Space exploration in brief for children. Beginning of the space age

Still from the film “Another Earth”

On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person to travel into space. His flight lasted 108 minutes. Since then, every year on April 12, our country celebrates Cosmonautics Day. This holiday is an excellent occasion to tell your child about the history of space exploration, famous astronauts and scientific research.

A colorful, cheerful and very interesting book"Cosmos", which was released in March of this year. Several facts from it are on Rambler/Family right now.

Secret words

During the first flights, the astronauts communicated with the Earth using secret words so that no one could guess how everything went. These words were the names of flowers, fruits and trees. For example, cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov, in case of increased radiation, had to signal: “Banana!” For Valentina Tereshkova (the first female cosmonaut), the password “Oak” meant that the braking engine was working well, and “Elm” meant that the engine was not working.

Spacewalk

The next task after Gagarin's flight was to reach open space. Alexey Leonov was the first to do this during his flight on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. Then no one knew how to behave correctly in zero gravity. Having entered space, Leonov pushed off from the airlock and was violently spun, but the safety rope held the astronaut. Another problem awaited him: the suit suddenly became very inflated, and Leonov could not return to the ship. He simply did not fit into the hatch until he reduced the air pressure in the suit. Because of this, the spacewalk did not last 12 minutes, as planned, but twice as long.

Gravity and cosmic velocities

A space flight

Spaceports are built as close to the equator as possible so that the rocket can use the force of the Earth's rotation during takeoff. This is important because it is very difficult to fly into space. Massive cosmic bodies, such as planets, hold everything around them with enormous force. To fly away from the Earth to a distance from which it cannot pull you back, you need to gain a second escape velocity.

At the first escape velocity it is impossible to fly away from the Earth, but it is possible to enter a near-Earth orbit and revolve around our planet without falling or flying away. This is exactly what all artificial Earth satellites do, including the ISS.

ISS

Construction of the International Space Station (ISS) began in 1998, and the first astronauts settled on it on October 31, 2000. The ISS took 10 years to assemble as a huge, complex and very expensive construction kit. Its length is 110 meters. Six people live and work on the ISS at the same time. The ISS in the full sense of the word is an international station; 23 countries are taking part in this project. The ISS orbits the Earth 16 times per day, so astronauts see 16 sunrises and sunsets.

Record-breaking astronauts

It is very difficult to ensure the existence of an astronaut on an orbital station. The crews stayed at the first stations for no more than a month, but now they live on the ISS for six months. The longest flight in the world was made by Valery Polyakov - 438 days (14 months) in a row at the Mir station. And the world record for staying in space belongs to Gennady Padalka - during five flights he spent 878 days (2 years and 5 months) in orbit.

Weightlessness

Still from the movie "Gravity"

Still from the movie "Gravity"

In zero gravity, a lot changes. For example, the distance between the vertebrae increases and people grow taller. There was a case when a person became 10.5 cm taller! It’s also very easy to move around in zero gravity - astronauts simply fly inside the space station. Therefore, muscles lose strength and bones become fragile. The leg muscles suffer the most. In order not to forget how to walk, astronauts take vitamins and exercise every day. They train on a treadmill, to which they are held by ropes so as not to fly away.

Photos from space

Spacecraft fly high above the Earth, but from them you can clearly see everything that is happening on the planet - as if in front of you is a living map. Many satellites constantly photograph the Earth and thereby help draw maps, forecast the weather, warn about storms and volcanic eruptions, observe the migrations of animals and fish, and monitor environmental pollution. Photos from space are also used for agricultural, environmental and many other purposes.

Landing

Many astronauts say that the descent leaves the most vivid impressions of the entire space flight. Through the porthole they see the flames that engulf the ship as it passes through the dense layers of the atmosphere. The ship is lowered to Earth using a large parachute, but it does not open immediately so as not to cause too strong a jerk. First, a very small parachute opens, it pulls out a second, larger one, and only then the main large parachute opens. The entire parachute descent takes 15 minutes.

Recovery

Immediately after the astronaut returns to Earth, the recovery course begins. This takes as much time as a person spent in orbit, and sometimes more. You need to relearn how to balance, train your muscles and strengthen your heart.

On October 4, 1957, the former USSR launched the world's first artificial Earth satellite. The first Soviet satellite made it possible for the first time to measure the density of the upper atmosphere, obtain data on the propagation of radio signals in the ionosphere, work out issues of insertion into orbit, thermal conditions, etc. The satellite was an aluminum sphere with a diameter of 58 cm and a mass of 83.6 kg with four whip antennas of length 2. 4-2.9 m. The satellite’s sealed housing housed equipment and power supplies. The initial orbital parameters were: perigee altitude 228 km, apogee altitude 947 km, inclination 65.1 deg. On November 3, the Soviet Union announced the launch of a second Soviet satellite into orbit. In a separate hermetic cabin there was a dog Laika and a telemetry system to record its behavior in zero gravity. The satellite was also equipped with scientific instruments to study solar radiation and cosmic rays.

On December 6, 1957, the United States attempted to launch the Avangard-1 satellite using a launch vehicle developed by the Naval Research Laboratory. After ignition, the rocket rose above the launch table, but a second later the engines turned off and the rocket fell onto the table, exploding on impact .

On January 31, 1958, the Explorer 1 satellite was launched into orbit, the American response to the launch of Soviet satellites. By size and

He was not a candidate for record holder. Being less than 1 m long and only ~15.2 cm in diameter, it had a mass of only 4.8 kg.

However, its payload was attached to the fourth and final stage of the Juno 1 launch vehicle. The satellite, together with the rocket in orbit, had a length of 205 cm and a mass of 14 kg. It was equipped with external and internal temperature sensors, erosion and impact sensors to detect micrometeorite flows, and a Geiger-Muller counter to record penetrating cosmic rays.

An important scientific result of the satellite's flight was the discovery of the radiation belts surrounding the Earth. The Geiger-Muller counter stopped counting when the device was at apogee at an altitude of 2530 km, the perigee altitude was 360 km.

On February 5, 1958, the United States made a second attempt to launch the Avangard-1 satellite, but it also ended in an accident, like the first attempt. Finally, on March 17, the satellite was launched into orbit. Between December 1957 and September 1959, eleven attempts were made to place Avangard 1 into orbit, only three of which were successful.

Between December 1957 and September 1959, eleven attempts were made to place the Avangard into orbit.

Both satellites contributed a lot of new things to space science and technology (solar batteries, new data on density upper atmosphere, precise mapping of islands in the Pacific Ocean, etc.) On August 17, 1958, the United States made the first attempt to send a probe with scientific equipment from Cape Canaveral to the vicinity of the Moon. It turned out to be unsuccessful. The rocket took off and flew only 16 km. The first stage of the rocket exploded 77 minutes into the flight. On October 11, 1958, a second attempt was made to launch the Pioneer 1 lunar probe, which was also unsuccessful. The next few launches also turned out to be unsuccessful, only on March 3, 1959, Pioneer-4, weighing 6.1 kg, partially completed its task: it flew past the Moon at a distance of 60,000 km (instead of the planned 24,000 km).

Just as with the launch of the Earth satellite, priority in launching the first probe belongs to the USSR; on January 2, 1959, the first man-made object was launched, which was placed on a trajectory passing fairly close to the Moon into the orbit of the Sun's satellite. Thus, Luna 1 reached the second escape velocity for the first time. Luna 1 had a mass of 361.3 kg and flew past the Moon at a distance of 5500 km. At a distance of 113,000 km from Earth, a cloud of sodium vapor was released from a rocket stage docked to Luna 1, forming an artificial comet. Solar radiation caused a bright glow of sodium vapor and optical systems on Earth photographed the cloud against the background of the constellation Aquarius.

Luna 2, launched on September 12, 1959, made the world's first flight to another celestial body. The 390.2-kilogram sphere contained instruments that showed that the Moon does not have magnetic field and the radiation belt.

The automatic interplanetary station (AMS) “Luna-3” was launched on October 4, 1959. The weight of the station was 435 kg. The main purpose of the launch was to fly around the Moon and photograph its reverse side, invisible from Earth. Photographing was carried out on October 7 for 40 minutes from an altitude of 6200 km above the Moon.
Man in space

On April 12, 1961, at 9:07 a.m. Moscow time, several tens of kilometers north of the village of Tyuratam in Kazakhstan, at the Soviet Baikonur Cosmodrome, the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile was launched, in the bow compartment of which the manned spaceship “Vostok” was located with Air Force Major Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin on board. The launch was successful. The spacecraft was put into orbit with an inclination of 65 degrees, a perigee altitude of 181 km and an apogee altitude of 327 km and completed one orbit around the Earth in 89 minutes. At 108 minutes after launch, it returned to Earth, landing near the village of Smelovka, Saratov region. Thus, 4 years after the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, the Soviet Union was the first in the world to carry out a human flight in space.

The spacecraft consisted of two compartments. The descent module, which was also the cosmonaut's cabin, was a sphere with a diameter of 2.3 m, coated with an ablative material for thermal protection during reentry. The spacecraft was controlled automatically and by the astronaut. During the flight it was continuously maintained with the Earth. The atmosphere of the ship is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen under a pressure of 1 atm. (760 mmHg). Vostok-1 had a mass of 4730 kg, and with the last stage of the launch vehicle 6170 kg. The Vostok spacecraft was launched into space 5 times, after which it was declared safe for human flight.

Four weeks after Gagarin's flight on May 5, 1961, Captain 3rd Rank Alan Shepard became the first American astronaut.

Although it did not reach Earth orbit, it rose above the Earth to an altitude of about 186 km. Shepard, launched from Cape Canaveral into the Mercury 3 spacecraft using a modified Redstone ballistic missile, spent 15 minutes 22 seconds in flight before landing in the Atlantic Ocean. He proved that a person in conditions of weightlessness can exercise manual control of a spacecraft. The Mercury spacecraft was significantly different from the Vostok spacecraft.

It consisted of only one module - a manned capsule in the shape of a truncated cone with a length of 2.9 m and a base diameter of 1.89 m. Its sealed nickel alloy shell had a titanium lining to protect it from heating during reentry.

The atmosphere inside Mercury consisted of pure oxygen under a pressure of 0.36 at.

On February 20, 1962, the United States reached low-Earth orbit. Mercury 6, piloted by Navy Lieutenant Colonel John Glenn, was launched from Cape Canaveral. Glenn spent only 4 hours 55 minutes in orbit, completing 3 orbits before a successful landing. The purpose of Glenn's flight was to determine the possibility of a person working in the Mercury spacecraft. Last time Mercury was launched into space on May 15, 1963.

On March 18, 1965, the Voskhod spacecraft was launched into orbit with two cosmonauts on board - the ship's commander, Colonel Pavel Ivarovich Belyaev, and the co-pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov. Immediately after entering orbit, the crew cleared themselves of nitrogen by inhaling pure oxygen. Then the airlock compartment was deployed: Leonov entered the airlock compartment, closed the spacecraft hatch cover and for the first time in the world made an exit into outer space. Astronaut with autonomous system life support was outside the spacecraft cabin for 20 minutes, at times moving away from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m. During the exit, he was connected to the spacecraft only by telephone and telemetry cables. Thus, the possibility of an astronaut staying and working outside the spacecraft was practically confirmed.

On June 3, the spacecraft Gemeny 4 was launched with captains James McDivitt and Edward White. During this flight, which lasted 97 hours and 56 minutes, White exited the spacecraft and spent 21 minutes outside the cockpit testing the ability to maneuver in space using a hand-held compressed gas jet gun.

Unfortunately, space exploration was not without casualties. On January 27, 1967, the crew preparing to make the first manned flight under the Apollo program died during a fire inside the spacecraft, burning out in 15 seconds in an atmosphere of pure oxygen. Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee became the first American astronauts to die on space mission. On April 23, the new Soyuz-1 spacecraft was launched from Baikonur, piloted by Colonel Vladimir Komarov. The launch was successful.

On the 18th orbit, 26 hours 45 minutes after launch, Komarov began orientation to enter the atmosphere. All operations went well, but after entering the atmosphere and braking, the parachute system failed. The astronaut died instantly when the Soyuz hit the Earth at a speed of 644 km/h. Subsequently, Space claimed more than one human life, but these victims were the first.

It should be noted that in natural scientific and productive terms the world faces a number of global problems, the solution of which requires the united efforts of all peoples. These are problems of raw materials, energy, control over the condition of environment and conservation of the biosphere and others. Space research, one of the most important areas of the scientific and technological revolution, will play a huge role in their fundamental solution.

Cosmonautics clearly demonstrates to the whole world the fruitfulness of peaceful creative work and the benefits of joining forces different countries in solving scientific and national economic problems.

What problems do astronautics and the astronauts themselves face?

Let's start with life support. What is life support? Life support in space flight is the creation and maintenance during the entire flight in the living and working compartments of spacecraft. such conditions that would provide the crew with sufficient performance to complete the assigned task and a minimum likelihood of pathological changes occurring in the human body. How to do it? It is necessary to significantly reduce the degree of human exposure to adverse external factors space flight - vacuum, meteoric bodies, penetrating radiation, weightlessness, overloads; supply the crew with substances and energy without which normal human life is not possible - food, water, oxygen and food; remove waste products of the body and substances harmful to health released during the operation of spacecraft systems and equipment; provide human needs for movement, rest, external information and normal working conditions; organize medical monitoring of the crew’s health status and maintain it at the required level. Food and water are delivered into space in appropriate packaging, and oxygen is delivered in a chemically bound form. If you do not restore waste products, then for a crew of three people for one year you will need 11 tons of the above products, which, you see, is a considerable weight, volume, and how will all this be stored throughout the year?!

In the near future, regeneration systems will make it possible to almost completely reproduce oxygen and water on board the station. They began to use water after washing and showering, purified in a regeneration system, a long time ago. The exhaled moisture is condensed in the refrigeration-drying unit and then regenerated. Breathable oxygen is extracted from purified water by electrolysis, and hydrogen gas by reacting with carbon dioxide, coming from the concentrator, forms water that feeds the electrolyzer. The use of such a system makes it possible to reduce the mass of stored substances in the considered example from 11 to 2 tons. Recently, it has been practiced to grow various types of plants directly on board the ship, which makes it possible to reduce the supply of food that needs to be taken into space; Tsiolkovsky mentioned this in his works.
Space science

Space exploration helps in many ways in the development of sciences:

On December 18, 1980, the phenomenon of the flow of particles from the Earth's radiation belts under negative magnetic anomalies was established.

Experiments carried out on the first satellites showed that the near-Earth space outside the atmosphere is not “empty” at all. It is filled with plasma, permeated with streams of energy particles. In 1958, the Earth's radiation belts were discovered in near space - giant magnetic traps filled with charged particles - protons and high-energy electrons.

The highest intensity of radiation in the belts is observed at altitudes of several thousand km. Theoretical estimates showed that below 500 km. There should be no increased radiation. Therefore, the discovery of the first K.K. during flights was completely unexpected. areas of intense radiation at altitudes up to 200-300 km. It turned out that this is due to anomalous zones of the Earth's magnetic field.

Research circulated natural resources Earth using space methods, which greatly contributed to the development of the national economy.

The first problem that space researchers faced in 1980 was a complex scientific research, including most of the most important areas of cosmic natural science. Their goal was to develop methods for thematic interpretation of multispectral video information and their use in solving problems in the geosciences and economic sectors. These tasks include: studying the global and local structures of the earth’s crust to understand the history of its development.

The second problem is one of the fundamental physical and technical problems of remote sensing and is aimed at creating catalogs of radiation characteristics of earthly objects and models of their transformation, which will make it possible to analyze the state of natural formations at the time of shooting and predict their dynamics.

A distinctive feature of the third problem is the focus on the radiation characteristics of large regions up to the planet as a whole, using data on the parameters and anomalies of the Earth’s gravitational and geomagnetic fields.
Exploring the Earth from space

Man first appreciated the role of satellites for monitoring the condition of agricultural land, forests and other natural resources of the Earth only a few years after the advent of the space age. It began in 1960, when, with the help of the Tiros meteorological satellites, map-like outlines of the globe lying under the clouds were obtained. These first black-and-white TV images provided very little insight into human activity, but it was nonetheless a first step. Soon, new technical means were developed that made it possible to improve the quality of observations. Information was extracted from multispectral images in the visible and infrared (IR) regions of the spectrum. The first satellites designed to make maximum use of these capabilities were the Landsat type. For example, Landsat-D, the fourth in the series, observed the Earth from an altitude of more than 640 km using advanced sensors, allowing consumers to receive significantly more detailed and timely information. One of the first areas of application of images earth's surface, there was cartography. In the pre-satellite era, maps of many areas, even in developed areas of the world, were drawn inaccurately. Landsat images have helped correct and update some existing US maps. In the USSR, images obtained from the Salyut station turned out to be indispensable for calibrating the BAM railway line.

In the mid-70s, NASA, the Ministry Agriculture The United States decided to demonstrate the capabilities of the satellite system in forecasting the most important agricultural crop, wheat. Satellite observations, which turned out to be extremely accurate, were later extended to other crops. Around the same time, in the USSR, observations of agricultural crops were carried out from satellites of the Cosmos, Meteor, Monsoon series and Salyut orbital stations.

The use of satellite information has revealed its undeniable advantages in estimating the volume of timber in vast areas of any country. It has become possible to manage the process of deforestation and, if necessary, make recommendations on changing the contours of the deforestation area from the point of view of the best preservation of the forest. Thanks to satellite images, it has also become possible to quickly assess the boundaries of forest fires, especially “crown-shaped” ones, characteristic of the western regions North America, as well as the regions of Primorye and the southern regions of Eastern Siberia in Russia.

Of great importance for humanity as a whole is the ability to observe almost continuously the vastness of the World Ocean, this “forge” of weather. It is above the layers of ocean water that monstrous hurricanes and typhoons arise, causing numerous casualties and destruction for coastal residents. Early warning to the public is often critical to saving the lives of tens of thousands of people. Determining the stocks of fish and other seafood is also of great practical importance. Ocean currents often bend, change course and size. For example, El Nino, a warm current in a southerly direction off the coast of Ecuador in some years can spread along the coast of Peru up to 12 degrees. S . When this happens, plankton and fish die huge quantities, causing irreparable damage to the fisheries of many countries, including Russia. Large concentrations of single-celled marine organisms increase fish mortality, possibly due to the toxins they contain. Observation from satellites helps to identify the “vagaries” of such currents and give useful information to those who need it. According to some estimates by Russian and American scientists, fuel savings, combined with the “additional catch” due to the use of satellite information obtained in the infrared range, gives an annual profit of $ 2.44 million. The use of satellites for survey purposes has facilitated the task of plotting the course of sea vessels . Satellites also detect icebergs and glaciers that are dangerous for ships. Accurate knowledge of snow reserves in the mountains and the volume of glaciers is an important task of scientific research, because as arid territories are developed, the need for water increases sharply.

The cosmonauts' help was invaluable in creating the largest cartographic work - the Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources of the World.

Also, with the help of satellites, oil pollution, air pollution, and minerals are found.
Space Science

During the short period of time since the beginning of the space age, man not only sent automatic space stations to other planets and set foot on the moon, but also created a revolution in space science unmatched in human history. Along with great technical advances brought about by the development of astronautics, new knowledge was gained about planet Earth and neighboring worlds. One of the first important discoveries, made not by traditional visual, but by another method of observation, was the establishment of the fact of a sharp increase with height, starting from a certain threshold height, of the intensity of cosmic rays previously considered isotropic. This discovery belongs to the Austrian W.F. Hess, who launched a gas balloon with equipment to high altitudes in 1946.

In 1952 and 1953 Dr James Van Allen conducted research on low-energy cosmic rays during launches of small rockets to an altitude of 19-24 km and high-altitude balloons in the region of the Earth's north magnetic pole. After analyzing the results of the experiments, Van Allen proposed placing cosmic ray detectors that were fairly simple in design on board the first American artificial Earth satellites.

With the help of the Explorer 1 satellite, launched by the United States into orbit on January 31, 1958, a sharp decrease in the intensity of cosmic radiation was discovered at altitudes above 950 km. At the end of 1958, the Pioneer-3 AMS, which covered a distance of over 100,000 km in one day of flight, recorded, using the sensors on board, a second, located above the first, Earth’s radiation belt, which also encircles the entire globe.

In August and September 1958, three atomic explosions were carried out at an altitude of more than 320 km, each with a power of 1.5 kt. The purpose of the tests, codenamed "Argus", was to study the possibility of loss of radio and radar communications during such tests. The study of the Sun is the most important scientific task, to the solution of which many launches of the first satellites and spacecraft are devoted.

American "Pioneer-4" - "Pioneer-9" (1959-1968) from near-solar orbits were transmitted by radio to Earth vital information about the structure of the Sun. At the same time, more than twenty satellites of the Intercosmos series were launched to study the Sun and circumsolar space.
Black holes

Black holes were discovered in the 1960s. It turned out that if our eyes could only see x-rays, the starry sky above us would look completely different. True, X-rays emitted by the Sun were discovered even before the birth of astronautics, but other sources in starry sky and did not suspect. We came across them by accident.

In 1962, the Americans, having decided to check whether X-ray radiation was emanating from the surface of the Moon, launched a rocket equipped with special equipment. It was then that, when processing the observation results, we became convinced that the instruments had detected a powerful source of X-ray radiation. It was located in the constellation Scorpio. And already in the 70s, the first 2 satellites, designed to search for research into sources of X-rays in the universe, went into orbit - the American Uhuru and the Soviet Cosmos-428.

By this time, things had already begun to become clear. Objects emitting X-rays have been linked to barely visible stars with unusual properties. These were compact clots of plasma of insignificant, of course by cosmic standards, sizes and masses, heated to several tens of millions of degrees. Despite their very modest appearance, these objects possessed colossal X-ray radiation power, several thousand times higher than full compatibility Sun.

These are tiny, about 10 km in diameter. , the remains of completely burnt out stars, compressed to a monstrous density, had to somehow make themselves known. That is why neutron stars were so readily “recognized” in X-ray sources. And everything seemed to fit. But the calculations refuted expectations: newly formed neutron stars should have immediately cooled down and stopped emitting, but these ones emitted x-rays.

Using launched satellites, researchers discovered strictly periodic changes in the radiation fluxes of some of them. The period of these variations was also determined - usually it did not exceed several days. Only two stars rotating around themselves could behave this way, one of which periodically eclipsed the other. This has been proven by observation through telescopes.

Where do X-ray sources get their colossal radiation energy? The main condition for the transformation of a normal star into a neutron star is considered to be the complete damping of the nuclear reaction in it. Therefore nuclear energy is excluded. Then maybe this is the kinetic energy of a rapidly rotating massive body? Indeed, it is great for neutron stars. But it only lasts for a short time.

Most neutron stars do not exist alone, but in pairs with a huge star. In their interaction, theorists believe, the source of the mighty power of cosmic X-rays is hidden. It forms a disk of gas around the neutron star. At the magnetic poles of the neutron ball, the substance of the disk falls onto its surface, and the energy acquired by the gas is converted into X-ray radiation.

Cosmos-428 also presented its own surprise. His equipment registered a new, completely unknown phenomenon - X-ray flashes. In one day, the satellite detected 20 bursts, each of which lasted no more than 1 second. , and the radiation power increased tens of times. Scientists called the sources of X-ray flares BURSTERS. They are also associated with dual systems. The most powerful flares in terms of energy fired are only several times inferior to the total radiation of hundreds of billions of stars located in our galaxy.

Theorists have proven that “black holes” that are part of binary star systems can signal themselves with X-rays. And the reason for its occurrence is the same - gas accretion. True, the mechanism in this case is somewhat different. The internal parts of the gas disk settling into the “hole” should heat up and therefore become sources of X-rays.

By transitioning to a neutron star, only those luminaries whose mass does not exceed 2-3 solar ones end their “life”. Larger stars suffer the fate of a “black hole”.

X-ray astronomy told us about the last, perhaps the most turbulent, stage in the development of stars. Thanks to her, we learned about powerful cosmic explosions, about gas with temperatures of tens and hundreds of millions of degrees, about the possibility of a completely unusual superdense state of substances in “black holes.”

What else does space give us? For a long time now, television programs have not mentioned that the transmission is carried out via satellite. This is further evidence of the enormous success in the industrialization of space, which has become an integral part of our lives. Communication satellites literally entangle the world with invisible threads. The idea of ​​​​creating communication satellites was born shortly after the Second World War, when A. Clark in the October 1945 issue of Wireless World magazine. presented his concept of a communications relay station located at an altitude of 35,880 km above the Earth.

Clark's merit was that he determined the orbit in which the satellite is stationary relative to the Earth. This orbit is called geostationary or Clarke orbit. When moving in a circular orbit with an altitude of 35880 km, one revolution is completed in 24 hours, i.e. during the period of the Earth's daily rotation. A satellite moving in such an orbit will constantly be above a certain point on the Earth's surface.

The first communications satellite, Telstar-1, was launched into low Earth orbit with parameters of 950 x 5630 km; this happened on July 10, 1962. Almost a year later, the Telstar-2 satellite was launched. The first telecast showed the American flag in New England with the Andover station in the background. This image was transmitted to Great Britain, France and to the American station in the state. New Jersey 15 hours after satellite launch. Two weeks later, millions of Europeans and Americans watched negotiations between people on opposite coasts Atlantic Ocean. They not only talked but also saw each other, communicating via satellite. Historians can consider this day the birth date of space TV. The world's largest state satellite communications system was created in Russia. It began in April 1965. the launch of Molniya series satellites, placed into highly elongated elliptical orbits with an apogee over the Northern Hemisphere. Each series includes four pairs of satellites orbiting at an angular distance from each other of 90 degrees.

The first long-distance space communications system, Orbita, was built on the basis of the Molniya satellites. In December 1975 The family of communications satellites was replenished with the Raduga satellite operating in geostationary orbit. Then the Ekran satellite appeared with a more powerful transmitter and simpler ground stations. After the first development of satellites, a new period began in the development of satellite communications technology, when satellites began to be placed into a geostationary orbit in which they move synchronously with the rotation of the Earth. This made it possible to establish round-the-clock communication between ground stations using new generation satellites: the American Sinkom, Airlie Bird and Intelsat, and the Russian Raduga and Horizon satellites.

A great future is associated with the placement of antenna complexes in geostationary orbit.

On June 17, 1991, the ERS-1 geodetic satellite was launched into orbit. The satellites' primary mission would be to observe the oceans and ice-covered land masses to provide climatologists, oceanographers, and environmental groups with data on these little-explored regions. The satellite was equipped with state-of-the-art microwave equipment, thanks to which it is ready for any weather: its radar "eyes" penetrate through fog and clouds and provide a clear image of the Earth's surface, through water, through land - and through ice. ERS-1 was aimed at developing ice maps, which would subsequently help avoid many disasters associated with collisions of ships with icebergs, etc.

With all that, the development of shipping routes is, speaking in different ways in other words, just the tip of the iceberg, if you only remember the decoding of ERS data on the oceans and ice-covered spaces of the Earth. We are aware of alarming forecasts of the overall warming of the Earth, which will lead to the melting of the polar caps and rising sea levels. Everyone will be flooded coastal zones, millions of people will suffer.

But we do not know how correct these predictions are. Long-term observations of the polar regions by ERS-1 and its subsequent ERS-2 satellite in late autumn 1994 provide data from which inferences can be made about these trends. They are creating an "early detection" system in the case of melting ice.

Thanks to the images that the ERS-1 satellite transmitted to Earth, we know that the ocean floor with its mountains and valleys is, as it were, “imprinted” on the surface of the waters. This way, scientists can get an idea of ​​whether the distance from the satellite to the sea surface (measured to within ten centimeters by satellite radar altimeters) is an indication of rising sea levels, or whether it is the “imprint” of a mountain on the bottom.

Although the ERS-1 satellite was originally designed for ocean and ice observations, it quickly proved its versatility over land. In agriculture, forestry, fisheries, geology and cartography, specialists work with data provided by satellites. Since ERS-1 is still operational after three years of its mission, scientists have a chance to operate it together with ERS-2 for shared missions, as a tandem. And they are going to obtain new information about the topography of the earth's surface and provide assistance, for example, in warning about possible earthquakes.

The ERS-2 satellite is also equipped with the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment Gome measuring instrument, which takes into account the volume and distribution of ozone and other gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Using this device, you can observe the dangerous ozone hole and the changes that occur. At the same time, according to ERS-2 data, it is possible to divert UV-b radiation close to the ground.

Given the many global environmental problems that both ERS-1 and ERS-2 must provide fundamental information to address, planning shipping routes seems to be a relatively minor output of this new generation of satellites. But this is one of the areas where the potential for commercial use of satellite data is being exploited particularly intensively. This helps in funding other important tasks. And this has an effect on environmental protection that is difficult to overestimate: faster shipping routes require less energy consumption. Or let’s remember the oil tankers that ran aground during storms or broke up and sank, losing their environmentally hazardous cargo. Reliable route planning helps avoid such disasters.

In conclusion, it is fair to say that the twentieth century is rightly called the “age of electricity”, “atomic age”, “age of chemistry”, “age of biology”. But the most recent and, apparently, also fair name is “space age”. Humanity has embarked on a path leading to mysterious cosmic distances, conquering which it will expand the scope of its activities. The space future of humanity is the key to its continuous development on the path of progress and prosperity, which was dreamed of and created by those who worked and are working today in the field of astronautics and other sectors of the national economy.

On April 12, our country celebrated the 50th anniversary of space exploration - Cosmonautics Day. This is a national holiday. It seems familiar to us that spaceships launch from Earth. In the high celestial distances, spacecraft dockings take place. Cosmonauts live and work in space stations for months, and automatic stations go to other planets. You might say “what's so special about this?”

But just recently they talked about space flights as science fiction. And so on October 4, 1957, it began new era- era of space exploration.

Constructors

Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich -

Russian scientist who was one of the first to think about flying into space.

The fate and life of a scientist are unusual and interesting. The first half of Kostya Tsiolkovsky’s childhood was ordinary, like all children. Already in old age, Konstantin Eduardovich recalled how he liked to climb trees, climb onto the roofs of houses, jump from great heights to experience the feeling of free fall. My second childhood began when, having contracted scarlet fever, I almost completely lost my hearing. Deafness caused the boy not only everyday inconvenience and moral suffering. She threatened to slow down his physical and mental development.

Kostya suffered another grief: his mother died. The family was left with a father, a younger brother and an illiterate aunt. The boy was left to his own devices.

Deprived of many joys and impressions due to illness, Kostya reads a lot, constantly comprehending what he read. He invents something that was invented a long time ago. But he invents himself. Eg, lathe. In the courtyard of the houses he built are spinning in the wind windmills, self-propelled sailing carts run against the wind.

He dreams of space travel. He voraciously reads books on physics, chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics. Realizing that his capable but deaf son will not be accepted into any educational institution, his father decides to send sixteen-year-old Kostya to Moscow for self-education. Kostya rents a corner in Moscow and sits in free libraries from morning to evening. His father sends him 15 - 20 rubles a month, but Kostya, eating black bread and drinking tea, spends 90 kopecks a month on food! With the rest of the money he buys retorts, books, and reagents. The following years were also difficult. He suffered a lot from bureaucratic indifference to his works and projects. I was sick and discouraged, but I got myself together again, made calculations, and wrote books.

Now we already know that Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is the pride of Russia, one of the fathers of astronautics, a great scientist. And many of us are surprised to learn that the great scientist did not go to school, did not have any scientific degrees, and in recent years he lived in Kaluga in an ordinary wooden house and no longer hearing anything, but all over the world the one who first outlined the path to other worlds and stars for humanity is now recognized as a genius:

Tsiolkovsky's ideas were developed by Friedrich Arturovich Zander and Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk.

All the most cherished dreams of the founders of astronautics were realized by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.

Friedrich Arturovich Zander (1887-1933)

Yuri Vasilievich Kondratyuk

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev

Tsiolkovsky's ideas were developed by Friedrich Arturovich Zander and Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk. All the most cherished dreams of the founders of astronautics were realized by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.

On this day the first artificial Earth satellite was launched. The space age has begun. The first satellite of the Earth was a shiny ball of aluminum alloys and was small - with a diameter of 58 cm, weight - 83.6 kg. The device had a two-meter mustache antenna, and two radio transmitters were placed inside. The satellite's speed was 28,800 km/h. In an hour and a half, the satellite circled the entire globe, and during the 24-hour flight it completed 15 revolutions. Nowadays there are many satellites in earth's orbit. Some are used for television and radio communications, others are scientific laboratories.

Scientists were faced with the task of putting a living creature into orbit.

And dogs paved the way to space for humans. Animal testing began in 1949. The first “cosmonauts” were recruited in: gateways - the first squad of dogs. A total of 32 dogs were caught.

They decided to take the dogs as test subjects because... scientists knew how they behaved and understood the structural features of the body. In addition, dogs are not capricious and are easy to train. And the mongrels were chosen because the doctors believed that from the first day they were forced to fight for survival, moreover, they were unpretentious and very quickly got used to the staff. The dogs had to meet specified standards: no heavier than 6 kilograms and no higher than 35 cm in height. Remembering that the dogs would have to “show off” on the pages of newspapers, they selected “objects” that were more beautiful, slimmer and with smart faces. They were trained on a vibration stand, a centrifuge, and a pressure chamber: For space travel a hermetic cabin was made, which was attached to the nose of the rocket.

The first dog race took place on July 22, 1951 - the mongrels Dezik and Tsygan successfully completed it! Gypsy and Desik rose to 110 km, then the cabin with them freely fell to a height of 7 km.

Since 1952, they began to practice animal flights in spacesuits. The spacesuit was made of rubberized fabric in the form of a bag with two blind sleeves for the front paws. A removable helmet made of transparent plexiglass was attached to it. In addition, they developed an ejection cart, on which the tray with the dog was placed, as well as the equipment. This design was fired at a high altitude from a falling cabin and descended by parachute.

On August 20, it was announced that the descent module had made a soft landing and the dogs Belka and Strelka had returned safely to the ground. But not only that, 21 gray and 19 white mice flew off.

Belka and Strelka were already real cosmonauts. What were the astronauts trained for?

The dogs passed all types of tests. They can remain in the cabin for quite a long time without moving, and can endure large overloads and vibrations. Animals are not afraid of rumors, they know how to sit in their experimental equipment, making it possible to record the biocurrents of the heart, muscles, brain, blood pressure, breathing patterns, etc.

Footage of the flight of Belka and Strelka was shown on television. It was clearly visible how they tumbled in weightlessness. And, if Strelka was wary of everything, Belka was joyfully furious and even barked.

Belka and Strelka became everyone's favorites. They were taken to kindergartens, schools, and orphanages.

There were 18 days left before man's flight into space.

Male cast

In the Soviet Union only on January 5, 1959. a decision was made to select people and prepare them for space flight. The question of who to prepare for the flight was controversial. The doctors argued that only they, the engineers, believed that a person from among them should fly into space. But the choice fell on fighter pilots, because of all professions they are closer to space: they fly at high altitudes in special suits, endure overloads, can jump with a parachute, and keep in touch with command posts. Resourceful, disciplined, know jet aircraft well. Out of 3,000 fighter pilots, 20 were selected.

A special medical commission, mainly from military doctors. The requirements for astronauts are as follows: firstly, excellent health with a double or triple safety margin; secondly, a sincere desire to take up a new and dangerous business, the ability to develop the principles of creativity in oneself research activities; thirdly, meet the requirements for certain parameters: age 25–30 years, height 165–170 cm, weight 70–72 kg and no more! They were eliminated mercilessly. The slightest disturbance in the body was immediately suspended.

The management decided to allocate several people out of 20 cosmonauts for the first flight. On January 17 and 18, 1961, the cosmonauts were given an exam. As a result selection committee allocated six to prepare for flights. In front of you are portraits of astronauts. They included in order of priority: Yu.A. Gagarin, G.S. Titov, G.G. Nelyubov, A.N. Nikolaev, V.F. Bykovsky, P.R. Popovich. On April 5, 1961, all six cosmonauts flew to the cosmodrome. Choosing the first cosmonaut equal in health, training, and courage was not easy. This problem was solved by specialists and the head of the cosmonaut group N.P. Kamanin. It was Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. On April 9, the decision of the State Commission was announced to the cosmonauts.

Baikonur veterans claim that on the night of April 12, no one slept at the cosmodrome except the cosmonauts. At 3 a.m. on April 12, final checks of all systems of the Vostok spacecraft began. The rocket was illuminated by powerful spotlights. At 5.30 am, Evgeny Anatolyevich Karpov raised the cosmonauts. They look cheerful. We started physical exercises, then breakfast and a medical examination. Meeting at 6.00 State Commission, the decision was confirmed: Yu.A. will be the first to fly into space. Gagarin. They sign him a flight assignment. It was a sunny, warm day, tulips were blooming around in the steppe. The rocket sparkled dazzlingly brightly in the sun. 2-3 minutes were allotted for goodbye, but ten passed. Gagarin was put on the ship 2 hours before the launch. At this time, the rocket is filled with fuel, and as the tanks are filled, it “dresses” like a snow coat and soars. Then they provide power and check the equipment. One of the sensors indicates that there is no reliable contact in the lid. Found... Made... Closed the lid again. The site was empty. And Gagarin’s famous “Let’s go!” The rocket slowly, as if reluctantly, spewing out an avalanche of fire, rises from the start and quickly goes into the sky. Soon the rocket disappeared from sight. An agonizing wait ensued.

Female cast

Valentina Tereshkovawas born in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Yaroslavl region, into a peasant family of immigrants from Belarus (father - from near Mogilev, mother - from the village of Eremeevshchina, Dubrovensky district). As Valentina Vladimirovna herself said, as a child she spoke Belarusian with her family. Father is a tractor driver, mother is a textile factory worker. Drafted into the Red Army in 1939, Valentina's father died in the Soviet-Finnish War.

In 1945, the girl entered secondary school No. 32 in the city of Yaroslavl, where she graduated from seven classes in 1953. To help her family, in 1954 Valentina went to work at the Yaroslavl Tire Factory as a bracelet maker, while simultaneously enrolling in evening classes at a school for working youth. Since 1959, she has been involved in parachuting at the Yaroslavl flying club (performed 90 jumps). Continuing to work at the Krasny Perekop textile mill, from 1955 to 1960 Valentina completed correspondence studies at the Light Industry College. Since August 11, 1960 - released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Krasny Perekop plant.
In the cosmonaut corps

After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergei Korolev had the idea to launch a female cosmonaut into space. At the beginning of 1962, a search began for applicants according to the following criteria: parachutist, under 30 years of age, up to 170 centimeters tall and weighing up to 70 kilograms. Out of hundreds of candidates, five were chosen: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomareva, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova.

Immediately after being accepted into the cosmonaut corps, Valentina Tereshkova, along with the other girls, was called up for compulsory military service with the rank of private.
Preparation

Valentina Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps on March 12, 1962 and began training as a cosmonaut student of the 2nd squad. On November 29, 1962, she passed her final exams in OKP with “excellent marks.” Since December 1, 1962, Tereshkova has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. On June 16, 1963, that is, immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment and held this position until March 14, 1966.

During her training, she underwent training on the body’s resistance to the factors of space flight. The training included a thermal chamber, where she had to be in a flight suit at a temperature of +70 ° C and a humidity of 30%, and a soundproof chamber - a room isolated from sounds, where each candidate had to spend 10 days.

Zero-gravity training took place on the MiG-15. When performing a special aerobatics maneuver - a parabolic slide - weightlessness was established inside the plane for 40 seconds, and there were 3-4 such sessions per flight. During each session, it was necessary to complete the next task: write your first and last name, try to eat, talk on the radio.

Particular attention was paid to parachute training, since the astronaut ejected before landing and landed separately by parachute. Since there was always a risk of splashdown of the descent vehicle, training was also carried out on parachute jumps in the sea, in a technological, that is, not tailored to size, spacesuit.

Savitskaya Svetlana Evgenievna- Russian cosmonaut. Born on August 8, 1948 in Moscow. Daughter of twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Air Marshal Evgeniy Yakovlevich SAVITSKY. After graduation high school entered college and at the same time sits at the controls of an airplane. Mastered following types aircraft: MiG-15, MiG-17, E-33, E-66B. I was engaged in parachute training. She set 3 world records in group parachute jumps from the stratosphere and 15 world records in jet aircraft. Absolute world champion in aerobatics on piston aircraft (1970). For your sports achivments in 1970 she was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR. In 1971 she graduated from the Central Flight Technical School under the Central Committee of the USSR DOSAAF, and in 1972 from the Moscow Aviation Institute named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze. After studying, she worked as a pilot instructor. Since 1976, having completed a course at the test pilot school, a test pilot of the Ministry aviation industry THE USSR. During her work as a test pilot, she mastered more than 20 types of aircraft and has the qualification “Test Pilot 2nd Class”. Since 1980, in the cosmonaut corps (1980 Group of Women Cosmonauts No. 2). She completed a full course of training for space flights on Soyuz T-type spacecraft and the Salyut orbital station. From August 19 to 27, 1982, she made her first flight into space as a research cosmonaut on the Soyuz T-7 spacecraft. She worked on board the Salyut-7 orbital station. The flight duration was 7 days 21 hours 52 minutes 24 seconds. From July 17 to July 25, 1984, she made her second flight into space as a flight engineer on the Soyuz T-12 spacecraft. While working on board the Salyut-7 orbital station on July 25, 1984, she was the first woman to perform a spacewalk. The time spent in outer space was 3 hours 35 minutes. The duration of the space flight was 11 days 19 hours 14 minutes 36 seconds. During 2 flights into space she flew 19 days 17 hours 7 minutes. After the second space flight, she worked at NPO Energia (Deputy Head of the Chief Designer Department). He is qualified as a 2nd class test cosmonaut instructor. In the late 80s, she was engaged in public work and was the first deputy chairman of the Soviet Peace Fund. Since 1989, he has become increasingly involved in political activities. In 1989 - 1991 she was a people's deputy of the USSR. In 1990 - 1993 she was a people's deputy of the Russian Federation. In 1993 she left the cosmonaut corps, and in 1994 she left NPO Energia and focused entirely on political activities. Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the first and second convocations (since 1993; faction of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation). Member of the Defense Committee. From January 16 to January 31, 1996, she headed the Temporary Commission for Control over the Electronic Voting System. Member of the Central Council of the All-Russian socio-political movement “Spiritual Heritage”.

Elena Vladimirovna Kondakova (born 1957 in Mytishchi) was the third Russian female cosmonaut and the first woman to make a long flight into space. Her first flight into space took place on October 4, 1994 as part of the Soyuz TM-20 expedition, returning to Earth on March 22, 1995 after a 5-month flight at the Mir orbital station. Kondakova's second flight was as a specialist on the American space shuttle Atlantis as part of the Atlantis expedition STS-84 in May 1997. She was included in the cosmonaut corps in 1989.

Since 1999 - deputy State Duma RF from the United Russia party.

(Shorygina T.A. For children O space And Yuri Gagarin - first astronaut Earth: Conversations, leisure, stories. -M.:Sfera, 2014.-128s.)

The first great step of humanity is to

fly out behind atmosphere and become a satellite of the Earth. Rest

relatively easily, up to the distance from our solar system.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

Program content:introduce children to the history of space exploration and the achievements of scientists ( Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky,Sergei Pavlovich Korolev) in the field of space exploration. Expand children's understanding of space technology ( artificial satellites, orbital space stations,spacesuits, spaceship). To develop and maintain children's interest in pilots-cosmonauts ( Yu. Gagarin, V. Tereshkova and others.), admire them heroic deeds. To cultivate a sense of pride that the world's first astronaut was a citizen of our country.

PROGRESS OF THE CONVERSATION

Since ancient times, people have dreamed of flying like birds.

The heroes of fairy tales and ancient legends rode to the skies on everything: golden chariots, fast arrows, even bats!

Remember what the heroes of your favorite fairy tales flew on.

Right! Aladzin flew on a magic flying carpet, Baba Yaga rushed over the earth in a mortar, Ivanushka was carried on the wings of geese-swans.

Centuries passed, and people managed to conquer the airspace of the Earth. At first they took to the skies in balloons and airships, and later they began to plow the ocean of air in airplanes and helicopters.

But humanity dreamed of flights not only in the air, but also in outer space, about which the great Russian scientist and poet Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov said this:

The abyss has opened, the stars are full, the stars have no number, the abyss has its bottom!

The mysterious starry abyss of space attracted people, calling them to look into it and solve its mysteries!

Once upon a time great scientist, founder of the science of astronautics - Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky , said: “Humanity will not remain on Earth, it will conquer the circumsolar space.”

“But a person will fly, relying not on the strength of his muscles, but on the strength of his mind,” the scientist added to what was said.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky began to study astronautics in those distant times when people had not even properly mastered the Earth’s airspace: there were no powerful airplanes, no helicopters, no rockets. He was ahead of his time by many decades!

The fate of this remarkable Russian scientist is unusual.

He was born on September 5, 1857 into a poor family in Izhevsk. Kostya grew up as a cheerful, cheerful, mischievous boy. He loved to climb fences with his friends, play blind man's buff and hide and seek, and fly a paper kite into the sky.

One day, Kostya’s mother gave Kostya a balloon filled with light gas. The boy attached a box to it, put a beetle in it and sent the ballooning beetle flying.

Kostya loved to fantasize and come up with amazing stories: either he imagined himself as an extraordinary strongman, capable of lifting the Earth, or as a tiny midget man.

When the boy was 11 years old, he became seriously ill and lost his hearing. After his illness, Kostya was no longer able to study at a regular school, and his mother began to study with him.

A few years later, the boy found textbooks in his father’s library and began to study on his own.

Then his father sent him to Moscow. In the capital, young Tsiolkovsky spent hours in libraries, studying physics, mathematics, chemistry and other sciences. In those years, his ability to invent and inclination towards exact sciences clearly manifested itself.

From his early youth, the future scientist was interested in space flights. And he devoted the rest of his life to creating the theory of astronautics.

Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich (1857-1935) - Russian scientist and inventor, founder of modern cosmonautics.

Dear Guys! Let's think together about what we can use to fly into space? Neither an airplane nor a helicopter are suitable for such flights! After all, planes and helicopters need to rely on air to fly. But in space, as you know, there is no air! Tsiolkovsky proved that space exploration can only be done with the help of a rocket! He developed the theory of the rocket apparatus, proposed using liquid fuel for it, thought through the structure of the structure and derived the basic formula for its movement.

This remarkable scientist vividly painted in his imagination the whole picture of space flight. He suggested that people would soon launch Earth satellites into space, and spaceships would fly to other planets in the solar system. In addition, he predicted that there would be a real space home permanently located in outer space, where astronauts would live for a long time, doing research.

All the scientist’s ideas came to life! They revolve around the Earth artificial satellites , created orbital space stations where they live and workastronauts, people study other planets: the Moon, Mars, Venus... Listen to how Tsiolkovsky imagined the state of weightlessness in the cabin of a spaceship:

“All objects not attached to the rocket have come out of their places and are hanging in the air, not touching anything. We ourselves also do not touch the floor and accept any position: we stand on the floor, on the ceiling, and on the wall.

The oil, shaken out of the bottle, takes the shape of a ball; we break it into parts and get a group of small balls.”

When you read these terms, it seems that the scientist himself has been to space and experienced a state of weightlessness!

Astronauts aboard the International Space Station talk about the manifestation of the laws of physics in conditions of weightlessness.

And here is how he describes the orbital space station: “We need special housing - safe, bright, with the desired temperature, with oxygen, an influx of food, with amenities for living and working.”

Orbital stations. Space

The last years of his life, the founder of astronautics lived in the city of Kaluga.

Video recording of a fragment of an excursion at the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga - a story about the rocket project developed by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in 1911, using the example of an electrified model built according to the author's drawings and drawings.

One day, the future famous designer of interplanetary spacecraft came to see the scientist. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev . Korolev read Tsiolkovsky’s works with enthusiasm and dreamed of creating an interplanetary rocket. Sergei was still very young, heIt was only twenty-four years. Tsiolkovsky warmly received the young man. Sergei Pavlovich said that the goal of his life is to “break through to the stars.” Tsiolkovsky smiled and answered: “This is a very difficult matter, young man, believe me, an old man. It will require knowledge, perseverance and many years, maybe a lifetime...”

Korolev later wrote: “I left him with one thought - to build rockets and fly them. The whole meaning of my life has become one thing - to break through to the stars.” And he succeeded brilliantly! was created by Korolev Jet Research Institute , in which projects of interplanetary aircraft were created. Under his leadership, powerful rockets for launching artificial satellites were built here.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who for many years was simply called the Chief Designer, managed to bring Tsiolkovsky’s ideas to life.

In 1957, on October 4, an event occurred that shocked the whole world - it was launched first artificial earth satellite .

It was the first man-made object that did not fall to the Earth, but began to revolve around it.

What was it like? Earth satellite ?

It was a small ball with a diameter of about 60 cm, equipped with a radio transmitter and four antennas.

All radio and television companies in the world interrupted their broadcasts to hear his signals coming from deep space to Earth!

Since then Russian word for "satellite" entered the dictionaries of many peoples.

Scientists dreamed of human flight into space. But first they decided to test the safety of flights on our faithful four-legged helpers - dogs.

For test flights, they chose not purebred dogs, but ordinary mongrels - after all, they are hardy, unpretentious, and intelligent.

At first, future four-legged astronauts were trained for a long time. For this, engineers designed a special camera.

The very first dogs , rising in a rocket to a height of 110 km, name Gypsy and Desik . Both “cosmonauts” landed safely. Korolev was very happy about his luck, caressed the dogs, and treated them to delicious food.

Many dogs have flown into space more than once. They got used to being dressed in overalls and being attached to the cabin with belts.

Most dogs were brave, but one day a cowardly dog ​​rose into outer space, but he just had a nickname - Brave!

Bold was afraid to go into space the second time. In the evening before the flight, the dogs were taken out for a walk, as always. As soon as the laboratory assistant unfastened the leash, Bold rushed away. He ran far into the steppe and did not respond to the call, as if he felt that he would have to fly tomorrow morning.

What was to be done?

I had to choose one small dog from the dogs that always walked near the dining room. They fed him, washed him, trimmed his fur and dressed him in overalls

The launch went smoothly and the dog returned safely to Earth.

But the Chief Designer nevertheless noticed the substitution and asked what the name of this dog was.

The employees answered him: “ Zeeb!

What a strange nickname! - Korolev was surprised. Then they explained to him that it stands for: “Spare for the missing bobby.” (When the flight was over, the sly dog ​​Bold returned to the squad as if nothing had happened!

The tests continued. Special ones have been made for dogs. spacesuits made of rubberized fabric And helmets made of transparent plastic.

They began to prepare dogs for a long flight into outer space. It was necessary to create for four-legged astronauts nutritional mixture , provide the cabin with air.

“Once a day, from under the tray in which the dog lay, abox filled with specially prepared dough-likemixture: this is both food and drink. The dogs were trained in advance to eat such foods and quench their thirst” (A. Dobrovolsky).

In 1960, on August 19, the Vostok spacecraft was launched with two four-legged cosmonauts - Squirrel And Arrow . These cute little dogs spent 22 hours in space. During this time, the spacecraft orbited the Earth 18 times.

In addition to dogs, there were mice and rats and plant seeds on board the ship.

Everyone returned safely to Earth. And in March 1961, other travelers went on a space flight - dogs Chernushka And Star .

The first space heroes... Space conquerors!

Photos of all these brave dogs spread all over the world.

Finally everything was ready for human spaceflight.

In 1961, on April 12th low-Earth orbit was withdrawn spaceship "Vostok". It was piloted by the world's first astronaut.

Do you know his name?

Right! The very first cosmonaut on Earth - Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.

Archival video of Yuri Gagarin's flight.

This brave young man was the first of all people living on the planet to see the Earth from space.

And she seemed beautiful to him!

First cosmonaut

On a spaceship

He flew in interplanetary darkness,

Having made a revolution around the Earth.

And the ship was called "Vostok"

Everyone knows and loves him,

He was young, strong, brave.

We remember his kind look,

With a squint,

His name was Gagarin Yura.

How did a simple Russian boy become an astronaut?

Yuri Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in the Smolensk region. In 1941, the boy went to school, but the war interrupted his studies. Listen to writer Yuri Nagibin's story about Yuri Gagarin's first day at school.

After the war, the Gagarins settled in the city of Gzhatsk. The family was friendly and hardworking.

Yura studied well, was a capable, diligent and efficient boy.

In his youth, he became interested in sports, attended a flying club, studied the design of airplanes, and jumped with a parachute.

The sky attracted the talented young man! He graduated from aviation school and became a military pilot. Already at this time, Yuri dreamed of flying into space. When he learned that a cosmonaut corps was being created, he wrote an application asking to be accepted into this corps.

Soon Yuri Gagarin was accepted into the cosmonaut corps. Long and difficult training began.

What qualities do you think an astronaut should have?

Right! He must be brave, trained, strong! health and strong will, distinguished by intelligence and hard work.

Yuri Gagarin had all these qualities!

Eyewitnesses recall that “when the first cosmonaut, after the flight, was driving through the streets of Moscow in an open car, thousands and thousands of people came out to meet him. Everywhere there was joy and rejoicing, shouts of joy and heartfelt hugs.”

People recalled that Yuri Gagarin “emanated some waves of cheerfulness and creative optimism.”

How was Yuri Gagarin's flight?

The weight of the Vostok ship on which the flight took place was 4730 kg. The flight began in the morning - at 9:00 am and took place at an altitude of about 200 km above the Earth. The future cosmonaut was escorted to the launch pad by engineers, designers, doctors, and friends.

The Chief Designer, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, was very worried. After all, he loved Yuri like his own son!

Before stepping towards the rocket, Yuri exclaimed: “Guys! One for all and all for one!"

And when the rocket rushed into the sky, Yuri Gagarin shouted the word that became famous: “Po-e-ha-li!”

“He saw through the window the blue Earth and a completely black sky. Bright unblinking stars looked at him. No inhabitant of the Earth has ever seen this,” journalist Yaroslav Golovanov wrote about Gagarin’s flight.

This is how Yuri Alekseevich himself described his flight: “The rocket engines were turned on at 9:07 am. I was literally pushed into the chair. As soon as Vostok broke through the dense layers of the atmosphere, I saw the Earth. The ship was flying over a wide Siberian river. The islands on it and the wooded shores illuminated by the sun were clearly visible. He looked first at the sky, then at the Earth. Mountain ranges and large lakes were clearly visible. The most beautiful sight was the horizon - a stripe painted with all the colors of the rainbow, dividing the Earth in light sun rays from the black sky.

The convexity and roundness of the Earth was noticeable. It seemed that she was all surrounded by a halo of soft blue color, which through turquoise, blue and violet turns to blue-black...”

Yuri Gagarin brought glory to our Motherland. You and I, dear guys, can be proud of him.

Man has returned from space!

Cities, streets, squares and even flowers were named in honor of the first cosmonaut of the Earth! A variety of tulips was developed in Holland and named “Yuri Gagarin”.

There was not a single newspaper or magazine in the world that would not have published a portrait of the first cosmonaut on the planet. Everyone remembers the 2nd’s charming face, open smile, clear gaze.

Every year on April 12th in our country it is celebrated wonderful holiday- Cosmonautics Day.

Since then, many astronauts have been in space.

On April 12, the whole world celebrates Aviation and Cosmonautics Day. Every year on this day, humanity remembers the historical 108 minutes from which the era of manned cosmonautics began - on April 12, 1961, a citizen of the Soviet Union, Senior Lieutenant Yuri Gagarin, on the Vostok spacecraft, made the world's first orbital flight around the Earth. How the flight went from start to finish - in video infographics.

In 1963, on June 16, the Vostok-6 spacecraft was launched into Earth satellite orbit. It was piloted by the world's first female cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova. Valya became an astronaut thanks to parachuting, which she became interested in in her youth, practicing at the Yaroslavl flying club.

Then Valya was accepted into the cosmonaut corps, and was prepared for a long time and seriously for a responsible flight.

Her ship Vostok-6 made 48 orbits around the Earth and landed successfully.

Valentina Tereshkova is an extraordinary, brave, determined woman! She can jump with a parachute and fly a jet plane and a spaceship.

For the duration of the flight she was given the call sign “Chaika”. Swift, brave, she really looks like a seagull.

The first cosmonaut to go into outer space was Alexei Leonov. Impressed by his flight, he painted wonderful paintings in which he depicted the Earth and outer space.

For long-term work in space, scientists created space orbital stations where several astronauts could work at once.

Artificial satellites of the Earth still keep their watch in space day after day. They are equipped with many complex instruments and monitor the Sun, stars, and atmosphere.

With the help of satellites, you can predict the weather, provide television and telephone communications.

Over the 50 years of the space age, more than 3,000 artificial Earth satellites were launched.

Scientists have also created spacecraft that make long-distance flights without human participation. They are usually called automatic stations . Such stations explored the Moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury and other planets.

Tsiolkovsky once called the Earth the “cradle” of reason, but added that “... you cannot live forever in a cradle.”

Man strives to leave the “cradle” in order to explore the endless space of space!

Who is considered the founder of astronautics?

Tell us about Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. Who is called the Chief Designer of spacecraft?

Tell us about Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.

Tell us about the dogs that have been in space.

What was the name of the world's first astronaut?

Tell us about Yuri Gagarin.

What was the name of the world's first female astronaut? Which astronaut was the first to go into outer space?

How artificial satellites help people dyam?

Museum of the History of Cosmonautics.
The State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics is the most famous landmark of Kaluga. The museum is named after Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, the scientist who “rocked the cradle of astronautics.” It is not surprising that the first stone in this huge white Art Nouveau building, which from a distance resembles a rocket, was laid by the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. On the territory of the museum there is a duplicate of the Vostok launch vehicle - the first spacecraft.
Of course, even before our trip to Kaluga, we planned to go to this museum. The director of the museum and his employees kindly agreed to give us a free tour.
We learned how difficult it is to do everything in space, even get a drink or put on a T-shirt. (This action can take more than two hours.) In addition to large complex machines: lunar rovers, rockets, various stations, descent vehicles, we saw small tubes with food for astronauts. We were surprised by the space tools: a hammer, a screwdriver... The guide explained to us that if we use an ordinary earthly screwdriver to screw in a screw, for example, then it will not be the screwdriver in the astronaut’s hands that will spin, but the astronaut around the screwdriver.
Yes, now we know for sure that many scientific achievements and technical innovations that we use so widely were given to us thanks to the hard work of astronauts.
State treasury educational institution Vladimir region “Special (correctional) general education boarding school in Vladimir for blind and visually impaired children

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On April 12, our country celebrates “Cosmonautics Day”. On this day in 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin made the first flight into space. And the first flight not only in our country, but on our entire planet.

Let's talk about how this flight was prepared and took place and how much effort scientists and designers around the world put into space exploration.

How it all began

Back at the end of the 19th century, the Russian scientist Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky dreamed of exploring outer space. He drew up astronomical drawings and designed an instrument to study the effect of gravity on a living organism.

At the beginning of the 20th century (in 1903) K.E. Tsiolkovsky published the work “Exploration of world spaces using reactive instruments.” In this scientific work, Tsiolkovsky not only spoke about the possibility of human penetration into space, but also gave a detailed description of the delivery vehicle - the rocket: the laws of motion, the principle of design and control. This was the beginning of theoretical rocket science.

The founder of practical rocket science is a Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology.

As a young aircraft designer, S.P. Korolev became acquainted with Tsiolkovsky and his works. After this, Korolev became interested in rocket science. He became the chief designer of the Design Bureau that created the first intercontinental missiles.

In 1955, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev began the development of perfect three-stage and four-stage carriers for the implementation of manned flights and launches of automatic space stations.

On October 4, 1957, the first artificial earth satellite was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was spherical in shape and had two transmitters installed on it, continuously emitting radio signals. Thus, radio amateurs around the world could hear the satellite signals.

With the launch of the first space satellite The space age was opened in human history.

After the launch of the first satellite, satellites for scientific, economic and defense purposes began to be developed and launched. Under the leadership of S.P. Queen is developing spacecraft for flight to the Moon.

In 1960, a spaceship was sent into space with living beings on board. These were the dogs Belka and Strelka. The flight was successful, the dogs returned to Earth alive and healthy.

First cosmonaut

In 1961 S.P. Korolev creates the first manned spacecraft, Vostok 1. On this ship, the world's first cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin makes a flight around the earth.

Korolev treats the health of the first cosmonaut with caution, and the first manned spacecraft makes only one revolution around the globe, because no one knew then how prolonged weightlessness and open space would affect a person.

On April 12, 1961, the Vostok-1 spacecraft successfully launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, flew around the Earth and landed successfully. Since then, for 55 years now, we have been celebrating Cosmonautics Day on this day.

Since then many have been launched spaceships with people on board, not only in our country, but also in other countries of the world, but for all times our country will remain the first space power.

Deep space

Since the flight of the first cosmonaut, space exploration has begun to develop by leaps and bounds, not only in our country, but also in other countries of the world. Man went into outer space, flew to the moon and landed on it, space stations studied Mars, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn and their satellites.

Automatic space stations Voyager 1 And Voyager 2, launched by the space agency NASA in 1977, made its largest flight, flying past most of the planets in our solar system. Flying past the asteroid belt, they photographed Jupiter and its moons and went to Saturn.

Having approached Saturn, Voyager 1 deviated from the ecliptic plane (the plane within which all the planets of the Solar System are located) and flew into open space. Voyager 2 photographed Saturn and its moons and was deflected by the giant planet's gravity onto a trajectory towards the planets Uranus and Neptune. Having flown by and photographed Neptune and its moons, Voyager 2 set off beyond the solar system towards the distant star Ross 248.

Now most of the instruments on Voyagers are turned off, but to this day they transmit scientific data to Earth.