House made of chopped logs: pros and cons. Rounded log: pros and cons of the material

Owners of suburban areas are increasingly choosing rounded logs for building houses. This is not surprising, because wood remains the most environmentally friendly and safe material. Just imagine how cozy and warm it is in wooden house! Pleasant forest aroma and comfortable atmosphere, regular renewal of oxygen and Fresh air indoors, beauty and environmental friendliness are not all the advantages of rounded logs.

If you haven't decided what material to build from Vacation home, or are still not sure whether you made the right choice, let's take a closer look at the pros and cons of rounded logs.

What are rounded logs

A rounded log is obtained by uniformly processing the trunk using modern woodworking machines. As a result, the edges of the logs are smooth and even without knots, and the trunks themselves are the same in radius and shape. This simplifies the laying of the material, and makes the structure graceful and elegant.

Universal building materials are suitable for the construction of a spacious country cottage and a compact country house, summer gazebo for relaxation and a comfortable bath or sauna.

Larch and pine needles are used to make logs. Most best option- pine. This is a durable and affordable raw material, which is distinguished by its resistance to moisture, ease of processing and aesthetic appearance with an original pattern.

The MariSrub company harvests logs in the Republics of Mari El and Komi, in the Kirov region. These regions are famous for their good, large and moisture-resistant forest.

The diameter of the logs varies and ranges from 160-320 mm. Dimensions depend on the purpose and region of construction. So, for a gazebo or a small country house, materials of small diameters are suitable. When building a house for permanent residence V middle lane Russia needs logs with a diameter of at least 240 mm, and for northern regions- over 260.

Why do people choose houses made of rounded logs?

Safe and environmentally friendly materials have a positive effect on human condition and health, do not cause an allergic reaction and create a favorable indoor microclimate.

Reviews from owners of houses made from rounded logs indicate savings when purchasing climate control equipment and organization of ventilation, because wood promotes rapid oxygen exchange and maintains a comfortable level of humidity in the room. A wooden house is warm in winter and cool in summer.

Such a house is distinguished by strength, reliability and durability. Due to natural beauty the tree does not require serious internal and external finishing, and the light weight of the material does not require an expensive and deep foundation. As a result, construction wooden house will be much cheaper than erecting a brick, block or other structure.

The disadvantages of buildings made from other materials are not only the high cost. Such houses take a long time to build, and in winter, brick construction will require additional special equipment. In addition, such premises are not at all environmentally friendly and require careful, time-consuming finishing.

New construction technologies, as well as ease of processing and installation of wood, contributes to the emergence of new interesting and original projects log houses. Today it's not easy traditional hut, and elegant and unusual cottages! Let's take a closer look at the advantages that a rounded log has.

Advantages of rounded logs

• The main advantages of the material lie in its environmental friendliness and naturalness. Wood does not emit hazardous substances, therefore safe and suitable for living with small children;
• Wood promotes oxygen exchange up to 30% per day, so there will always be fresh air in the room! It is comfortable to be in such a house and easy to breathe. In addition, wood promotes sound and healthy sleep;
• The rounded log does not require additional processing and is completely ready for construction. This saves time and money;
• The logs are easy to adjust and install. It makes it easier installation work and construction. Installation log house It will only take 3 days to 3 weeks depending on the complexity of the project!
• The light weight of wood will not require the use of an expensive massive foundation, which will have a positive effect on the final cost of construction;
• The natural beauty, texture and natural texture of materials will eliminate finishing and give the interior and façade an original, sophisticated look;
• Wood is easy to process and allows you to create interesting designs. For example, a house with a bay window (part of the building protruding beyond the facade) or a veranda in the shape of a rotunda (hexagon). This will add uniqueness and make the gazebo, bathhouse or house stand out against the background of other buildings. The MariSrub company represents many interesting projects houses and bathhouses made of rounded logs, which you can find at the link http://marisrub.ru/proekts/all-proekts;
• Due to the flat surface and identical shape of the logs, sound and heat insulation increases;
• Identical diameters of logs ensure a smooth surface of walls and ceilings, strength, hardness and durability of the structure. With high-quality construction and finishing materials a wooden house will easily last 70-80 years!

Disadvantages of rounded logs

Any building material has pros and cons. Everyone knows that wood rots over time and is exposed to moisture, ultraviolet radiation, insects and other negative factors. external factors. However correct processing will easily hide imperfections and increase the life of the house.

The main disadvantages of a house made of rounded logs:

• Long shrinkage, which lasts about a year;
• The need to treat materials with special protective agents;
• The house requires additional care, so every 10-15 years you need to renew the wood coating with protective compounds.

Logs are treated with special antiseptics, antiperspirants and other means that protect the wood from insects, sun rays, moisture and even fire. In addition, during construction they use special natural insulation materials, which increase the thermal insulation qualities of a house or bathhouse. The above actions must be carried out by the experts of the MariSrub company!

If you choose the wrong diameter, it may be cold in the log house. Therefore, be careful when choosing material sizes! In addition, a wooden house shrinks 8-10%. Therefore, it is possible to proceed to the installation of communication systems, interior and exterior decoration only after 6-12 months. This is exactly how much it takes to shrink the house.

Any natural material natural humidity is subject to shrinkage, so the logs may crack in the future. Today there are special sealants that will prevent the formation of new cracks. Suitable materials for processing wooden walls will become acrylic sealant. This is an environmentally friendly and safe material that will protect wood from moisture and cracking.

So the advantages natural materials cover the shortcomings. In addition, the disadvantages can be easily eliminated with the help of additional measures for wood processing and insulation of the building.

How to choose the right rounded logs

The appearance and durability of a building is directly affected by the quality of building materials. It's important to choose quality logs to avoid problems with your future home or bathhouse. When choosing, carefully check the products, carefully study the pros and cons of the product.

A high-quality rounded log is distinguished by the following characteristics:

• yellow or dark yellow color of the trunk;
• absence of wormholes and rot, mechanical damage and resin pockets, large knots;
• small natural defects and the presence of knots of small diameter are allowed;
• blanks of one type of wood and one diameter;
• smooth and untwisted trunks with a dense, even cut;
• At the end of each product there is a marking that indicates the specification;
• it is advisable to choose logs that were cut in winter period. In winter, the tree is more moisture resistant.

Pay attention not only to the product, but also to the company. Be sure to evaluate the pros and cons of the manufacturer. Find out where and how raw materials are harvested, where wood is brought from, delivery conditions and storage of products. Check the availability of certificates and, if possible, visit the production workshop.

The MariSrub company provides only high-quality logs manufactured in accordance with GOST standards. Storage, transportation, loading and unloading of materials is carried out in accordance with the rules for transporting timber and long cargo. Compliance with these rules prevents any damage or contamination of the surface of materials.

Construction of a house from a log

First, the customer decides on the project. At the MariSrub company you can order individual design or choose already ready-made option, where the architect and engineer will make changes depending on the client’s wishes and features land plot. Experts are studying the soil and soil, the possibilities of laying water supply, sewerage and supplying electricity.

After the project is approved, the production of logs begins. Choose companies with their own production. Pros like this construction company in that she carefully monitors every stage of production and is responsible for the quality of raw materials. In addition, due to own production the company saves on delivery and intermediaries, which reduces the final cost of construction!

In the process of manufacturing lumber and components, a foundation is laid on the site. The choice and installation of the foundation depends on the type of soil on the site and the structure of the log house. After the construction of the foundation is completed, the wall kit of the house or log house is installed. Then craftsmen lay insulation and insulation, install the roof and process the wood inside. Finally, communication systems (electricity, plumbing, etc.) are installed and finishing is carried out.

Please note that the final finishing, installation of windows and doors is done no earlier than six months to a year after the installation of the log house! This time is needed for the tree to shrink.

The MariSrub company not only independently procures raw materials and produces rounded logs, but also offers turnkey construction of a wooden house. The company's craftsmen will build your dream home, where you can move in and live!

Rounded log - chic traditional material, which not only has maximum environmental friendliness, but is also quite convenient for the quick construction of small buildings.

It has a natural appearance, durability and wear resistance, and if all technologies are followed, it is in no way inferior in comfort modern cottages from other materials.

• For some, looking at similar houses, a strong association with an old village hut arises, and stereotypes appear. The similarity is only external, since the design of these houses, with all its simplicity, assumes the presence of all communications and amenities
• IN standard house 2 families can live here on 36 sq.m., without experiencing overcrowding or similar problems. Besides, log house can be built by a small team of workers or even independently; practice shows that it is quite possible to fit in the shortest possible time

The beauty of such buildings is recognized by everyone: correct round form material and its high-quality polishing make the finished building neat and eye-catching. This circumstance will help save time and money: the walls do not need additional finishing, since they already have all the valuable properties.

• A hand-cut house is a more expensive pleasure, but not always of better quality
• Pleasant and warm color wood is always pleasing to the eye, and the thoughtful shape of the logs makes it very easy to stack them on top of each other: you obviously don’t need the help of a highly qualified team

However, log houses have their drawbacks, which are important to work out in time.

Shrinkage

The main disadvantage of houses made of rounded logs is shrinkage, since all finishing is done upon completion of this process. The height of the house may well decrease by 7 percent, while this parameter will greatly depend on humidity and weather conditions.

The most simple solution will cover the roof with roofing felt and immediately suspend construction for about six months. Of course, many ignore these points or prefer to leave the house as is, but truly durable and beautiful building such a plan will be implemented only if these requirements are met.

It is important, however, to note that when working with rounded logs, this problem will affect you to a relatively small extent: shrinkage is much stronger for boards and logs of natural moisture, and it is also more significant for any type of timber.

• You won’t be able to move into a house immediately after construction, but you can start interior work you can immediately
• If the log is properly dried, you will not have problems such as significant changes during shrinkage geometric shape. Naturally, the walls need to be caulked, and sometimes some cracks need to be sealed again, but this is not so difficult to do
• Shrinkage can last up to two years; a log, for example, 240 mm long can reach a diameter of 220 mm

Working by hand, you can grind the material and larger diameter, but conveyor products can rarely afford this. At the same time, at the junction of the logs, the thickness reaches up to 10 cm along the minimum border; it is not for nothing that in Russian huts they traditionally sleep on stoves. Sandwich panels, for example, clearly win in this matter.

For houses made of thin logs without glued insulation, in most cases they will require heating using a stove, and this is hardly a method that can be called economical in terms of energy costs.

• For normal life, it is worth taking into account all heat leaks at the time of design.
• The total share of energy losses through the roof and floors of the first floor is up to 23%, which should not be overlooked
• The cubic capacity of the house is of great importance: when large volume the thickness of the walls should be increased proportionately

A rounded log, like any other, burns well, especially if it is well dried. For this reason, wiring always causes certain concerns. In combination with humidity, this moment is one of the main risks for a possible fire: it is inappropriate to overload networks or skimp on sockets. Make an adequate hidden wiring Not just any master can do it; some experience will be required, since even in the case of laminated timber it is much simpler.

Disadvantages of houses made of rounded logs

For construction wooden houses Currently, rounded logs, which have excellent aesthetic and performance properties, are increasingly being used.

Working with rounded logs is much easier than with other materials. This is due to the fact that the logs are standardized on special machines.

This building material is well suited for the construction of residential and country houses, bath complexes. However, in order to give your preference to the specified building material, you should find out all the pros and cons of rounded logs.

General concept of rounded logs, technology of its production

Such a modern building material as a rounded log is a tree trunk, freed from branches, specially processed on a complex of woodworking machines, having a smooth and even cylindrical shape, the same along its entire length.

To obtain the specified building material, larch and almost all coniferous trees are used. The diameter of the logs can be different and range from 160 mm to 320 mm.

All stages of rounded log production can be divided into the following:

• sorting;
• cylindrical;
• slicing;
• cup;
• final.

The sorting stage of production includes the distribution of incoming wood by diameter, removal of branches, trimming of the butt, and treatment of the surface of the trunks.

The rounding stage of production consists of the actual rounding, i.e. giving the tree trunk, cleared of the top layer, a perfectly even and smooth appearance. The entire production process is completely mechanized. The source material is fed by a hoist into the processing zone, where it is securely clamped by durable mechanisms and processed on special machines, which are of the pass-through or positional type. It should be noted that on through-type machines the processing process is much faster, but the log is obtained with a slight curvature. Positional woodworking machines give the log an ideal shape, but this process will take much more time.

The cutting stage of log processing includes cutting into cross-cutting machine blanks of special sizes in accordance with the required house design.

At the cup stage of production, connecting elements logs - bowls. Here, laser marking is used for greater accuracy. Bowls can have Russian and Finnish profile, each of which has its own adherents. Using high-quality insulation materials and with proper installation, any profile will be good.

And finally, the final stage of work includes treating rounded logs that are ready for building a house with fire retardant and antiseptic compounds and fungicides, which significantly increases their service life.

Complete sets of wooden houses are packed in transport packages and sent to the assembly site.

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Requirements for the quality of rounded logs

When rounding wood different manufacturers You may get different results. You should understand what to look for when choosing a rounded log, explore all the pros and cons. Basic requirements for the quality of the specified building material, the following:

• all blanks for one house building must be of the same type;
• Wormholes, rot, and various mechanical damage are not allowed on logs;
• To ensure their natural moisture, logs should not be prepared from dead wood;
• diameter, longitudinal dimensions, curvature, etc. must be in acceptable values specified in the specification;
• at the end of each product there must be a marking corresponding to the specification;
• storage, warehousing, transportation, and unloading of logs must exclude any contamination and mechanical damage to the surface.

Knowing the basic requirements when choosing high-quality rounded wood, you need to take into account its pros and cons.

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Disadvantages of rounded logs

The main disadvantages of rounded logs include a small number of shortcomings identified during its use. These include:

• log cracking;
• twisting it;
• arching;
• increased humidity in the house;
• fire hazard;
• exposure to natural phenomena.

During the first years of operation of a structure made of rounded logs, as a result of shrinkage, cracking may occur, leading to a lack of protection of the wood from natural phenomena: rain, wind, sun, etc., and loss of the aesthetic appearance of the house. This occurs due to violations in production technology.

Many people know that as a tree grows, as a result of the action of winds, the tree trunk twists like a spiral. After felling, the tree trunk may unwind reverse side, forming large gaps that adversely affect the entire building as a whole. The cut tree is kept from unwinding by its protective layer.

If the log rounding technology is violated, they may subsequently be bent out of general structure, which will negatively affect the thermal insulation of the room and the aesthetic appearance of the house. Therefore, when purchasing such building material, you should carefully select its manufacturers.

Undried rounded logs before installation due to the lack of a protective layer during the first years of use will actively release moisture as a result of natural drying. Such a house will be damp and uncomfortable.

To smooth out some of the shortcomings identified during the operation of such a building, a number of measures can be taken:

• Drying logs for up to 5 years before rounding will avoid increased moisture release and cracking;
• When assembling a log house from rounded logs, metal pins are installed ( Finnish technology) or staggered dowels, which will help reduce bowing and twisting of logs.

To avoid a fire hazard, a house made of rounded material should be treated with special fire-prevention impregnations, entrust the installation of electrical wiring to professionals, and use electrical appliances carefully.

To natural phenomena- sun, rain, wind, etc. - did not destroy the logs, it is necessary to take timely care of the walls of the house: cladding, painting or varnishing.

Since ancient times, wooden huts and towers have been cut in Rus'. As construction technologies improved, other, more modern materials. However, to this day, a house made of timber is considered the most durable, environmentally friendly, reliable and strong. And it is not surprising that this is the material option that owners choose when building country cottages. At the same time, many people prefer to build their house from rounded logs. Reviews from owners of ready-made cottages claim that this material is affordable and easy to use. Moreover, he has good quality and has a long service life.

Wooden houses

Today it is difficult to find a person who would not dream of living in his own cottage, built from environmentally friendly material. And this is only possible when using wood. Since ancient times, people have preferred to live in such houses. It was believed that all its rooms, saturated with woody spirit, had a beneficial effect on a person’s mood and well-being. And what can compare with the facade of such a house? The design of even the most modern buildings cannot be compared with it.

That is why houses built from rounded logs are very popular among consumers. And this despite the fact that their cost is twenty-five percent higher than the cost of frame buildings.

What is a rounded log?

What is this material? This is an ordinary log that was processed on a special machine with a rounding cutter system installed. Such mechanisms have been used for more than a century. However, initially the logs on them were processed for installation as

After the machine, the material takes the form of ideal cylinders with the same diameter and shape. The main advantage of such logs lies in their surface. After being processed on the machine, it becomes round and smooth. material attracts many consumers, despite the fact that wood loses significant part its strongest layer is sapwood.

For further use in construction, rounded logs are trimmed. They also create crown cups and grooves. Further mechanical processing of the surface of the material is also possible. So, some logs are left convex on both sides, while in others the part that will be located inside the built house is made flat. The material is then processed various compositions to give it fire-fighting and antiseptic properties.

Types of rounded logs

The atmosphere reigning in a wooden house will be remembered for a long time by those guests who live in a brick or panel cottage. She is characteristic clean air, which is soaked in essential oils.

Type of wood;

Log diameter;

Building area.

One-story houses made of rounded logs will cost less. They do not require delivery large quantity floor beams.

Sometimes the first two crowns are made from the very expensive material- larches. This will protect houses made from rounded logs from rot and moisture. Prices for larch beams are quite high, which will immediately increase the cost of construction. In the estimate previously compiled by specialists, you will be able to familiarize yourself with the prices for the manufacture and installation of the building’s power kit. All this will also have a direct impact on the amount that will have to be paid for a rounded house. On average, with an area of ​​about one hundred square meters you will need to shell out 1 million rubles.

Advantages of houses made of rounded logs

The main advantage of such cottages is the use of safe and environmentally friendly pure materials. Natural wood has a positive effect on human health, creating a favorable indoor microclimate. An important advantage of using rounded timber is that it does not contribute to the occurrence of an allergic reaction. Such a house will be completely safe even for small children.

According to reviews from the owners of wooden cottages, the advantage of such a building is significant savings on the purchase of climate control equipment. Unique properties trees allow you to maintain optimal humidity levels, and also create coolness on the hottest days and provide warmth on cold days.

The tree species used to build a house are distinguished by their durability, reliability, increased strength and density. In addition, their natural beauty allows you not to waste additional funds on interior decoration premises.

When building a house standard project construction time is minimal. It is not difficult to assemble a log house from rounded logs. The construction process is greatly simplified by specially designed grooves and bowls in the material.

An important advantage of houses made of rounded logs is their lower cost compared, for example, to brick ones. That is why wooden structure It is considered to be a budget option.

The advantage of houses made of rounded logs is their unsurpassed appearance. The design of such buildings will certainly evoke admiring glances from guests. In addition, houses made of rounded logs have excellent heat and soundproofing properties. This allows you to save on the purchase of insulating materials.

Disadvantages of houses made of rounded logs

The main disadvantages of such buildings include the construction period. Experts recommend taking a break from work for six months when building houses made of rounded logs. This time is necessary to complete the shrinkage process.

Besides, wooden buildings have low fire resistance. In order for the house to be as reliable as possible and have high level safety, the surface of rounded logs must be treated with special solutions.

Natural wood also needs protection from negative influence environment. For example, increased moisture will certainly lead to the appearance of fungi and mold, and will also cause the timber to rot. They destroy the tree and various pests. That is why the timber must be treated with special protective agents.

In the form of wind, they can cause the logs to twist. This is also a disadvantage of such houses. Deformation of a rounded log can occur under the influence of precipitation and sunlight. To prevent these unpleasant phenomena, the material must be constantly monitored, covering the cracks with special compounds. Otherwise, moisture will easily penetrate into the house through the gaps.

Houses built from logs are always relevant. Beautiful, durable, cozy buildings are not subject to the variability of fashion.

Advantages and disadvantages

Why should you build from natural, pre-prepared wood? Let's evaluate the undeniable advantages and possible disadvantages of buildings driven out from one piece logs

The main advantages of houses made of wood are:

Thermal conductivity

Wood generally has a low thermal conductivity. Therefore, houses made from logs are warmer than stone or brick ones.

For example, if a log has a d of 10 cm, then this is similar to a wall built with two bricks with a thickness of 51 cm. By making a house out of thick logs, you can significantly reduce heating costs in the cold season, without insulating the walls with mineral wool or analogues.

Savings during the heating season are complemented by the ability of a wooden house to maintain the internal microclimate. In summer, such a house heats up slowly, and the rooms remain pleasantly cool for a long time. Consequently, you can save on the use of an air conditioning system and on electricity if you build from large-diameter logs.

Ventilation

Wood has the property of allowing air to pass through natural micropores. Therefore, even with closed openings(windows, doors), the house will be “replenished” with fresh, clean air, by 20% - without ventilation!

Humidity

Humidity indicator in the ejected round log home will always be at the required level. The tree “breathes” - carries out natural moisture exchange.

Fire resistance

Wood is susceptible to burning. When constructing log houses, prepared logs are used, which are impregnated with special, reliably protecting compounds - fire retardants. These products guarantee fire resistance of the material for decades. In addition, fire protection can always be extended using impregnations.

Environmental friendliness

Natural wood is the most environmentally friendly material of those used by builders today. No harmful ones chemical elements, there are no toxins in the logs. You, your family and loved ones will live in a completely safe home.

Aesthetics

We can talk endlessly about the beauty of wood. Natural naturalness can be improved with stylish decor. Exclusive houses made of logs - luxurious, attractive buildings!

You can build a log house in a chalet style, or you can choose a Finnish project.

In addition, houses made from prepared, rounded logs do not require mandatory finishing special materials. Treatment with antiseptics and paints and varnishes is sufficient.

Efficiency

You can remove a house box measuring 10x12 or 10x10 in 2-3 weeks. Houses measuring 6x8, 6x7 can be built in 1.5-2 weeks.

The buildings are conveniently assembled, like a construction set, without the use of cement mortar.

The disadvantages of log houses include:

Shrinkage

The shrinkage process is inevitable. Even if a prepared log was used during construction, you will need to wait until the shrinkage of the structure is completed.

Shrinkage periods vary from 6 months to 2 years. You can shorten the shrinkage process by purchasing rounded, workshop-dried logs.

Non-rounded logs will require additional labor for cleaning, leveling, surface grinding, and drying. Therefore, such material will slow down construction, subsequently requiring more time for shrinkage.

IMPORTANT! Door and window openings, interior and exterior finishing of log houses should be inserted only after completion of the shrinkage process! After shrinkage, the structure can sink up to 7cm.

House made of calibrated logs

Building a house from prepared, calibrated logs is convenient and profitable. Here's how to prepare the material:

1. popular, durable logs are harvested coniferous species: larch, spruce, pine, cedar;
2. logs with d identical along the entire length are selected;
3. in a workshop, logs are cleaned with a “scrape”;
4. longitudinal grooves are applied along the surface of the logs;
5. The surface is polished and leveled. They work exclusively with the soft layer – sapwood, keeping the internal structure protected;
6. Sanded logs are coated with a primer to prevent darkening of the surface. When specially ordered, logs are treated with antiseptics and fire retardants;
7. calibrated logs are marked.

Advantages of building from calibrated logs

Visual appeal

The appearance of such a building is striking in its natural beauty. Internal, external finishing log house can be excluded.

No large gaps

Manual processing of calibrated logs allows you to save on inter-crown insulation (laid between the logs) because the appearance of large gaps during joining is eliminated.

Hand-cut log house

For home manual cutting A quality log is required.

Selection of logs

Here are the main parameters of logs that are taken into account:

1. winter preparation. The best option harvesting logs - winter, when the movement of tree sap is suspended. " Winter forest» more dense structure;
2. drying. Drying of logs can be carried out naturally - under a canopy, in equipped warehouses. You can dry the wood in special installations;
3. external features. Do not use logs that have cracks, rotten or empty cores, resin pockets, signs of woodworm damage, mold, or fungal diseases;
4. thickness. Select logs with uniform d. A deviation of 1 cm per 1 mp is allowed. Consider climatic features region, selecting the thickness of logs for the house.

IMPORTANT! If your budget allows, it is recommended to use “deadwood” - wood that has dried naturally.

Log processing technologies

There are 2 current technologies manual processing:

• rooted log;
• planed log.

rooted log

A “under-processed” log is considered to be rooted. Minimal bark peeling preserves the sapwood. A layer of natural resin is left, the wood’s ability to “breathe” is preserved, and the durability of the material increases.

Planed log

Processed with an electric planer. What remains is the runaway of the log – the difference between the butts and the top.

Houses built from hand-cut logs are shown in the photo.

Log house video

The video shows amazing interiors that can be used for your new “natural” home.

Log houses prices

The cost of houses made from log timber consists of the following elements:

• project cost;
• Cost of materials;
• construction work;
• delivery, unloading.

The complexity of the project determines the price. Important point– choice of wood type. The scale of construction and the quality of finishing are also taken into account.

For example, the price of a house whose size is 10x10m2 and will be built from logs with a diameter of 180mm is from $14,000. Finishing work will increase the cost by 50%.