Rules for declension of adjectives. Case endings of adjectives

An adjective denotes a characteristic of an object. This part of speech is dependent and answers the questions: what? which? which? which? An adjective has a connection with a noun in a sentence, and the combination of adjective and noun itself, due to the variety of forms and combinations, provides extraordinary richness and beauty to the Russian language. At school, students are often required to determine the case of an adjective. To find out the case correctly and not confuse adjectives different cases, it is important to follow the algorithm and remember some nuances.

Determine the cases of adjectives. A few recommendations. Features of adjectives of different cases
Before we begin to consider the issue of declension of adjectives, it is important to note the peculiarities of changing this part of speech. Declension by case depends directly on the gender and number of the adjective. Remember the principle of changing words of a given part of speech according to numbers and genders, then you will be able to easily navigate the endings of cases.

Adjectives are inflected for gender only in the singular.
- Masculine gender: endings -ой, -й, -й. For example: a friend (what kind?) is big, kind, sensitive.
- Feminine: endings -aya, -aya. Jacket (what?) red, blue.
- Neuter gender: endings -oe, -ee. The mirror (what?) is round, blue.
The gender of an adjective can be determined by the noun to which it refers in the text.
Adjectives are declined according to number.
- In the singular, they denote a characteristic of one object, a collection of objects. For example: a good option, big table, friendly class, cheerful youth.
- Adjectives ending in plural, denote many objects. They answer the question which ones in the nominative case? and have endings -ы, -и.

You can determine the number of an adjective by the noun to which the adjective refers.

Let's look at the features of declension of adjectives by case. Knowledge of the principles of declension of this part of speech will help you determine the case of an adjective.

Feminine singular adjectives are declined as follows:

Nominative case. The endings are -aya, -aya. The fishing rod (what?) is long.
Genitive. The endings are -oh, -ey. Fishing rods (what?) long.
Dative. Endings – oh, her. A fishing rod (what?) long.
Accusative. The endings are -yu, -yu. A fishing rod (what kind?) is long.
Instrumental case. The endings are -oh, -ey. A fishing rod (what?) long.
Prepositional. The endings are -oh, -ey. About a (what?) long fishing rod.

Remember the declension order of this group of adjectives. Please note that the endings of adjectives in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases are the same. In such cases, you will need to determine the case of the noun.

Neuter and masculine adjectives in the singular are declined according to the following scheme:

Case	Masculine Ending	Example		Neuter gender Ending	Example
nominative	-oh, -y, -y	The table is (what?) large, wood		-oh, -her	Sky (what?) blue, dark blue
genitive	-wow, -him	Table (what?) large, wooden		-wow, -him	Sky (what?) blue, blue
dative	-oh, -him	A (what?) large table, wooden		-oh, -him	Sky (which one?) blue, blue
accusative		Animating noun - see genus. pudge	Inanimate- see them case	See them. case	Sky (what?) blue, dark blue
instrumental	-ym, -im	A (what?) large table, wooden		-ym, -im	Sky (what?) blue, blue
prepositional	-om, -eat	About the (what?) big table, wooden		-oh, I'm eating	About the sky (which?) blue, blue

You can determine the case of an adjective by the case of the noun it refers to. As you noticed, it is easy to confuse the endings of the adjectives of the nominative, accusative, and genitive case of this group of words. Determine the case of the adjective based on the noun.

In the plural, adjectives are declined as follows:

Nominative case: -ы, -и. The houses are (what?) big.
Genitive case: -ы, -их. Houses (what kind?) are large.
Dative case: -ym, -im. Houses (what?) big.
Accusative case: animate nouns are inflected in the genitive case, and inanimate nouns are inflected in the nominative case. The houses are (what?) big.
Instrumental case: -y, -imi. Houses (what?) big.
Prepositional case: -y, -them. About (what?) big houses.

Please note that the words of this group of adjectives have the same endings in the genitive and prepositional cases. Difficulties may also arise when determining the nominative, genitive, and accusative cases. Then pay attention to the case of the noun, the role of the noun in the sentence.

How to determine the case of an adjective? Algorithm
How to determine the case of an adjective correctly? To always accurately indicate the case of a given part of speech, use an algorithm.

Remember the peculiarities of the declension of adjectives, their endings, and case issues.
Write down the adjective on a piece of paper.
Highlight the ending in the adjective and compare it mentally with the table.
If you are in doubt that your adjective's case cannot be determined by its ending, look to the noun.
Ask a question to the noun, highlight the ending and determine its case. The adjective has the same case.
Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between the nominative and accusative cases. In this case, you must find out the role of the noun to which the adjective refers in the sentence.
- a noun in the nominative case is the subject, the main member of the sentence;
- noun in accusative case– a minor member of the sentence.
The adjective will have the same case.

Remember the signs of different cases, the peculiarities of the declension of a given part of speech, use the algorithm. Then you will always correctly determine the case of an adjective.

In order to correctly decline adjectives, you need to know them case questions in both numbers.

It is most convenient to check endings and adjectives by substituting a question Which? in the required form, since the endings of the question and the adjective coincide, for example: It was hard for him to walk after the difficult Wow(How Wow?) day. The exception is the nominative singular masculine case (and the similar accusative case), where the ending is written under the accent -Ouch (tear off Ouch calendar, business Ouch Human), and without accent - th or -th (tabletop th calendar, sincerely th Human).

In adjectives on -th , -ya , -ye (wolf th, wolf ya, wolf ye ) in all cases, except for the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the masculine singular, the letter is written b , For example: wolf b I(flock), wolf b e(den), wolf b And(footprints); wolf b him, wolf b hey, wolf b them, wolf b them etc. (but: wolf th howl).

Nominative case endings

In the feminine gender in the nominative singular case the ending is written -and I or -yaya , and in the neuter gender - -oh or -her (which? — correspondence and I average yaya school; which? — interesting oh comprehensively her study).

In the plural of all three genders the ending is written -s or -ies (which? — frosty s winter no days, nights, mornings).

Accusative endings

In the feminine gender in the accusative case the singular ending is written -yy or -yuyu (answers the question which one?), For example: finish (which?) correspondence course wow average yuyu school.

Instrumental endings

In the masculine and neuter gender, the ending is written in the instrumental case of the singular -th or -them (answers the question what?), For example: enjoy (what?) warmth th autumn them afternoon, morning.

In the feminine singular the ending is written -Ouch (-oh ) or -to her (-her ) (answers the question Which? which one?), For example: patronize (which? which?) shift Ouch average to her school.

Prepositional case endings

In the masculine and neuter gender, the ending is written in the prepositional case singular -ohm or -eat (answers the question which one?), For example: write about (what?) heat ohm autumn eat afternoon, morning.

Declensions of participles, ordinal numbers

Just like qualitative and relative adjectives, participles, some pronouns (every, every, most, this, etc.), ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, etc., are inflected, except for the third, inflected, like possessive adjective wolfish). The spelling of the endings of all these words can be checked by substituting the question which? in the required form, for example: He tried to read (what?) every scientific article that appeared on (what?) the question that interested him.

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Thanks to this amazing part of speech, the language gains expressiveness and brightness; without it, our speech would not be so colorful and rich. defines an object by its characteristics and affiliation. They ask him questions: “Which one?” which? which? which ones?”, and it also answers the questions “whose?” whose? whose? whose?"

The secret is depending

In a sentence, an adjective is usually associated with nouns and pronouns. This part of speech is always dependent on them. This connection will tell us how to determine the case. Cases in Russian: nominative, followed by genitive, then dative, followed by accusative, then instrumental, and then prepositional. It is easy to find out the endings of adjectives by case if you ask them a question from the part of speech on which they depend. Usually the ending that appears in the question is the same as that of the adjective.

Things to consider

Changing adjectives by case depends on the number and gender of this part of speech. And here you need to remember two things. Firstly, adjectives can be changed by gender only when they are in the singular. Secondly, they can be changed by numbers. Let's look at both theses with examples.

masculine, feminine and neuter

Let’s take the phrase “noun + singular adjective” and see how the ending of the adjective changes in different kinds. The gender of an adjective always has the same gender as the noun to which it refers.

The endings of adjectives in the masculine gender: -oy, -y, -y. Here's an example: a person (what?) is businesslike, smart, sensitive.
Finish adj. in the feminine gender: -aya, -aya. For example, clothes (what?) are spacious and summer.
Finish adj. in the neuter gender: -oe, -ee. For example, a plant (what?) is tall and perennial.

Endings of adjectives in different numbers

Adjectives vary freely in numbers. In the singular, they denote a characteristic of one object or group of objects and answer the questions “which, which, which?” For example: a smart question, a wide road, a gentle sun, a cheerful team, a large crowd, a noisy crowd.

In names, adjectives denote many objects, answering the question “which?” For example: great hopes, little disappointments. As you can see, the number of an adjective depends on the number of the noun with which it is associated.

Spelling unstressed endings in adjectives

To determine this moment, you can follow a simple algorithm. First you need to ask a question from a noun to an adjective.

If the question is “which?”, you need to check whether the ending is stressed. If yes, then we write -oh, if not, then we write -y(s).

If a question from a noun sounds like “whose?”, then you should write -y at the end

If you can only ask questions from a noun to an adjective, then you should write the same ending that sounds in the question (taking into account the hard and soft declension). Let's consider the last statement in more detail.

Changing adjectives by case

Let us now get acquainted with the peculiarities of declension of adjectives by case. This information will help you figure out the name of the adjective in each specific case.

First group

These are singular adjectives that are feminine. They tend like this:

Nominative case: plum (what kind?) - ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -aya, -aya.
Genitive case: plum (which one?) - ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -oh, -ey.
Dative case: plum (which one?) - ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -oh, -ey.
Accusative case: plum (which one?) - ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -yu, -yu.
Instrumental case: plum (what kind?) ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -oh, -ey.
Prepositional case: about a plum (which one?) ripe, early. Finish adjectives: -oh, -ey.

Note that the endings of adjectives coincide in four cases: genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional.

Second group

These are singular adjectives that are masculine. They tend like this:

Nominative case: ball (what?) big, rubber, blue. Endings of adjectives: -ой, -й, -й.
Genitive case: ball (what?) large, rubber, blue. Finish adjectives: -ogo, -him.
Dative case: ball (what?) big, rubber, blue. Finish adjectives: -mu, -him.
To determine the ending of an adjective in the accusative case, you must first find out whether it refers to an animate or inanimate noun. In our example, adjectives refer to an inanimate noun that answers the question “what?” Then the question for the adjective will sound like this: the ball (what?) is large, rubber, blue. The endings of adjectives for inanimate nouns: -ой, -й, -й. But if the noun is animate, in the accusative case the question “whom?” should be asked. Accordingly, the form of the adjective will change. For example, a father (what kind?) is strict and loving. The endings of adjectives with an animate noun: -ogo, -him.
Instrumental case: with a (what kind of) ball, large, rubber, blue. Finish adjectives: -ym, -im.
Prepositional case: about a ball (what?) big, rubber, blue. Finish adjectives: -om, -em.

Third group

These are singular adjectives in the neuter gender. They bow like this.

Nominative case: morning (what?) sunny, summer. Adjective endings: -oe, -ee.
Genitive case: morning (what?) sunny, summer. Finish adjectives: -ogo, -him.
Dative case: morning (what?) sunny, summer. Finish adjectives: -mu, -him.
Accusative case: morning (what?) sunny, summer. Finish adjectives: -oe, -ee.
Instrumental case: in the morning (what?) sunny, summer. Finish adjectives: -ym, -im.
Prepositional case: about (what?) sunny, summer morning. Finish adjectives: -om, -em.

Here we see that in all three groups the answer to the question of how to determine the case of an adjective comes down to one thing - it is recognized by the case of the noun on which the adjective depends.

Fourth group

These are adjectives that are in the plural. Let's say the following about them:

Nominative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Endings of adjectives: -е, -и.
Genitive case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Finish adjectives: -y, -them.
Dative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Finish adjectives: -ym, -im.
Accusative case: adjectives relating to Not animate noun, are declined according to the principle of the nominative case: flowers (what?) are yellow, autumn. Endings: -е, -е. Adjectives related to animate nouns are declined according to the principle of the genitive case: relatives (what kind?) cheerful, close. Endings: -ы, -их.
Instrumental case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Finish adjectives: -y, -imi.
Prepositional case: about (what kind of) yellow, autumn flowers. Finish adjectives: -y, -them.

Note that in this group the adjectives have similar endings in the genitive, accusative (if they refer to animate nouns), and prepositional cases.

Determining the case of an adjective: sequence of actions

Let's write the adjective on a piece of paper.
Let's highlight the ending in it.
Let's determine what gender and number the adjective is in.
Let us choose which of the four groups described above this word belongs to.
Let's determine the case of the adjective by ending.
If in doubt, let’s pay attention to the noun on which our word depends, ask a question about it and use it to determine the case of the adjective, since it has the same ending.

If it is difficult to figure out whether a noun (and its dependent adjective) is used in the nominative or accusative case, you should look at it. If a noun in a sentence acts as the subject, then it has a nominative case. The cases of adjectives will be the same. If the noun is a minor member of the sentence, then it is used in the accusative case. Therefore, adjectives will have the same case.

We looked at how to determine the case of an adjective and made sure that it is not at all difficult.