General qualimetry. Basic terms and definitions related to quality assessment
SECTION II. QUALIMETRY
TOPIC 1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT QUALIMETRY
The concept of qualitology
Attempts at a scientific approach to quality assessment have been made for a long time. Thus, back in 1930, the German doctor-engineer K. Kommentz established for ships intended for shallow waters that any decrease in the draft of ships by 1% leads to an increase in price by 0.6%. The influence of the vessel's capacity and other quality parameters turned out to be somewhat more complex. Many tables and graphs were compiled to justify and predict prices based on quality parameters.
Later, based on further research, amendments to the price index depending on ship quality parameters were published in the Dutch journal “International Shipbuilding Progress” (1957, No. 37).
These works formed new science qualitology.
Qualitology – the science of quality. The structure of qualitology is presented in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 – Structure of qualitology
The concept of qualimetry. History of development
Within the framework of qualitology, a new scientific direction was formed, called “qualimetry”. This word comes from a combination of the Latin terms “gualitas” - “quality” and “metro” - “measure”. Accordingly, qualimetry – branch of science that studies and implements methods quantification quality.
The main tasks of qualimetry: justification of the nomenclature of indicators characterizing the quality of products and services, development of methods for determining the quality indicators of objects during design, optimization of the quality level of objects, optimization of standard sizes and parametric series of products, development of principles for constructing generalized quality indicators and justification of the conditions for their use in standardization and quality management.
The objects of qualimetry can be any objects to which the concept of “quality” is applicable.
The history of the origin and development of qualimetry goes back several decades, and its development began long before it got its name. This is due, first of all, to the fact that the result of any activity must have the required set of properties and, as a consequence, a set of indicators of these properties, the requirements for which must be fixed in the appropriate document. The consequence of this circumstance is the need to solve let's qualify the key problem Etria – determination of the range of quality indicators to be included in the documentation for products, work or services, for the purpose of their subsequent control. It can be considered that this aspect of qualimetry arose simultaneously with the emergence of the practice of standardizing quality indicators, and in our country the moment of its emergence can be linked to 1923 - the year of the start of publication of the first periodic publication on standardization in our country - the “Bulletin of the Committee of Standards and Standards”. This committee itself was created in 1922 under the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures.
Another important aspect qualimetry – a priori quality assessment- got it active development due to the increasing complexity of technology and the responsibility of the functions it performs. It became obvious that search is the most profitable solution during development new products should start at the very early stage her life cycle. And for this it is necessary to have appropriate calculation methods. Particular attention began to be paid to methods for calculating quality assessment in connection with the adoption by the governing bodies of our country in 1965 of the resolution “On improving planning and strengthening economic incentives.” industrial production", providing for the introduction of state certification of product quality. When conducting certification, it is necessary to compare the products being assessed with domestic and foreign analogues, for which it is necessary to have appropriate methods.
In the early fifties, the problem of ensuring reliability attracted considerable attention. technical devices. It caused the rapid development of methods for assessing reliability. This property, for the assessment of which the mathematical apparatus of probability theory turned out to be the only acceptable method, is important not only for objects whose failures are unacceptable due to catastrophic consequences, but also for objects used in other areas of human activity that are potentially less dangerous for people and the environment. .
The noted circumstances determined the need to combine various methods for solving problems of assessing the quality of various objects into one field of knowledge called qualimetry. The initiative of this association belonged to a group of Russian specialists, the core of which were employees of the Research Institute for Standardization. This association began in the late sixties.
Abroad, the development of qualimetry is due to fierce competition and the desire of product manufacturing companies to satisfy the needs of consumers to the maximum extent in order to ensure the sale of their products and obtain maximum profits. This forces product developers to analyze competitors' products, which is impossible to do without appropriate evaluation techniques. In many countries, for example in the USA, pre-design assessment of product quality is one of the generally accepted principles of quality assurance. Since 1971, qualimetry issues have been regularly discussed at international conferences of the European Organization for Quality Control - EOC.
Structure of qualimetry
Qualimetry as a branch of science acts as an interconnected system of theories. Its structure is shown in Figure 1.2:
1) general qualimetry– it develops general theoretical problems:
System of concepts (terminology);
Assessment theory (laws and methods);
Axiomatics of qualimetry (axioms and rules);
Theory of qualimetric scaling (methods of ranking, assessing the significance of parameters);
2) special qualimetry– they discuss assessment models and algorithms, accuracy and reliability of assessments:
Expert qualimetry;
Qualimetric taxonomy (from the Greek words: “taxis” - arrangement, structure, order, “nomos” - law; taxonomy is the theory of classification and systematization of complex objects that usually have a hierarchical structure);
Probabilistic-statistical qualimetry (assessment methods based on probability theory and mathematical statistics);
Index qualimetry (the use of index theories in quality assessment);
Figure 1.2 – Structure of qualimetry
3) subject qualimetry– on the subject (object) of assessment:
Qualimetry of products (including services) and equipment;
Qualimetry of labor and activity;
Qualimetry of solutions and projects;
Process qualimetry;
Subjective qualimetry (personnel);
Demand qualimetry;
Qualimetry of information.
As you can see, qualimetry includes the theory of assessing the quality of any objects (created, used, influencing the subject). Thus, the subject of qualimetry is both quantitative and non-quantitative methods for assessing quality (tasty or tasteless, more or less pleasant smell, etc.).
Basic concepts in the field of qualimetry
In qualimetry, a number of concepts are used, which include the following:
1) property– an objective feature of an object that manifests itself during its creation or operation (application, use) in accordance with its purpose, for example, the height of one of the premises of the object; aesthetics of the object's interior; the cost of a plot of land allocated for development of the facility, etc. In other words, a property is a characteristic of an object that promotes or hinders the satisfaction of social needs associated with the use of the object for its intended purpose;
2) complex property– this is a property of an object that can be subdivided into simpler properties, for example, the complex property “room volume” can be subdivided into “room area” and “room height”;
3) simple property– this is a property of an object that cannot be subdivided into other properties. For example, the properties “room length” and “room width” can no longer be subdivided into any other properties;
4) functionality– a complex property determined by a set of properties that characterize the main purpose of an object, its utilitarian side, function. For example, the functionality of a warehouse is characterized by reliability, convenience and storage volume. The functionality of a residential building is the reliability and convenience of living in it;
5) aesthetics– a complex property defined by a set of properties that characterize the visual attractiveness of an object (taking into account both its interior and exterior), as well as its compatibility with the environment;
6) profitability– a complex property determined by a set of properties characterizing the costs of creating and operating an object over its estimated service life;
7) quality– a complex property determined by the combination of its functionality and aesthetics;
8) integral quality of the object– the most complex property of an object, determined by the combination of its quality and efficiency.
9) assessment of the quality level of objects is a set of operations, including the selection of a range of quality indicators, determination of their numerical values, as well as the values of basic, relative and complex indicators for the purpose of making decisions in the field of quality management;
10) level of quality of objects– this is a measure of the correspondence of the quality of the evaluated object to the quality of some other object chosen as a standard of comparison. Thus, in qualimetry, the level of quality is a relative measure, the result of an assessment, a system of values for measures of the quality of an object, determined on the basis of correlation with the basic (reference) values of the measures.
Related information.
QUALIMETRY IS THE SCIENCE OF MEASURING THE QUALITY OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. THE TERM “QUALIMETRY” COMES FROM THE LATIN WORD QUALITY AND THE GREEK WORD MEASURE. QUALIMETRY COMBINES QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR QUALITY ASSESSMENT. THERE ARE THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF QUALIMETRY:
1) GENERAL QUALIMETRY, WHICH INCLUDES THE DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF GENERAL THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS OF MEASUREMENT, ASSESSMENT; 2) SPECIAL QUALIMETRY, WHICH ARE CLASSIFIED BY TYPES OF QUALITY ASSESSMENT METHODS AND MODELS ( FOR EXAMPLE, EXPERT QUALIMETRY, PROBABILISTIC-STATISTICAL QUALIMETRY); 3) SUBJECT QUALIMETRY , WHICH ARE DIFFERENTIATED BY TYPES OF OBJECTS OF EVALUATION (QUALITY OF PRODUCTS, QUALIMETRY OF PROCESSES, QUALIMETRY OF SERVICES).
OBJECTS OF QUALIMETRY ARE: 1 . PRODUCTION PROCESS, TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS, TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM OR ITS ELEMENTS.
PRODUCTION PROCESS IS THE SUMMARY OF ALL PEOPLE'S ACTIONS AND WORK TOOLS NECESSARY AT THIS ENTERPRISE FOR THE MANUFACTURE AND REPAIR OF PRODUCTS.
TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS - PART OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS CONTAINING TARGETED ACTIONS TO CHANGE AND/OR DETERMINE THE STATE OF THE SUBJECT OF LABOR.
TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM - A SET OF FUNCTIONALLY INTERCONNECTED TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT, ITEMS OF PRODUCTION AND PERFORMERS FOR PERFORMANCE IN REGULATED PRODUCTION CONDITIONS OF SPECIFIED TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OR OPERATIONS OPERATIONS. 2. PRODUCTS:
PRODUCTS (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, LIGHT INDUSTRY, ETC.); ">MATERIAL;
PRODUCT (CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, ETC.). 3. SERVICE, WORK.4. INTELLIGENT PRODUCT:
TECHNOLOGICAL METHOD, SOFTWARE PRODUCT;
SCIENTIFIC PRODUCT (CONCEPT, METHODS, ETC.);
OTHER INTANGIBLE PRODUCTS (ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEM, SCHEME, MAP, ETC.).
TO CARRY OUT A QUALIMETRIAL ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT OBJECTS, SYSTEMS OF INDICATORS MUST BE BUILT TO DETERMINE THEIR QUALITY. QUALITY INDICATORS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
PRODUCT QUALITY INDICATOR IS A QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSION OF ONE OR MORE PROPERTIES OF A PRODUCT IN APPLICATION TO CERTAIN CONDITIONS OF CREATION AND OPERATION OF THIS PRODUCT.
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERIZED PROPERTIES, QUALITY INDICATORS ARE DIVIDED INTO SINGLE, COMPLEX (GROUP) AND INTEGRAL. Ü SINGLE QUALITY INDICATORS CHARACTERIZE ONE PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCT AND ARE DETERMINED AS THE PERCENTAGE RATIO OF THE PARAMETER VALUES OF THE EVALUED PRODUCT TO THE PARAMETER VALUES OF THE BASIC SAMPLE.
A COMPREHENSIVE QUALITY INDICATOR CHARACTERIZES THE SUMMARY OF SEVERAL PROPERTIES OF A PRODUCT AND IS CALCULATED ON THE BASIS OF SINGLE INDICATORS BY THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD.
AN INTEGRAL QUALITY INDICATOR IS DEFINITED AS THE RATIO OF THE TOTAL BENEFICIAL EFFECT FROM OPERATION OR CONSUMPTION OF A PRODUCT TO THE TOTAL COSTS OF PURCHASE AND USE OF THIS PRODUCT.
THE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT QUALITY ARE BASED ON SINGLE INDICATORS, WHICH CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: OPERATIONAL (TECHNICAL LEVEL INDICATORS) AND PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL (TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS).
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS INCLUDE: - PURPOSE INDICATORS; CHARACTERIZE THE PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCT, DETERMINING THE MAIN FUNCTIONS FOR WHICH IT IS DESIGNED TO PERFORM AND DETERMINE THE AREA OF ITS APPLICATION;
(WORKING CYCLE DURATION, POWER CONSUMPTION, EFFICIENCY)
RELIABILITY INDICATORS; THEY DETERMINE THE PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCT TO BE PRESERVED IN A SET TERM INTERVAL, WITHIN THE ESTABLISHED LIMITS OF THE VALUES OF ALL PRODUCT PARAMETERS CHARACTERIZING THE ABILITY TO PERFORM THE BASIC FUNCTIONS. RELIABILITY IS ASSESSED BY INDICATORS OF RELIABILITY, DURABILITY, REPAIRABILITY, STORABILITY;-
ERGONOMIC INDICATORS; CHARACTERIZE THE SYSTEM “PERSON - PRODUCT - ENVIRONMENT” AND TAKE ACCOUNT THE COMPLEX OF HYGIENIC, ANTHROPOMETRIC, PHYSIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN, MADE AVAILABLE WHEN INTERACTION WITH THE PRODUCT IN INDUSTRIAL AND HOUSEHOLD ENVIRONMENTS X TERMS;
AESTHETIC INDICATORS; CHARACTERIZE THE INTEGRITY OF THE COMPOSITION, INFORMATION EXPRESSIVENESS, RATIONALITY OF FORMS, COLOR EXECUTION, PERFECTION OF PRODUCTION EXECUTION, ETC.;
TRANSPORTABILITY INDICATORS; DETERMINE THE APPLIANCE OF THE PRODUCTS FOR ITS MOVEMENT IN SPACE (TRANSPORTATION), NOT ACCEPTED BY ITS OPERATION OR CONSUMPTION;
SAFETY INDICATORS; CHARACTERIZE THE FEATURES OF THE PRODUCT THAT CONDITION HUMAN SAFETY DURING ITS OPERATION OR CONSUMPTION;
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS; CHARACTERIZE THE FEATURES OF THE PRODUCT THAT DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF HARMFUL IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT ARISING DURING OPERATION OR CONSUMPTION OF THE PRODUCT (FOR EXAMPLE, THE CONTENT OF HARMFUL IMPURITIES RELEASED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT DURING OPERATION OF PRODUCTS PROBABILITY OF HARMFUL EMISSIONS, RADIATIONS, ETC.);
PATENT LEGAL INDICATORS; CHARACTERIZE PATENT PROTECTION AND PATENT CLEARANCE. PATENT PROTECTION EXPRESSES THE DEGREE OF PROTECTION BY CERTIFICATES OF AUTHORITY AND PATENTS OF PRODUCTS IN THE COUNTRIES OF PROPOSED EXPORT OR SALE OF LICENSES FOR DOMESTIC INVENTIONS. PATENT CLEARANCE EVALUATES THE PROPERTY OF A PRODUCT THAT IS THAT IT CAN BE FREELY USED IN THE COUNTRY WITHOUT THE DANGER OF VIOLATION OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT PROTECTIVE DOCUMENTS IN ITS TERRITORY.
PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS INCLUDE:
- INDICATORS OF MATERIAL INTENSITY AND LABOR INTENSITY; ACCORDINGLY, THEY SERVE TO DETERMINE THE QUANTITY OF MATERIALS, LABOR SPENDED ON THE PRODUCTION OF A UNIT OF PRODUCT (OR PERFORMANCE OF A UNIT OF WORK, SERVICE);
ENERGY INTENSITY INDICATORS; CHARACTERIZE THE ENERGY COSTS FOR PRODUCING A UNIT OF PRODUCT;
INDICATORS OF BLOCK COMPLEXITY; CHARACTERIZE THE SHARE OF SPECIFIED COMPONENT PARTS IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF COMPONENT PARTS OF A PRODUCT UNIT. THE BLOCK DESIGN OF THE PRODUCT CHARACTERIZES THE SIMPLICITY OF ITS INSTALLATION;
UNIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION INDICATORS; THEY CHARACTERIZE THE SATURATION OF PRODUCTS WITH STANDARDIZED AND UNIFIED UNITS AND PARTS, AS WELL AS THE LEVEL OF UNIFICATION WITH OTHER PRODUCTS.
ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCT QUALITY LEVEL ARE CARRIED OUT ON THE BASE OF SINGLE QUALITY INDICATORS. IN THIS WAY, SINGLE QUALITY INDICATORS ARE DIVIDED INTO CLASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION.
CLASSIFICATION INDICATORS CHARACTERIZE THE PURPOSE AND AREA OF APPLICATION OF THIS TYPE OF PRODUCTS. THE VALUES OF THESE INDICATORS ALLOW THE SAMPLES AVAILABLE ON THE WORLD MARKET TO BE ASSIGNED TO THE GROUP OF ANALOGUES TO THE PRODUCTS EVALUATED. THEY ARE NOT USED FOR THE SUBSEQUENT COMPARISON OF THE ASSESSED AND BASE SAMPLES.
EVALUATION INDICATORS CHARACTERIZE THE FUNCTIONAL, RESOURCE-SAVING, ENVIRONMENTAL AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCTS. THESE INDICATORS ARE USED DIRECTLY TO COMPARE THE PRODUCT EVALUATED AND THE BASIC SAMPLES. DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE PRODUCT AND THE CONDITIONS OF ITS APPLICATION, THE SYSTEM OF EVALUATING INDICATORS USED MAY BE ADDITIONED OR REDUCED. IN ADDITION, BASED ON THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED, PART OF THE SPECIFIED INDICATORS CAN BE USED IN THE ASSESSMENT AS CONSTRAINTS, FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE NUMBER OF REGULATIVE PARAMETERS.
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Maintaining
1.1 Main categories of qualimetry as a science
1.1.1 Basic concepts of qualimetry
1.1.2 Principles of qualimetry
1.3 Measuring scales
2.2 Expert methods
2.2.1 Pairwise comparison
2.2.3 Full (double) pairwise matching method
2.3 Methods for refining weight coefficients using the successive approximation method
2.4 Methods for determining weight coefficients for individual quality properties
Conclusion
List of used literature
Maintaining
IN modern conditions enterprises pay Special attention ensuring product quality by developing and implementing a product quality management system. The famous Japanese scientist K. Ishikawa understood quality as a property that actually satisfies the consumer, and any property must be measured and controlled. Qualimetry solves this problem. There is reason to believe that the problem of measuring and quantifying product quality is key problem the entire science of quality. Therefore, it is quite natural that the science of quantitative assessment of qualities - qualimetry - attracts everyone's attention. more scientific workers and specialists employed in industry.
Qualimetry is part of the general theory of quality - qualintology. Systematizing all available knowledge of quality science, the following areas can be distinguished:
1. research into the nature of product quality;
2. study of a set of issues related to product quality management;
3. development of theoretical foundations and practical methods for measuring and quantifying product quality;
4. study of information aspects of production and consumption of products of individual product quality;
5. study of economic problems associated with measuring product quality;
6. study of the sociological aspects of the problem of product quality.
Of all the listed areas, currently one of the most important is the one that is associated with the measurement and quantification of product quality.
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of qualimetry
1.1 The formation of qualimetry as a science
The first known cases of assessing product quality date back to the 15th century BC. Then the potters of the island of Crete marked their products with a special sign indicating the manufacturers and high quality their products. This was a quality assessment according to the so-called “name scale”, or “address scale”. Brand names, as well as other quality marks, still serve as a guide, an evaluative sign of product quality. Later, as a type of expert method for assessing product quality, a method was used based on the generalized experience of consumers - the method of “collective wisdom”. The oldest example expert assessment quality is wine tasting. The ever-increasing need to determine the compliance of labor products with the needs of consumers has led to the emergence of a special scientific discipline- merchandising. This was due to the appearance on the sales market large quantity various goods requiring classification, as well as assessment of their quality and value. The first department of commodity science was organized in 1549 in Italy at the University of Padua.
Development international trade required the classification of products into qualitative categories, and for this it was necessary to measure not only individual properties of the product, but to quantitatively evaluate its qualities based on the totality of all the main consumer properties. In this regard, in Europe and the USA at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Methods for assessing product quality using points began to be widely used.
For the first time in Russia, the famous shipbuilder, academician A. M. Krylov substantiated and applied the analytical method for assessing product quality. Using appropriate coefficients that take into account the degree of expression of each ship property and their unequal significance, he assessed the quality of the proposed ship construction projects. Combining these coefficients into a single system made it possible to quantify the quality of the projects under consideration.
In the 20-30s of the 20th century in the USSR and other countries, methods for quantitative assessment of the quality of goods were successfully developed and used in practice. So, for example, in 1922 P. Bridgman proposed a way to reduce several quantitative estimates to one indicator various parameters, characterizing quality. In 1928, M. Aranovich solved the same problem. At the same time, P. Florensky proposed new methods for processing data for quantitative assessment of product quality.
Qualimetry as an independent science of assessing the quality of any objects was formed in the late 60s of the 20th century. Its appearance was due to the urgent need for a more effective and scientific basis for managing the quality of manufactured products.
During those years of the Cold War between the two social systems, not only the military-political, but also the competitive economic struggle of various countries and firms, the victory of which depended largely on the quality of the products produced, especially intensified.
In the first half of the last century, in the economically developed countries of the West, various empirical and mainly statistical and expert methods for numerically assessing the quality of various products appeared.
Similar methods and techniques for quality assessments were used in the USSR. However, to solve many practical problems, unified methods were needed that would make it possible to more reliably and accurately determine quality levels and, on this basis, make adequate management, engineering, technological and other decisions regarding product quality. In addition, solving various special problems techniques, for example, reliability, manufacturability, safety, aesthetics, etc., led scientists to realize the need to conduct integrated, comprehensive quality assessments for all the most important parameters of properties technical systems: machines, equipment, instruments, etc. on the other hand, methods for quantitative assessments of various objects were required. All this led to the fact that then a group of Soviet scientists consisting of military civil engineer G.G. Azgaldov, mechanical engineers Z.N. Krapivensky, Yu.P. Kurachenko and D.M. Shpektorov, economists in the field of aircraft construction A.V. Glichev and V.P. Panov, as well as architect M.V. Fedorova, convinced of the methodological commonality of the existing various methods of quantitative assessments of various objects, decided to carry out a theoretical generalization of these methods by developing an independent scientific discipline called “qualimetry”.
This essentially historic decision for science was made in November 1967 at an informal meeting of a group of enthusiasts in the Moscow restaurant “Budapest”. Already in the January 1968 issue. magazine “Standards and Quality” an article was published outlining the collective position of the “group”, where qualimetry was presented as a science within which the problems of measuring qualities are studied and methodology and methods are developed for quantitative assessment of the quality of objects of any nature: material and intangible, animate and inanimate , objects and processes, products of labor and nature, etc. The article proved the fundamental possibility of expressing the quality of an object with one quantitative indicator, despite the multiplicity of its different properties and characteristics.
In 1971, our country published the first “Methodology for assessing the quality level of industrial products.” That year, at the 15th International Conference of the European Organization for Quality Control (EOQC), one of the five sections was devoted to qualimetry issues. Our authors gave keynote speeches. In 1972 The first all-Union scientific conference on qualimetry was held in Tallinn. 1979 - The USSR State Standard publishes Guiding document RD 50-149-79 entitled “Methodological instructions for assessing the technical level and quality of industrial products.” Since 1979, the term “qualimetry” has been standardized in GOST 15467-79 “Product Quality Management. Basic concept. Terms and Definitions". The EOCC has regularly discussed issues of qualimetry at its international meetings since 1971.
In subsequent years, up to the present day, dozens of monographs have been published in the country, hundreds of articles have been published, scientific conferences and seminars have been held, and many doctoral and master's theses have been defended on the problems and issues of qualimetry. Qualimetry is taught to students of many technical universities training engineers in the specialty "Metrology, standardization and quality management", as well as to future engineers - managers of the new specialty "Quality Management". There are textbooks and teaching aids in qualimetry. Gosstandart periodically publishes guidelines and methodological materials on the use of qualimetry methods in practice.
Qualimetry methods are used quite effectively in practice where issues of product or service quality management are resolved on a scientific basis, and not just by organizational and economic methods. Qualimetry, which originated and is actively developing in our country, is now recognized and mastered by specialists from foreign countries. For example, it is known that in the USA in October 1997. An international seminar was held to train managers in the use of qualimetry methodology and methods. At the same time, mainly Russian developments in the theory of qualimetry were taught, starting with the assessment of qualities.
So, to date, qualimetry is a relatively new, but fully formed science and academic discipline, knowledge that is necessary for practitioners involved in the assessment and subsequent management of the quality of various objects.
A great contribution to the development of qualimetry in Russia was made by Yu.P. Adler, G.G. Azgaldov, V.G. Belik, G.N. Bobrovnikov, A.V. Glichev, V.V. Kochetov, G.N. Malt, A.V. Subeto, A.G. Suslov, M.V. Fedorov, I.F. Shishkin and many other scientists and specialists.
1.2 Main categories of qualimetry
1.2.1 Object, subject and structure of qualimetry.
Qualimetry (from Latin qualitas - quality, metreo - I measure) is the science of measuring and quantifying the quality of all kinds of objects and processes, i.e. objects of the real world. Qualimetry is part of quality science - a comprehensive science of quality, consisting of qualintology, i.e. general theory of quality, qualimetry and teachings on quality management. (see Diagram 1)
Scheme 1. Structure of qualitology
qualimetry indicator quality comparison
The object of qualimetry can be anything that represents something integral that can be isolated for study, researched and known.
The subject of qualimetry is the assessment of quality in quantitative terms.
Qualimetry as a science combines quantitative methods for assessing quality, used to substantiate decisions on quality management and related issues of management activities. It includes an interconnected system of theories (see Diagram 2):
1. general qualimetry or general theory of qualimetry, which addresses problems and issues, as well as methods for measuring and assessing qualities;
2. special qualimetry of large groups of objects, for example, qualimetry of products, processes, services, social security, habitat, etc. down to the quality of people's lives;
3. subject qualimetry of certain types of products, processes and services, such as qualimetry of engineering products, construction projects, qualimetry of petroleum products, labor, education, etc.
Scheme 2. Structure of qualimetry
General qualimetry describes general theoretical problems: systems of concepts, assessment theory, axioms and rules of qualimetry, theory of qualimetric ranking.
Special qualimetry considers assessment models and algorithms, accuracy and reliability of assessments: expert, probabilistic-statistical, index qualimetry, qualimetric taxonomy, theory of classification and systematization of objects that usually have a hierarchical structure.
Subject qualimetry is divided depending on the subject of assessment. For example, qualimetry of products and technology, qualimetry of labor and activity, qualimetry of processes, subjective qualimetry.
Recently, new directions of qualimetry have emerged (sociological, pedagogical, logistics, etc.), which is associated with its penetration into many areas of material and non-material human activity.
Qualimetry as a science has statuses: economic, technical, technical-economic, general scientific, systemic.
Economic status is determined by the economic content of quality and its interaction with use value. From this position, qualimetry involves the use of econometric methods to measure and further evaluate the economic properties of various objects.
The technical status is determined by the relationship of quality with quantitative and qualitative measurements of specific technical properties of the measured objects.
The technical and economic status determines the focus of qualimetry on a generalized comprehensive measurement of the quality of the objects being assessed. Both technical and economic properties should be assessed.
The general scientific status reflects the interrelation of the philosophical aspect of the quality category with all others, which determines the need and possibility of formation and use along with the general theory and special types of qualimetry.
Systemic status implies the use of a systematic approach in the formation and provision of quality.
Qualimetry can also have sociological and legal status.
The most important issue in qualimetry is the objective determination of the level of quality. In relation to products, in accordance with the definition, the quality level is a relative characteristic of product quality, based on a comparison of a set of indicators of its quality with the corresponding set of basic indicators. One of the main tasks is to assess the level of product quality. The purpose of the assessment is to use analytical methods to compare products with analogues that are present on the intended sales market for the products being assessed or will be present on it.
The structure, dynamism, certainty and integrity of qualimetry is ensured by the mechanism of interaction: general qualimetry is transformed into special one, and it, in turn, is reflected in subject qualimetry.
1.2.2 Basic terms and definitions related to quality assessment
Quality is the basic and most general concept in the system of initial terms of qualimetry - the science of methods for quantitative assessment of the qualities of various objects.
Quality (in a broad sense) is an objective and most general characteristic of any object. Quality is understood as the ability of a material (ideal) object (phenomenon) to satisfy social needs (material or spiritual) in specific conditions. Quality is a complex multidimensional object.
Quality measurement is the construction of quality measures and obtaining their values using special algorithms.
Quality assessment is a special type of management function aimed at forming value judgments about the object of assessment, which means quality determined by a set of properties or an individual property.
The quality level is a relative characteristic based on a comparison of the values of quality indicators of the products being evaluated with the corresponding indicators of the products taken as the basis for comparison.
Objective evidence is data confirming the presence or truth of something. It can be obtained by observation, measurement, testing or other means.
Inspection is a procedure for assessing the conformity of a product, process or service to requirements by observation, measurement, testing or calibration.
Verification is confirmation, based on the provision of objective evidence, that specified requirements have been met.
Validation is confirmation, based on objective data, that the requirements for use or application are met.
Qualification is a demonstration of the ability to perform specified requirements.
Requirements are a need or expectation that is stated, typically offered, or required.
A property is a feature of an object.
Size is the property of quantitative determination of an object and its properties. Dimensions and quantities are physical and non-physical. The size is expressed by the number of units of the corresponding dimension.
Magnitude - value, quantitative characteristic of size.
Measurement - determination of the quantitative value of a physical size using standard measuring instruments. Consequently, only physical dimensions are measured using any measure and their physical quantities are determined. The measured size and its numerical value are objective. The measurement error is regulated and detectable.
Measurement is the subject of metrology - the science of measuring physical dimensions and determining their values, as well as methods and means of ensuring the uniformity of measurements and ways to achieve the required accuracy of measurement results.
Assessment happens:
1.quantitatively uncertain, i.e. in content, in essence (often such assessment is called “qualitative”);
2.quantitative or qualimetric.
Quantitative assessment is the determination of numerical characteristics of dimensions (physical and non-physical) without the use of material means. The estimation error is not regulated, but it can be calculated.
The commonality between measurement and quantification is that in both cases their result is a numerical expression of a previously unknown size.
A unit of measurement is a conventional value, in comparison with which the value (size) of the size is determined.
Physical quantity is a quantitative characteristic of the size of a specific property of a material object (object, phenomenon or process), measured in physical units of measurement.
A unit of physical quantity or a physical unit of measurement is a physical quantity of a fixed size, conventionally accepted for comparison with it of homogeneous quantities, which is assigned a numerical value equal to 1. For example: 1m is a unit of length, 1kg is a unit of weight, etc.
Non-physical quantity - a value of intangible size, estimated by non-instrumental methods, as well as the size of an intangible object or its features.
Physical quantities are numerical values, for example, body mass, its volume, temperature, etc. Non-physical quantities evaluate intelligence, knowledge, safety, attractiveness, etc.
Measured quantities can be dimensional or dimensionless.
Dimension is an indicator of the type of quantity in the corresponding units of measurement.
Parameter is the value of a partial component of a measured physical quantity. Typically, during the production of a product, its main parameters are measured - the values of the properties, which are used for parametric quality control. Consequently, the physical quantities of the properties of an object can be called parameters.
An indicator is a numerical value of size by which one can judge the condition, change or development of something.
1.1.2 Principles and objectives of qualimetry
Qualimetry, like any science, is characterized by a set of principles on which it is based.
1. In qualimetry, quality is considered as a certain hierarchical set of properties, and such properties that are of interest to the consumer of a given product. that quality, as some of the most generalized, complex properties of a product, is considered at the lowest, zero level of the hierarchical set of properties, and its less generalized properties are considered at a higher, first level of the hierarchy. In turn, each of these properties can also consist of a certain number of even less general properties lying at an even higher, second level of consideration, which can also be decomposed into less general properties next level, etc.
A so-called tree of properties arises, the number of levels of consideration of which can increase to the mth level, on which simple, inseparable properties are located, which are such only at a given moment in time.
2. In qualimetry, it is accepted that individual properties that make up a hierarchical tree of properties, through measurements or calculations, can obtain specific quantitative characteristics Pij, where
i - number of the level of consideration of properties on the hierarchical structure (i=1,2,3,….n);
j - serial number at the i-th level of consideration (i=1,2,3,….n).
Quantitative values of individual properties can be determined by various methods and means:
- based on the performance of physical experiments carried out by various methods and means of measurement;
- calculation methods;
- organoleptic methods based on the analysis of the perceptions of human senses.
In qualimetry, when considering individual properties of a product, in addition to Pij, for each property its relative indicator, its assessment Kij, is determined. The assessment is always a certain function of the ratio of two absolute values Pij and Pijbase, where Pijbase is a quantitative value for a given property, taken as the base (reference) value.
In most methods, property assessment is a function of the ratio of the values Pij and Pijbase:
(1)
For each specific product, the value of Pij will be some characteristic, and Pijbase depends not only on the property itself, but also on the base chosen for comparison.
3. In qualimetry, it is accepted that each of the properties of a product included in the set of properties that determine its quality is characterized not only by an assessment of this property, but also another numerical parameter Mij - a value characterizing the weight (importance) of a given property. The sum of the weights of the properties of one level of consideration is a constant value
.
4. The hierarchical tree of properties includes m levels of consideration. At the highest level there are simple, indivisible properties that make up quality. Each of the simple properties has its own dimension and scale of measurement, expressed in the corresponding physical units of measurement.
This scale remains unchanged over long periods of time. Therefore, it can be argued that the magnitudes of the absolute values of properties do not depend on the time of measurement, if we do not take into account measurements that increase as science develops. Various scales for measuring the absolute values of quality properties must be transformed into one common scale. Okrepilov V.V. Quality management: a textbook for university students, 2000.
Qualimetry sets itself three main interrelated tasks:
1. development of methods for determining numerical values of product quality indicators, collecting and processing data to establish requirements for the accuracy of indicators;
2. development of uniform methods for measuring and assessing quality indicators;
3. development of single, complex and integral quality indicators.
1.2 Classification of quality indicators
Indicators - quantitative characteristic properties of an object, included in its quality and considered in relation to certain conditions of the object’s life cycle. For products, these are certain conditions for their creation, operation, and consumption. For services there are certain conditions for its development and indications. For a process - certain conditions for its preparation, conduct, etc.
Depending on the number of characteristic properties, single, complex and integral quality indicators are distinguished.
Single quality indicators are quality indicators related to only one of the properties of an object (a simple property), which can be isolated and evaluated independently of other properties included in the quality of the object.
Complex quality indicators - characterize a set of interrelated properties (complex properties) from the entire set of properties that form the quality of an object.
For any measurement, a standard of comparison is needed. For this purpose in qualimetry they use:
1. basic quality indicator - an indicator of the quality of an object, accepted as a standard for comparative quality assessments;
2. relative quality indicator - the ratio of the quality indicator of the assessed object to the basic quality indicator, expressed in relative units;
3. integral quality indicator - a complex quality indicator that characterizes the quality of the object as a whole in terms of its overall efficiency and is expressed by the ratio of the total beneficial effect from using the object for its intended purpose to the costs of creating and using the object for its intended purpose and taking into account accepted restrictions on the impact on person and environment;
4. generalized indicator - a quality indicator related to such a set of properties of an object by which a decision was made to evaluate its quality as a whole.
Depending on the role in quality assessment, classification and evaluation quality indicators are distinguished.
Classification quality indicators characterize the belonging of an object to a certain classification group in the selected classification system and determine the purpose of the type, size, scope and conditions of use of the object.
Classification indicators include:
1. indicators used to establish the parametric or dimensional type of product (accuracy and measurement limit of a voltmeter, etc.);
2. product performance indicators that determine the area and conditions of use of the product (for use in a gas environment, radiation, etc.);
3. indicators of the presence of additional devices or product properties that determine its functionality (watches are waterproof, shockproof, etc.).
Evaluation indicators - characterize quantitatively those properties that form the quality of an object in the process of production and operation. They are used to standardize the quality of an object, assess its technological level during development and establishment, check the quality of an object, during its control, testing and certification.
Estimated indicators are grouped according to the homogeneity of the characterized properties into the following groups:
1. functional:
2. resource-saving;
3. critical.
All indicators of the quality of products, services and other objects can be classified according to various criteria. (see Diagram 3)
Scheme 3. Classification of quality indicators
1.2.1 Product quality indicators
Each of the main groups of product quality indicators, classified according to the homogeneity of the characterized properties, contains a number of subgroups and indicators. The main groups of product quality indicators include the following:
· purpose;
· reliability;
· profitability;
· ergonomics;
· aesthetics;
standardization and unification;
· patent legal.
1. Indicators of purpose - characterize the properties of the product, determining the main functions for which it is intended to perform and determine the scope of its application.
The group of reliability indicators is divided into the following subgroups:
Classification - characterize the belonging of a given product to a particular product group;
properties and structures,
social (timely entry into the market, matching demand with supply, obsolescence, etc.),
functional - characterize the beneficial effect of use and the progressiveness of technical solutions included in the product (productivity, speed, volume, etc.).
2. Reliability indicators - determine the ability of a product to maintain over time, within established limits, the values of all parameters that characterize the ability to perform the required functions in given modes and conditions of use, maintenance, repair, storage and transportation. Reliability indicators include:
reliability - the ability of a product to remain operational for a given time or operating time under certain operating conditions without forced interruptions (probability of failure-free operation or failure, failure rate, etc.);
durability - the ability of a product to maintain operability over time until the limit state is reached with an established maintenance and repair system;
maintainability - a property of a product consisting in its adaptability to the prevention, detection and elimination of failures and malfunctions through maintenance and repairs;
Storability - the property of a product to maintain specified performance indicators during and after the storage and transportation period established in the technical documentation.
3. Cost-effectiveness indicators - reflect the costs of development, manufacturing and operation of products. This group of indicators includes the following:
conditionally internal - economic indicators of product quality include indicators related to the economy of the enterprise (cost of the objects being assessed, profitability, economic effect, payback period, etc.);
conditionally external - include indicators related to the consumer (all types of consumer costs when using products for their intended purpose).
4. Ergonomic indicators - compliance of the product with ergonometric requirements for working posture, reach area and hand grip, compliance of the product with motor ability and sensory organs, coefficients characterizing the influence of the environment on the efficiency of human activity. The group of these indicators consists of the following:
hygienic - characterize the compliance of the object with the hygienic conditions of human life and performance;
anthropometric - characterize the correspondence of an object to the size and shape of the human body;
physiological and psychophysiological - characterize the correspondence of an object to the physiological properties of a person and the functioning of his sense organs;
psychological - characterize the correspondence of an object to the psychological characteristics of a person.
5. Indicators of aesthetics - characterize the artistry, expressiveness and originality of the form of the object, the harmony and integrity of the design, the correspondence of the form and design of the object to the environment and style, the color scheme of the object, the artistic design of the packaging. This group includes the following indicators;
informational expressiveness - the ability of a product to express through its form the aesthetic idea and cultural norms that have developed in society (iconicity, originality, compliance with fashion, etc.);
rationality of form - compliance of the form of a product with the objective conditions of its manufacture and operation, as well as expression in the form of the functional and constructive essence of the product;
integrity of the composition - the harmony of the unity of parts and the whole, the effectiveness of using professional artistic means to create a full-fledged compositional solution, the organic relationship of the elements of the product’s form and its consistency with the ensemble of other products (volume-spatial structure, plasticity, color, etc.);
perfection of production execution and presentation - this indicator characterizes its presentation and is determined by the quality of the visible elements of the form, the quality of coatings, surface finishing, the cleanliness of the joints, roundings and mates, as well as their compliance with the artistic and design concept, the clarity of the execution of brand signs and signs , accompanying documentation and information materials.
6. Environmental friendliness indicators - characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment during product operation. The group of these indicators consists of:
physical indicators (mechanical (noise level), electromagnetic (radio interference level);
radiation (emissivity levels of alpha, beta and gamma particles), chemical (content of toxic substances);
microbiological (level of pathogenicity and virulence of microorganisms),
presence of environmentally friendly signs, etc.
7. Safety indicators - characterize the properties of a product that determine safety for humans when consuming (using) the product. These indicators include the following:
mechanical indicators (coefficients of deformability, wear, corrosion resistance, etc.);
electrical (probability of electric shock, response time of electrical protection, etc.);
thermal (probability of overheating or hypothermia, etc.);
fire and explosion hazards, biological, presence of safety signs, etc.
8. Patent legal indicators are divided into indicators of patent purity and patent protection. The patent purity indicator characterizes the number and weight of new domestic inventions implemented in a given object, i.e. characterizes the degree of protection of an object by copyright certificates of the Russian Federation and patents abroad belonging to domestic scientists and organizations. The indicator of patent purity characterizes the possibility of unimpeded sale of an object in sales markets.
9. Indicators of standardization and unification - characterize the proportion of standard and unified elements. Basic indicators:
unification indicator - shows the proportion of standard and standardized elements;
applicability indicator - shows what is the share of the least unified, standard and borrowed elements in the total number of product elements;
repeatability indicator.
10. Manufacturability indicators - characterize the set of properties of a product design, which determines its adaptability to achieving optimal costs in production, operation and repair for given quality indicators, output volume and labor conditions. There are main indicators (labor intensity and production cost, etc.) and additional ones (the coefficient of application of standard technological processes, dry weight, specific material consumption, labor intensity of procurement work, manufacturing process, preparation for operation, prevention, product repair, relative cost of all operations, etc.). In addition, a distinction is made between production and operational manufacturability.
11. Transportability indicators - overall dimensions, weight, ranges of permissible temperatures, humidity, pressure, costs, time and labor intensity of loading and unloading operations, etc.
12. Reuse or disposal - reuse, disposal, destruction, etc.;
13. Service indicators - availability and remoteness of service structures, level of service quality, cost of training, installation, lending, supplies, warranty periods, cost of recycling or disposal, etc.;
Among consumer properties, one of the most important is reliability; for market conditions, aesthetic indicators (especially iconicity and style compliance) are significant. To characterize a particular quality indicator, you can use statistical indicators that reflect the dispersion of the actual values of quality indicators for a set of units of homogeneous products. Mishin V.M. Quality management: a textbook for university students. M.: Unity-Dana, 2005.
1.2.2 Indicators of quality of services and quality management systems
All service quality indicators can be divided into:
1. quantitative (waiting time and provision of services, characteristics of equipment, tools, materials, reliability, accuracy of execution, completeness, level of automation, mechanization, safety, etc.);
2. qualitative (politeness, accessibility of staff, sensitivity, competence, trust in staff, level of skill, sincerity, etc.).
At the same time, service quality indicators can be divided into a number of groups:
- functional purpose,
- reliability,
- safety,
- environmental friendliness,
- aesthetics,
- social significance,
- professionalism of execution,
- service culture (ergonomics, ethics, aesthetics, room design, etc.).
In relation to specific services, the nomenclature of groups and the composition of their indicators may be different, i.e. supplemented or shortened depending on the purposes of use or features of the service. Mironov M.G. Quality management: textbook. M.: TK Velby, 2006.
Equally important is the assessment of the quality of quality management systems. Such an assessment can be internal or external, carried out by internal and external bodies, respectively. At the same time, one of the most important tasks of external assessments may be certification. In general, any quality management system can be represented as a complex system that ensures the production of products in three categories according to the consequences of failures. To create products of the required quality for each of the products, a reliable quality management system is necessary.
To evaluate quality management systems, you can use the following groups of indicators:
1. organization of the system-wide state of the system (focus, reliability, adaptability, self-control, reliability):
2. organization of production and management subsystems of the quality management system, the level of its elements and components:
3. organization of supporting subsystems of the quality management system, characterizing each of the subsystems (clerical, regulatory, etc.);
4. organization of the linear subsystem of the control system. Kapyrin V.V., Korenev G.D. Quality management systems: a textbook for university students. M.: European Center for Quality, 2002.
1.3 Measuring scales
Scaling is a measure of quality that establishes ordering relationships on a measured set of properties or measures. Scaling of measures is called derivative scaling or functional transformation of scales. The concept of a semantic measure corresponds to semantic scaling. Thus, understanding qualimetric scaling includes all types of scaling:
1. metric (ratio, difference, interval);
2. ordinal;
3. nominal;
4. Sematic (verbal).
Derived metrological scales include:
1. linear;
2. logarithmic;
3. exposure;
4. parabolic.
A qualimetric scale is a set of formal objects:
1. the original set of measurement properties and their measures;
2. set of scaling mappings;
3. set of values of scaling mappings
(2)
(3)
The collapsing of quality measures is their unification, carried out according to one or another law. The concepts of operational and statistical quality reductions (OSK and SSC, respectively) are introduced.
OSK is a union of measures (indicators) built on heterogeneous simple or complex properties. Based on this concept, the concept of complex, group indicators of product quality is formed.
SSC is a union of measures built on homogeneous properties or subsets of quality, their measures. Based on this concept, the concept of generalized indicators of product quality is formed.
Quality measurement is the construction of quality measures and obtaining their values using special algorithms. Quality is always measured within the framework of a certain commensurate system, which includes a self-measurement.
The basis for comparison in the measurement can be:
1. standards of metric measurement of properties;
2. qualimetric units;
3. one of the compared properties of qualities in relation to another;
4. quality standard (analog, prototype, etc.).
A measurement scale is an agreed-upon procedure for determining and designating all possible manifestations (values) of a specific property (quantity). In accordance with the logical structure of the manifestation of properties, there are five main types of measurement scales - names, order, intervals (differences), ratios and absolute scales.
The simplest are naming scales that reflect qualitative properties. Their elements are characterized only by relations of equivalence (equality) and similarity of specific qualitative manifestations of the property. These scales do not have a zero and a unit of measurement; they do not have comparison relations of the “more-less” type. The concept of linearity or nonlinearity is not applicable. Arithmetic operations cannot be performed on the naming scale.
Comparison of one size with another based on the principles of “which is larger” or “which is better” is made using order scales. These scales are fundamentally not linear. Therefore they do not have units of measurement. Arranged in ascending or descending order of value, they form an order scale. On the order scale, sizes that remain unknown are compared with each other. The result of the comparison is a ranked series. Mathematical model theoretical comparison between two sizes of one measure on an order scale is the inequality:
. (4)
And the result of the comparison is a decision about which size is larger than the other or whether they are equal to each other. If the calculations are correct, then the result of the calculation - the solution - is correct. In contrast, the result of an experimental comparison of two sizes (measurement result), according to the basic postulate of metrology, is random, i.e. the decision about which size is larger than the other or whether they are equal to each other turns out to be both correct and incorrect. To facilitate measurements on the order scale, you can fix some reference points as “reference points” (reference scale).
More advanced are interval scales made up of strictly defined intervals. This scale shows the difference between sizes. The principle of constructing an interval scale for sizes forming a ranked series Q1 Instrumental methods are based on physical effects using special equipment, an instrumental method for determining product quality, which involves establishing The registration method for determining product quality involves establishing product quality indicators based on observation and counting the number of certain events, items or costs. The registration method is based on information obtained by registering and counting the number of certain events, for example, product failures during testing, counting the number of defective products in a batch, etc. Calculation method for determining product quality. Its essence comes down to determining product quality based on the use of theoretical and (or) empirical dependencies of product quality indicators on its parameters. The calculation method is used mainly in the design of products, when the latter cannot yet be the object of experimental research. Using the same method, the relationship between individual indicators of product quality can be established. The calculation method is used to determine the mass of a product, its performance indicators, power, strength, etc. The organoleptic method for determining product quality is the determination of product quality by analyzing the perceptions of the senses. With this method, a person’s senses allow him to receive information in the form of certain sensations. The values of quality indicators are derived by analyzing the received sensations based on existing experience. Therefore, the accuracy and reliability of such values depend on the qualifications, skills and abilities of the persons determining them. The organoleptic method does not exclude the possibility of using technical means (magnifying glass, microscope, microphone, auditory tube, etc.) that increase the sensitivity and resolution of the senses. The organoleptic method is used to determine the quality indicators of drinks, confectionery, tobacco, perfumes and other products, the use of which is caused or associated with the impact on consumers through the senses. Quality indicators determined by the organoleptic method are usually expressed in points. The method is widely used to determine quality indicators of products, the use of which is associated with emotional effects on the consumer (drinks, confectionery, perfumes, clothing, etc.). Usually the organoleptic method is used in conjunction with the expert method. In the organoleptic method, quality indicator scores are used. 2. The expert method for assessing the quality of a product is based on a decision made by experts; it is one of the varieties of the organoleptic method that uses generalized assessments of a group of specialists (experts) to assess the quality of a product. The accuracy of the scores obtained in the scoring system largely depends on the qualifications of the experts and the correct organization of the examination. 3. The sociological method of quality assessment is based on studying the opinions of a wide range of consumers about the level of quality of the product being analyzed. Information about consumer opinions is obtained through questionnaires, oral surveys, conferences, auctions, sales exhibitions, etc. The sociological method of determining product quality is carried out by collecting and analyzing the opinions of its actual or possible consumers. The collection of opinions of actual or potential consumers of products is carried out orally, by survey or by distributing questionnaires, questionnaires, by holding conferences, meetings, exhibitions, tastings, etc. The sociological method can sometimes be used to determine the weighting coefficients of product quality indicators. The expert method for assessing the quality of a product is based on a decision made by experts; it is one of the varieties of the organoleptic method that uses generalized assessments of a group of specialists (experts) to assess the quality of a product. The accuracy of the scores obtained in the scoring system largely depends on the qualifications of the experts and the correct organization of the examination. When using the expert method, an order scale is often used to assess quality. The issue of comparison is resolved on the basis of “better or worse”, “more or less”. Numbers of examination objects nth expert Qualimetry as a science, its role in quality management. Conceptual provisions and tasks of modern qualimetry. Product quality indicators. Qualimetry methods used to assess the level of quality, their features, conditions and areas of application. course work, added 02/14/2012 The structure of qualimetry, which combines quantitative methods for assessing quality, used to justify decisions on its management. Structure of the main general quality indicators. Organoleptic (sensory) method for determining quality assessment indicators. test, added 04/23/2016 The main ideology of total quality management as an economic category. Analysis of basic properties, quality indicators and product features. The study of qualimetry, the science of methods of measuring and quantifying the quality of products and services. test, added 09/10/2014 The emergence and concept of qualimetry as a scientific discipline. Main tasks and a number of specific terms of qualimetry. Product quality indicators. Analysis of GOST 51331-99 Dairy products "Yoghurts", which applies to yoghurts made from cow's milk. test, added 03/15/2011 Methodological principles of qualimetry, its significant differences from metrology. Formation of a hierarchical structure of product quality. Single, complex, integral and basic quality indicators, their characteristics. Methods for assessing quality level. abstract, added 12/09/2009 Definition of quality and product quality management functions. Basics of qualimetry. Methods and means of quality management, basic concepts in this area: property, product defect. Product quality management system and state certification. abstract, added 01/26/2011 Features of technology for expert assessment of product quality. Fundamentals of qualimetry technology. Quality spiral, evolution of views on quality management. Standardization as a method of product quality management and reliability as its main indicator. cheat sheet, added 04/30/2013 Concept and tasks of qualimetry. Classification of product quality indicators, its production taking into account international standards. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of agricultural products. Functions of the quality management service at the enterprise. abstract, added 01/23/2012 The issue of improving product quality as a means of increasing competitiveness. The main tasks of qualimetry, the development of methods and types of determining the optimal values of quality indicators. Classification of industrial products and quality indicators. abstract, added 11/27/2009 Regulatory and legal framework for quality assurance, its principles, areas of technical regulation. Standardization of requirements for facilities and quality systems is the essence of certification. Basic concepts of qualimetry. Statistical methods of quality management. Federal Agency for Education State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Ural State Technical University - UPI Qualimetry Lecture course for students of additional educational programs all forms of education Ekaterinburg-2006 The course of lectures is compiled in accordance with the State educational standard of higher education dated 03/02/2000 No. 686 and the curriculum in the direction of training in the discipline “Management” (GOS-2000) for students of additional educational programs of all forms of study at the Faculty of Economics and Management, 86 p. The course of lectures was developed Ph.D., Associate Professor V.A. Shaposhnikov Topic 1. Qualimetry: essence and methods……………………………..4 1. History of qualimetry…………………………………..4 2. Methodology, principles and tasks of qualimetry……………………….8 Topic 2. Qualimetric scales and measurement methods……………..11 1. Classification of qualimetric scales……………………………...11 2. Quality characteristics and qualimetric scales………………...18 3. Basic measurement methods…………………………………………..21 Topic 3. Technology for determining the quality of technical products..26 1. Principles and procedures for quality assessment……………………………..26 2. Classification of quality indicators…………………………………28 Topic 4. Methods for assessing the quality of technical products………….31 1. Methods for obtaining the given values of property indicators....31 2. Assessment of product quality according to its most important indicator…………34 3. Quality assessment based on a generalized indicator of a group of properties……..35 4. Differential method……………………………………………...36 5. Comprehensive quality assessment…………………………………………..42 6. Mixed method assessment……………………………………………51 7. Integral method for assessing the quality level…………………………53 8. Assessing the quality of products based on their economic efficiency….56 9. Method of expert assessment of quality indicators and product properties..58 10. Method for assessing the quality level of heterogeneous products……………76 Literature……………………………………………………………..81 GLOSSARY……………………………………………………………...81 Topic 1. Qualimetry: essence and methods. 1. The history of qualimetry. The term “qualimetry” comes from the roots of two words: “quali” - quality and “metrics” - measurement and quantitative assessment of something. It is known that quality
– this is the most general scientific category, the meaning of which expresses the certainty of the essence or essential certainty of any object. Quality is characterized by a cumulative assessment of all its properties, characteristics and relationships with other objects. Qualimetry is an independent science that is part of quality science - a comprehensive science of quality (Fig. 1). Rice. 1. Structure of quality studies Qualimetry is a scientific field and academic discipline about methods for quantitative assessment of the qualities of various objects. Numerical assessments of the qualities and individual properties of objects are used to justify and make management decisions to subsequently ensure and improve the essence of objects, phenomena and other processes, as well as to manage activities related to quality management. Object of qualimetry there can be anything that represents something whole that can be isolated for study, explored and known. Subject of qualimetry is an assessment of quality in quantitative terms. Structure qualimetry consists of three parts: 1 – general qualimetry
or the general theory of qualimetry, which deals with problems and issues, as well as methods for measuring and assessing qualities; 2 – special qualimetry
large groupings (classes) of objects, for example, qualimetry of products, processes (in a broad sense), services, social security, habitat, etc. down to the quality of people's lives; 3 – subject qualimetry
individual species products, processes or services, such as qualimetry of engineering products (determining the technical level of machines), qualimetry of construction projects, qualimetry of petroleum products, qualimetry of electricity, qualimetry of food products, qualimetry of production processes, qualimetry of labor, qualimetry of education, etc. and so on. Quality measurement and assessment have always been one of the most important areas in the field of production activities. The first known cases of assessing product quality date back to the 15th century BC. e. Then the potters of the island of Crete marked their products with a special sign, indicating the manufacturers and the high quality of their products. This was a quality assessment according to the so-called “name scale”, or “address scale”. Brand names, as well as other quality marks, still serve as a guide, an evaluative sign of product quality. Later, as a type of expert method for assessing product quality, a method was used based on the generalized experience of consumers - the method of “collective wisdom”. The oldest example of expert quality assessment is wine tasting. The development of international trade required the classification of products into qualitative categories, and for this it was necessary to measure not only the individual properties of the product, but to quantify its quality based on the totality of all basic consumer properties. In this regard, in Europe and the USA at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. Methods for assessing product quality using points began to be widely used. For the first time in Russia, the famous shipbuilder, academician A.M. substantiated and applied the analytical method for assessing product quality. Krylov. Using appropriate coefficients that take into account the degree of expression of each ship property and their unequal significance, he assessed the quality of the proposed ship construction projects. Combining these coefficients into a single system (map) made it possible to quantitatively assess the quality of the projects under consideration. In the 20-30s of the twentieth century in the USSR and other countries, methods for quantitative assessment of the quality of goods were successfully developed and used in practice. For example, in 1922, P. Bridgman proposed a way to reduce several quantitative assessments of various parameters characterizing quality to one indicator. In 1928, M. Aranovich solved the same problem. At the same time, P. Florensky proposed new methods of data processing for quantitative assessment of product quality. Qualimetry as an independent science of assessing the quality of any objects was formed in the late 60s of the 20th century. Its appearance was due to the urgent need for more effective and scientifically based quality management of manufactured products. In the years cold war» two social systems(capitalism and socialism), not only the military-political, but also the competitive economic struggle of various countries and firms, the victory in which depended largely on the quality of the manufactured (competitive) products, became particularly intensified. In the first half of the last century in economically developed countries In addition, solutions to various special problems of technology, for example, reliability, manufacturability, safety, ergonomics, environmental friendliness, aesthetics, etc., led scientists to realize the need to conduct joint, comprehensive quality assessments for all the most important parameters of the properties of technical systems: machines, equipment, devices and etc. On the other hand, methods for quantitative assessments of the quality of various (homogeneous and heterogeneous) objects were required. All this led to the fact that then a group of Soviet scientists consisting of military civil engineer G.G. Azgaldov, mechanical engineers Z.N. Krapivensky, Yu.P. Kurachenko and D.M. Shpektorov, economists in the field of aircraft construction A.V. Glichev and V.P. Panov, as well as architect M.V. Fedorova, convinced of the methodological commonality of the existing various methods of quantitative assessments of the qualities of different objects, decided to carry out a theoretical generalization of these methods by developing an independent scientific discipline called “qualimetry”. This essentially historic decision for science was made in November 1967 at an informal meeting of a named group of enthusiasts in the Moscow restaurant “Budapest”. Already in the January 1968 issue of the magazine “Standards and Quality” an article was published outlining the collective position of the “group”, where qualimetry was presented as an independent science, within the framework of which the problems of measuring qualities are studied and methodology and methods are developed quantitative assessing the quality of objects any nature: material and intangible (social, ideal, spiritual, emotional, etc.); animate and inanimate; objects and processes; products of labor and products of nature, etc. In 1971, the first “Methodology for assessing the quality level of industrial products” was published in our country. In the same year, at the 15th International Conference of the European Organization for Quality Control (EOQC), one of the five sections was devoted to qualimetry issues. Russian authors gave keynote speeches. In 1972, the first all-Union scientific conference on qualimetry was held in Tallinn. 1979 - The USSR State Standard publishes Guiding Document RD 50-149-79 entitled “Guidelines for assessing the technical level and quality of industrial products.” Since 1979, the term “qualimetry” has been standardized in GOST 15467-79 “Product Quality Management. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions". Since 1971, the EOCC has regularly discussed qualimetry issues at its international conferences. A great contribution to the theory of qualimetry and the practice of its use was made by: Yu.P. Adler, G.G. Azgaldov, V.G. Velik, G.N. Bobrovnikov, A.V. Glichev, V.V. Kochetov, G.N. Malt,. A.I. Subetto, A.G. Suslov, M.V. Fedorov, V.K. Fedyukin, I.F. Shishkin and many other scientists and specialists. 2. Methodology, principles and tasks of qualimetry. Since the quality of an object is manifested primarily through its properties, i.e. through the objective features of the object, it is believed that to assess quality it is necessary: First, to determine a list (nomenclature) of those properties, the totality of which sufficiently fully characterizes quality. Secondly, measure properties, i.e. determine their numerical values. Thirdly, analytically compare the obtained data with similar characteristics of another object taken as a sample or quality standard. The result obtained will characterize the quality of the object under study with a sufficient degree of reliability. At the stage of metrological measurement of properties (speed, weight, force, etc.), objective information about them is obtained. However, the next qualimetric stage in the study of the quality of an object is largely subjective in nature. Subjectivity
is V himself choosing a standard
quality or “base sample”, with data about which information about the properties of the object under study is compared. When assessing quality, it is sometimes recommended to use the image of an “ideal”, necessary useful quality, which the chosen standard rarely corresponds to. Even an ideal standard of quality cannot satisfy everyone, since all people have different interests, needs, and views on the values of objects. So, quality assessment ( Q ots
) is the result of the interaction of four components, namely: Q ots =< О, С, Б, А л >,
Where ABOUT
– object being assessed; WITH– assessing object; B– assessment base (quality standard); A l– algorithm (logic and techniques) of assessment. Qualimetry, like any scientific discipline, has its own methodological principles. 1. Qualimetry is obliged to provide the practice of economic activity of people (i.e., the economy) with socially useful methods for reliable qualified and quantitative assessment of the quality of various objects of research. The task of qualimetry is to develop methods, techniques and means for assessing product quality that take into account public interests, i.e. interests of consumers and producers. 2. Priority in the selection of defining indicators for assessing product quality is always on the consumer’s side. Products are created for the consumer sector, therefore, in qualimetry, preference is given to indicators of consumer properties. 3. A qualimetric assessment of product quality cannot be obtained without a standard for comparison - without basic values of indicators of defining properties and quality in general. 4. The indicator of any level of generalization, except for the lowest (initial) level, is predetermined by the corresponding indicators of the previous hierarchical level. The lowest hierarchical level of indicators should be taken as single indicators of the simplest properties that form quality. A higher hierarchical level consists of generalized quality indicators. The quality indicator of the highest hierarchical level is the integral indicator. 5. When using the method of comprehensive assessment of product quality, all different-dimensional property indicators must be converted and reduced to one dimension or expressed in dimensionless units of measurement. 6. When determining a complex quality indicator, each indicator of an individual property must be adjusted by the coefficient of its weight (significance). 7. The sum of the numerical values of the weight coefficients of all quality indicators at any hierarchical levels of assessment has the same value (in fractions of unity or on a certain point scale). 8. The quality of the whole object (in particular, a product or process) is determined by the quality of its component parts. 9. When quantitatively assessing quality, especially according to a complex indicator, the use of interdependent and, therefore, duplicating indicators of the same property is unacceptable. 10. The quality of products that are capable of performing useful functions in accordance with their intended purpose is usually assessed., (5)
In which, when constructing a scale of intervals with size j Q, all sizes i Q are compared. Salimova T.A. quality control. M.: Omega-L, 2007.
Chapter 2. Practical qualimetry
2.1 Methods for measuring quality level
product quality indicators, carried out on the basis of technical
measuring instruments. There are automated, mechanized and
manual methods. Automated methods are the most efficient and accurate.The measurement method is based on information obtained using measuring and control instruments.
Heuristic methods for assessing the quality of goods are based on the use of senses, intuition and generalized experience of people.
Types of heuristic methods:
1. Organoleptic method:
It is distinguished by its simplicity and the ability to be carried out in any conditions without the use of special equipment;
is based on the use of human senses - smell, touch, vision, hearing and taste;
You can evaluate, for example, the hardness of materials, the smell of perfume, the sound quality of musical instruments, the type of products, etc.
When scoring, it is first necessary to establish a list of characteristics that most fully characterize the quality of the product (for example, for food products - appearance, smell, color, taste). It is recommended to use four quality assessments and the corresponding number of points.
If necessary, intermediate grades of 4.5 and 3.5 are allowed - in the first option; 2.5 and 1.5 - in the second. In the second option, a satisfactory assessment stands out more sharply: in the first option it differs from good by 25%, in the second - by 50%. Other options for distributing points are also possible.
4. Statistical, using the rules of applied statistics and based on counting the number of events or objects (for example, when determining the percentage of defects from the total number of products)
5. Combined, including several methods for determining quality indicators. Fomin N.V. Qualimetry. Quality control. Certification: training manual. M.: Os-89, 2007.
2.2 Expert methods
2.2.1 Pairwise comparison
Pairwise comparison. When constructing an order scale or the so-called ranked series, the pairwise comparison method is used. Presenting the measurement result in a ranked series makes sense when several objects of examination can be considered as one composite object of the same nature. The procedure for this is as follows.
1. Objects of examination are arranged in order of their preference (ranking). The place occupied by such an arrangement in the ranked series is called rank.
2. The most important, in the expert’s opinion, object of examination is assigned the highest score, all others, in order of decreasing relative importance, are given points up to 1.
3. The obtained measurement results are normalized, i.e. divided by the total points. The weighting coefficients thus obtained take values from 0 to 1, and their sum becomes equal to 1. The values of the weighting coefficients in this case are calculated using the formula:
(6)
where G i,j, is the score (rank) of the jth indicator given by the i-th expert;
n - number of experts;
m is the number of “weighted” indicators.
When processing the results of examinations obtained by ranking, the following operations must be performed:
1) determine the sum of points assigned by all experts to the j-th object of examination (indicator);
2) determine the sum of points of all examination objects (indicators) assigned by all experts;
3) determine the weight or weight coefficient of the j-th object of examination (indicator).
Example:
The opinions of five experts on seven objects of examination are expressed as follows:
Q5< Q3 < Q2 < Q1
Q5< Q3 < Q2 < Q6
Q3< Q2 < Q5 < Q1
Q5< Q3 < Q2 < Q1
Q5< Q3 < Q1 < Q2
Based on the sum of the ranks of each object of examination, construct a ranked series. resulting from multiple measurements. Determine the weight of the members of the series.
Solution.
1. Sum of ranks
Q1= 4+6+4+4+3 = 21
Q2 =3+3+2+3+4 =15
Q3 = 2+2+1+2+2 = 9
Q4 = 6+5+6+5+6 = 28
Q5 = 1+1+3+1+1 = 7
Q6 = 5+4+5+6+5 = 25
Q7 = 7+7+7+7+7=35
2. The result of multiple measurements looks like:
Q5< Q3 < Q2 < Q1
According to formula (6) we have:
2.2.2 Pairwise comparison method
With this method, the expert receives a matrix in which the numbers of examination objects (quality indicators) are indicated vertically and horizontally. The expert must put in each cell related to the two compared objects (indicators) the number of the object (indicator) that he considers the most important, as shown in the table. 1.
Table 1
Pairwise composition matrix
In pairwise matching, only the top of the table is used. Weight coefficients are calculated using the formula:
where Fij is the frequency of preference by the i-th expert for the j-th object of examination, defined as:
Kij is the number of preferences of the i-th expert of the j]-th object of examination;
Similar documents
Topic 1. Qualimetry: essence and methods.
In the West, various empirical and mainly statistical and expert methods of numerically assessing the quality of various products have appeared. Similar methods and techniques for assessing qualities were used in the USSR. However, to solve many practical problems, unified methods were needed that would make it possible to more reliably and accurately determine quality levels and, on this basis, make adequate management, engineering, technological and other decisions regarding product quality.