How to make the top frame of a frame house and the interfloor ceiling. Standard errors in the construction of frame houses Frame house 1st floor overlap

Paul in frame house must be done according to wooden beams floors. More often finished design comes into contact with outside air. This is due to the fact that pile construction is popular for the construction of lightweight structures. screw foundation. Such supports lift the building above the ground, leaving free space between it and the ceiling, which is blown with air.

Installing a floor in a frame house requires mandatory insulation. Without this, there is a high probability of mold and mildew, and walking on a cold surface is not a pleasant experience.

Pie designs

First of all, you need to make a ceiling in a frame house. It will also be a subfloor at the same time. The main floor beams must be securely fastened to the grillage.

It is important to know that between metal piles and wooden beam Waterproofing is required. It is necessary to protect against negative impact elements that have different characteristics, especially, natural humidity. Lay for waterproofing roll material in two layers. You can use roofing felt, linocrom or waterproofing. Sometimes you can find outdated roofing felt or glassine. It is not advisable to use them.

Supporting floor base frame house can be done in two ways:

• using main beams;
• using main and secondary beams.

Secondary beams or, more simply, joists allow you to increase the pitch of the main beams. But this option increases the scope of work, increases material consumption and the thickness of the ceiling.

The right pie gender

In the absence of secondary beams, the main beams are also used as logs. The correct pie in this case looks like this (listed from bottom to top):

• cranial bars with a cross section of up to 50x50 mm, which are attached to the side at the bottom of the load-bearing floor beams;
• boarding;
• moisture and wind protection;
• load-bearing beams with insulation between them;
• vapor barrier material;
• subfloor boards or chipboard about 16 mm thick.

How to make a floor in a frame house

As floor beams, take a beam or edged board with an average cross section of 5x15 cm. The exact dimensions depend on the span length and the pitch of the elements. The boards are installed so that the larger side is vertical and the smaller side is horizontal. When installed in reverse load bearing capacity is greatly reduced.

All wooden elements Before use, be sure to treat with an antiseptic. This substance helps protect the floor pie in a frame house from rotting and mold. Additionally, you can treat with fire retardants. This will increase the structure's resistance to fire and make the house safer.

To make a floor in a frame house with your own hands, the main floor beams and at the same time the logs are secured to the foundation grillage on stilts. Elements must be placed on top. Fastening to the side does not provide high reliability. There are two ways: with or without a notch. The notch allows you to securely fix the elements, but weakens the strapping. For this reason, it is recommended to do without it.

Used as fastening tools anchor bolts. They are secured in a harness. To attach the beams, you will have to prepare holes in them. To do this, the logs are laid out on the anchors and hit at the point of support with a hammer. A dent will remain in the right place. After making the holes, the floor beams are laid in place, and the nuts are tightened onto the anchors over them. Additionally, it is recommended to use washers. This is due to the fact that metal elements small sections can be recessed into soft wood.

After installation of the main load-bearing structures proceed to fastening the cranial bars. Such elements are necessary in order to lay hemming boards on them. The bars are secured with screws, nails or studs. Dimensions are selected depending on the load: the mass of the lining and insulation, as well as the distance between the load-bearing beams. Most often, bars of 50x50 mm or less are used.

Flooring is made on the cranial bars. It will serve as the basis for the insulation. Fastening - with nails or self-tapping screws. For production, take a board treated with an antiseptic, 25-40 mm thick. Waterproofing and windproof material is laid on the backing. It is fixed with construction stapler, and the joints are taped. The minimum overlap at the joints is 10 cm.

It is recommended to use modern vapor diffusion moisture-proof membranes as wind protection and waterproofing. They replaced films. The main advantage of this material is vapor permeability. The membrane does not prevent the house from “breathing” and effectively removes steam outside, protecting the insulation from moisture.

Insulation is laid between the load-bearing beams. It must be protected from internal steam using a vapor barrier. Here, too, there is a choice: films or membranes. When building your home, you should choose best materials. But the membrane will cost more than the film.

The subfloor in a frame house is completed after installing the flooring. Between it and the insulation you need to leave a gap of 2-3 cm thick for ventilation. For flooring, edged boards 40 mm thick are used. The width is usually taken to be 100 mm. Like all other elements, the flooring must be impregnated with an antiseptic. The boards are attached to the joists using nails or self-tapping screws. You need to choose galvanized fasteners that are resistant to corrosion.

Insulation of floors

Several types of materials are used to insulate floors. There is no limitation on strength, since the insulation is placed between the joists and does not take up the payload.

Among the insulation options that are widely used are:

• mineral wool;
• Styrofoam;
• extruded polystyrene foam (“Penoplex”);
• penoizol (in the form of foam).

Mineral wool has become a popular option. This is justified by the favorable cost of the material, its availability and simplicity of technology. Another advantage is vapor permeability; cotton wool does not interfere natural ventilation building. To avoid having to cut the slabs, it is recommended to set the lag pitch so that there is a clear distance of 580 or 1180 mm between them. This will allow you to lay the insulation tightly and without cuttings.

There are several types of mineral wool. Basalt in rigid slabs is best suited. Glass wool is inconvenient to work with, and slag wool is made from industrial waste.

The thickness of the insulation is determined by calculation depending on climate region. On average, this will be a value from 5 to 15 cm. For accurate calculations, it is recommended to use the TEREMOK program. It is easily available in the public domain as a desktop application or online version. For calculations, you will need to select a settlement from the list, the type of structure being calculated, the thickness of the insulation and its thermal conductivity. The last characteristic is easy to find out from the manufacturers.

Warm floor in a frame house

The construction of buildings with warm water floors is gaining popularity. This option allows you to make your home comfortable without major expenses. Water heating costs much less than electric.

To lay pipes inside the pie, use special design flooring In this case, it is recommended to make the subfloor from a board 50 mm rather than 40 mm. The flooring is made not continuous, but sparse. The distance between the elements is selected so that heat-reflecting plates with heating tubes inside can be placed between them.

Another floor design in a frame house with water heating is done using cement screed. The screed is poured on top of the continuous flooring on top of the load-bearing beams. Due to the increased load, the flooring is made 50 mm thick.

A plastic film is placed on the boards, which will prevent the laitance from leaking. Next, pour a screed with a thickness of 50-70 mm, having previously laid out water pipes on the floor. They must be completely hidden by concrete. A clean floor is laid on top of the screed.

The second method has significant drawback- increasing the load on the floor. In addition, if the heating system breaks down, you will have to break the screed. The first option allows you to simply disassemble the floor and reassemble it.

Choice frame structure houses by many developers is by no means random. Such structures have several selection priorities. Among others, the following can be noted:

• Budget advantage compared to houses made of other materials and other technologies
• Short-term time spent on building a house structure
• There is no need to use special construction equipment and heavy lifting mechanisms
• It is possible to create complex architectural formats
• It is possible to adjust the planning part of the project at all stages of construction

Although, despite such advantages frame construction, it also has disadvantages. True, they are in smaller quantities:

• Need to do a large number of joints and connections when tying the upper and lower piping and strengthening the rigidity of the structure
• Selection of bulk materials for filling into the inter-wall space - when using some types of them, rodents may infest

Types of frame houses

Building regulations provide for several standard designs frame structures, distinguished by the design of beams, lintels, type of roof and other features structural elements. There are also differences in the number of floors.

Post-frame houses

In this option, supporting vertical posts are installed on concrete bases or in the ground as piles.

This type of house is used in wetlands or in areas where it is desirable to provide ventilation to the lower part of the house.

The design of such buildings provides for the installation of frame elements between load-bearing vertical posts.

The frames are installed with ready-made openings for windows and doors. The rest of the wall surfaces are made of solid frame elements.

Post-beam frame houses

A special feature is the use of massive beams and racks with a beam section of 150x150 mm and even up to 200x200 mm.

This makes it possible to install window and door openings with large area. In this case, there is no need to install auxiliary crossbars and other reinforcing elements.

The massiveness of the timber makes the house less susceptible to the influence of aggressive factors. Such houses can often be seen in villages in Austria and Germany.

Houses with a frame made of continuous posts

Usually this two-story houses, whose designs are characteristic of the Scandinavian countries. Vertical racks they pass through both floors.

A board is attached in the middle of the beams, providing fastening of the interfloor floors.

The strength of wall elements is achieved by strengthening the logs.

However, such structures are difficult in structures of complex configuration, since it is necessary to ensure strict parallelism of the vertical beams.

Frame houses with frame structures with floors

One of the most common structures that came to Russia from Canada, which is why buildings based on such projects received their second name - “ canadian houses" This technology is also known in construction circles as a “platform” or pallet structure.

The lower frame is laid on the base of the foundation. Floor joists and beams for the equipment of the lower floor are installed on it. They are also connected into another pallet or platform using façade logs. And already on such a platform the wall frame structural elements are mounted.

Vertical load-bearing beams serve as racks to create the frame. From below they are connected to the joists of the lower platform and the façade joists. Their upper parts serve as the basis for creating another platform, which will be the lower part of the second floor. Next, the construction procedure is repeated similarly to the lower part of the house.

Foundation for a frame house

Since the feature frame buildings Since they are light in weight, choosing a foundation is not difficult.

When laying the foundation, you will need to take into account the structural features of the soil, deep freezing of the soil, the distance to the upper horizon of soil water and the ratio of the last two parameters.

If the ground on the site freezes above the groundwater level, then a shallow strip foundation can be laid. Otherwise you will have to arrange columnar foundation or foundation on stilts. The latter option may involve the use of concrete or screw piles.

In areas with very heaving soil or with a loose soil structure, a monolithic foundation made of slabs or by continuous pouring of concrete is more suitable.

If you are just thinking about building such a house, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the disadvantages frame houses which are described.

Floor installation of a frame house

Concrete floors on the first floor are made by pouring with a layer thickness of up to 100 mm. In this case, it is necessary to carry out insulation first. For this purpose it is necessary to use roll insulation thickness from 180 mm.

If a frame house is built on stilts and equipped with a concrete floor, then the thickness of the insulation should be 250 mm. At the same time, the space between the piles or pillars must be filled with sand or expanded clay.

When installing a wooden floor, brick or concrete supports are constructed on which to lay wooden joists made of durable wood. Floor boards are laid on them. They are tightly fitted to each other with staples and wedges.

Load-bearing structures of walls of frame structures

The walls in frame houses are wooden frames with vertical bars along the edges of such a frame.

The frame is tied using longitudinal straps located parallel to each other and strictly perpendicular to vertical bars. Additionally, each frame must be strengthened with oblique struts.

Device window openings in carriers wall structures made using wooden crosspieces to give the frame additional stability and strength. If the jumpers do not reach the elements of the top layer of the trim, then they must be connected to each other by racks.

The two boards of each lintel must be connected to each other by additional spacers made of plywood or thin boards.

Installation of floors in frame houses

The installation of interfloor jumpers has less difficult process than installing the floor on the first floor. Since on the ground floor it is important to ensure reliable heating, then when installing jumpers between the first and second floors, it is necessary to ensure that flows are cut off warm air and create reliable sound insulation.

When creating a second floor floor platform, a vapor barrier and soundproofing materials are attached under the floor joists. Their thickness may be less than when installing the floor on the first floor.

A board up to 20 mm thick is placed at the bottom of the logs. It will also serve as a frame base for the ceiling of the first floor. After laying the insulation and sound insulation, the log is laid along the upper edge wooden floor from boards up to 50 mm thick.

Partitions between rooms in the house

Interior partitions in a frame house are also mounted from wooden frames.

Spans of partitions can be composed of several frames small size, attached to vertical risers and elements of load-bearing walls. One-piece frame structures can also be used.

Fastening interior partitions is carried out along their entire perimeter - the sides of the frames are fastened to the load-bearing walls and to each other. The top is mounted to the ceiling platform, and the bottom of the partition is installed on the floor surface.

To give strength to interior partitions, they are supplemented with diagonal braces. The space of frames for interior partitions is equipped with sound insulation.

Roof of a frame building

The roof must have high vapor emission and sound insulation. In addition, the roof must be equipped with waterproofing and windproofing agents.

The roof frame can be gable or single-pitch.

The material for the roof frame is dense wood.

Various roofing materials are used modern materials- metal tiles, slate, bitumen shingles and other roofing materials.

Conclusion

Considering the descriptions of the individual elements of a frame house given above, it is easy to conclude that the construction of such a structure is quite acceptable on our own. Such houses do not take much time and effort during construction. For budgetary reasons, they are much cheaper than houses made of brick, foam blocks and other materials.

Video about the features of building a frame house

After exterior walls of a frame house assembled, raised and, most importantly, leveled, you can move on to the interfloor floors. If you have cottage, the ceiling will be called “attic” and will be the last in the structure of the house. We will also look at the types of roofs characteristic of frame houses and their design.

Frame house floors

The main task frame house floors- this is not only the creation of the floor of the second floor and the ceiling of the first, but also strengthening the structure of the house. Floor beams are selected for strength and rigidity. Strength requirements depend on the load the beams must bear. The rigidity, in turn, should be such as to minimize the possibility of cracks in the ceiling finish due to temporary loads and, more importantly, to reduce unpleasant vibration of the floor from moving loads.

Beams frame house floors are made, as a rule, from boards 38 mm thick and width (beam height) 140, 184, 235 or 286 mm. The size (height) depends on the load, span, distance between beams, species and type of wood, as well as on the permissible deformation. The spacing between beams is usually 400 mm (16 in.), although for higher loads or limited space, reduced height beams can be spaced 300 mm (12 in.) apart. If the beam board has a slight curvature in the plane, it should be installed with the curved side up. Once the decking and finished floor are installed, the curvature of the beam is usually leveled out. The figure below shows the structure of a beam floor.

If you need to make an opening in the ceiling for a staircase or fireplace chimney.

Preparation for the floors is done by sheathing panels made of plywood, OSB plywood, and sheathing with boards no more than 184 mm wide in quarter or tongue and groove. Plywood panels are installed so that the surface fibers are directed perpendicular to the floor beams. If the plywood preparation is made together with a floor underlay, then the side edges of the panels should be supported by blocking with 38 x 38 mm (2 x 2 in) blocks between the floor beams. There is no need to support if the edges of the panels are joined into a tongue and groove.

Roof of a frame house

The simplest roof of a frame house for construction directly on the site, a gable gable roof is used (option A). All rafters are cut to the same length with the same details, and installation is not difficult. When installing an attic living space, it is important to pay attention to insulation and correct installation air insulation and vapor barrier. These are the key pieces of the framing pie.

What does the roof frame consist of?

Technology for constructing the roof of a frame house

Installation of a ridge beam frame house roofs begins with attaching two vertical support posts to the top frame of the frame house. The racks are assembled from boards and installed strictly level in order to secure the intermediate racks (ridge supports). In the upper floor, the beams on which they rest must be specially reinforced. The ridge beam is also assembled from boards to enhance its longitudinal strength. The boards are fastened together with metal plates.

The rafter legs are mounted on the ridge and on the edges of the top trim metal corners. In order to reduce the unsupported span of the rafters, intermediate supporting walls are made from them.

All rafters are cut strictly according to the template with the most accurate cutting angle at the junction with the ridge beam and the edges of the lower frame. All uneven rafters are laid with the unevenness facing up. For roof overhangs, boards are used just above the rafters in order to make lathing along the rafters and ultimately obtain a flat surface on which sheets of OSB plywood (12.5 mm thick) are laid in a checkerboard pattern. The resulting structure can be mounted roofing material.

The North American “platform” gave birth to “Canadian houses” as we know them. It was a certain technology and materials for constructing floors that became the basis for modern frame houses, thus receiving a household name. However, in Russian conditions, where MZLF and foundations on screw piles The main drawback of the “platform” “sharpened” for basement foundations appeared, namely the difficulty or impossibility of filling the floor with insulation after installing this type of foundation floor.

Here it is... If you have a basement foundation, you have calmly assembled the “platform”, installed the frame, closed the roof and walls, and you can begin to insulate the floor of the house’s foundation, slowly working in dryness and warmth to fill the frame necessary materials from the outside ground floor. Now imagine that you have a foundation on screw piles and imagine how difficult and uncomfortable it will be to crawl on your back on the ground, swearing and periodically spitting from the mineral insulation. What if you have MSLF? Then you won’t be able to do anything at all - unless you build hatches into the underground for each zone of the foundation, which looks like the feverish delirium of a crazy mole.

Well, it would seem that you can immediately insulate the “platform”, cover it with plywood or OSB-3 and enjoy life while slowly building walls and partitions on it. However, here he is in a hurry to ruin everything important factor, like precipitation. How long will it take for the insulation in the frame covered with a subfloor to dry out (and the frame itself too)? What if you have a poorly ventilated MZLF underground floor? Trouble...

But don’t be discouraged - there are solutions to this difficult problem! ;)

The first thing that comes to mind is to cover the ceiling before expected rains or simply after finishing the work with a waterproofing film. Well, ordinary cellophane, that is. However, it is one thing when you build a 6x4 bathhouse, and quite another when you build a residential frame house, say, 9x12. Carrying rolls of film back and forth, gluing joints and sealing the resulting holes, solving the issue of waterproofing the junctions with walls and partitions is also a pleasure. This will all get boring very quickly, I assure you.

Okay, maybe then just lay down the film and work on it without removing it? And mount walls with partitions directly on it - ah-ah?!... ;) But even here a practicing builder will notice that in this case it is not only impossible to ensure the waterproofness of the film - a lot of holes will form, but it will also be extremely inconvenient to move and fix frames assembled walls. In addition, it is also unsafe - moisture on the floor, a cigarette butt, a forgotten screw hidden under the film...

Therefore, many builders use the third option - a modernized “platform” (which some for some reason call “Scandinavian” or “Finnish”), which allows insulation of the foundation floor of a frame house after work has been carried out to protect the premises of the house from precipitation.

The essence of this modernization is simple:

1. The floor frame is formed. Moreover, in such a way that under the load-bearing walls a reliable support in the form of beams and lintels. At the same time, additional beams and lintels ("bridges") are moved inside the perimeter of the ceiling by 20-25 mm (depending on the cross-section of the boards) so that sheets of subfloor made of plywood or OSB-3 can rest on the protruding edges. You need to remember that if you install partitions right away, then your task becomes more complicated - you will have to take the same measures for them as for load-bearing walls. Therefore, I recommend installing partitions after the main frame has been formed (by the way, this is a common Scandinavian practice).
2. Next, we fill the “pockets” formed in the ceiling frame in the places where the walls are installed with insulation. You can go the expensive route - fill them with insulating foam. It can be as complicated as filling it with cut pieces of polystyrene foam. Or you can do it the right way - fill it with mineral wool and cover it with a superdiffusion membrane on top.
3. After this, the ceiling frame is covered with plywood or OSB-3 according to a temporary scheme - with a small number of screws. At the same time, the subfloor sheets are placed in such a way as not to overlap the installation sites of future walls. I hope you remember about the required gaps between the edges of the sheets of 3-4 mm? ;)
4. Well, calmly, on the assembled black field, we assemble the wall frames and put them where they need to be.
5. We form the frame of the house, install roofing material, siding, after which you can unscrew the subfloor sheets and calmly install necessary work for insulating the foundation floor without any fears for its future. Well, then we install the subfloor permanently, according to SP-31-105-2002. Better - using rubber-based glue;)

You don’t have to read all this long text, but simply point at the illustrating picture and understand all the simplicity and elegance this decision. However, the devil is in the details, so it is extremely important to follow the technology and sequence of actions.

The interfloor ceiling in a frame house is not only the basis for the floor or ceiling. It brings everything together vertical structures hard unified system. Therefore, the construction of interfloor ceilings is no less important stage construction than, for example, construction.

Work order

After installing the bottom trim boards, the installation of interfloor floors on the first floor begins. The floor beams are made up of several even quality boards or use LVL beams.

Each beam rests on the concrete foundation wall by at least 100 mm. Its end is adjacent to the bottom trim board. The width of the niche for support should be 13 mm greater than the width of the beam. Niches for supporting beams are laid according to the project at the stage.

The floor joists rest on the floor beams. The distance between the lags depends on the platform sheathing material (subfloor). For example, if they are sheathed with plywood, the lag pitch is taken as a multiple of the size of the plywood slabs.

Eat constructive solution, in which the floor joists are adjacent to the end of the floor beam. In this case, they rest on an additional console nailed to the beam (Figure 1). Another option for attaching the joist to the end of the beam is using metal hangers (Figure 2).

For the manufacture of logs, only smooth boards are chosen. The use of small “sabers” is allowed. They are installed with the bend upward.

First, the joist is installed in the center of the span so that there are no shifts in the structure during installation. If the length of the log consists of two boards, the overlap at the junction must be at least 75 mm. The overlap is fixed with nails. The lag is attached to the beam and to the strapping board using nails.

When all the logs are installed and secured, check the accuracy of the installation, the horizontalness of the surface so that there are no problems at the stage, and nail the outer perimeter board.

To strengthen the floor structure with composite joists, blocks are placed between them. They are made from scraps of boards, metal rods or wooden strips fastened crosswise. Wood planks must be cut at the correct angle. Usually several types of blocks are made at once.

Then proceed to laying the subfloor made of plywood or osb boards thickness 15-21 mm. When using OSB boards with a special tongue-and-groove edge, it is not necessary to install blocks between the joists. Plywood without a special edge is nailed to joists and blocks. The plywood slabs are placed in a checkerboard pattern, with the long side across the floor joist.

On lateral surface The logs are carefully applied with glue. The slab is laid, being careful not to smear the glue on the joist. A gap of 2-3 mm is left between the plates so that it can expand freely as the humidity and air temperature in the room increases. The slabs are secured to the joists with wood screws or rough nails.

If the installation of the wall frame is postponed for some time, the subfloor slabs are protected from precipitation - either the plywood is treated with a special water-repellent compound, or the platform is covered plastic film so that the water flows to the ground.

Ceiling above the first floor

In a frame house, the ceiling above the first floor, in addition to its main function - to be part of the floor and ceiling - becomes an important stabilizing element. If the first floor has already been completed, then after installing the interfloor ceiling, you can remove the temporary jibs supporting the walls.

There is not much difference between the floor structures of different floors (1st and 2nd). They consist of the same structural elements. But in the interfloor ceiling of a frame house, LVL beams are more often used. After all, they can cover a long-span space without intermediate interior walls.

LVL beam consists of layers of veneer coniferous species, glued with formaldehyde glue. It happens that from several standard beams, fastened with wood grouse, a beam is assembled that can withstand heavy loads. But even such a prefabricated beam can be installed by two or three people.

Beams rest on external and internal load-bearing walls and secured with temporary jibs and nails. After installation of LVL beams, floor joists are installed from edged boards. They are attached with nails to the outer perimeter board and to the top trim of the load-bearing walls.

Depth of support on carrier wooden wall is at least 38 mm. The overlap between the joists, when resting on the internal wall, must be at least 75 mm.

The logs are placed above the frame racks of the internal walls. When attaching joists to the end of LVL beams, steel hangers are used (Figure 2).

If the house does not have a second floor and an attic, then the overlap of the 1st floor becomes part ceiling. Then the roof rafters are nailed to the ceiling joists. The frame is ready for roof construction.