Diphthongs in English have a simple explanation. Pronunciation of diphthongs in English

Learning to pronounce English words again. You and I have already, and now we’ve gotten to diphthongs.

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels into one syllable (according to explanatory dictionary Ushakov). That is, a diphthong is a syllable consisting of two vowels.

I remind you that the transcription reflects the sound of the word, and not its letter form.

English Diphthongs:

There are only 8 of them, and we will divide them into 3 groups to make it more convenient

• like, high, buy;
• cake, sale, fail;
• [ɔi] boy,

• where, bear, care;
• here, beer,
• poor, tour,

• cow, mouse, house;
• [əu] home, hello, rose.

So, take another look at diphthongs. They all consist of two vowel sounds. I specifically tried to select a variety of examples. Looking at these examples, you may notice that the sound and spelling of words can be very different.

It happens that it is difficult to predict how a word is read correctly just by its written form. Therefore, it doesn’t hurt to check the transcription of words in the dictionary.

What are they worth? high, buy, And like! After all, they are written completely differently.

A foreign language is complicated by its sound and pronunciation; English is no exception for Russian-speaking students. Complicating the situation is the concept of “diphthongs” - complex sounds that have no analogues in the Russian language. There are three variants of pronunciation of vowel sounds: monophthongs, diphthongs and triphthongs. From the name it is clear that there are one, two and three sounds pronounced together, without dividing into letters.

Monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs

• Monophthongs. The usual pronunciation of a vowel sound, familiar to our ears. Can be short or long, in English language out of a total of 12. Throughout the entire pronunciation of the letter, the articulation does not change. In Russian, for comparison, all letters are pronounced this way. A relative exception is the concept of “heterogeneous” monophthongs, when a letter slightly changes its sound depending on the consonant next to it. The words “small” and “crumpled” have the same vowel sound [a], but due to the softness of the first letter, a figurative beginning [i] is formed.

The Russian iotated letters “ya”, “ё”, “e” and “yu” are not diphthongs, because the sound is divided into a consonant “y” and a vowel.

• Diphthongs. They are found in many languages ​​of the world: English, French, Czech, German, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, Armenian and many others. The only ones that don’t have them are Hungarian, Russian and classical Japanese; some concepts are borrowed from the dictionaries of other countries and you have to select a similar sound. Most often, the double sound is broken into 2 monophthongs, and they are pronounced separately. According to the nature of their sound, diphthongs are divided into ascending (the first vowel of the syllabary, or strong) and descending (the first weak vowel). There are also balanced ones, consisting of strong or weak sounds; these are found in the Latvian and Nivkh languages. There are two types of diphthongs: phonetic (based on the spelling of the word) and phonological (based on its sound). In writing it is designated by a separate sign - a digraph; it is not part of the alphabet and is a stable combination. That is, it sounds the same in all cases. For example, the diphthong “eu”, taken from the German language. Separately the letters are read “e” and “u”, but together they are always “oh”.

• Thrifthongs. Even more complex design have triple combinations of vowel sounds; in writing they are combined into one syllable, and most often sound with the duration of a diphthong. Triphthongs are found in the same languages ​​as double sounds and are divided into 3 groups according to structure:

1. rising, when the last vowel is considered the top of the syllable, it is strong;
2. ascending-descending, a strong one is located between two weak ones;
3. falling ones begin with a strong vowel.

Features of the English language

The most popular language to study in our schools is English, followed by French, German and Spanish. Last years Chinese is also actively gaining popularity. Learning English is not difficult, you just need to follow a number of rules and conduct your classes systematically. Grammar and phonetics are replete with rules and features. At first, reading English is difficult due to numerous exceptions and special combinations of letters. After about six months of intensive regular training, many rules begin to be perceived as the norm.

The English language has 12 vowel sounds, represented in writing by one or more letters. In addition, there are 8 diphthongs and 3 triphthongs, which can also be indicated by different combinations of vowels and consonants. The sound does not depend on the location in the word or the type of syllable. A diphthong uses 2 sounds. One of them is the main one, as if leading, the second complements the first, sometimes not even fully articulated. Let's look at each of them with examples.

Diphthong

The first sound or core of the diphthong is similar in pronunciation to the Russian “e”, but the array of the language is more rounded. And the lips are stretched more. The second part of the sound causes us to press our tongue against the teeth of the upper jaw and the roof of the mouth, which gives us a sound similar to “th”, but shorter. The core sounds with stretched lips and a slightly raised tongue, then the tongue is raised with a sliding effect on the sound [i], the result is an average between [i] and [ə]. Diphthongs can be represented in words by the following letters:

• In the open syllable the stressed “a”, as in the words “save”, “game”;
• The combination “ea”, for example, in the word “great”;
• “Ai” is found in the words “pain”, “rain”, “wait”;
• "Ey" is also read, as an example of the words "grey";
• “Ay”, as in “day”, “pay”, “tray”;
• "Ei" occurs in the English word eight - eight.

An important point is the correct pronunciation of the second sound - “th” should not be identical to ours, but be an average between [i] and [j].

Diphthong

The sound of this diphthong is not similar to the Russian “ay”. The first part, or core, is pronounced more openly than the sound “a”, closer to [æ]. The tongue is pressed to the teeth of the lower jaw, lower it as low as possible. The jaw rises from a lowered position during the transition from the core to the additional sound. [i] in such a pair is short, the body of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, pressed against the teeth. The sound is short, sliding, pronounced similar to [е].

The diphthong occurs in an open syllable or at the end of a word and is represented by the following letter options:

• The first one-letter option is “y”, at the end of the word fly it is pronounced this way;
• Another option for a 1-letter diphthong is “i”, in an open syllable, as in the words “line” and “pride” or “wine”;
• The combination of letters "uy" is read in a similar way in the word "guy";
• “Ye” such letters are found in the words “bye” and “dye”;
• The combination “eye” is a separate word and is translated “eye”, but can also be a syllable, as for example in “eyebrow”;
• The letter combination “igh” is found in many words in the English language; it is always pronounced, for example, knight, night;
• The final combination "ie" is pronounced as in the word "tie".

In this diphthong, the second sound is pronounced weaker than the first, but it is brighter than the similar one in Russian. It should soften almost the entire word.

Diphthong [ɔi]

If we select a similar sound from our language, then it is a combination of letters “oh”, only the second letter is pronounced equally with the first. [o] is pronounced with rounded lips and a slightly lowered jaw, the tip of the tongue touching the teeth of the lower jaw. Next there is a slide into the bright sound [th]. Diphthongs can be denoted by different letters when writing words; there are 2 options:

• The combination of letters “oy” is found at the end of a word, such as “toy”, “boy”, “enjoy”;
• On the contrary, the letters "oi" are used in the middle or beginning of a word - "oil", "point", "noise".

Diphthong

The diphthong sounds like the Russian “au”, but not a forest drawn-out, but like an exclamation for a bruise. Here the second sound is short, dim and pronounced with a raised jaw and with the lips extended into a tube, and the first requires opening the mouth wide, stretching the lips to the sides. The diphthong is also represented by two variants of letter combinations:

• With this combination of letters “ou” the word becomes viscous and viscous, pronounced relaxed - “pound”, “cloud”, “sound”;
• Similar combinations of “ow” are found in popular in words“how”, “now”, “town” are used quite often in speech.

Diphthong [əu]

Enough difficult option for Russian-speaking people, has no analogues in the Russian language, similar to the average between [оу] and [еу]. The first sound is pronounced with the jaw raised, the tongue pressed between the teeth and the lips slightly extended to the sides. By the second, everything changes, the effect of sliding to [u] occurs. The tongue goes back slightly and the lips are rounded. This diphthong occurs quite often and is represented in a stressed open syllable by the letter “o”, in other situations by combinations:

• The letter combination “ow” is found in the words “show”, “snow”, “bow”;
• A common situation is that the combination “ou” is often found in everyday speech, for example, in the words “soul”, “thought”;
• In the words “coat”, “soap”, “road” the pair of letters “oa” is always read as [əu];
• “O” before the letter “l” in the words “roller”, “cold”, as well as in the stressed position before other consonants - “only”, “tomb”.

Diphthong

The first sound or core of the diphthong is the brighter “i”, pronounced by raising the tongue to the palate and slightly stretching the lips to the sides. When sliding towards [e], the tongue moves back a little. A diphthong can be represented in the following situations:

• The letters “eer” form a diphthong in the words “deer”, “beer”, here the letter “r” is not pronounced, only the diphthong remains;
• A similar pattern occurs in the combination of the letters “ear”, as in the word “gear”;
• The letter combination “ier” is most often found in borrowed words, for example, “fierce”;
• A combination of letters “ere”, as in the word “severe”;
• In the word "serious", the combination of letters "iou" also forms a diphthong.

This sound is less common and is quite easily remembered and pronounced by Russian-speaking students.

Diphthong

It can also be denoted in transcription as [ɛə], but in practice it is pronounced quite easily. The core of the diphthong sounds like Russian [e], but is pronounced more restrained with a raised jaw and lips stretched to the sides. The tongue is flat and touches the teeth and the upper and lower jaws. We highlight the second sound intonationally, pressing the root of the tongue towards the soft palate, resulting in a dome sound, average between [ʌ] and [ə]. This diphthong can be represented the following combinations letters:

• “Ear”, both separately and as part of words, for example, “bear”, “swear”;
• “Are” in this form will be read differently, only a diphthong appears inside the word - “care”, “prepare”;
• "Air" is as an independent word, meaning “air”, but can also be part of the word – “repair”, “fire”;
• All examples can be memorized and they will not seem so difficult after six months of study.

Diphthong

The final diphthong is similar to the Russian “ue”, where the first sound is the nucleus and therefore takes longer to pronounce. And the second sound is something between “e” and “a”. The diphthong is simple in articulation - [u] lingering is pronounced with elongated lips and the tongue drawn back to the soft palate. Then the tongue tenses and slides towards the sound [e], the lips return to a relaxed position. 4 variants of letter combinations will have a similar sound:

• "Ue" occurs in the word "cruel";
• "Ure" and the common word "sure", or "cure" (to treat) and "endure" (endure);
• “Our” reads a little differently as a separate word, but as part of another, as a diphthong, for example, “tour” or “gourd”;
• “Oor”, and the combination of letters “oo” is a digraph, but if they are combined with “r”, then it is a diphthong. Examples include the words "poor" and "moor".

Why is a diphthong not a digraph?

There is a similar-sounding concept - “digraph”, they are often confused. But they have fundamentally different structures and dissimilar properties.

A digraph consists of two letters, but they have a single sound, while a diphthong, on the contrary, has a double sound, and there can be one, two, or three letters. They are found in many languages ​​of the world and are quite easy to learn because they do not depend on stress and adjacent letters. There is only one exception. The combination of vowels, when the first refers to one syllable, and the second to another, is neither a diphthong nor a digraph and they are read separately.

The most common digraphs in English:

• "Th" is the stumbling block of all students and teachers and distinctive feature foreigners in England. There is no similar sound in the Russian language, so we learn it specifically. It is also called “interdental s”, and in transcription it looks like [θ] (s) and [ð] (z).

• "Oo" is pronounced [u] unless it comes before an "r", then it is the diphthong above;
• “Sh”, regardless of its position in the word and its proximity, is read like the Russian “sh”;
• With the digraph “ch” the situation is similar, only “ch” is read;
• “Ng” at the end of a word gives a sound that has no analogues in the Russian language, is called “nasal n” and is pronounced by pressing the root of the tongue to the soft palate;
• In the combination “kn” the first letter is not readable, the result is pure “n”;
• In this form, within one syllable, the combination “ee” is pronounced like “and”;
• The letters “ea”, standing next to each other within the same syllable, create the sound [and];
• There are also quite a lot of digraphs; the main ones, the so-called “unconditional” ones, are presented here.

Brief conclusion

Diphthongs and digraphs are completely unfamiliar and unusual phenomena for Russian-speaking people; they should be memorized by heart, understanding comes much later. In addition to them, there are also triphthongs and trigraphs that have rules for reading and writing.
The complexity of the English language lies in several difficult-to-pronounce sounds, which have no analogues in our language. The rest are very similar, so you can learn to speak English with proper pronunciation and basic knowledge of grammar in about six months to a year. This period is quite enough to prepare for a trip to the country or an interview for a position with mandatory knowledge of the language at an entry level.

Let's figure out what diphthongs are.

Diphthongs are a combination of vowel sounds.

For example: hire [`haiə]- V this word diphthong will make sound ah

mere - diphthong in this word will make sound ia

The following diphthongs exist in English: [ͻi] [ʊə] [əʊ]

Let's look at these diphthongs in detail.

Let's start with the diphthong ah.

Now let's try it ourselves:

buy buy - buy

Guide guide

Guy guy - guy

Die die - die

Shy [ʃai] shy - modest

Sky sky - sky

Dry dry - dry

Final [`fainəl] final - final

Moving on to the next diphthong . This diphthong is pronounced like Hey. Now we are trying to pronounce the diphthong ourselves.

make make - to do

Fake fake - fake

Break brake - break

Same same - one and the same

Game game - game

Pain pain - pain

Brain brain - brain

Next diphthong . It is pronounced like ia.

Let's try:

beer beer - beer

Dear dear - expensive

Senior [`si:niə] senior - senior

Now let's look at the diphthong . This diphthong is pronounced as ea.

We train:

bear bear - bear

Dare dare - dare

Where where - where

Air air - air

Hair hair - hair

Care care - worry

Diphthong [ͻi]. This diphthong is pronounced like a Russian sound Ouch.

Let's try it ourselves:

toy toy - toy

Void void - emptiness

Next we move on to diphthong [ʊə] . Diphthong is pronounced like wow.

And again ourselves:

pure pure - pure

Poor poor - poor

Lure lure - temptation

Cure cure - medicine

Next diphthong [əʊ] . Pronounced like OU.

We train on our own:

glow glow - intense heat

Go go - go

Goal goal

Scold scold - grumble

Quote quote - quotation

Blow blow - blow

And the last diphthong . This diphthong is pronounced as aw.

Now let’s try to pronounce the diphthong ourselves:

down down - down

Brown brown - brown

Cloud cloud - cloud

Town town - city

So we looked at diphthongs in English. Not a difficult topic at all, but very important. You must pronounce diphthongs correctly, so take the time to watch all the instructional videos on this topic. Do not forget that you must know how to read, not only diphthongs, but also, and. The correct pronunciation of words must be given Special attention. After all, many English words differ only in the pronunciation of one syllable.

For example: tear, if you say this word , then it is translated as a tear. And if you pronounce this word like , then it is translated as hole, tear, tear. Please note that the two words are written exactly the same, but are pronounced completely differently. So don't forget to learn phonics.

The nature of the vowel changes throughout its pronunciation in the flow of speech, i.e. the vowel is heterogeneous from an acoustic point of view. However, this heterogeneity, arising as a result of the influence of neighboring sounds, is insignificant from a phonemic point of view; it remains invisible to the speaker and the listener.

A special category of vowels is represented by two-part vowels, which, however, constitute a certain unity. This unity can be defined purely phonetically as the “unity” of pronunciation and phonemically as the inseparability into two phonemes. This circumstance forced phonetics to introduce the concept of diphthong (gr. di(s) twice, double + phthongos voice, sound).

A diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds in one syllable, functioning as a single, complex unit of sound system.

The main phonetic recognition of a diphthong is that it represents a combination of two vowels making up one syllable. These sounds are often very contrasting in quality. For example: open vowels are combined with closed ones: ; unrounded with rounded; but a combination of vowels that are similar in articulation is also possible.

There are 3 types of diphthongs to distinguish:

falling (descending) diphthongs, where a vowel as the top of a syllable precedes another consonant, i.e. the apex of the syllable is in the first element of the diphthong (German Maus - mouse, Eis - ice)

ascending diphthongs, where, on the contrary, the apex follows the consonant vowel (Spanish puedo - I can)

equilibrium, where an unstable equilibrium prevails, so that it is impossible to distinguish which of both vowels is the top (Latvian meita - daughter)

L.V. Shcherba considered the first two types to be false diphthongs, because their components are unequal - one of them is subordinate; He called the third type a true diphthong, i.e. both components, while maintaining the integrity of the syllable, remain phonetically equivalent.

The phonemic interpretation of diphthongs is one of the most difficult phonological problems in general. The question is whether a diphthong is a combination of two independent phonemes or is one phonetically complex phoneme. In general, this question is a special case common problem division of the speech stream. As already mentioned, the strongest factor of division is morphological. Only in the case when the corresponding combination is phonemic can we talk about a diphthong as a phonemic unit. Diphthongs are never morphologically divided. There is no word in which the morphological boundary passes between the components of the diphthong. It is impossible to give an example in which the diphthong component turns out to be an independent morphological unit.

In Russian give, sing (in phonemic transcription /daj/, /poj/ combinations ah, Ouch are pronounced with a single articulatory movement, in which the second component is a reduced non-syllabic [¹]. Diphthongs are phonemically decomposable. It is enough to conjugate the indicated verbs to see that both components of these two-vowels have different morphological functions belonging to different morphemes.

In the present tense of the verbs discussed above, the syllable boundary passes within the diphthongs: /pa-ju/ I sing, I give /da-ju/.

Thus, from the point of view of syllable division, Russian diphthongs turn out to be phonemically decomposable, i.e. they are a combination of two phonemes and come from two independent units.

In him. in the word Mai /mae/ the diphthong always remains within one syllable, i.e. here the diphthong is a single phoneme. IN German, unlike Russian, diphthongs never go back to two independent units.

These are the techniques and criteria that should be used in the phonemic interpretation of diphthongs, when determining their monophonemic or biophonemic character.

Along with diphthongs, diphthongoids should be distinguished. Diphthongoids are not actually a combination of two vowels, but one vowel beginning or ending with a foreign element. M.I. Matusevich writes about this: “A special category of vowels are sounds that are to some extent diphthongic in nature. Their essence lies in the fact that a vowel has at the beginning (or at the end) an insignificant element of another vowel that is usually close in articulation, somewhat heterogeneous in nature, but does not yet produce the impression of a diphthong. So, in Russian the vowel O usually starts with a small element at and then goes through the closed option O To  open, so that it can be represented phonemically u o... There may also be diphthongoids with a glide at the end, for example e i, a vowel often obtained by people who learn to pronounce [e] closed, for example, in French or German languages” (M.I. Matusevich. Introduction to general phonetics. - L., 1948: 61).

Thus, the difference between a diphthongoid and a diphthong is that the former is a vowel with an overtone at the beginning or end, while the latter is a combination of two vowels making one syllable.

Having studied the Russian alphabet, we can easily read any texts. But to read correctly in English you will have to put in more effort, because there are many discrepancies between the spelling and pronunciation of words. If you decide to learn this language on your own and cannot understand how to read words in English correctly, then this material– exactly what you need. Today we will look at the nuances of pronunciation English letters and letter combinations, and find out how easy it is to learn to read English from scratch. A table that shows all the letters and their sounds will help you learn the rules of reading English for beginners.

First, let's get to know the most important law reading in English - the rule of open and closed syllables. There is no similar norm in the Russian language, so we will analyze in detail what it is. Please pay attention to the transcription.

An open syllable is a syllable that ends with a vowel sound. As a rule, it occurs in the following cases:

• The word ends in a vowel, so the last syllable is always open: t ake[take].*
• A vowel is followed by a consonant, followed by another vowel sound: ed uca tion [education].
• There are two vowels adjacent to the word: cr ue l [cruel].

*Final e in most cases it is considered “dumb”, that is, it is not pronounced, but appears at the heart of the word specifically for education open syllable.

In open syllables, the vowel is always pronounced smoothly and drawn out. Accordingly, closed syllables are all those syllables in which the vowel sound is closed by a consonant and therefore sounds short and abrupt: c ut[cat].

In addition, special reading rules in English are characteristic of syllables in which the vowel sound ends with the letter r. The fact is that in the British version of the pronunciation of such syllables, the letter r is often completely omitted, i.e. not pronounced. Therefore, there are two options for reading such letter combinations:

1. In an open syllable, when r is surrounded by vowels, only both vowels are read: c are[keea]. In such cases, the last e will not be dumb.
2. In a closed syllable ( voice+r+acc.), r is also unreadable, but affects the sound of the vowel sound, making it longer: start [staat]

The rule of open and closed syllables is the basic law of reading in English, although there are many exceptions to it. But it’s too early to teach exceptions without knowing the main rules. Therefore, now we will look at the sound options of all letters and letter combinations.

Rules for reading English for beginners - letter and sound correspondence table

Even if you started learning English and reading it from scratch, you are probably already familiar with the spelling and sound of all the letters of the English alphabet. But, as we already learned from the previous section, when reading, the pronunciation of letters depends on the type of syllable or letter combination. Therefore, in the tables below you can find several sound options for the same letter. But don't be alarmed, there will be an accessible explanation for each case. So, let's continue to learn English for beginners and learn the rules of reading in English.

Consonants

Let's start with the easiest thing: with a table of consonants, the pronunciation of which is similar to the Russian sound.

Letter	Transcription	Russian pronunciation
B	[b]	b
D	[d]	d*
F	[f]	f
K	[k]	To
L	[l]	l
M	[m]	m
N	[n]	n
P	[p]	P
R	[r]	R
S	[s]	With
	[z]	z (only in special positions: after voiced consonants, between two vowels and in the suffix –ism.)
T	[t]	T*
V	[v]	V
W	[w]	V**
Z	[z]	h

*English d and t are pronounced with more aspiration than their Russian counterparts.

**w is pronounced with the lips extended into a tube, the result is something between the Russian sounds v and u.

Now let's look at more complex letters.

Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation and explanations
C	[s]	s (before vowels i, e, y)
	[k]	to (in other cases)
G		j (before vowels i, e, y)
	[g]	g (in other cases)
H	[h]	Very weakly pronounced Russian X (almost just a strong exhalation)
Q		kv
X		ks (before a consonant or at the end of a word)
		gz (between two vowels)
	[z]	z (at the beginning of a word before a vowel)

We will also study letter combinations of consonants in English.

Combination	Transcription	Pronunciation
ck	[k]	To
ch		h
tch
ng	[ŋ]	nasal n
ph	[f]	f
sh	[ʃ]	w
th	[θ]	1) sound intermediate between s and f (tongue between teeth) 2) the sound is average between z and v (tongue between teeth)
wr	[r]	R
wh	[w]	u/v x (only before o)
qu		kv

In addition, it is worth considering that the English language never allows consonants at the very end of a word to be deafened. Otherwise, you may say something completely different from what you wanted. For example: back [back] – behind, behind; bag [bag] – bag, sack.

Vowels

It is much more difficult to cope with reading English vowels, but the already familiar rules of open and closed syllables will help us understand it. We take them into service and learn to read the vowels of the English language correctly.

Closed syllable
Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation	Examples
A	[æ]	uh	bat, track, sad
E	[e]	uh	pet, red, check
I	[ɪ]	And	pit, fill, tin, system, myth, lynx
Y
O	[ɒ]	O	spot, not, cross
U	[ʌ]	A	spun, truck, butter

Do not forget that in a closed syllable all letters are pronounced briefly.

Open syllable
Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation	Examples
A		Hey	game, flame, lake
E		And	he, be, Pete
I		ah	mine, like, nine, cry, bye, type
Y
O	[əʊ]	OU	bone, tone, rose
U		Yu	pupil, music, cube

And the vowels of an open syllable are always smooth and drawn out.

Open syllable with r
Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation	Examples
A		ea	square
E	[ɪə]	ie	here
I		aye	tired
Y
O	[ɔː]	oo	more
U		Yue	cure

We remember that the letter r after a vowel, as a rule, is not pronounced.

Behindcovered syllable with r
Letter	Transcription	Pronunciation	Examples
A	[ɑː]	ahh	dark
O	[ɔː]	oo	sport
E	[ɜː]	e	pert, bird, myrtle, burn
I
Y
U

Now we know how to read vowels in English words. But for perfect reading in English, it is necessary to study one more point.

Diphthongs and triphthongs in English

An important aspect of English for beginners is diphthongs and triphthongs, i.e. combinations of two or three letters that have a special sound. Their pronunciation is called sliding, because. First, the main sound is pronounced intensively, and then it is smoothly transferred to the secondary sound. Diphthongs are a kind of exception and do not obey general grammatical laws, so they can only be learned by heart. The table below will help us learn the rules for reading English diphthongs for beginners.

English diphthongs
Combinations	Transcription	Pronunciation
air, ear, are		uh*
ye, igh, uy, ie		ah
ea, ey, ay, ai, ei		Hey
ere, eer, ier, ear	[ɪə]	IEE
oh, oh	[ɔɪ]	Ouch
ou, ow		awww
ou, ow, oa, ol	[əu]	oooh
ure, ue, our, oor		wow
English triphthongs
ower, our		aaue
eur, ure		Yuyue
iet, ire, ier, iar, yre		aaye

*doubling the letter indicates the length of the first sound in relation to the second.

So, we have looked at the main nuances of reading in English. Treat the stated rules responsibly: conduct reading lessons more often and be sure to learn to distinguish between types of syllables in English. Otherwise, you will make gross mistakes in pronunciation, which will lead to a complete misunderstanding of your words by the interlocutor. Good luck in learning English and see you again!