Drawings of products made of graded metal. Properties of ferrous and non-ferrous metals

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Long products

Widely used in mechanical engineering, construction, and transport rolled metal: sheets, strips, tapes, rails, beams etc. It is obtained by compressing a metal ingot in a hot or cold state between the rotating rolls of a rolling mill. Steel, non-ferrous metals and their alloys are processed in this way.

Rental profile (its cross-sectional shape) depends on the shape of the rolls. The figures show the main profiles of rolling production products, called long products.

The following profiles are distinguished: long products: simple (circle, square, hexagon, stripe, sheet); shaped (rail, beam, channel, brand and etc.); special (wheels, reinforcing steel and etc.).

Most often, rolled products are used as blanks for various parts. For example, from hexagonal rod make bolts and nuts. From round steel cylindrical parts are turned on lathes. Angle rolled products used in the production of frames, frames, shelving, etc.

By rolling, you can give the workpiece the shape of the finished part, thereby avoiding additional processing and, therefore, reducing metal waste and saving time.

Below are several examples of common types of rolled products: pipe, reinforcement, beam, channel, sheet, angle, strip, etc.

Long products - one of the types of semi-finished products. This is the name given to a labor product intended for further processing and production of finished products.
You are already familiar with some types of semi-finished products - lumber, plywood, wire.
Sheet metal divided into thin sheet (up to 4 mm) and thick sheet (over 4 mm

Types and properties of steel

Steel- This iron-carbon alloy(up to 2%) and other chemical elements. It is widely used in mechanical engineering, transport, construction, and everyday life.
Depending on the composition there are different carbonaceous And alloyed steel. Carbon steel contains 0.4...2% carbon. Carbon gives steel hardness, but increases brittleness and reduces ductility. When adding other elements to steel during melting: chromium, nickel, vanadium etc. - its properties change. Some elements increase hardness and strength, others increase elasticity, others impart anti-corrosion, heat resistance, etc. Steels containing these elements are called alloyed. In alloy steel grades, additives are designated by letters: N - nickel , IN - tungsten ,G - manganese , D - copper , TO - cobalt , T - titanium .

By purpose they distinguish structural, instrumental and special become.
Structural carbon steel is of ordinary quality and high-quality. First- plastic, but has low strength. Used for making rivets, washers, bolts, nuts, soft wire, nails. Second is characterized by increased strength. Shafts, pulleys, lead screws, and gears are made from it.
Tool steel has greater hardness and strength than structural steel, and is used for the manufacture of chisels, hammers, thread-cutting tools, drills, and cutters.
Special steels - these are steels with special properties: heat-resistant, wear-resistant, stainless, etc.
All types of steel are marked in a certain way. So, structural steel ordinary quality is indicated by letters St. and serial number from 0 before 7 (Art. ABOUT, Art. 1 etc. - the higher the steel number, the higher the carbon content and tensile strength), high quality - two digits 05 , 08 , 10 etc., showing the carbon content in hundredths of a percent. Using the reference book, you can determine the chemical composition of steel and its properties.
The properties of steel can be changed using heat - heat treatment (heat treatment). It consists of heating to a certain temperature, holding at this temperature and subsequent rapid or slow cooling. The temperature range can be wide depending on the type of heat treatment and the carbon content of the steel.
Main types of heat treatment - hardening, tempering, annealing, normalization .
To increase the hardness of steel it is used hardening - heating a metal to a certain temperature (for example, up to 800 ° C) and rapid cooling in water, oil or other liquids.
When exposed to significant heat and rapid cooling, steel becomes hard and brittle. Brittleness after hardening can be reduced by vacations - the cooled, hardened steel part is again heated to a certain temperature (for example, 200...300°C), and then cooled in air.
For some instruments, only their working part is hardened. This increases the durability of the entire tool.
At annealing the workpiece is heated to a certain temperature, maintained at this temperature and slowly(this is the main difference from hardening) cool down. Annealed steel becomes softer and therefore easier to process.
Normalization - a type of annealing, only cooling occurs in air. This type of heat treatment helps to increase the strength of steel.

Heat treatment of steel at industrial enterprises is carried out thermal workers. Thermist must have a good knowledge of the internal structure of metals, their physical and technological properties, heat treatment modes, skillfully use thermal furnaces, and strictly observe labor safety rules.

The most important mechanical properties of steel - hardness and strength . On hardness steel is tested using special hardness testers. The measurement method is based on pressing a harder material into the sample: a hard steel ball, a diamond cone or a diamond pyramid.

Hardness value NV determined by dividing the load by the surface area of ​​the imprint left in the metal ( Brinell method ) (Fig. on the right, A),

or by the depth of immersion into the metal of a diamond tip, a steel ball ( Rockwell method ) (rice. 6 ).

Strength steel is determined using tensile testing machines by testing samples of a special shape, stretching them in the longitudinal direction until they break (Fig. on the left). When determining strength, divide the greatest load that preceded the rupture of the sample by the area of ​​its original cross-section.

Author - Shumakov Alexander Alekseevich, technology teacher, MBOU Revenskaya secondary school, Karachevsky district, Bryansk region, Luzhetskaya village 2015.
Lesson No. 33 - No. 34.
Properties of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Drawings of rolled steel parts.
Lesson objectives:
to familiarize students with basic metals and alloys of simple and non-ferrous metals, to cultivate a caring attitude towards tools and materials.
to acquaint students with the basic mechanical and technical properties of metals, develop cognitive interest, and cultivate diligence.
to teach students the rules for applying dimensions on drawings of rolled steel parts, to teach detailing skills, and the rules for making a technological sketch.
Lesson equipment: table “Metals”, workbench, metalworking tools, posters on drawing, graphic representation of parts.
Lesson type: learning new material
Object of labor: drawing up a drawing and technological map of the product (clamp for tables)
During the classes.
Organizing students for class.
Greetings. Checking readiness for the lesson. Appointment of duty officers.
Learning new material
Working with workpieces made of different metals, you have noticed that metals have different properties: some are brittle, others are elastic, some are soft, others are harder. All metals have a metallic luster. Metals differ by color - copper, for example, is pinkish-red, steel is grayish. Metals have the property of conducting heat and electric current. It is necessary to know the properties of metals in order to choose the right material for making a product.
Metals in their pure form are used relatively rarely. Most of all they are used in the form of alloys.
Metal alloys are complex substances obtained by alloying one metal with others or a metal with non-metallic elements. All metals and alloys are usually divided into ferrous and non-ferrous.
The group of ferrous metals includes iron, cast iron and steel, the group of non-ferrous metals includes all other metals and alloys.
Iron is a silver-white metal with a characteristic shine. It is plastic, easy to process, widespread in nature, but almost never found in its pure form. Iron is found in the earth's crust in combination with oxygen and other elements. These compounds are called iron ores. Iron is obtained from them, which is used in the form of various alloys with carbon - cast iron and steel.
Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon, containing more than 2% (usually 3...4.5%) carbon, as well as impurities of other elements. Cast iron is one of the cheapest and most common structural materials and is widely used in mechanical engineering. In addition, steel is made from cast iron.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing up to 2.1% carbon. Like cast iron, steel contains impurities of some other elements. The main difference between steel and cast iron is that steel contains less carbon and impurities.
Steel and cast iron are the most common materials of modern technology and production. They account for the bulk of all metal products.
Among non-ferrous metals, the most widely used are copper, aluminum and alloys based on them, as well as tin, zinc, etc.
Copper is a pinkish-red metal with electrical and thermal conductivity, good ductility, but relatively low strength, and is well processed. It is used primarily in the electrical industry and chemical engineering. Copper alloys are usually divided into two groups - brass and bronze.
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc (zinc from 10 to 42%). Brass is more durable than copper.
Bronzes are alloys of copper with tin or other elements except zinc. Basically, bronzes are characterized by high strength, are well processed by cutting, have high casting qualities and a low coefficient of friction.
Aluminum is a silver-white metal, light, soft and tough, easily cast and rolled into sheets and wire. Aluminum is widely used in aircraft construction, electrical engineering and in the manufacture of dishes and other household items. Aluminum is widely used in alloys based on it. Aluminum alloys are divided into casting alloys, which are intended to produce cast billets, and deformable alloys, which are well processed by forging, stamping and rolling. Of the casting alloys, the most widely used is the alloy of aluminum with silicon - silumin, and of the deformable alloys - an alloy of aluminum with copper and other elements, which is called duralumin, duralumin, duralumin. Tin is a silver-white metal, very soft and ductile. Tin can be easily rolled into very thin sheets called foil. It is used to coat thin sheets of steel and produce tinplate. Tin is part of many alloys: solders used for soldering and tinning, babbitts, bronzes, brass, etc.
Zinc is a light gray metal with a blue tint.
When starting to manufacture any product, it is necessary to correctly select the most suitable material for it. The right choice can be made by knowing the properties of the metal or alloy. There are mechanical and technological properties. Mechanical properties include:
strength - the ability of a metal or alloy to withstand current loads without collapsing;
hardness - the property of a material to resist the introduction of another, harder material into it;
elasticity - the property of a metal or alloy to restore its original shape after removing external forces;

Technological properties include ductility, fluidity, machinability, weldability, etc.
Malleability is the property of a metal or alloy to obtain a new shape under the influence of an impact;
Viscosity is the property of bodies to absorb energy upon impact.
Plasticity is the ability to change shape under the influence of external forces without collapsing. This property is used when straightening, bending, rolling, and stamping blanks.
Fluidity is the property of a metal in a molten state to fill a casting mold well and produce dense castings.
Cutting machinability is the property of a metal or alloy to be machined by cutting with various tools.
Weldability is the property of metals to join together in a plastic or molten state.
Corrosion resistance is the property of metals and alloys to resist corrosion.
The graphic representation of the product must give a clear and accurate idea of ​​the shape, dimensions of the product and the material from which it is made.
Let us consider, as an example, drawings of simple products made of thin sheet metal (Fig. 1). It can be immediately noted that all drawings indicate the thickness of the products with an inscription like “Thickness. 0.6". In the drawing of a rectangle made of tin, in addition to its thickness, its length and width are indicated. In the drawing of a square, along with the thickness, the size of only one side is indicated. But the designation “50X50” means that all sides of the square are 50 mm.
The drawing of a triangle shows the dimensions of its base and height, and the drawing of a triangle shows the dimensions of its base and height, and the drawing of a circle shows its diameter. This data is enough to get an idea of ​​the shape of the products shown and to manufacture them. The same can be said for plank and plate drawings.
Each of the products considered is shown in the drawing in one view - front view. There is no need to show any other view - from above or from the side, since the thickness of the product is the same everywhere: there are no recesses or protrusions.
The situation is different with products made from long products, the image of which requires two or three views (Fig. 2, 3).
Students have already become familiar with the rules for making and reading assembly drawings when studying the section “Wood Processing Technologies”.
Therefore, having named the topic and purpose of the lesson, the teacher shows the schoolchildren the stand “Products of 6th grade students” and draws their attention to the fact that the parts of these products are made of rolled steel. The teacher invites students to list the types of rolled products that are used in these products. Students name the rolled profiles and, with the help of the teacher, come to the conclusion that each of these profiles is close in shape to the finished part.
The teacher explains that at industrial enterprises, before starting to manufacture a new product, they develop its assembly drawing. Based on the assembly drawing, detailing is carried out, i.e., drawings of the parts included in the product are developed. Parts drawings and assembly drawings belong to design documentation. At enterprises, designers are engaged in its development. The teacher says that during the lesson the students will use a ready-made assembly drawing (the teacher hangs it on the board). Students need to read it to understand the design of the product.
To restore knowledge about the assembly drawing in the students’ memory, the teacher organizes a conversation. During this conversation, he asks students to answer the following questions:
What drawings are called assembly drawings, what are they intended for?
How are views arranged on assembly drawings?
Is it necessary to indicate on assembly drawings all the dimensions of the parts included in the product?
What do the numbers on the leader line shelves mean?
Where on the assembly drawing are the names of the parts included in the product written?
The conversation is conducted at an accelerated pace, covering as many students as possible. You cannot get carried away with questioning individual students. This takes a lot of time and reduces class activity.
Practical work.
Introduction to the properties of metals and alloys
Examine samples of metals and alloys and determine their color.
Place samples of ferrous metals and alloys on your right, and non-ferrous ones on your left. Determine the type of metals from which the samples are made.
Stretch and release the steel and copper wire springs. Draw a conclusion about the elasticity of steel and copper.
Place samples of steel and aluminum wire on the metal cutting plate and try to flatten them with a hammer. Draw conclusions about the malleability of steel and aluminum.
Place the steel and brass samples in a vice and run a file over them. Draw conclusions about the machinability of steel and brass.
Students are asked to disassemble the proposed drawings. Detail the product. Draw a sketch of the part in your workbook.
Final part.
Checking the sketches completed by students. Grading. Cleaning of workplaces and workshop premises.
Homework
Read §15-§17, §19

Attached files

Manufacturing of products from rolled products. The connection of parts can be permanent or detachable. Permanent connections of parts are obtained using rivets, welding, soldering, glue, detachable connections - using bolts, screws, studs, nuts. The manufacture of products from rolled products in training workshops includes the following metalwork operations: marking using a ruler and calipers; cutting with plumber's scissors and a hacksaw; cutting in a vice and on a stove; filing with a file; bending in a vice; connecting parts with bolts and nuts; connecting parts with rivets; finishing of products. In production, these operations are performed by a mechanic.

Dimensions: 960 x 720 pixels, format: jpg. To download a free slide for use in a chemistry lesson, right-click on the image and click “Save Image As...”. You can download the entire presentation “Cast iron and steel.ppt” in a 225 KB zip archive.

Ferrous metallurgy

“Metal casting” - Types of casting. Afterwards the resulting metal is cleaned. Protective covers, fluxes, deoxidizers. Fuse. Sanding removes oxides from the sculpture, revealing a clean surface. Melting and casting of metals. Depending on the degree and nature of contamination, the charge material is subjected to various treatments. Casting. Heavy metals are used in their pure form: tin, lead, zinc.

“Metal processing” - In recent years, the production of church utensils has been mastered: lamps of various shapes, frames for icons, crosses, panagias. If a filigree ornament is made on a metal background or wood, then a pattern is applied to the background surface, according to which, after a series of operations, the filigree is soldered or glued. Already in ancient times, the art of metal processing existed in Rus', which consisted of making openwork patterns reminiscent of lace from wire of various thicknesses (smooth or flattened).

“The Age of Metals” - Gold and platinum are found only in free form. Most often included in the Bronze Age, but sometimes considered a separate period. Tsar Cannon Tsar Bell Colossus of Rhodes. Application. Biological role. Stone tools were made from various types of stone. I am hard, malleable and plastic, brilliant, needed by everyone, practical.

“Obtaining metals” - Metallurgy deals with the extraction of metals from ores. The prevalence of metals in nature. Very active metals. Moderate activity. Methods for obtaining metals. Electrolysis. The most important ores. Inactive (noble). Finding metals in nature. Nacl (melt) na+ + cl- cathode(--) anode(+) na+ + 1? na o 2cl -- 2? cl2 (reduction) (oxidation).

“Steel” - Increases strength, wear resistance and imparts anti-friction and elastic qualities. Rice. Thermal and chemical-thermal treatment of metals. E – hard magnetic steel for permanent magnets. Silicon (Si) - is introduced for deoxidation. 1. For example, E21 is electrical steel, contains 2% silicon and about 0.1% carbon.

The presentation is used when studying the topic in 6th grade "Technology for manufacturing products from long products." The presentation is intended to familiarize students with the technological processes of manufacturing products from long products.

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"Presentation "Technology for manufacturing products from rolled products""

Municipal autonomous educational institution

"Lyceum No. 10" of the city of Sovetsk, Kaliningrad region

Technology for manufacturing products from rolled products

Goal: get acquainted with the main technological processes for processing metals and alloys, about the types of products made from rolled products

Performed by technology teacher Zinchenko A.G.

MAOU "Lyceum No. 10"

Sovetsk, 2017

Technological operations necessary for the manufacture of parts from rolled sections

• preparatory (selection of workpiece, marking);
• processing (cutting, bending, chopping, drilling);
• assembly (connection with bolts, welding, soldering, rivets, etc.);
• finishing (cleaning, sanding, painting, etc.)

Reading a Part Drawing

Breakdown of the technological process into technological operations

Processing

Preparatory

Assembly

Finishing

Determining the sequence of preparatory operations

Determining the sequence of assembly operations

Determination of the sequence of finishing operations

Determining the sequence of processing operations

Workpiece selection

Stripping

Rivet connection

Grinding

Marking

Bolted connection

Other operations

Drilling

Other operations

Other operations

Other operations

Equipment selection

Selection of devices

Selecting Tools

Development of sketches of technological operations and transitions

Equipment selection

Selection of devices

Selecting Tools

Equipment selection

Selection of devices

Drilling

Selecting Tools

Manufacturing process

receipt of workpieces, processing of parts, maintenance and repair of fixtures, sharpening and straightening of tools, control and testing of the finished product, packaging and storage of finished products, etc.

Technological process

• represents a part of the production process, which is associated with changes in shape, size, and condition of the material when converting it into finished products.

Technological operation

• This is a complete part of the technological process, performed at one workplace or machine.

Locksmiths

At enterprises, these operations are performed locksmiths .

Mechanical assembly mechanics machine tools, engines, cars, tractors are assembled from individual parts and components

Repairmen

Locksmiths - repairmen carry out repairs and adjustments of various equipment.

Tool makers

manufacture and repair tools and fixtures

Sources used

• Tishchenko A.T. Technology. Industrial technologies: 6th grade: methodological manual / A.T. Tishchenko. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2016. – 192 p.
• Technology lessons using ICT. 5 – 6 grades. Methodological manual with electronic application. – M.: Planeta, 2011. – 384 p. – (Modern school).
• Photos were taken from the Internet.