Metallurgical industry. Metallurgical complex

This video tutorial is dedicated to the topic “Metallurgical complex: composition, significance, placement factors.” At the beginning of this lesson we will define what construction materials are and what they are. Then we will discuss the composition metallurgical complex, its importance for the industry of our country, we will also consider placement factors.

Subject: general characteristics Russian economy

Lesson:Metallurgical complex: composition, significance, placement factors

One of the main structural materials are metals. Metals are produced by the Metallurgical Complex.

The metallurgical complex is a collection of industries that produce a variety of metals.

Composition of the metallurgical complex.

The metallurgical complex includes two large industries: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy is the production of metals based on iron (cast iron, steel, ferroalloys), as well as manganese and chromium.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - production of more than 70 metals with valuable properties (copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, etc.)

Enterprises of the metallurgical complex are engaged in the extraction and enrichment of metal ores, smelting of various metals, production of rolled products, metal processing different ways to obtain specified properties, processing of secondary raw materials, production auxiliary materials.

1. The products of the metallurgical complex serve as the foundation for mechanical engineering.

2. The products are widely used in construction, transportation, electrical engineering, nuclear industry and chemical industry.

3. Metallurgy accounts for 16% of the total industrial production Russia, 10% of the population employed in industry.

4. The complex consumes 25% of the country's coal, 25% of the electricity produced, and 30% of rail freight traffic.

5. Metallurgy products are one of Russia’s main exports.

6. Russia ranks 1st in the world in steel exports, 4th in steel production after China, Japan, and the USA

7. Metallurgy is a major polluter of nature. Its enterprises emit tens of millions of tons into the atmosphere harmful substances. Large metallurgical centers are cities with unfavorable environmental situation. Open-pit mining causes great harm to nature

1. Material intensity - the cost of materials per unit of production.

The consumption of initial ore raw materials is high, so metallurgy enterprises are located near sources of raw materials. For example, to produce 1 ton of steel, 5 tons of ore are required, and to produce 1 ton of tin, more than 300 tons of ore are required.

2. Energy intensity - energy costs per unit of output.

Many enterprises of the complex are located near sources of cheap electrical energy, because production requires a lot of energy. For example, to produce 1 ton of aluminum you need 17 thousand kWh, and to produce 1 ton of titanium 30-60 thousand kWh of electricity.

1. Labor intensity - labor costs per unit of production.

On average, a metallurgical plant employs from 20 to 40 thousand people, and this is the population of a small city.

2. Concentration - concentration of large volumes of production in one enterprise.

More than 50% of ferrous metals and 49% of non-ferrous metals are smelted at 5% of industrial enterprises. Such a high concentration helps to reduce the cost of products, but makes it difficult to respond to market changes.

3. Combination - the combination at one enterprise, in addition to the main production, of production related to the main one technologically and economically.

In addition to metallurgical production, the metallurgical plant includes the production of cement and building materials, production of nitrogen fertilizers.

4. Environmental factor - Negative influence on environment.

About 20% of emissions into the atmosphere and Wastewater. Ferrous metallurgy accounts for 15% of industrial emissions into the atmosphere and 22% for non-ferrous metallurgy

5. Transport factor - a modern metallurgical plant receives and sends as much cargo as Big City, so it cannot work without the railway.

It is profitable to create metallurgical enterprises in areas of ore mining (Ural, Norilsk), in areas of fuel extraction (Kuzbass) or production of cheap electricity (Southern Siberia), at the intersection of ore and coal flows (Cherepovets), in areas of consumption of finished products (St. Petersburg or Moscow).

Main

  1. Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: 9th grade textbook for students educational institutions M. Ventana-Graf. 2011.
  2. Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416 pp.)
  3. Atlas of economic geography, grade 9, from Bustard, 2012.
  4. Geography. The entire school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127 pp.)
  5. Geography. School Student's Handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576 pp.)
  6. Cheat sheet on economic geography. (For schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96 p.)

Additional

  1. Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economical geography Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 pp.: ill.
  2. Rodionova I.A., Tutorial by geography. Economic geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189 p. :
  3. Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
  4. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

  1. Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M.: Bol. Ross. enc., 1998.- 800 pp.: ill., maps.
  2. Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Statistical collection/Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
  3. Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief statistical collection/Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

  1. GIA-2013. Geography: typical exam options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: Publishing house " National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
  2. GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and standard examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: Publishing House "National Education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
  3. GIA-2013 Exam in new form. Geography. 9th grade / FIPI authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M.: Astrel, 2012. Excellent student in the Unified State Exam. Geography. Solution complex tasks/ FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012.
  1. Geo.september.ru (). N. Mazein Metallurgical world records
  2. Geo.september.ru ().Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia. Part three. Aluminum industry
  3. Geo.september.ru (). Manganese of Kuzbass
  4. Youtube.com(). Metallurgy steel part 1
  5. Youtube.com(). Science 2.0 NOT simple things. Clip
  6. Youtube.com(). Science 2.0 NOT simple things. Rims
  1. Read § “Metallurgy” and answer the questions:

1) What is a metallurgical complex?

2) What is the importance of the metallurgical complex in the country’s economy?

3) What factors influence the location of metallurgical enterprises?

4) Is there a metallurgical enterprise in your area? What factors do you think influenced its placement?

  1. Complete the task: Mark large metallurgical centers on a contour map.

1) Ferrous metallurgy centers: Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk.

2) Centers of pigment metallurgy: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Izhevsk, Zlatoust, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

3) Non-ferrous metallurgy centers: Monchegorsk, Kandalaksha, Volkhov, Mednogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsky, Orsk, Norilsk, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk

Practical work “Determination of factors for locating ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical enterprises”

Fill out the table using the textbook paragraph, lesson materials, atlas maps “Metallurgy” or “Ferrous Metallurgy” and “Non-Ferrous Metallurgy”

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Ministry of General and vocational education Russian Federation

SURGUT STATE UNIVERSITY

Department economic theory

Test
In the discipline “Economic Geography”
On the topic"Ferrous metallurgy"

Plan

1. Introduction

2. Ferrous metallurgy

3. Metallurgical bases of Russia

4. Conclusion

1. Introduction

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of finished products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:

extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.);

metallurgical processing - the main technological process for the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc.;

production of alloys;

recycling of main production waste and obtaining various types of products from them.

Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished.

Full cycle production, which are represented, as a rule, by plants in which all the named stages of the technological process operate simultaneously.

Production is not full cycle - these are enterprises in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in ferrous metallurgy, only steel and rolled products are produced, but there is no production of cast iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc. Incomplete cycle enterprises, or “small metallurgy” are called marginal, are presented in the form of separate divisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of large machine-building enterprises of the country.

The metallurgical complex is the basis of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power and chemical industries, ensures the development of scientific and technological progress at all levels National economy countries. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals account for more than 90% of the total volume of structural materials used in Russian mechanical engineering. In the total volume of transport traffic in the Russian Federation, metallurgical cargo accounts for over 35% of the total cargo turnover. The needs of metallurgy consume 14% of fuel and 16% of electricity, i.e. 25% of these resources are spent in industry.

The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The metallurgical complex is characterized by the concentration and combination of production.

The specific features of the metallurgical complex are the production scale, which is incomparable with other industries, and the complexity of the technological cycle. For the production of many types of products, 15-18 stages are required, starting with the extraction of ore and other types of raw materials. At the same time, processing enterprises have close ties with each other not only within Russia, but also across the Commonwealth countries. Thus, in the production of titanium and titanium rolled products, stable interstate cooperation between enterprises from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan has developed.

The complex-forming and area-forming significance of the metallurgical complex in the territorial structure of the Russian national economy is exceptionally great. Modern large enterprises of the metallurgical complex, by the nature of internal technological connections, are metallurgical and energy chemical plants. In addition to the main production, metallurgical enterprises are creating production based on recycling various kinds secondary resources of raw materials and materials (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.). The most common satellites of metallurgical enterprises are: thermal power engineering, metal-intensive mechanical engineering (metallurgical and mining equipment, heavy machine tool building), production of metal structures and hardware.

2. Ferrous metallurgy

Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of its raw material base:

The raw material is characterized by a relatively high content of useful components - 17% in siderite ores to 53-55% in magnetite iron ores. Rich ores account for almost a fifth of industrial reserves, which are used, as a rule, without beneficiation. Approximately 2/3 of ores require beneficiation by a simple and 18% by a complex beneficiation method;

A variety of raw materials in terms of species (magnetite, sulfide, oxidized, etc.), which makes it possible to use a variety of technologies and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties;

Various mining conditions (both mine and open pit, which account for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in ferrous metallurgy);

The use of ores that are complex in their composition (phosphorus, vanadium, titanomagnetite, chromium, etc.). Moreover, more than 2/3 are magnetite, which facilitates the possibility of enrichment.

The most important problem The raw material base of ferrous metallurgy is its remoteness from the consumer. Thus, in the eastern regions of Russia it is concentrated most of fuel and energy resources and raw materials for the metallurgical complex, and their main consumption is carried out in the European part of Russia, which creates problems associated with high transport costs for the transportation of fuel and raw materials.

The location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on raw materials and fuel, which account for most of the costs of iron smelting, about half of which are for coke production and 35-40% for iron ore.

Currently, due to the use of poorer iron ores requiring beneficiation, construction sites located in iron ore mining areas. However, it is often necessary to transport enriched iron ore and coking coal many hundreds and even thousands of kilometers from their mining sites to metallurgical enterprises located far from raw material and fuel bases.

Thus, there are three options for locating full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises, gravitating either to sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), or to sources of fuel (Kuzbass), or located between them (Cherepovets). These options determine the choice of area and construction site, the availability of water supplies and auxiliary materials.

Pipe metallurgy, which includes steelmaking, steel rolling and pipe factories, specializing in the smelting of steel from cast iron, scrap metal, metallized pellets, and the production of rolled steel and pipes. Pipe metallurgy plants are created in large mechanical engineering centers, where the demand for certain types of metal is quite large. Pipe metallurgy also includes steel smelting plants that produce particularly high-quality steel for various industries mechanical engineering (tool, ball bearing, stainless steel, structural, etc.).

A new direction in the development of ferrous metallurgy is the creation of electrometallurgical plants for the production of steel from metallized pellets obtained by direct reduction of iron (Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant), where high technical and economic indicators are achieved compared to traditional ways obtaining metal.

Small metallurgy enterprises are located where there are machine-building plants. They are smelted from imported metal, scrap metal, and mechanical engineering waste.

IN modern conditions has an increasing influence on the location of industries in the metallurgical complex scientific and technical progress. Its impact as a production location factor is most fully manifested when choosing areas for new construction of metallurgical enterprises. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the raw material base of metallurgy is expanding as a result of improving methods for searching and developing ore deposits, and the use of new, most effective technological production schemes for complex processing of raw materials. Ultimately, the number of options for locating enterprises is increasing, and the locations of their construction are being determined in a new way. Scientific and technological progress stands important factor not only the rational placement of production, but also the intensification of branches of the metallurgical complex.

Plays a significant role in the location of metallurgical enterprises transport factor. This is primarily due to cost savings in the process of transporting raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products and finished products. The transport factor largely determines the location of enterprises for the production of concentrates and for servicing the main production with fuel. Their placement is influenced by the provision of the territory (region), primarily with automobile, pipeline (fuel supply) and electronic transport (electricity supply). The presence of railways in the region is no less important, since the products of the metallurgical complex are very large-scale.

For placement metallurgical industry influences development infrastructure, namely the provision of the region with industrial and social infrastructure facilities, the level of their development. As a rule, regions with more high level infrastructure development are the most attractive when locating metallurgical enterprises, since there is no need to build new, additional power supply facilities, water supply, transport communications, institutions social sphere.

At the current stage of development of the national economy, the environmental situation in many regions of Russia has sharply worsened, which cannot but be taken into account in the process of locating metallurgical enterprises, which have a strong impact on the environment and natural resource management, being major polluters of the atmosphere, water bodies, forests, and lands. Given current production volumes, this impact is quite noticeable. It is known that the higher the level of environmental pollution, the greater the cost of preventing pollution. A further increase in these costs can ultimately lead to unprofitability of any production.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises account for 20-25% of dust emissions, 25-30% of carbon monoxide, and more than half of sulfur oxides of their total volume in the country. These emissions contain hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, hydrocarbons, compounds of manganese, vanadium, chromium, etc. (more than 60 ingredients). Ferrous metallurgy enterprises, in addition, take up to 20-25% of the water of its total industrial consumption and heavily pollute surface water.

Taking into account the environmental factor when locating metallurgical production is an objective necessity in the development of society.

In the process of justifying the location of metallurgical enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the whole range of factors that contribute to the organization of more efficient production in one territory or another, i.e. their combined interaction on production processes and the life of the population in the regions.

3. Metallurgical bases of Russia

There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia - Central, Ural and Siberian. These metallurgical bases have significant differences in raw materials and fuel resources, the structure and specialization of production, its capacity and organization, the nature of intra- and inter-industry as well as territorial connections, the level of formation and development, the role in the all-Russian territorial division of labor, in economic relations with near and far abroad. These bases differ in the scale of production, technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other characteristics.

· Ural metallurgical base is the largest in Russia and is second only to the southern metallurgical base of Ukraine within the CIS in terms of ferrous metal production volumes. On the scale of Russia, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced on a large scale former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Our own iron ore base is depleted, Substantial part raw materials are imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye field), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The development of its own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit, which account for more than half of the region’s iron ore reserves. The largest mining enterprises are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Bakal Mining Administration.

The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. Currently, 2/3 of iron and steel smelting occurs in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. With the significant development of pigment metallurgy (steel smelting exceeds pig iron production), the main role is played by enterprises with a full cycle. They are located along the Eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains. The Western slopes are largely home to pigment metallurgy. The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production. The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works occupies a special place. It is the largest producer of iron and steel not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

The Urals is one of the main production regions steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines. Its largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. Currently, the metallurgy of the Urals is being reconstructed.

· Central metallurgical base- an area of ​​early development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy in this area is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coals - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.

The intensive development of metallurgy in the center is associated with the extraction of iron ore. Almost all ore is mined by open pit mining. The main iron ore reserves of KMA in category A+B+C are about 32 billion tons. General geological reserves of ores, mainly ferruginous quartzites with an iron content of 32-37%, reach a million tons. Large explored and exploited KMA deposits are located in the Kursk and Belgorod regions (Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.). The ores lie at a depth of 50 to 700 m. The cost of 1 ton of iron in commercial ore is half lower than in Krivoy Rog ore and lower than in Karelian and Kazakh ores. KMA is the largest area for open-pit iron ore mining. In general, crude ore production accounts for about 39% of Russian production (as of 1992).

The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk), and Novotula Plant (Tula), Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow (high-quality metallurgy) . Small metallurgy has been developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron was put into operation (Belgorod region). The construction of this plant is the world's largest experience in introducing a blast-free metallurgical process. The advantages of this process: high concentration of interconnected production - from pelletizing raw materials to releasing the final product; high quality metal products; continuity of the technological process, which facilitates the connection of all technological sections of metallurgical production into one highly mechanized line; significantly greater capacity of the enterprise, which does not require coke for steel smelting.

The zone of influence and territorial connections of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the balance reserves of iron ore of the Russian Federation and over 21% of raw ore production. Quite large enterprises operate here - the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, the Olenegorsk and Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plants (Karelia). The ores of the North, with a low iron content (28-32%), are well enriched and have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.

· Metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. To the share of Siberia Far East accounts for approximately a fifth of the cast iron and finished rolled products produced in Russia and 15% of steel. This metallurgical base is characterized by relatively large balance reserves (category A+B+C) of iron ores. As of 1992, they were estimated at 12 billion tons. This amounts to approximately 21% of all-Russian reserves, including about 13% in Siberia and 8% in the Far East.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilim iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production here is represented by two large enterprises: Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (with full cycle production) and the West Siberian Plant, as well as a ferroalloy plant (Novokuznetsk). Pipe metallurgy, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Guryevsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), also developed. The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located in the Kuzbass, Mountain Shoria and Khakassia (Western Siberia) and the Korshunovsky Mining and Processing Plant in Eastern Siberia.

The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. Therefore, based on efficient raw material and fuel resources, it is possible in the future to create new centers.

4. Conclusion

One of the most pressing problems in modern stage development of the metallurgical complex of Russia is rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

In terms of the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and water bodies, and the formation of solid waste, metallurgy surpasses all raw materials industries, creating a high environmental hazard of its production and increased social tension in the areas where metallurgical enterprises operate.

Environmental protection in the metallurgical complex requires enormous costs. Their difference significantly affects the choice of the main technological process. Sometimes it is more expedient to use a technological process that pollutes the environment less than monitoring (at enormous expense) the level of pollution and organizing the fight against these pollution when using traditional technologies.

Huge reserves and opportunities for solving environmental problems lie in the complexity of processing raw materials, in full use useful components in its composition and deposits.

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The metallurgical complex includes all stages of the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals: mining and beneficiation of ore, smelting of metals, production of alloys and rolled products, secondary processing of metals. The complex also includes other industries related to metal smelting - coke, refractory, flux, magnesite, etc.

Along with the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy is a basic branch of the industry. Therefore, the first places in metal smelting are held by developed countries - the USA, Japan, Germany, Russia and China. But, as in the case of energy resources, the extraction of metal ores is moving from developed countries to developing ones.

The USSR created a powerful metallurgical complex that produced almost all types of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys, occupying first or third places in the world in steel smelting, rolled products, aluminum, platinum, gold and other metals. After the collapse of the country, half of the metallurgical capacity remained in Russia. Due to the severe recession, the demand for metals fell. The overall decline in Russian metallurgy is estimated at 35-40%, but by 2000 its growth began and has now reached a level close to 1990. In terms of metal production, Russia is in the top five countries in the world, and can increase its output by 1.5 -2.0 times. The country exports metals to Europe, the USA, and China, which accounts for about 20% of the country's foreign exchange earnings. However, due to strong competition and customs barriers in individual countries, Russia cannot, although it has the opportunity, increase the export of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the oldest industries in Russia, which arose in the 18th century in the Urals. Today it produces 66 million tons of steel, ranking 4th in the world. Ferrous metallurgy includes the production of manganese, chromium and iron and their alloys. Due to the fall in demand in mechanical engineering, especially from outside, more than half of the steel is exported. To preserve this industry in market conditions, its technological restructuring is required.

There are several technologies in modern metallurgy. Until now, it has been based on large full-cycle metallurgical plants (blast metallurgy) producing cast iron, steel, and rolled products. They require the proximity of large reserves of ore, coking coal, water resources, creation of many auxiliary industries, large work force, developed infrastructure and energy. Although they give more cheap metal, but are difficult to upgrade technologically and are a strong source of environmental pollution. 8 such plants have been created in Russia - in the Urals, in Central Russia and , which provide 2/3 of the production of ferrous metals.

More modern is electrometallurgy, which allows steel to be smelted without going through the blast furnace process (i.e., cast iron production), as well as the widespread use of scrap and secondary metal for remelting (conversion metallurgy). In European countries, the accumulated secondary raw materials already satisfy half of the demand for iron ore. Electrometallurgy makes it possible to more freely locate small steelmaking shops in any mechanical engineering center, using its waste and producing steel grades of the required range and quality. There are such production facilities in Russia, but they are not enough to produce a wide range of modern metals.

The main areas of ferrous metallurgy in Russia are:

  • The Urals provide half of the country's steel and rolled products, the main smelting of which takes place at large full-cycle plants - Magnitogorsk - one of the largest in the world, Nizhny Tagil, Orsko-Khalilovsky. In the Urals there are also many factories for processing metallurgy, ferroalloys, alloy steels, and long products that produce high-quality metal. The Urals have almost exhausted their raw materials and import iron ore from KMA and coal from Kuzbass and Kazakhstan.
  • Center - produces 1/4 of the country's steel and uses KMA iron ore. Steel is smelted at plants in Lipetsk and Stary Oskol (blastless electrometallurgy) and at pig metallurgy plants in Tula, Moscow, Elektrostal. This area also includes the largest Cherepovets plant, created at the intersection of coal flows from the Vorkuta basin and iron ore from the Murmansk region.
  • Kuzbass is the base of metallurgy in Siberia, producing 1/5 of the country's metal through two full-cycle plants in Novokuznetsk. Local is used here coal and iron ore from Gornaya Shoria (Khakassia) and Irkutsk region. However, the raw material base limits the development of metallurgy.

There are also pig metallurgy plants in Siberia - in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Krasnoyarsk, etc. In general, ferrous metallurgy is an industry with a strong concentration of production in a small number of large enterprises.

The prospects for ferrous metallurgy are connected not with the growth of its production, the capacity of which is sufficient, but with its technological improvement. The development of electrical and conversion technologies will help it adapt to the specific needs of mechanical engineering, as well as solve other problems - improve the environmental characteristics of the industry, improve the quality and diversify the range of products, which is important both for the country’s reviving mechanical engineering industry and for strengthening its position in the world market.

Non-ferrous metallurgy, like ferrous metals, is one of the old industries, but in the 20th century it was significantly updated. At the beginning of the century, it was based on “heavy” metals - copper, nickel, lead, zinc; then “light” metals took first place - aluminum, magnesium, titanium in connection with the development of communications, aviation, space technology, etc. In the 80-90s. great importance acquire alloying and rare metals - tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, mercury, zirconium, etc., necessary to obtain alloys with special properties. The noble metals - gold, silver, platinum - have always retained their special role.

More than 70 types of non-ferrous metals are produced in the world, but only 4 countries have a complete set of them - the USA, Russia,. Russia has almost all the ores of non-ferrous metals and only imports some, for example, bauxite, chromite, manganese. The production of most non-ferrous metals falls into 2-3 stages: ore enrichment, which is located at raw material sources; smelting of rough metal - near sources of heat, energy and water, the consumption of which is quite high; obtaining pure metal in areas of its consumption.

In Russia, the main region for aluminum smelting became the Angaro-Yenisei region with plants in Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Bratsk, Shelekhov (Irkutsk region), as well as Novokuznetsk. It ranks second in the world in terms of production volume. The Urals are distinguished for the smelting of copper and other metals, where local and imported ores, as well as secondary raw materials, are used. A special place in non-ferrous metallurgy is occupied by the complex ores of Taimyr and the Murmansk region, the largest metallurgical plants of which smelt copper, nickel, platinum and other rarer metals. The production of lead and zinc, tungsten and molybdenum is located in the Primorsky Territory and on. Russia is a traditional producer of gold and silver with its mining in the Magadan region, Chukotka District, Yakutia, and since the 60s. Diamonds are also mined in Yakutia.

The largest regions for producing pure metals are Central and Ural, and they are also their consumers. The main consumer industries are aviation, communications, space technology, electronics, nuclear energy, robotics and other high-tech industries.

Due to the economic crisis of the 90s, the demand for non-ferrous metals decreased sharply, especially in the aircraft industry, the defense complex, and communications - among their largest consumers. The smelting of aluminum, nickel, titanium, magnesium, and cobalt decreased by more than 2/3; in general, enterprises are 40-50% loaded. Non-ferrous metallurgy survives due to the export of aluminum, gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, being in the top five countries in the world in terms of their volume.

The prospects for the restoration of non-ferrous metallurgy are associated with the general revival of the economy, and, first of all, with the development of branches of scientific and technological progress, as well as the production of modern household appliances, light vehicles. Russia, having a wide range of non-ferrous metallurgy sectors, can develop them in the sought-after direction.

Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation

SURGUT STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Economic Theory

Test

By discipline“ Economical geography”

On the topic “ Ferrous metallurgy ”

Completed by: economics student

Faculty of gr. 382 ( I)

Tsvetkov Sergey Sergeevich

Checked by: Brailovskaya T.Yu.

Surgut, 1998

PLAN

1. Introduction

2. Ferrous metallurgy

3. Metallurgical bases of Russia

3.1. Ural metallurgical base

3.2. Central metallurgical base

3.3. Metallurgical base of Siberia

4. Conclusion

Introduction.

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of finished products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:


Extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.) ;

Metallurgical processing is the main technological process for the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc. ;

- alloy production;

- recycling of main production waste and obtaining from them various types products.


Depending on the combination of these technological processes, following types production in the metallurgical complex.

Full cycle production, which are represented, as a rule, by plants in which all the named stages of the technological process operate simultaneously.

Partial cycle production- these are enterprises in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in ferrous metallurgy only steel and rolled products are produced, but there is no production of cast iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc. Incomplete cycle enterprises, or “small metallurgy” are called conversion enterprises, are presented in the form of separate divisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of large machine-building enterprises of the country.

The metallurgical complex is the basis of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power industry and the chemical industry, ensures the development of scientific and technological progress in all levels of the country's national economy. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals account for more than 90% of the total volume of structural materials used in Russian mechanical engineering. In the total volume of transport traffic in the Russian Federation, metallurgical cargo accounts for over 35% of the total cargo turnover. The needs of metallurgy consume 14% of fuel and 16% of electricity, i.e. 25% of these resources are spent in industry.

The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The metallurgical complex is characterized by the concentration and combination of production.

The specific features of the metallurgical complex are the production scale, which is incomparable with other industries, and the complexity of the technological cycle. For the production of many types of products, 15-18 stages are required, starting with the extraction of ore and other types of raw materials. At the same time, processing enterprises have close ties with each other not only within Russia, but also across the Commonwealth countries. Thus, in the production of titanium and titanium rolled products, stable interstate cooperation between enterprises from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan has developed.

The complex-forming and area-forming significance of the metallurgical complex in the territorial structure of the Russian national economy is exceptionally great. Modern large enterprises of the metallurgical complex, by the nature of internal technological connections, are metallurgical and energy chemical plants. In addition to the main production, metallurgical enterprises create production based on the utilization of various types of secondary resources of raw materials and materials (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.). The most common satellites of metallurgical enterprises are: thermal power engineering, metal-intensive mechanical engineering (metallurgical and mining equipment, heavy machine tool building), production of metal structures and hardware.


Ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of its raw material base:


The raw materials are characterized by a relatively high content of useful components - 17% in siderite ores to 53-55% in magnetite iron ores. Rich ores account for almost a fifth of industrial reserves, which are used, as a rule, without beneficiation. Approximately 2/3 of ores require beneficiation by a simple and 18% by a complex beneficiation method;

A variety of raw materials in terms of species (magnetite, sulfide, oxidized, etc.), which makes it possible to use a variety of technologies and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties;

Various mining conditions (both mine and open pit, which accounts for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in ferrous metallurgy) ;

The use of ores that are complex in their composition (phosphorus, vanadium, titanomagnetite, chromium, etc.). Moreover, more than 2/3 are magnetite, which facilitates the possibility of enrichment.

The most important problem of the raw material base of ferrous metallurgy is its remoteness from the consumer. Thus, in the eastern regions of Russia most of the fuel and energy resources and raw materials for the metallurgical complex are concentrated, and their main consumption is carried out in the European part of Russia, which creates problems associated with high transport costs for transporting fuel and raw materials.

The location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on raw materials and fuel, which account for most of the costs of iron smelting, of which about half are for coke production and 35-40% for iron ore.

Currently, due to the use of poorer iron ores that require beneficiation, construction sites are located in iron ore mining areas. However, it is often necessary to transport enriched iron ore and coking coal many hundreds and even thousands of kilometers from their mining sites to metallurgical enterprises located far from raw material and fuel bases.

Thus, there are three options for locating full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises, gravitating either to sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), or to sources of fuel (Kuzbass), or located between them (Cherepovets). These options determine the choice of area and construction site, the availability of water supplies and auxiliary materials.

Pipe metallurgy, which includes steel smelting, steel rolling and pipe plants, specializing in the smelting of steel from cast iron, scrap metal, metallized pellets, and the production of rolled steel and pipes, is characterized by large production volumes. Pipe metallurgy plants are created in large mechanical engineering centers, where the demand for certain types of metal is quite large. Pipe metallurgy also includes steelmaking plants that produce particularly high-quality steel for various branches of mechanical engineering (tool steel, ball bearing steel, stainless steel, structural steel, etc.).

A new direction in the development of ferrous metallurgy is the creation of electrometallurgical plants for the production of steel from metallized pellets obtained by direct reduction of iron (Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant), where high technical and economic indicators are achieved in comparison with traditional methods of metal production.

Small metallurgy enterprises are located where there are machine-building plants. They are smelted from imported metal, scrap metal, and mechanical engineering waste.

In modern conditions, the location of industries in the metallurgical complex is increasingly influenced by scientific and technical progress. Its impact as a production location factor is most fully manifested when choosing areas for new construction of metallurgical enterprises. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the raw material base of metallurgy is expanding as a result of improving methods for searching and developing ore deposits, and the use of new, most effective technological production schemes for complex processing of raw materials. Ultimately, the number of options for locating enterprises is increasing, and the locations of their construction are being determined in a new way. Scientific and technological progress is an important factor not only in the rational placement of production, but also in the intensification of branches of the metallurgical complex.

Plays a significant role in the location of metallurgical enterprises transport factor. This is primarily due to cost savings in the process of transporting raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products and finished products. The transport factor largely determines the location of enterprises for the production of concentrates and for servicing the main production with fuel. Their placement is influenced by the provision of the territory (region), primarily with automobile, pipeline (fuel supply) and electronic transport (electricity supply). The presence of railways in the region is no less important, since the products of the metallurgical complex are very large-scale.

The location of the metallurgical industry is influenced by development infrastructure, namely the provision of the region with industrial and social infrastructure facilities, the level of their development. As a rule, regions with a higher level of infrastructure development are the most attractive when locating metallurgical enterprises, since there is no need to build new, additional power supply, water supply, transport communications, and social institutions.

At the current stage of development of the national economy, the environmental situation in many regions of Russia has sharply worsened, which cannot but be taken into account in the process of locating metallurgical enterprises, which have a strong impact on the environment and natural resource management, being major polluters of the atmosphere, water bodies, forests, and lands. Given current production volumes, this impact is quite noticeable. It is known that the higher the level of environmental pollution, the greater the cost of preventing pollution. A further increase in these costs can ultimately lead to unprofitability of any production.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises account for 20-25% of dust emissions, 25-30% of carbon monoxide, and more than half of sulfur oxides of their total volume in the country. These emissions contain hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, hydrocarbons, compounds of manganese, vanadium, chromium, etc. (more than 60 ingredients). Ferrous metallurgy enterprises, in addition, take up to 20-25% of the total water consumption in industry and heavily pollute surface waters.

Taking into account the environmental factor when locating metallurgical production is an objective necessity in the development of society.

In the process of justifying the location of metallurgical enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the whole range of factors that contribute to the organization of more efficient production in a particular territory, i.e. their combined interaction on production processes and the life of the population in the regions.


Metallurgical bases of Russia.

There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia - Central, Ural and Siberian. These metallurgical bases have significant differences in raw materials and fuel resources, the structure and specialization of production, its capacity and organization, the nature of intra- and inter-industry as well as territorial connections, the level of formation and development, the role in the all-Russian territorial division of labor, in economic relations with near and far abroad. These bases differ in the scale of production, technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other characteristics.

Ural metallurgical base is the largest in Russia and is second only to the southern metallurgical base of Ukraine within the CIS in terms of ferrous metal production volumes. On the scale of Russia, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals of the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Its own iron ore base is depleted; a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The development of its own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit, which account for more than half of the region’s iron ore reserves. The largest mining enterprises are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Bakal Mining Administration.

The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. Currently, 2/3 of iron and steel smelting occurs in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. With the significant development of pigment metallurgy (steel smelting exceeds pig iron production), the main role is played by enterprises with a full cycle. They are located along the Eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains. The Western slopes are largely home to pigment metallurgy. The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production. The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works occupies a special place. It is the largest producer of iron and steel not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines. Its largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. Currently, the metallurgy of the Urals is being reconstructed.

Central metallurgical base- an area of ​​early development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy in this area is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coal = Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.

The intensive development of metallurgy in the center is associated with the extraction of iron ore. Almost all ore is mined by open pit mining. The main iron ore reserves of KMA in category A+B+C are about 32 billion tons. General geological reserves of ores, mainly ferruginous quartzites with an iron content of 32-37%, reach a million tons. Large explored and exploited KMA deposits are located in the Kursk and Belgorod regions (Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.). The ores lie at a depth of 50 to 700 m. The cost of 1 ton of iron in commercial ore is half lower than in Krivoy Rog ore and lower than in Karelian and Kazakh ores. KMA is the largest area for open-pit iron ore mining. In general, crude ore production accounts for about 39% of Russian production (as of 1992).

The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk), and Novotula Plant (Tula), Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow (high-quality metallurgy) . Small metallurgy has been developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron was put into operation (Belgorod region). The construction of this plant is the world's largest experience in introducing a blast-free metallurgical process. The advantages of this process: high concentration of interconnected production - from pelletizing raw materials to releasing the final product; high quality metal products; continuity of the technological process, which facilitates the connection of all technological sections of metallurgical production into one highly mechanized line; significantly greater capacity of the enterprise, which does not require coke for steel smelting.

The zone of influence and territorial connections of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the balance reserves of iron ore of the Russian Federation and over 21% of raw ore production. Quite large enterprises operate here - the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, the Olenegorsk and Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plants (Karelia). The ores of the North, with a low iron content (28-32%), are well enriched and have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.

Metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for approximately one-fifth of the cast iron and finished rolled products produced in Russia and 15% of the steel. This metallurgical base is characterized by relatively large balance reserves (category A+B+C) of iron ores. As of 1992, they were estimated at 12 billion tons. This amounts to approximately 21% of all-Russian reserves, including about 13% in Siberia and 8% in the Far East.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilim iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production here is represented by two large enterprises: the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (with full cycle production) and the West Siberian Plant, as well as a ferroalloy plant (Novokuznetsk). Pipe metallurgy, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Guryevsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), also developed. The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located in the Kuzbass, Mountain Shoria and Khakassia (Western Siberia) and the Korshunovsky Mining and Processing Plant in Eastern Siberia.

The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. Therefore, based on efficient raw material and fuel resources, it is possible in the future to create new centers.


Conclusion.

One of the most pressing problems at the present stage of development of the Russian metallurgical complex is the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

In terms of the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and water bodies, and the formation of solid waste, metallurgy surpasses all raw materials industries, creating a high environmental hazard of its production and increased social tension in the areas where metallurgical enterprises operate.

Environmental protection in the metallurgical complex requires enormous costs. Their difference significantly affects the choice of the main technological process. Sometimes it is more expedient to use a technological process that is less polluting to the environment than controlling (at huge costs) the level of pollution and organizing the fight against this pollution using traditional technologies.

Huge reserves and opportunities for solving environmental problems lie in the complexity of processing raw materials, in the full use of useful components in its composition and deposits.



Bibliography.

1. Regional economy

/Ed. Professor T.G. Morozova – M.1995/


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1. How would you define the importance of metallurgy in the economy of our country? In the world at large?

The metallurgical complex is the basis of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power industry and the chemical industry, ensures the development of scientific and technological progress in all levels of the country's national economy.

Metallurgy is one of the main and oldest industries in Russia. The historically established three metallurgical centers: Ural, Central and Siberian provide the production base of our country with ferrous and non-ferrous metals, primarily for the domestic mechanical engineering and defense industry.

2. What are the features of iron and steel industry?

Metallurgical production has a number of specific features.

1. Technological process requires large volumes of not only ore raw materials, but also water, fuel (coking coal, natural gas), energy.

2. The interdependence of the raw materials and fuel and energy base, as well as a large volume of finished products, are associated with mass transport.

3. Industrial waste and emissions of harmful substances create serious environmental problems.

4. Special meaning secondary metallurgy (use of scrap metal) is acquired in order to reduce costs and environmental risk.

3. What are the features of the location of ferrous metallurgy in Russia?

In Russia, large areas of metallurgical production in the Urals, the Center and Siberia have developed in accordance with the availability of raw materials and fuel base.

4. Choose the correct answer. The northernmost full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprise in Russia is located on the territory of: a) Leningrad region; b) Arkhangelsk region; V) Vologda region; d) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

Correct answer: c) Vologda region.

5. Choose the correct answer. Which center of ferrous metallurgy is characterized by the least air pollution: a) Magnitogorsk; b) Stary Oskol; c) Cherepovets; d) Nizhny Tagil?

Correct answer: b) Stary Oskol.

6. How can you explain the location of a full-cycle metallurgical plant in Lipetsk? Please provide at least two reasons.

1. The presence of the nearby KMA deposit (in the Kursk and Belgorod regions), which produces more than half of all iron ore in Russia.

2. The presence of a large coal basin nearby - Donbass, a source of coking coal for the plant.

7. Match the cards on p. 250-251 and 252-253 Appendices, map in Figure 89 and explain what factors influence the location of metallurgical bases in Russia. Using Figure 89, write down the largest centers of full-cycle metallurgy; indicate the volume of steel production (in million tons).

For ferrous metallurgy enterprises, the main location factors are:

1. The raw material factor is decisive for most full-cycle metallurgical plants, which consume huge amounts of raw materials and process fuel - coke, therefore most metallurgical plants were built either near iron ore deposits (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Stary Oskol), or near deposits coking coals (Novokuznetsk).

2. Energy factor. Large metallurgical plants are large consumers of electricity generated at nearby power plants, as a rule, thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants, located in a cascade on large rivers in Russia.

3. The consumer factor is typical for pigment metallurgy, which uses scrap metal as raw material (Moscow, Elektrostal, Vyksa, Kulebaki, Kolpino, Volgograd, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), as well as for pipe production (Moscow, Volzhsky, Almetyevsk) .

4. Only the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, which uses iron ores from the Kola-Karelian region and KMA, coking coal from the Pechora and Donetsk basins, and sends finished products– steel and rolled products – to St. Petersburg, Moscow, other machine-building centers and for export.

5. The environmental factor in our country was previously practically not taken into account during the construction of ferrous metallurgy enterprises, which has a detrimental effect on the environment and human health.

The largest full-cycle metallurgy centers:

Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (steel production volume 2.6 million tons per year)

Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (steel production volume 12.2 million tons per year)

Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant (steel production volume 4.6 million tons per year)

Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works (steel production volume 4.2 million tons per year)

"Ural Steel" (until 1992, Orsko-Khalilovsky Metallurgical Plant) (steel production volume 2.8 million tons per year)

Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (steel production volume 11.6 million tons per year)

Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (steel production volume 15.4 million tons per year)

Try to find out: a) which factories depend on imported iron ore; b) which plants have an economic-geographical position that is most favorable for the export of metal, and which plants have a less favorable location.

9. Explain why ferrous metallurgy is called the “backbone” of the Russian economy. Give at least 3-4 arguments to support this.

1. Ferrous metallurgy serves as the basis for the development of industry in the Russian Federation, incl. mechanical engineering (1/3 of the cast metal from the blast furnace goes into mechanical engineering) and construction (1/4 of the metal goes into construction). The main raw materials for the production of ferrous metals are iron ore, manganese, coking coals and alloy metal ores (mining industry), as well as energy (electric power).

2. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of iron ore reserves and is one of the five leading countries in its mining, as well as in steel smelting.

3. Russia ranks 2nd in the world in terms of coal reserves and is one of the six leading countries in its production.