Genetic relationships between classes of organic compounds. Presentation on the topic "genetic connection"

Alice (in Wonderland to the Cheshire cat): - Tell me, where should I go from here? Alice (in Wonderland to the Cheshire cat): - Tell me, where should I go from here? Cheshire cat: – It depends on where you want to come? Cheshire cat: – It depends on where you want to come? 2

Synthesis Strategy “I want to sing the praises of the creation of molecules - chemical synthesis... ...I am deeply convinced that it is an art. And at the same time, synthesis is logic.” Roald Hoffman ( Nobel Prize in chemistry 1981 d) Selection of starting materials Construction of the carbon backbone of the molecule Introduction, removal or replacement of a functional group Protection of the group Stereoselectivity 5

CO + H 2 Ru, 1000 atm, C ThO 2, 600 atm, C Cr 2 O 3, 30 atm, C Fe, 2000 atm, C ZnO, Cr 2 O 3, 250 atm, C PARAFFINS ISOPARAFFINS TOLUENE, XYLENES HIGHER ALCOHOLS CH 3 OH 6

С n H 2n+2 Scheme of formation of σ-bonds in a methane molecule Models of methane molecules: ball-and-stick (left) and scale (right) CH4CH4CH4CH4 Tetrahedral structure sp 3 -hybridization of σ-bonds homolytic cleavage of the X: Y bond homolytic cleavage of the bond Radical substitution reactions ( S R) substitution (S R)CombustionDehydrogenation S – eng. substitution - replacement Reactivity forecast 7

CH 3 Cl – METHYL CHLORIDE CH 4 METHANE C – SOOT C 2 H 2 – ACETYLENE CH 2 Cl 2 – DICHLOROMETHANE CHCl 3 – TRICHLORMETHANE CCl 4 – TETRACHLOROMETHANE H 2 – HYDROGEN SYNTHESIS GAS CO + H 2 SYNTHESIS GAS CO + H 2 Cl 2, hγ Chlorination C pyrolysis H 2 O, Ni, C Conversion of O 2, Oxidation CH 3 OH – METHANOL HCHO – METHANAL solvents Benzene СHFCl 2 freon HCOOH - formic acid Synthetic gasoline SYNTHESIS BASED ON METHANE 8 CH 3 NO 2 – NITROMETHANE CCl 3 NO 2 chloropicrin CH 3 NH 2 methylamine HNO 3, C Nitration

С n H 2n Scheme of the formation of σ-bonds with the participation of sp 2 -hybrid clouds of the carbon atom Scheme of the formation of π-bonds with the participation of p-clouds of the carbon atom Model of the ethylene molecule Electrophilic addition reactions (A E) Polymerization Polymerization Oxidation OxidationCombustion Flat molecule (120 0) sp 2 – hybridization of σ– and σ– and π– bonds Eb (C = C) = 611 kJ/mol Eb (C – C) = 348 kJ/mol A – eng. addition – accession Reactivity forecast 9

C 2 H 4 Ethylene Polymerization H 2 O, H + Hydration Cl 2 Chlorination Oxidation ETHYL ALCOHOL WITH 2 H 5 OH ETHYL ALCOHIDE WITH 2 H 5 OH SYNTHESIS BASED ON ETHYLENE DICHLOROETHANE ETHYLENE OXIDE ETHYLENE GLYCOL ACETALEHYDE ACETALEHYDE O 2, Ag K MnO4, H 2 O O 2, PdCl 2, CuCl 2 HDPE HDPE WITH MPa 80 0 C, 0.3 MPa, Al(C 2 H 5) 3, TiCl 4 SKD LDPE LDPE Butadiene-1,3 (divinyl) Acetic acid Dioxane Acetic acid 10

С n H 2n-2 Scheme of formation of σ-bonds and π-bonds with the participation of sp-hybrid clouds of the carbon atom Models of the acetylene molecule electrophilic addition reactions (A E) oxidation oxidation di-, tri- and tetramerization di-, tri- and tetramerization combustion combustion reactions involving the “acidic” hydrogen atom Linear structure (180 0) (cylindrical distribution of electron density) sp – hybridization of σ– and 2 σ – and 2π – bonds Reactivity forecast 11

C2H2C2H2 HCl, Hg 2+ H 2 O, Hg 2+ Kucherov reaction C act, C trimerization SYNTHESIS BASED ON ACETYLENE ACETALDEHYDE ACETALDEHYDE CuCl 2, HCl, NH 4 Cl dimerization ROH Acetic acid BENZENE SKD Divinyl Chloroprene SK chloroprene VINYL CETYLENE VINYL ESTERS Polyvinyl ethersPolyvinyl chloride VINYL CHLORIDE HCN, СuCl, HCl, 80 0 C ACRYLONITRILE Fibers 12

Scheme of the formation of π-bonds in a benzene molecule Delocalization of electron density in a benzene molecule Scheme of the formation of σ-bonds in a benzene molecule with the participation of sp 2 - hybrid orbitals of carbon atoms C n H 2n-6 Reactivity prediction Flat molecule sp 2 - hybridization of σ- and σ – and π – bonds Aromatic structure Electrophilic substitution reactions (S E) Radical addition reactions (A R) Radical addition reactions (A R) Combustion 14 M. Faraday (1791–1867) English physicist and chemist. Founder of electrochemistry. Discovered benzene; was the first to obtain chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and nitric oxide (IV) in liquid form.

BENZENE H 2 /Pt, C hydrogenation SYNTHESIS BASED ON BENZENE NITROBENZENE NITROBENZENE Cl 2, FeCl 3 chlorination HNO 3, H 2 SO 4 (concentrated) nitration CH 3 Cl, AlCl 3 alkylation CHLOROBENZENE Aniline TOLUENE TOLUENE Benzoic acid 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene STYRENE STYRENE Polystyrene 1. CH 3 CH 2 Cl, AlCl 3 Alkylation 2. – H 2, Ni dehydrogenation CH 2 =CH-CH 3, AlCl 3 alkylation CUMEN (ISOPROPYLBENZENE) CUMENE (ISOPROPYLBENZENE) CYCLOHEXANE CYCLOHEXANE Phenol Acetone HEXACHLO RAS HEXACHLORANE 15

SYNTHESIS BASED ON METHANOL CH 3 OH VINYL METHYL ETHER VINYL METHYL ETHER DIMETHYLANILINE C 6 H 5 N(CH 3) 2 DIMETHYL ANIline C 6 H 5 N(CH 3) 2 DIMETHYL ETHER CH 3 –O–CH 3 DIMETHYL ETHER CH 3 –O–CH 3 METHYLAMINE CH 3 NH 2 METHYLAMINE CH 3 NH 2 VINYL ACETATE METHYL CHLORIDE CH 3 Cl METHYL CHLORIDE CH 3 Cl FORMALDEHYDE CuO, t HCl NH 3 METHYL THIOL CH 3 SH METHYL THIOL CH 3 SH H 2 S, t C 6 H 5 NH 2 + CO 16 H +, t

SYNTHESIS BASED ON FORMALDEHYDE METHANOL CH 3 OH METHANOL CH 3 OH PARAFORM PHENOLFORMALDEHYDE RESINS PHENOLFORMALDEHYDE RESINS TRIOXANE PRIMARY ALCOHOLS UREA RESINS UREA RESINS UROTROPINE (HEXMETHYLENETETERS) H) UROTROPINE (HEXMETHYLENETETRAMINE) FORMIC ACID FORMIC ACID Hexogen [O] [H] 1861 A.M. Butlerov 18

CxHyOzCxHyOz Genetic relationship of oxygen-containing organic compounds ALDEHYDES ALDEHYDES CARBOXYLIC ACIDS CARBOXYLIC ACIDS KETONES KETONES ESTERS ESTERS ESTERS ESTERS ALCOHOL hydrolysis dehydration hydrogenation oxidation, dehydrogenation esterification esterification oxidation H+,t

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Primary Secondary Tertiary C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene 12 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes α 23

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Primary Secondary Tertiary C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene 12 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Primary Secondary Tertiary C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene Polyethylene Polypropylene 12 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Rubbers Catalyst Ziegler – Natta (1963) 25

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Primary Secondary Tertiary C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene Polyethylene Polypropylene Rubbers Fats Phenol-formaldehyde resins 12 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n- 2 AlkynesAlkadienes

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Primary Secondary Tertiary C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene Polyethylene Polypropylene Rubbers Fats Synthetic dyes Phenol-formaldehyde resins 12 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 AlkynesAlkadienes

Application of aniline ANILINE N.N. Zinin (1812 - 1880) Medicinal substances Dyes Explosives Streptocide Norsulfazole Phthalazole Preparation of aniline - Zinine reaction Tetryl Aniline yellow Nitrobenzene p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) Indigo sulfanilic acid Paracetamol 28

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Primary Secondary Tertiary C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene Polyethylene Polypropylene Rubbers Fats Synthetic dyes Phenol-formaldehyde resins Proteins 12 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 AlkynesAlkadienes

Synthesis Strategy “I want to sing the praises of the creation of molecules - chemical synthesis... ...I am deeply convinced that it is an art. And at the same time, synthesis is logic.” Roald Hoffman (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981) Selection of starting materials Construction of the carbon backbone of the molecule Introduction, removal or replacement of a functional group Protection of the group Stereoselectivity 5

CO + H 2 Ru, 1000 atm, C ThO 2, 600 atm, C Cr 2 O 3, 30 atm, C Fe, 2000 atm, C ZnO, Cr 2 O 3, 250 atm, C PARAFFINS ISOPARAFFINS TOLUENE, XYLENES HIGHER ALCOHOLS CH 3 OH 6

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Primary Secondary Tertiary C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene 12 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes α 23

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Primary Secondary Tertiary C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene 12 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes

C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 Alkynes Alkadienes Primary Secondary Tertiary C n H 2n-6 Arenes, benzene Polyethylene Polypropylene Rubbers Fats Synthetic dyes Phenol-formaldehyde resins Proteins 12 C n H 2n Cycloalkanes Alkenes C n H 2n-2 AlkynesAlkadienes

74. Write equations and name the reaction products according to the scheme:

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101. Write equations and name the reaction products according to the scheme:

Module 2. Heterocyclic and natural compounds

Five-membered heterocyclic compounds

1. Write diagrams and name the products of reactions of aziridine with the following reagents: a) H 2 O (t); b) NH 3 (t); c) HC1 (t).

2. Give a reaction scheme for the extraction of oxirane. Write the equations and name the products of the reactions of oxirane: a) with H 2 O, H +; b) with C 2 H 5 OH, H +; c) with CH 3 NH 2.

3. Give schemes for the mutual transformations of five-membered heterocycles with one heteroatom (Yur’ev’s reaction cycle).

4. What is acidophobia? Which heterocyclic compounds are acidophobic? Write the reaction schemes for the sulfonation of pyrrole, thiophene, and indole. Name the products.

5. Give diagrams and name the products of the reactions of halogenation and nitration of pyrrole and thiophene.

6. Give diagrams and name the end products of the oxidation and reduction reactions of furans and pyrrole.

7. Give a reaction scheme for the extraction of indole from N-formyl o toluidine. Write the equations for the reactions of nitration and sulfonation of indole. Name the products.

8. Give a reaction scheme for the production of 2-methylindole from phenylhydrazine using the Fischer method. Write the equations and name the products of the reactions of 2-methyl-indole: a) with KOH; b) with CH 3 I.

9. Give and name the tautomeric forms of indoxyl. Write a reaction diagram for the extraction of indigo blue from indoxyl.

10. Give diagrams and name the products of the reduction and oxidation reactions of indigo blue.

11. Write diagrams and name the reaction products of 2-aminothiazole: a) with HC1; a) with (CH 3 CO) 2 O; c) with CH 3 I.

12. What type of tautomerism is characteristic of azoles, what is it caused by? Give the tautomeric forms of pyrazole and imidazole.

13. Give a scheme for the synthesis of imidazole from glyoxal. Confirm the amphoteric nature of imidazole with the corresponding reaction schemes. Name the reaction products.

14. Give reaction schemes confirming the amphoteric nature of pyrazole, benzimidazole, nicotinic (3-pyridinecarboxylic) acid, anthranilic (2-aminobenzoic) acid.

15. Write a scheme for the synthesis of 3-methylpyrazolone-5 from acetoacetic ester and hydrazine. Give and name three tautomeric forms of pyrazolone-5.

16. Write a scheme for the synthesis of antipyrine from acetoacetic ester. Give a diagram and name the product of a qualitative reaction to antipyrine.

17. Write a scheme for the synthesis of amidopyrine from antipyrine. Specify the qualitative reaction to amidopyrine.

Six-membered heterocyclic compounds

18. Write diagrams and name the reaction products that confirm the basic properties of pyridine and the amphoteric properties of imidazole.

19. Draw and name the tautomeric forms of 2-hydroxypyridine. Write the equations and name the reaction products of 2-hydroxypyridine: a) with PCl 5 ; b) with CH 3 I.

20. Draw and name the tautomeric forms of 2-aminopyridine. Write an equation and name the products of the interaction of 2-aminopyridine and 3-aminopyridine with hydrochloric acid.

21. Give diagrams and name the reaction products that confirm the presence of a primary aromatic amino group in b-aminopyridine.

22. Give a scheme for the synthesis of quinoline using Scroup’s method. Name the intermediate compounds.

23. Give a scheme for the synthesis of 7-methylquinoline using the Scroup method. Name all intermediate compounds.

24. Give a scheme for the synthesis of 8-hydroxyquinoline using the Scroup method. Name the intermediate compounds. Chemical reactions confirm the amphoteric nature of the final product.

25. Give diagrams and name the products of the reactions of sulfonation, nitration and oxidation of quinoline.

26. Write diagrams and name the products of reactions of quinoline: a) with CH 3 I; b) with CON; c) with c. HNO 3, c. H 2 SO 4; d) with HC1.

27. Give diagrams and name the products of the nitration reactions of indole, pyridinine and quinoline.

28. Give diagrams and name the products of reactions of isoquinoline: a) with CH 3 I; b) with NaNH 2, NH 3; c) with Br 2, FeBr 3.

29. Give a scheme for the synthesis of acridine from N-phenylanthranilic acid according to the Rubtsov-Magidson-Grigorovsky method.

30. Give a reaction scheme for the production of 9-aminoacridine from acridine. Write equations and name the products of the interaction of 9-aminoacridine a) with HCI; b) with (CH 3 CO) 2 O.

31. Give reaction schemes for the oxidation and reduction of quinoline, isoquinoline and acridine. Name the final products.

32. Write the equations and name the products of the reaction g-Pyrone with conc. hydrochloric acid. Give the formulas of natural compounds whose structure includes the g-Pyron and a-Pyron cycles.

33. Write diagrams and name the products of reactions of pyridine: a) with HCI; b) with NaNH 2, NH 3; c) with CON.

34. Write diagrams and name the reaction products of 4-aminopyrimidine: a) with sup. NCI; b) with NaNH 2, NH 3; c) with Br 2) FeBr 3.

35. Give a scheme for the synthesis of barbituric acid from malonic ester and urea. What causes the acidic nature of barbituric acid? Support your answer with diagrams of the corresponding reactions.

36. Give a diagram of tautomeric transformations and name the tautomeric forms of barbituric acid. Write the equation for the reaction of barbituric acid with an aqueous alkali solution.

37. Give a reaction scheme for the production of 5.5-diethylbarbituric acid from malonic ester. Write the equations and name the product of the interaction of the named acid with an alkali (aq. solution).

38. Give diagrams, indicate the type of tautomerism and give names to the tautomeric forms of nucleic bases of the pyrimidine group.

39. Write a diagram of the interaction of uric acid with alkali. Why is uric acid dibasic and not tribasic?

40. Give equations for the qualitative reaction to uric acid. Name the intermediate and final products.

41. Write a diagram of tautomeric equilibrium and name the tautomeric forms of xanthine. Give equations and name the reaction products that confirm the amphoteric nature of xanthine.

42. Give diagrams, indicate the type of tautomerism and give names to the tautomeric forms of nucleic bases of the purine group.

43. Which of the following compounds is characterized by lactam-lactim tautomerism: a) hypoxanthine; b) caffeine; c) uric acid? Give diagrams of the corresponding tautomeric transformations.

Natural connections

44. Write diagrams and name the products of the reactions of menthol: a) with HCI; b) with Na; c) with isovaleric (3-methylbutanoic) acid in the presence of K. H 2 SO. Name menthol according to IUPAC nomenclature.

45. Give schemes of sequential reactions for the production of camphor from a-pinene. Write reaction equations confirming the presence of a carbonyl group in the structure of camphor. Name the products.

46. Give diagrams and name the gyroproducts of the interaction of camphor: a) with Br 2; b) with NH 2 OH; c) with H 2, Ni.

47. Give a reaction scheme for the extraction of camphor from bornyl acetate. Write a reaction equation that confirms the presence of a carbonyl group in the structure of camphor.

48. What compounds are called epimers? Using D-glucose as an example, explain the phenomenon of epimerization. Give the projection formula of hexose, epimeric D-glucose.

49. What phenomenon is called mutarotation? Give a diagram of the cyclo-chain tautomeric transformations of b-D-glucopyranoses in an aqueous solution. Name all forms of monosaccharides.

50. Give a diagram of the cyclo-chain tautomeric transformation of D-galactose in an aqueous solution. Name all forms of monosaccharide.

51. Give a diagram of the cyclo-chain tautomeric transformation of D-mannose in an aqueous solution. Name all forms of monosaccharide.

52. Give a diagram of the cyclo-chain tautomeric transformation of a-D-fructofuranose (water solution). Name all forms of monosaccharides.

53. Write diagrams of sequential reactions for the formation of fructose in ozazone. Do other monoses form the same osazone?

54. Give reaction schemes that prove the presence of the following in a glucose molecule: a) five hydroxyl groups; b) naivacetal hydroxyl; c) aldehyde group. Name the reaction products.

55. Write the reaction schemes for fructose with the following reagents: a) HCN; b) C 2 H 5 OH, H +; c) over CH 3 I; r) Ag(NH 3) 2 OH. Name the compounds obtained.

56. Write reaction schemes for the transformation of D-glucose: a) into methyl-b-D-glucopyranoside; b) into pentaacetyl-b-D-glucopyranose.

57. Give the formula and give chemical name disaccharide, which upon hydrolysis will give glucose and galactose. Write reaction schemes for its hydrolysis and oxidation.

58. What are reducing and non-reducing sugars? Of the disaccharides - maltose or sucrose, will it react with Tollens' reagent (ammonium argentum oxide solution)? Give the formulas of these disaccharides, give them names according to IUPAC nomenclature, write a reaction scheme. What disaccharides can be found in a- and b-forms?

59. What carbohydrates are called disaccharides? What are reducing but non-reducing sugars? Do maltose, lactose and sucrose react with Tollens' reagent (ammonium argentum oxide solution)? Give reaction equations and name the indicated disaccharides according to IUPAC nomenclature.

60. Write diagrams of sequential reactions for the production of ascorbic acid from D-glucose. Indicate the acidic center in the vitamin C molecule.

61. Write reaction schemes for the preparation of: a) 4-O-a-D-glucopyranoside-D-glucopyranose; b) a-D-glucopyranoside-b-D-fructofuranoside. Name the original monosaccharides. What type of disaccharides does each of a) and b) belong to?

62. Give a reaction scheme that allows you to distinguish sucrose from maltose. Give names according to the IUPAC nomenclature for these disaccharides, give schemes for their hydrolysis.

63. Give a scheme for the synthesis of methyl-b-D-galactopyranoside from D-galactose and its acid hydrolysis.

Related information.

1. What is a genetic series? How is it characterized in inorganic and organic chemistry?
A number of substances are called genetic - representatives of different classes, which are compounds of one chemical element, connected by mutual transformations and reflecting the common origin of these substances (genesis). The basis of the genetic series in inorganic chemistry is made up of substances formed by one element, and in organic chemistry they are compounds with the same number carbon atoms in a molecule.

2. What is a genetic link? What philosophical ideas does it illustrate?
Genetic connection is a more general concept than genetic series. It is realized during any interconversion of a substance, showing the unity and diversity of chemical substances.

3. Make genetic series of sodium and iron. Write down the reaction equations that can be used to carry out the transitions you propose.

4. Make genetic series of silicon and sulfur. Write down the reaction equations that can be used to carry out the transitions you propose.

5. Make a genetic series of organic compounds whose molecules contain one carbon atom. Write down the reaction equations that can be used to carry out the transitions you propose.

6. When 12 g of saturated monohydric alcohol interacted with sodium, 2.24 liters of hydrogen (n.s.) were released. Find the molecular formula of the alcohol, write the formulas of possible isomers and name them.

7. Write down the reaction equations that can be used to carry out the following transformations:
CH₄ → CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ → C₂H₅OH → CH₃CHO → CH₃COOH→(CH₃COO)₂Ca → CaCO₃ → CO₂.

The material world in which we live and of which we are a tiny part is one and at the same time infinitely diverse. The unity and diversity of the chemical substances of this world is most clearly manifested in the genetic connection of substances, which is reflected in the so-called genetic series. Let's highlight the most characteristic features such rows:

1. All substances in this series must be formed by one chemical element. For example, a series written using the following formulas:

2. Substances formed by the same element must belong to different classes, i.e., reflect different shapes his existence.

3. Substances that form the genetic series of one element must be connected by mutual transformations. Based on this feature, it is possible to distinguish between complete and incomplete genetic series.

For example, the above genetic series of bromine will be incomplete, incomplete. Here's the next row:

can already be considered complete: it begins with the simple substance bromine and ends with it.

Summarizing the above, we can give the following definition of the genetic series:

A genetic connection is a more general concept than a genetic series, which is, albeit a striking, but particular manifestation of this connection, which is realized during any mutual transformations of substances. Then, obviously, the first series of substances given in the text of the paragraph also fits this definition.

To characterize a genetic relationship, do not organic matter We will consider three types of genetic series: the genetic series of a metal element, the genetic series of a non-metal element, the genetic series of a metal element, which corresponds to amphoteric oxide and hydroxide.

I. Genetic rad of the metal element. The richest group of substances is the metal series, which exhibits different oxidation states. As an example, consider the genetic series of iron with oxidation states +2 and +3:

Let us recall that to oxidize iron into iron (II) chloride, you need to take a weaker oxidizing agent than to obtain iron (III) chloride:

II. Genetic series of a non-metal element. Similar to the series of a metal, the series of non-metals with different oxidation states is richer in bonds, for example, the genetic series of sulfur with oxidation states +4 and +6:

Only the last transition can cause difficulty. If you perform tasks of this type, then follow the rule: in order to obtain a simple substance from an oxidized compound of an element, you need to take for this purpose its most reduced compound, for example, a volatile hydrogen compound of a non-metal. In our example:

This reaction in nature produces sulfur from volcanic gases.

Likewise for chlorine:

III. The genetic series of the metal element, to which the amphoteric oxide and hydroxide correspond, is very rich in bonds, since they exhibit, depending on the conditions, either the properties of an acid or the properties of a base. For example, consider the genetic series of aluminum:

In organic chemistry one should also distinguish between general concept- “genetic connection” and a more private concept - “genetic series”. If the basis of the genetic series in inorganic chemistry is made up of substances formed by one chemical element, then the basis of the genetic series in organic chemistry (chemistry of carbon compounds) is made up of substances with the same number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Let us consider the genetic series of organic substances, in which we include greatest number connection classes:

Each number corresponds to a specific reaction equation:

The last transition does not fit the definition of a genetic series - a product is formed not with two, but with many carbon atoms, but with its help genetic connections are represented in the most diverse way. And finally, we will give examples of genetic connections between classes of organic and inorganic compounds, which prove the unity of the world of substances, where there is no division into organic and inorganic substances. For example, consider the scheme for obtaining aniline - an organic substance from limestone - an inorganic compound:

Let us take the opportunity to repeat the names of the reactions corresponding to the proposed transitions:

Genetic relationships between classes of organic compounds. Presentation on the topic "genetic connection"

Questions and tasks for § 23

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