing more than a warm outdoor toilet, made with your own hands. The room is heated due to fermentation processes in the pit. The result is a fairly warm room without any costs.

Let us note an interesting option for a cesspool small size, which is suitable for bathhouses, cottages and small buildings. We are talking about the construction of a septic tank using used car tires. The diagram of such a drainage flow is shown in the figure. This is an original way to make stock with minimal costs labor.

Cesspools with separate filtration

If you want to reuse household water, thereby ensuring significant savings in water consumption, you can create a project with separate and sequential filtration. The figure shows one of the options in which feces are discharged into a separate volume, and household waste is cleaned and can be used after additional treatment in a filter well for irrigation.

A filter well can be combined with a storm drain, thereby providing a catchment area for domestic needs. Treated domestic water is great for watering your garden, especially when you have multiple flower beds and require constant watering to support healthy plant growth. In this case, purified water from the filter well can be periodically pumped into a barrel, which supplies moisture to the drip irrigation system.

This solution immediately solves several household problems:

saves water used subsequently for irrigation;
provides effective cleaning drain water;
connects local wastewater infrastructure with water supply for drip irrigation open ground or in a greenhouse.

Sump design with post-treatment

If possible, it is better to make a cesspool with additional treatment, as shown in the figure; several containers are arranged where the contaminated water will be purified. In one container, waste is processed using a septic tank. The pre-purified wastewater is then fed into the next pit to next stage filtration.

In practice, two tanks are made near private houses, for cleaning with a septic tank and infiltrate, where the final purification of residually contaminated water takes place using a gravel-sand bed. In some cases, you can do three: for aerobic, anaerobic cleaning and a container with a sand filter.

A few words “pros” and “cons” regarding individual sewerage

Any bioremediation specialist will tell you that combining aerobic and anaerobic processes in one container leads to a loss of efficiency. The reason is simple - the fundamental difference in decomposition processes. Aerobic microorganisms “work” in the absence of oxygen, anaerobic microorganisms work in its presence.

Periodic aeration promotes the development of heterotrophic microorganisms that can process fecal waste both in the presence of oxygen and in the absence. As a result, an effect is observed that when there is a large supply of domestic water, there is not enough organic matter to remove nitrates and they are carried out into the surrounding space. And this involves environmental pollution.

Virtually all commercially available reactors do not meet nitrate discharge standards, although most are certified.
Russian requirements for private houses are more stringent than European ones, therefore the degree of purification of contaminated water in Russian combined reactors is better, but still involves the discharge of nitrates into the surrounding soil layer.

As a result - after a while personal plot turns out to be contaminated with nitrogen of the nitrate group and the cost of ready-made solutions They don't justify themselves at all.
Experts recommend being guided by the following requirements when designing individual sewage systems:

for discharges of 3-5 m3/day, soil filtration structures with septic tanks are used in private homes;
for discharges up to 30 m3/day, reactors and combined structures are installed;
over 30 m3/day requires connection to main systems or installation of full-fledged treatment facilities.

Thus, we can come to a very obvious conclusion. For private houses, it is advisable to use only cesspools with soil filtration, the efficiency of which can be increased by using septic tanks. These structures in private homes can be made with your own hands or with the help of a team of builders.

In some cases, in private homes, it is possible to increase efficiency for the purpose of recycling water by using modified wastewater tanks with separate waste treatment. The use of sewer reactors for private homes is unprofitable and can lead to soil contamination wastewater with a nitrate group.