Spelling two nn in adjectives. Spelling of case and gender endings

Participle and adjective. These two parts of speech have so much in common that it is often difficult to distinguish which is which. But error-free spelling depends on the correct definition. This also applies to the rules governing the use of N and NN in adjectives and participles.

Participle: one or two n

Participle is a verb form that contains both verb features, and signs of an adjective. When thinking about how many N's to use when writing a participle, keep in mind that there are always two N's in this part of speech.

However, there is a special group - verbal participles. N and NN and the subtleties of their spelling in these parts of speech will be discussed in detail below, but for now we will give examples of the basic rule. In full passive participles with suffixes -nn- and -enn- Two letters N are always written, provided:

1. The sacrament has a prefix, for example: a plowed field, stewed vegetables, fried fish.
2. The presence of words dependent on it in the participle: fish dried on the balcony, apples soaked in a barrel, a field plowed in the morning.
3. This is a perfect participle: a purchased cloak, a solved equation, a captured warrior.
4. The formation of the participle involved a verb with a suffix -ova-(-eva-, -irova-): paved road (pave), explored area (explore).

If at least one of these conditions is met, you can safely use two letters N.

One N in adjectives

The situation with adjectives is much more complicated. Here, the spelling of one H or two depends on many factors.

Let's consider cases when one H is needed:

1. If the adjective has suffixes -in-, -an-(-yan-). The first, as a rule, refers to an animal (eagle's beak, rooster's tail, swan's fidelity). The second indicates what the item is made of: leather belt, Oil paint(oil-based paint, should be distinguished from the word oily in the meaning soaked in oil - an oily pancake), silver spoon (should also be distinguished from the word silver, with an emphasis on e - the meaning of the word “treated with silver”, the word in this meaning has the suffix - en-). This clause has three words that are exceptions: glass, tin, wood.
2. In adjectives in the formation of which no part of speech was involved (primitives): blue, young. Such adjectives do not have a suffix.
3. Exception word - adjective windy, here you need to write one H, but its derivatives with prefixes will have NN: the weather was calm, we approached from the leeward side. It is also worth distinguishing a word from another lexical meaning: wind (powered by wind) - wind turbine, chicken pox.

NN in adjectives

NN should be written for adjectives in the following cases:

1. The letters stand at the junction of the root and the suffix: depth - deep; fog - foggy; million - millionth.
2. The adjective is formed using suffixes -enn-, -onn-: operational (from operation), station (station), intentional (to intend).
3. Ending with -ovanny (-evanny): pampered, painted, organized.

Verbal adjective

There is a whole group of adjectives - verbal ones. It is with their distinction that mistakes are made in the text and the rules N and НН in participles are incorrectly applied. Why? The fact is that they have a very pronounced meaning of action: fried, steamed, boiled. The rule “spelling N and NN in participles” does not apply to them. In verbal forms of an adjective, one N is always used.

Such adjectives have a number of specific features, by which one can easily guess that this is the part of speech that we have in front of us:

1. No attachment. Let's compare: painted - painted. The second word has a prefix, so the rule “N and NN in participles” applies to it - NN should be used. But the first one is a verbal adjective that must be written with one N.
2. No dependent words. Let's compare: a confused trace is a trace confused with special care. In the first case, we observe a verbal adjective, in which we write one N (there are no dependent words). They exist in the second case - we write, according to the rule “N and NN in participles”, with two N.

Verbal adjective or participle: algorithm

You can determine the spelling of N and NN in adjectives and participles using an algorithm, the main thing of which is to correctly recognize the part of speech. It must be remembered that the participle requires the placement of two Hs, and the verbal adjective requires one. Let's look at two examples.

• First: Boiled water is poured into the carafe . First, let’s determine the presence of a prefix: the verb “boil” is used in the formation of the word, and accordingly, the prefix is ​​missing. Next, let's see if there are dependent words. There is none of them. If these two points do not coincide, then most likely we have a verbal adjective. The only thing left to do is to check what type of verb the word is formed from. Boil (what to do? - imperfect form). This means that the rule “spelling N and NN in participles” does not work here. This name is an adjective - we write one letter N.
• Second: Freshly boiled water is poured into the carafe . We look for the presence of a prefix: boiled, formed from the verb “boil” using a prefix -all-. Although we could stop here, apply the rule “N and НН in participles” and write two N, let’s check further. At the word « boiled" is a dependent word - "recently", which means that we are clearly facing a participle.

So, briefly, the algorithm for using N and NN in participle suffixes comes down to the following: we determine whether the word has prefixes or dependent words. If there is, this is a participle, where NN is written. If there is neither one nor the other, we check the type of the verb that participated in the formation of the word: imperfect - one H, perfect - NN.

Spelling N and NN in short adjectives and participles

Another aspect of the rule regarding the use of N or NN in participles and adjectives is their short forms.

The short form of the adjective answers the questions “what? », “what? » In this form, as many letters N are required as are used in the full form: solemn speech - solemn speech, long path - the path is long, mysterious nature - nature is mysterious or a wounded fighter - a fighter is wounded, windy weather - windy weather, confused rule - confused rule .

In short participles, one N is always used, even if there are two in the full form. For example: lessons learned - lessons learned, newspaper read - newspaper read, poem written - poem written, house built - house built.

N/NN in participles and verbal adjectives

Spelling Н or НН in passive participles is one of those rules that are regularly encountered in dictations, essays and tests.

First of all, remember the rule: In suffixes full passive participles two letters N are written, for example, CUTTED TREES. In the suffixes of short passive participles, one letter N is written, for example, TREES ARE CUTTED.

But since full passive participles are sometimes very similar to adjectives, to avoid mistakes, it is useful to remember the four conditions under which two letters N are written:

1) the participle has a prefix (except NOT-), for example, DRIED MUSHROOMS;

2) the participle was formed from a perfective verb, for example, SOLVED PROBLEM - from the verb DECIDE (what to do? – perfect form);

3) the participle has dependent words, for example, MUSHROOMS DRIED (where?) IN THE OVEN;

4) The participle is formed from the verb using the suffixes –OVA- or -EVA-, for example, EXCITED FACE.

If a word does not have any of these characteristics, then it is written with one N.

In addition, there are several words with two letters N, the spelling of which must be learned in the same way as we memorize exception words: UNSEEN, UNHEARD, UNEXPECTED, UNGUESSED, ACCIDENTAL, DESIRED, CHEERING, SACRED, SWEET.

Samples of reasoning

(1) How many Ns should be written in the participle from the phrase DENIED GARDEN? First of all, you need to see if the participle has a prefix. In our case, there is a prefix, which means that this word must be written with two N: DENIED GARDEN.

(2) How many Ns should be written in the participle from the phrase BROSHEY LOOK? First of all, let's see if the participle has a prefix. In our example, the participle does not have a prefix, therefore, we need to take the next step: determine the type of verb from which this participle was formed. BROSHE__Y was formed from the verb THROW (what to do?) This verb is of the perfect form, which means that in the participle you need to write two letters N: Abandoned LOOK.

(3) How many Ns should be written in the participle from the phrase FISH FRIED IN THE OVEN? The participle in this phrase has dependent words: ROASTING (where?) IN THE OVEN. Therefore, in the participle you need to write two letters N: OVEN FRIED FISH.

(4) How many N should be written in the participle from the phrase ASPHALTED_OE HIGHWAY? Since this participle has the suffix -OVA-, it must contain two letters H: PAVED HIGHWAY.

(5) How many N should be written in the word WEAVE_AYA from the phrase WEAVE_AYA BASKET? Since it has no prefix, no dependent words, no suffixes -OVA- or -EVA-, and also because it was formed from the imperfective verb WEAVE (what to do?), you need to write one letter N: WICER BASKET.

EXERCISE

“How can I not love him?” she said to herself, delving into his frightened and at the same time joyful gaze.

Levin immediately thought about this, but, despite this, he decided that such views of him from Sviyazhsky were only his unfounded assumption...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

Well, the guest is uninvited,
Perhaps Father will come in!
I ask you to serve the young lady in love!

They wove scarlet ribbons for her
In two light brown braids,
They brought flowers and clothes
Unseen beauty.

Whoever wants to come to us is welcome;
The door is unlocked for invited and uninvited...
(A. S. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”)

Parsley, you are always with new clothes,
With a torn elbow.
(A. S. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”)

...Information was requested from the hostile ministry about the measures that had been applied in the last decade...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

And that consumptive one, your relatives, the enemy of books,
The academic committee that settled...
(A. S. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”)

And then she thinks -
God knows why -
That the starry sky is sand
Sprinkled leaf,
Constantly day and night on the road
A wonderfully well-coordinated cart...
(N. A. Nekrasov, “Russian Women”)

Levin came to Moscow always excited, hurried, a little constrained and irritated by this constraint and for the most part with a completely new, unexpected way of looking at things.
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

No, to this deforested forest
I won't be lured in
Where were the oak trees up to the sky?
And now the stumps are sticking out!
(Nekrasov, “Russian Women”)

He drove to the serf ballet on many wagons
From mothers, fathers of rejected children?!
(A. S. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”)

Stepan Arkadyevich had already gone downstairs, undressed, washed again, put on a ruffled nightgown and lay down... (Leo Tolstoy, “Anna Karenina”)

You will come to Nerchinsk if you
The road won't kill you.
Hardly four miles per hour
The chained one is coming...
(N. A. Nekrasov, “Russian Women”)

With a face disfigured by passion, pale and with a shaking lower jaw, Vronsky hit her in the stomach with his heel and again began to pull on the reins...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

Daria Alexandrovna's eyes ran wild at this elegant, unprecedented crew...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

Finally married his daughter,
He took a dowry - shish, for his service - nothing.
(A. S. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”)

She remembered how she told almost a confession that her husband’s young subordinate made to her in St. Petersburg...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

At lunchtime they arrived: Alexey Alexandrovich’s old cousin... ...and one young man recommended to Alexey Alexandrovich for the service.
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

To pen from cards? and to cards from the pen?
And what is the proper time for the tides to ebb and flow?
(A. S. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”)

I’m running, I won’t look back, I’ll go looking around the world,
Where there is a corner for someone who is offended!..
(A. S. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”)

Stepan Arkadyevich... in this comic courtship... and accidentally went so far that he no longer knew how to get back...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

What are these people called politely?
Tenderer? - he is a secular man,
A notorious swindler, rogue:
Anton Antonich Zagoretsky.
(A. S. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”)

Because he softened the angry guest,
I wanted to praise.
(A. S. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”)

You sit silently for an hour,
Undepressed, cheerful mind
Meanwhile it works...
(N. A. Nekrasov, “Russian Women”)

Spelling N and NN in adjectives

The number of letters N in adjectives depends on the suffix used to form the word.

If a word is formed using the suffix -N-, doubling of consonants is obtained only if the stem of the generating word ends in N. For example: SLEEP-N-YY, DRUM-N-YY.

If suffixes were used to form a word
–AN-, -YAN-, -IN-, then you need to write one letter N. For example: GUS-IN-Y, SILVER-YAN-Y, LEATHER-AN-Y.

If the suffixes are -ONN- or -ENN-, then two N are written. For example: AVIATION-ONN-YY, SOLOM-ENN-YY.

Remember a few exceptions: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN. These words are written with double N, despite the fact that they were formed using the suffix –YAN-.

Note also the word WINDY. It does not contain double consonants, since this adjective was formed not from the noun WIND, but from the obsolete verb VETRETI with the help of the suffix N.

There are also several adjectives for which this rule cannot be applied, for example: YOUNG, RUSH. The fact is that these words were formed without suffixes at all. They contain one H, which is at the root.

Exercise

1. From below came a growing, rising rumble, from the side - the knocking of bone balls through a glass partition, behind which alarmed faces flashed. (M. Bulgakov “Diaboliad”)

2. Just think: forty kopecks from two dishes, and both of these dishes and five alts are not worth much, because the supply manager stole the remaining twenty-five kopecks. (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

3. Then the bloody sun exploded in his head with a ringing sound, and he saw absolutely nothing else. (M. Bulgakov “Diaboliad”)

4. Duck Nose turned pale, and Turbin immediately realized that he had made a mistake and had grabbed the wrong person. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

5. The machine, having turned the first stagnant waves, went smoothly, with a thousand-headed, lion's roar and ringing, filling the empty halls of Spimat. (M. Bulgakov “Diaboliad”)

6. Looking around the position with his eagle gaze, Korotkov hesitated for a moment and with a battle cry: “Forward!” - ran into the billiard room. (M. Bulgakov “Diaboliad”)

7. But the woman remained adamant and sad. (M. Bulgakov “Diaboliad”)

8. He himself, in the same bandage, but not wetted, but dry, walked around not far from the group of executioners, without even removing the false silver lion muzzles from his shirt, without removing his greaves, sword and knife. (M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”)

9. Then he looked in horror at the razor mirror, sure that he had lost an eye. (M. Bulgakov “Diaboliad”)

10. The long john rose with a strange, unnatural speed, and Korotkov’s heart sank at the thought that he would miss him. (M. Bulgakov “Diaboliad”)

11. The man, smiling an unusually polite, lifeless, plaster smile, approached Korotkov. (M. Bulgakov “Diaboliad”)

12. Korotkov tried to artificially laugh, but it didn’t work out for him. (M. Bulgakov “Diaboliad”)

13. With a shiny penknife, he cut the bell wire... (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

14. The government official is driving the car in vain! – the cat also lied, chewing a mushroom. (M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”)

15. Then he hung the heavy Mauser in a wooden holster, shaking the rack with deer antlers. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

16. I saw vaguely clumps of virgin and untouched lilacs, under the snow, a door, a glass lantern of an old hallway covered with snow. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

17. The ruddy, fat cadet slammed his stock next to the box and stood motionless. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

18. ...the holster, probably due to absentmindedness unusual for Colonel Malyshev, was unfastened. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

19. The rifle rolled with a thud along the icy hump of the sidewalk. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

20. A strange drunken ecstasy rose from somewhere in Nikolka’s stomach, and her mouth immediately went dry. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

21. To replace the very weak and really difficult cases A wise animal instinct grows in an unnecessary mind. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

22. The jack of hearts climbed onto a chair, spat in Vasilisa’s mustache and fired at point-blank range. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

23. ... flashed on his hat a golden-gallon tail and the ends of two rifles. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

24. One only illuminated place: the black cast-iron Vladimir has been standing on a terrible heavy pedestal for a hundred years and holds in his hand, upright, a three-fat cross. (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”)

25. He was wearing a leather jacket from someone else’s shoulder, worn leather pants and English high boots with laces to the knees. (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

26. And if you want to listen to good advice: pour not English, but ordinary Russian vodka. (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

27. The doctor, pale, with very determined eyes, raised his glass with a dragonfly waist. (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

28. Philip Philipovich sadly pointed with both hands at the window curtain. (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

29. On the side of the most magnificent jacket, like an eye, a precious stone stuck out. (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

30. The blizzard flapped a gun over his head, threw up the huge letters of the canvas poster... (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

31. Complete amazement was expressed on their faces, and the woman became covered with a cranberry coating. (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

32. He fell straight onto the table into a long dish, splitting it lengthwise... (M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

33. Here, in the state library, authentic manuscripts of the warlock Herbert of Avrilak, the tenth century, were discovered, and so I need to sort them out. I am the only specialist in the world. (M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”)

34. The fiction writer Petrakov-Sukhovey, who was dining at the next table with his wife, who was finishing a pork escalope, with the observation characteristic of all writers, noticed the advances of Archibald Archibaldovich and was very surprised. (M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”)

35. He looked higher and saw a figure in a scarlet military robe, rising to the execution site. (M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”)

36. But the fact is that all the time and continuously new and new material. (M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”).

The exercise was prepared by R. Lozovsky and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).

E.A. Makovey, Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Adygeisk,
A.I. Arkhipova, professor of Kuban State University

§ 3. Spelling of suffixes

Suffix - lat. suffixus - “attached”; literally: “substituted to the root” - a significant part of a word, which usually serves to form words.

3.1. Spelling n-nn in suffixes different parts speeches
3.1.1. Н and НН in adjectives formed from nouns

Choice N or NN in adjectives formed from nouns, it is determined by which word and with the help of which suffix the given adjective was formed.
Rat poison; living room; remarkable nature.

Find out from which noun the word is formed

The rule also applies to short adjectives (the road ShowPicture("image011.gif"); is deserted).

3.1.2. N and NN in full verbal adjectives and participles

Dried laundry; crazy speed; sold product.

In full verbal adjectives and participles NN is written if any of the conditions noted below exist.
Writing conditions NN:

3.1.3. Н and НН in short verbal adjectives and short participles

She is modest and well-mannered...a; she was brought up in a boarding school; she is always collected..and organized..and.

3.1.4. N and NN in adverbs ending in -O / -E and in nouns formed from adjectives and participles

Neftyan..ik; captive..ik; confused..about spoke; excited..o listened.

All such words are formed from forms ending in -І / -ОY (from participles or adjectives). The same number of Ns are written in them as the Ns were in the corresponding form in -Y / -OY.

Kryvennik (from the adjective hryvnia);
He spoke with concern (concerned from the sacrament).

3.2. Spelling noun suffixes
Most noun suffixes should be memorized. Some suffixes have special spelling rules.

3.2.1. The spelling of these suffixes should be remembered.

3.2.2. Selection -CHIK- / -CHIK-

3.2.3. Selection of suffixes -EK- / -IK-

The choice is made according to the form genitive case(no WHO? WHAT?).

3.2.4. Selection -EC- / -IC-

3.2.5. Selection -USHK- / -YSHK-

3.3. Spelling adjective suffixes

Most adjective suffixes should be memorized.
Some suffixes have special spelling rules.

3.3.1. The spelling of these adjective suffixes should be memorized.

3.3.2. Selection of suffixes -K- and -SK-

3.3.3. Choice of suffixes -iv-, -ev-

3.4. Spelling verb suffixes

3.4.1. In the indefinite form of the verb and in the past tense forms the same verbal suffix is ​​usually written:
hope - hoped;
try it on - try it on.

When this suffix is ​​in an unstressed position, it should be remembered.

Distinguish Verbs become weak(become powerless yourself) and weaken(someone, something) and others starting with the prefixes O- + -WITHOUT-/-BESS- ( deforest, deforest; depopulate, depopulate, etc.).

Compare:

Wed. future tense forms (spelling depends on conjugation):
become weak - become weak, become weak
weaken - weaken, weaken

For example: The travelers will soon become exhausted. Diseases will weaken anyone.

3.4.2. Choice of -EVA- / -OVA- and -YVA- / -IVA- in verbs

Investigate, advise, postpone.

Note!
According to a special rule, verbs are written with stressed -BA-. Before the stressed word -BA- is usually written root vowel,
verified by stress:
sing - sing; give - give.

3.5. Spelling of participle suffixes

3.5.1. Spelling suffixes active participles present time

Dormant nature; believing in yourself; creeping bush.

3.5.2. Spelling suffixes of present passive participles

Inaudible..my; open..my; drawing..my.

3.5.3. Spelling of the vowel before -В- / -ВШ- in suffixes of active past participles

Has grown.. gone; believed; settled...

3.5.4. Spelling of a vowel before Н/НН in suffixes of passive past participles

Exhausted; painted; crowned..

3.6. Spelling suffixes of gerunds
Zate..in; believe..in; outpost..in.

In perfect participles the same vowel is written as in the suffix indeterminate form the corresponding verb.
See - having seen;
Listen - after listening.

3.7. Spelling of suffixes -A and -O in adverbs formed from short adjectives
We arrived before dark..; packed tightly..; stands on the left..

The suffix in adverbs formed by the prefix-suffix method from short adjectives can be determined by substituting the word “window” under the appropriate preposition:
for a long time (from the window);
on the right (from the window).

Note!
This rule should not be applied to adverbs formed in a suffixal way from full adjectives: trustingly (from gullible), soulless (from soulless), hidden (from hidden). In such adverbs, the adverbial suffix -O is written at the end.
Dry - derived from short adjective dry using the prefix DO- and the suffix -A (to the window).
Intelligible - formed from the full adjective intelligible using the adverbial suffix -O.

It is written -NN-:

NOTE:

The prefix not- does not, as a rule, affect the spelling of -N- or -NN-: in an adjective with not- the same amount of N is written as in an adjective without not-:

Mown – unmown
examined - unexamined.

But this rule has exceptions (see above).

It is written -N-:

-N- and -NN- in short adjectives.

-Н- and –НН- in complex adjectives.

It is written -N-: