The structure of a simple sentence. Word order in a Latin sentence Indirect question in Latin

Sentence is one of the main grammatical categories of syntax. In a broad sense, it is any statement that is a message about something and is designed for auditory or visual perception. In the narrow sense, it is a special syntactic construction based on a grammatical pattern and specifically designed to be a message.

With the help of a proposal, we express our thoughts and feelings, we turn to each other with questions, advice, orders.

The sentence has a grammatical basis, consisting of the main members (subject and predicate) or one of them: Winter morning. It's getting late.

A sentence, in contrast to a phrase, is characterized by intonation and semantic completeness.

In a sentence, in addition to subordinate ties (coordination, management, adhesion), there is a compositional relationship (between equal homogeneous members of the sentence): It was quiet and calm in the forest. - Quiet and calm - a compositional connection.

Sentence structure. The type of sentence in terms of structure (structure) is determined by the grammatical basis. It can consist of two main members (subject and predicate) or one main member (subject or predicate); Wed: The bird cherry smells nice. - It smells nice of bird cherry. The house was barely visible behind the trees. “The house was barely visible behind the trees.

According to the number of grammatical bases, sentences are divided into: simple and complex. In a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis, in a complex one - two or more.

Simple sentences: The earth was beautiful in a wondrous silver shine (N.V. Gogol). Take care of honor from a young age (A.S. Pushkin).

Difficult sentences: We want the sunny sky to overshadow every country. And life is good, and life is good!

A sentence with homogeneous predicates that form a compositional phrase is not difficult: Truth does not burn in fire and does not sink in water.

According to the purpose of the statement, sentences can be divided into narrative, incentive and interrogative: Grandfather sang quite pleasantly and played the balalaika. - Declarative sentence. Well, let's go to the cinema. - Incentive offer. Has there been any news from your son? - Interrogative. In addition, sentences can express a strong feeling, that is, be exclamatory: Look, do not fall into the river! (Incentive exclamation clause); Oh, Lena is coming! (Declarative exclamation clause); Why are you surprised ?! (Interrogative exclamation point).

Offer

Offer Is one of the main grammatical categories of syntax. In a broad sense, it is any statement that is a message about ...

Simple offer suggestions

Offer: law suggestions, curve suggestions, factors suggestions.
Law suggestions: offer changes in direct dependence on price changes.

Complex offer as a whole has a single semantic meaning and its own intonation of the end. Complex offer is also a single structural whole.

Simple offer Is a stylistic unit that has all the necessary features suggestions as a special linguistic category ...

Types of simple proposals... Simple suggestions are divided into types according to the purpose of the statement, emotional coloring, according to the composition of the main members, according to the presence (absence) ...

LATIN LANGUAGE

FOR LAWYERS

Initial course

Foreword

The teaching aid in the Latin language is intended for students of higher educational institutions of a legal profile. Since ancient times, the Latin language has played a huge role in the education of the future lawyer. This is primarily due to the fact that Latin is the language of Roman law, which has become the basis of legal thinking and legal proceedings in modern European society.

The purpose of the manual is to give initial information about the specifics of the Latin language, to acquaint students with legal terminology and phraseology.

The structure of the lessons involves acquaintance with the phonetic, lexical and grammatical features of the language. Each lesson includes theoretical grammatical material, questions to test knowledge, exercises designed to consolidate the passed topic. The theoretical material is designed for the joint work of students and a teacher. Practical assignments require students to work independently.

The textbook lacks the lexical minimum of each lesson. This approach is due, on the one hand, to the quantitative unevenness of the lexical material corresponding to each topic. On the other hand, in legal Latin, the significant unit is not so much a single word as phrases or phrases, which makes it difficult to link terms to one topic. Therefore, acquaintance with professional vocabulary should be included in the independent work of law students, which will strengthen the skills of grammatical analysis. For this purpose, the textbook is provided with short dictionaries - Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin. To consolidate the vocabulary minimum, approximate vocabulary dictations of legal terms are proposed.

Control over the assimilation of grammatical material is offered in the form of independent work, given in the appendix to the textbook.

In addition, the textbook is equipped with appendices containing winged words and aphorisms of legal topics, reading texts, summary grammar tables, questions for self-examination and topics for independent work and abstracts.

The author expresses deep gratitude to the staff of the Department of Russian Language and Culture of the Saratov State Academy of Law (Head of the Department, Prof. N.Yu. Tyapugina), Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Literature and Journalism at Saratov State University, R.P. Vasilenko, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and Classical Philology, Saratov State Medical University, O.N. Polukhina for valuable advice in preparing this manual.

Introduction

Latin (Lingua Latina) is one of the Indo-European languages of the Italic group (to which the Ossian and Umbrian languages also belonged). Its formation dates back to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. The original zone of origin of the Latin language is a small area of Latium, or Latium (Latin Latium, modern Italian Lazio) around Rome, but as the ancient Roman state expanded, the influence of the Latin language gradually spread to the entire territory of modern Italy, southern France (Provence) and a significant part of Spain, and by the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. - practically to all countries of the Mediterranean basin, as well as Western (up to the Rhine and Danube) and Northern Europe (including the British Isles).

In its historical development, the Latin language has gone through several periods.

1. The most ancient period of the existence of the language is called the pre-literary period (VIII-VII centuries BC - up to 240 BC). The most famous legal monument of the Latin language of this period is the Laws of the Twelve Tables - Leges duodecim tabularum (451 - 450 BC). Until that time, the officials in Rome conducted the trial, guided by customs that date back to the ancestral past and are already outdated. However, in the middle of the 5th century. BC NS. under pressure from the plebeians, the patricians were forced to create a commission of 10 people (decem viri - ten husbands) to record court decisions. They were written on XII copper plates and displayed for viewing in the central square of Rome - the forum.

2.From 240 BC until about 100 A.D. distinguish the ancient literary period, or the period of "archaic Latin". Started in the IV century. BC NS. expansion of Rome by the 1st century BC NS. ends with the almost complete romanization of Italy. An example of an archaic language of the III-II centuries. BC NS. with its not yet established norms is presented in the comedies of Plautus and Terence. At this time, the foundations of Roman jurisprudence were laid. Fragments of the writings of many lawyers of that time have survived to this day (Appius Tsek, Gnei Flavius, Manius Manilius, father and son of Scevola).

3. The most striking period in the development of the Latin language was the turn of the millennium: about 100 BC. - I century. AD This is the period of classical, or "golden" Latin. At this time, grammatical norms were finally stabilized, the language reached a high literary level in the prose of Caesar, Cicero, Sallust, in the works of the poets of the Augustus era (Virgil, Horace, Ovid). The Latin language of this period is currently the subject of study in educational institutions.

4. The Latin language of the later period as a whole retains the basic features of the classical period. "Silver Latin" (I-II centuries AD) clearly follows already developed grammatical standards, but deviates somewhat from the rigid norms of the "golden Latin" syntax (Tacitus). The literary language is characterized by the penetration of poetic stylistic elements into prose and sublime rhetoric into poetry. This period is also called "artistic Latin", and in some cases it is not at all distinguished as an independent stage in the development of the language, entering the period of the "golden age".

5. Latin language II-VI centuries. AD defined as "late Latin". At this time, Latin ceases to be a living language. After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476, Rome loses its influence over the provinces. Latin is also losing its status as a single literary language. There is a fusion of the Latin language with local dialects. The history of the vernacular Latin language continues until the 9th century, when the formation of national Romance languages on its basis ends (modern Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Moldavian languages, which make up the Romance group of the Indo-European family).

One of the most famous legal monuments of this time is the Code of Civil Laws - Corpus juris civilis... Until now, this document is considered the basis of modern European legislation. Corpus juris civilis includes 4 parts:

Codex justinianeus (imperial decrees - in 4 books);

Digesta (extracts from the works of lawyers - in 12 books);

Institutionis (manual of jurisprudence - in 4 books);

Novellae (short stories).

V.G. Belinsky described this document as follows: “ The Justinian Code, a ripe fruit of the historical life of the Romans, freed Europe from the shackles of feudal law».

6. During the Middle Ages (VII-XIV centuries), Latin is used as the common written language of Western European society, the language of the Catholic Church, science, and partly literature.

7. Another surge of attention to the Latin language is observed in the XIV-XVI centuries. This is the time of the Renaissance era, when interest in antiquity, and therefore in ancient languages, occupied the leading minds of society. Almost until the end of the 17th century, Latin continues to serve as the main language of European science, diplomacy and the church (the works of T. Mohr, Erasmus of Rotterdam, G. Bruno, T. Campanella, N. Copernicus, etc.).

8.From the XVI-XVII centuries. Latin is gradually being replaced by national languages, remaining until the 18th century the language of diplomacy, until the 20th century - the language of university teaching and partly of science. Works of philosophers and scientists of the 16th-18th centuries R. Descartes, P. Gassendi, F. Bacon, B. Spinoza, I. Newton, L. Euler, many works of M.V. Lomonosov's works are written in Latin.

9. In the XX century, Latin is used in scientific terminology, is the official language of the Catholic Church and the acts of the Vatican.

In the history of culture, the Latin language has played a huge role. This is evidenced by the numerous Latin borrowings that can be traced in all European languages. Currently, the Latin language remains the basis for terminology in many areas of knowledge (jurisprudence, medicine, biology, general scientific terminology of natural sciences and humanities).

Lesson 1

Alphabet. Pronunciation. The order of words in sentences of the Latin language.

The Latin alphabet consists of 24/25 letters (the letter j appeared in the 16th century), denoting vowels and consonants.

Letter	Name	Pronunciation	Usage examples
A a	a	[a]	aqua
B c	be	[b]	bona
C c	ce	[k], [c]	causa, censor
D d	de	[d]	dominus
E e	e	[NS]	experientia
F f	ef	[f]	fortuna
G g	ge	[G]	gens
H h	ha	[x aspirated]	homo
I i	i	[and]	ira
J j	jota	[th]	jus
K k	ka	[To]	katapoda
L l	el	[l ']	lupus
M m	em	[m]	manus
N n	ru	[n]	nemo
O o	o	[o]	opus
P p	pe	[NS]	populus
Q q	ku	[To]	quaerimonia
R r	er	[R]	ratio
S s	es	[s], [h]	sententia
T t	te	[T]	testis
U u	u	[y]	unus
V v	ve	[v]	vita
X x	iks	[ks], [ks]	xenium
Y y	ypsilon	[and]	tyrannus
Z z	zeta	[h]	zona

Vowels

Vowels include:

- the sounds a = [a], e = [e], o = [o], u = [y], i = [u], y = [u] (occurs only in borrowed words: rh y thmus = [p and tmus] - rhythm);

- diphthongs(two sounds united by uniform articulation): au = [ay], eu = [eu]: c au sa = [to ay for] - reason, n eu ter = [n eu ter] - neither one nor the other;

- digraphs(two vowels that convey one sound): ae = [e], oe = [e]: s ae pe = [with NS pe] - often, p oe na = [n NS on] - punishment.

If the letter combinations are not diphthongs or digraphs, then a line or two dots are placed above the letters: āēr.

Consonants

The pronunciation of some consonants may depend on their position in the word or on the tradition of use.

Letter	Pronunciation	Example
c	[Ц] - in position before vowels i, e, y, digraphs ae, oe [К] - in other cases	C ae sar [Caesar] - Caesar c a ntāre [kantare] - to sing
g	[G]	genus [genus] - people
h	[X] is pronounced aspirated	honor [honor] - honor
k	[K] - the letter K is used only in proper names and abbreviations K or KAL from the word Kalendae	Kalendae [kal'ande] - calendars
l	[L ’]	locus [l'ocus] - place
q	letter is used only in combination with u + vowel: [KV]	aq ua[aqua] - water
s	[З] - in a position between two vowels (exception - words borrowed from the Greek language) [C] - in other cases	c au s a[causa] - reason phil o s o phia [philosophia] - Greek. servus [servus] - slave
x	[КЗ] - in a position between two vowels [КС] - in other cases	e x e mplar [exe 'samplear], but n o x a[knoxa] - harm lex [l'ex] - law
z	[З] - the letter occurs only in borrowed words.	zona [zone] - zone, belt

Some combinations of sounds also have pronunciation features:

In Greek words they meet combinations of consonants with h:

Word order in sentences in Latin

1. The subject is put in the first place.

2. The predicate is usually put in last place, except in cases of inversion: Historia magistra vitae est.- The story of the mentor of life [is].

3. An agreed definition appears after the word being defined: lingua Latina- Latin language.

4. Direct object expressed by a noun in vip. without a preposition, precedes the predicate or is placed close to it: librum lego - I read the book [I].

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TEST

1. What is the peculiarity of the Latin alphabet?

2. What are the vowel sounds of the Latin language? How are they used?

3. How are consonants of the Latin alphabet pronounced? What consonants have pronunciation options? What do they depend on?

4. What is the specificity of the use of combinations of sounds ti, su, ngu?

5. What combinations of sounds indicate loan words? How are these combinations pronounced?

6. What are the features of the word order in Latin?

EXERCISES

1.Read the words, observing the pronunciation rules:

A. natura, terra, ager, luna, mare, silva, hora, linea, fabŭla, agricŏla, Homerus, Aesopus, aetas, aestas, coelum, poёma, praeda, praetor, aër, occasus, parsimonia, asinus, praesidium, miser, casa, socius, coena, amicus, auctor, natio, obligatio, scientia, sententia, otium, pretium, initium;

B. amicitia, lapsus, legatus, lupus, bellum, alea, sanguis, quisque, quinque, quaestor, aes, ars, pars, auctoritas, plebejus, proletarius, disciplina, fluvius, egestas, historicus, philosophus, rector, decanus, professor, magister, Rhenus, actor, scaena, circus, medicamentum, respublica, veto, declamatio;

2.Read the words, explain the pronunciation and stress in them. Learn the words by heart:

caput - legal capacity

aerarium - treasury

accusator - accuser, accuser

acta - minutes of meetings, resolutions

actio - action, claim, legal proceedings

aestimatio capitis - property qualification

alibi - elsewhere

Aulus Agerius is the traditional name of the plaintiff in examples, sample formulas

bona fides - conscientiousness, good morals

casus belli - a reason for war

causa - reason, reason, legal case

censūra - score

Numerius Negidius is the traditional name of the defendant in Roman judicial formulas

cessio - assignment, assignment

civis - citizen

civitas - citizens, citizenship

corpus delicti - corpus delicti

corpus juris - a body of law

crimen publicorum - a felony

cui bono? - in whose interests?

justitia - rule of law, justice, legality

2. Read the following words, explain the features of the pronunciation of sounds. Find the meanings of the words in the dictionary:

Clarus, causa, scientia, caedes, amicitia, quinque, rhythmus, Theodōra, aqua, pax, aurōra, nauta, beātus, medĭcus, cultūra, doctor, bestia, poёta, littĕra, Juppīter, lectio, philosŏphus, poena, dexter negligentia, quadrātus, consuetūdo, Aegīptus, suadeo, Augustus, censūra, potentia, saepe, suus, Euclīdes, zodiācus, Cyprus, chorus, Pithagōras, Athēnae, Graecia, obaerāti, Italia.

3. Read the words, translate them:

A. Thesaŭrus, religio, audio, audīre, theātrum, aetas, elegantia, domus, memoria, amīca, historia, femĭna, publĭcus, decrētum, vita, pater, magīstra, studento, studēre, fortūna, fabŭla, spectacŭlum, beneficium, inst accusatīvus, quaestio, symphonia, soepi, triūmphus, poëta, causa, Decēmber, incŏla, sphaera, Eurōpa, justitia, argumēntum, oceānus, genetīvus, pericŭlum.

4.Read the hymn "Gaudeamus", observing the peculiarities of the pronunciation of the words:

Gaudeamus igitur,
Juvenes dum sumus!
Post jucundam juventutem,
Post molestam senectutem
Nos habebit humus. (bis)

Ubi sunt qui ante nos
In mundo fuere?
Vadite ad superos
Transite ad inferos,
Ubi jam fuere. (bis)

Vita nostra brevis est,
Brevi finietur;

Venit mors velociter,

Rapit nos atrociter,
Nemini parcetur. (bis)

Vivat Academia,
Vivant professores!
Vivat membrum quodlibet,
Vivant membra quaelibet
Semper sint in flore! (bis)

Vivant omnes virgines,
Faciles, formosae!
Vivant et mulieres
Tenerae, amabiles,
Bonae, laboriosae! (bis)

Vivat et Respublica
Et qui illam regit!
Vivat nostra civitas,
Maecenātum caritas,
Quae nos hic protegit! (bis)

Pereat tristitia,
Pereant osores,
Pereat diabolus,
Quivis antiburschius
Atque irrisores! (bis)

Gaudeamus is an old student song that arose in the 13th century from the drinking songs of the vagant. It was widely disseminated among students at the Heidelberg and Paris Universities. The authors of the lyrics and melody are unknown. In the 15th century, the Flemish composer Jean Ockenheim processed and recorded its melody, and since then it has become the traditional anthem of students.

Session 2

Syllabic section. Stress. The structure of a simple sentence.

Syllabic section

The number of syllables in the words of the Latin language coincides with the number of vowels in the word. The syllable section goes through:

1.between two vowels: r e -u s - responder;

2.before a single consonant in an open syllable or before QU: r o -s a - rose, a-qu a - water;

3.before a combination of consonants multa cum liquida(mute: b, p, d, t, c, g + smooth: r, l): br, bl, pr, pl, dr, dl, tr, tl, cr, cl, gr, gl: doc-tr ina - science, tem-pl um - temple;

4.between two consonants: fu r -t um - theft(if there is j in the word, then it is doubled: pejor: pe j -j or - worst);

5.in a group of several consonants - before the last one: sa nk- t us - sacred;

6.Prefixes always form an independent syllable: re -ceptum - commitment accepted.

Syllables vary in length and brevity.

The length or shortness of a syllable can be natural or positional. Natural longitude is denoted in writing by the sign ¯, brevity - by the sign ˘, which are placed above the vowel that is part of the syllable. For example, natū ra - nature, tabŭ la - board.

Positional the longitude or shortness of a syllable appears depending on its position in the word.

The syllable is long:

1.if contains a diphthong: n au ta - sailor;

2.if it contains a vowel in front of two or more consonants: argumē nt um - proof;

3.if is in front of consonants x, z:corrē x i - fixed.

The syllable is short:

1.before a vowel or h: potentĭ a- strength, contră h o - shrink;

2.before combinations of consonants br, pr, tr, dr, cr, gr, bl, pl, cl, gl, tl, dl: intĕ gr um - integer.

In modern pronunciation, the length / brevity of syllables or vowels does not differ. However, in some cases, these differences affect the understanding of the meaning of the word ( līber - free, lĭber - book) or differentiation of grammatical forms ( lēges - laws, lĕges - you will read).

Stress

In Latin, stress

1. never put on the last syllable;

2.in two-syllable words, it is always placed on the first syllable: cr i men - crime;

3. is placed on the penultimate (second from the end of the word) syllable, if it is long: mag i ster - teacher;

4. is placed on the third syllable from the end of the word, if the second is short: au dio - listening.

Similar information.

Exam answers in Latin grammar

1. The main functions of the ablative

A) Ablativus auctoris- Ablativethe currentfaces.

Ablativus auctoris essentially goes back to the ablative itself, since it denotes the transition of an action from a subject to an object in a passive turn:

Ventus prosper a nautis desideratur. Passingwindexpectedsailors.

Servus a domino suo venditur. Slavefor saleto theirlord.

Castra vallo fossaque muniebantur. The camp was fortified with a rampart and a moat.

B) Ablativus separationis- ablativebranches

The Latin ablativus combines the functions of three cases: “the ablative proper, that is, separative, instrumental (instrumentalis) and local (locativus). The ablative itself has different types.

Ablativus separationis means a person or object from which something or someone is separated, removed: Magnomemetuliberabis. “You will deliver me from great fear”;causadesistere “to drop the claim”.

V) Ablativus originis- ablativeorigin.

Ablativus originis refers to the person from whom someone is descended: VenusIovenataestetDiona. "Venus was born of Jupiter and Dione."

G) Ablativus materiae- ablativematerial.

An ablative can mean a material, a substance from which something is made: navis ex tabulis fabricator. "The ship is made of planks"

D) Ablativus instrumenti- ablativeguns.

In the instrumental function, ablativus is close to the Russian instrumental case and usually answers the questions: by whom? how? Ablativus instrumenti denotes a tool or means with which a particular action is performed: Cornibustaurisetutantur

"Bulls protect themselves with horns";memoriatenere "to remember", lit .: "to keep in memory".

E) Ablativus causae- ablativecauses.

Ablativus causae expresses the cause of an action or state: casu "by chance", iussu "by order." DuxVictoria superbuserat. The leader was proud of the victory.

Yo) Ablativus limitationis- ablativerestrictions(relationship).

Ablativus limitationis denotes in what respect or from what point of view a given action or condition is limited: Poeta Graecorum Aesopus nomine. "A Greek poet named Aesop." Galliomneslinguaintersedifferunt. "All Gauls differ in language."

Note: accusativus limitationis is rarely found, which is also called Graecus, since it is organically inherent in the Greek syntax: alba capillos femina "a woman with blond hair" (lit .: "a woman with fair hair")

F) Ablativus loci is used in non-sentence combinations with the words: locus, i m “place”, pars, partis f “part”, totus, a, um “whole”, for example: Hosteslocoidoneopugnant. "Enemies are fighting in a convenient place."Dextraparte "on the right side",totaAsia"Throughout Asia."N.B. :terra marique "on land and at sea".

City designation

When asked where? in the singular 1-2 declensions genetivus is used, in other cases - ablativus: Romae “in Rome”, Corinthi “in Corinth”, Athenis “in Athens”, Carthagine “in Carthage”.

When asked where? - accusativus: Romam “to Rome”, Corinthum “to Corinth”, Athenas “to Athens”, Carthaginem “to Carthage”.

When asked where? - ablativus: Roma “from Rome”, Corintho “from Corinth”, Athenis “from Athens”, Carthagine “from Carthage”.

Note: the same construction is observed for the words: domus, us f (house); rus, ruris n (village); humus, i f (earth).

Z) Ablativus comparationis - ablativecomparisons.

With a comparative degree, in the case of omitting the conjunction quam "what" in Latin, the ablative of comparison Ablativus comparationis is used. In Russian, the genitive case is used in the non-union construction:

Quidveritatisdulciushabemus? "What is more pleasant with us than the truth?"

Quid dulcius, quam veritas habemus?"What is nicer with us than the truth?"

AND) Ablativus mensurae- ablativemeasures.

The ablative measure is used with the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs, as well as with words that contain a shade of comparison (superare, ante, supra, etc.): multo maior "much more", quo - eo "than - that", quarto - tanto "as much as", nihilo minus "nevertheless." Hibernia dimidio minor est, quam Britania. "Hibernia (Ireland) is half the size of Britain."

2. Accusativus cum infinitivo.

Romani vincunt. "The Romans are winning."

DicoRomanosvincere. "I say the Romans are winning."

The turnover Accusativus cum infinitivo is a compound direct object, within which the logical subject is expressed through accusativus, and the predicate through infinitivus.

Accusativus cum infinitivo is translated into Russian by an additional sentence. The turnover is used depending on the verbs expressing:

sensory perception (verba sentiendi): sentire “to feel”, videre “to see”, audire “to hear”, etc .;

thinking(verba putandi): putare "to think", censere, arbitrari "to consider", scire "to know", etc .;

a wish(verba voluntatis): cupere “to want strongly”, velle “to desire”, iubere “to order”, vetare “to forbid”, etc.

emotions(verba affectuum): gaudere “to rejoice,” dolere “to be sad,” mirari “to be surprised,” etc.

expression of thoughts(verba declarandi): dicere "to speak", tradere "to convey", scribere "to write", and also depending on impersonal expressions: constat, notum est "known", oportet "need", necesse est "necessary", iustum est " fair, ”and so on.

Note: Sentiendi and other terms ending in –ndi are a verbal gerund noun in singular genitive.

Accusativus cum infinitivo is mainly used in new languages for verba sentiendi. So, the Latin phrase video arborem florere "I see that the trees are blooming" correspond in English: I see the three blossen. In the Old Slavonic language, accusativus cum infinitivo was met as a tracing of the Greco-Latin turnover when translating scriptures (for example: Whom do people say to me to be). From here, with other Slavisms, he penetrated the language of the writers of the 18th century, for example: My soul longs for you (Derzhavin. God).

3. Nominativus cum infinitivo.

Nominative with indefinite form

Most of the verbs that require the turnover accusativus cum infinitivo in the active voice are combined with the turnover nominativus cum infinitivo in the passive voice and, moreover, in the personal construction: with the infinitive there is the subject in the nominative case, which agrees with the person and number of the control verb in the passive voice. This turnover is a compound subject: Romanivinceredicuntur. "They say the Romans are winning."

A sentence with the turnover nominativus cum infinitivo is translated into Russian by an indefinitely personal control sentence and an additional subordinate clause depending on it.

A similar phrase is found in English, for example: He is said to live in the country. "They say he lives in this country."

It is convenient to translate the verb videre in the passive voice with the words “seems”, “apparently”, etc .: intellegere videris “you seem to understand”.

Ablativus absolutus -independent ablative .

The combination of a noun with the agreed participle Troia capta "taken Troy" in ablativus (Troia capta) takes on the meaning of circumstances:

time: when Troy was taken (Greeks returned home)

causes: since Troy was taken (the Trojans began to look for a new homeland)

conditions: in case Troy is taken (the Greeks were supposed to bring thanksgiving sacrifices to the gods)

concessions: although Troy was taken (Priam's glory remained eternal)

mode of action: the capture of Troy (the Greeks established their position in Asia Minor).

In such a function, the combination of a consistent participle with a different name is called ablativus absolutus.

Ablativusabsolutus- it is grammatically independent of any member of the sentence participle, standing in ablativus and having the meaning of the circumstances of time, reason, concession, condition, mode of action. This turnover is translated into Russian by the corresponding adverbial subordinate clauses, nouns with prepositions and sometimes an adverbial turnover.

Participium praesentis activi stands for simultaneous action : Graeci advenientibus Persis Thermopylas ceperunt."The Greeks, when (= while) the Persians approached (= when the Persians approached), they occupied Thermopylae."

Participium perfecti passivi denotes a previous action: Tarquinio Superbo expluso duo consules creati sunt. "When (after) Tarquinius the Proud was expelled (after the banishment of Tarquinius the Proud), two consuls were elected."

In the ancient Greek language there was genetivus absolutus, in Old Russian and Old Slavonic it was a dative independent. Lomonosov, for example, has the following phrase: "I was at sea, a great storm arose." Separate participial phrases are in French, German, English. In modern Russian literary language, there are no absolute participial constructions. They are found in folk speech (for example: Beans are not mushrooms, without sowing, they will not sprout), as well as in the language of individual writers: "Having left Vyatka, I was tormented by a memory for a long time" (Herzen), "After smoking, a conversation began between the soldiers" ( L. Tolstoy). An independent adverbial turnover is occasionally used with impersonal expressions, for example: Talking about this, I want to remind you ...

Let's compare two sentences: Troia capta Aeneas in Italiam venit. "When Troy was taken, Aeneas arrived in Italy." Troia capta Graeci domos reverterunt. "Taking Troy, the Greeks returned home."

It becomes clear that ablativus absolutus can be translated by adverbial circulation only when the logical character in both parts of the sentence is the same (the Greeks took Troy and the Greeks returned home).

Since the verb esse does not have present and past participles, there is an incomplete ablativus absolutus, consisting of a logical subject and a predicate nominal part. The latter are usually nouns: adiutor "assistant", dux "leader", testis "witness", praetor "praetor", auctor "doer, counselor", iudex "judge", consul "consul", senex "old man", and others and adjectives: vivus “alive”, “healthy”, invitus “reluctant, against will”, conscius “knowing”, inscius “not knowing”, etc.: Natus est Augustus Cicerone et Antonio consulibus. "Augustus was born in the consulate of Cicero and Antony."

5. Genetivussubjectivusetobjectivus- Genitive logical subject and object.

The expression timor populi can mean "fear of the people" (that is, the people are afraid) and "fear of the people" (that is, someone is afraid of the people). Therefore, with a noun verbal or preserving a verb meaning, the genitive case can be a logical subject (subjectivus) or a logical complement (objectivus).

Genetivus objectivus is used for verbs with the meaning: "remember," to remind "," forget ", depending on the adjectives with the meaning: willing, knowing, remembering, participating, possessing, complete. For example: cupidus gloriae "hungry for glory."

Essentially, genetivus objectivus goes back to genetivus criminis - genitive accusation used to denote an offense or punishment: accusare proditionis "to accuse of treason", capitis damnare "to sentence to death"

6. Gerund. The use of gerund.

Infinitivus, performing the function of a subject or object, can be viewed as a neuter verbal noun: legere necesse est "must be read" = "must be read."

If Infinitivus is conventionally considered a form of the nominative case, then the missing forms of the indirect cases of the infinitive are filled in by the verbal noun gerundium, which is formed by adding the suffix -nd to the base of the infect in 1 and 2 conjugations and -end in 3 and 4 conjugations and declines according to 2 declension only in the singular.

The gerund is translated into Russian by the indefinite form of the verb, the verbal noun, the gerunds. The English gerund can be compared to the Latin gerund.

Gerund - from gerere to act.

Acc. legere

Abl. legendo reading - reading

For example, ars legendi “the art of reading”, operam do legendo “I make an effort to read”, legendo memoriam exerceo “by reading (reading) I exercise my memory”.

Genetivus gerund is used in the sense of genetivus objectivus and depending on the prepositions gratia and causa "for", "sake". The dativus gerund denotes a goal (dativus finalis) and is rarely used.

In Accusativus, the gerund is used with the preposition ad. Ablativus gerund performs an instrumental function, and is also used with the prepositions ab, ex, de, in.

The gerund retains verbal properties: it is determined by the adverb and retains the verbal control. For example: ars bene faciendi versus (acc.) “The art of writing poetry well”.

7. Gerundivum -gerund.

A gerundive is a verbal adjective denoting an action being experienced or the need for this action, it is formed by adding the suffixes –nd - in 1 and 2 conjugations and –end - in 3 and 4 conjugations to the base of the infect, and declines in 1-2 declensions.

1 monstra -nd -us, a, um the one who needs to be shown

2 mone -nd -us, a, um the one, the one, the one who needs to be convinced

3 teg -end -us, a, um the one who needs to be covered

4 audi -end -us, a, um the one, the one, the one who needs to be listened to

liber legendus "a book to be read"; epistula legenda "letter to be read"; rescriptum legendum "prescription to read."

In modern languages, the words come from Latin gerunds: legend, dividends, propaganda, memorandum, referendum, etc.

Gerund constructions.

With an impersonal construction, i.e. in the absence of a subject, the gerundive, being the nominal part of the predicate, is used in the form of the neuter singular and does not agree with any word. The name of the character, both in this construction and in other constructions with a gerund, is used in the dative case - dativus auctoris: mihi legendum est "I need to read."

With a personal construction, the gerundive, being the nominal part of the predicate, is consistent with the subject in gender, number and case. This construction is usually called the descriptive conjugation of the passive voice - conjugatio periphrastica passiva: liber mihi legendus est "I need to read a book" (I must read the book); libri mihi legendi erant "I needed to read books."

The gerund as an agreed definition, especially in indirect cases, equals a gerund in meaning and is translated into Russian by an indefinite verb, a verbal noun and a gerundi: cupiditas libri legendi “desire to read a book” (literal translation would make nonsense: “desire for a book that should be read "); operam do libro legendo “I am making an effort to read the book”; paratus sum ad librum legendum "I am ready to read the book"; libro legendo memoriam exerceo "I exercise my memory by reading a book."

When reading the Latin text, it is easy to confuse a gerund with a gerund, since they are formed and bend in the same way. It is important to remember that a gerund can only be in the form of a neuter singular 2 declension and cannot agree with another part of speech.

8. Conjunctival functions in an independent clause.

Whereas the indicative mood indicativus serves to state, the expression of a fact (indicare - to show), the subjunctive mood expresses the relation of action to real implementation, that is, modality.

In the Latin conjunctiva, two Indo-European moods have historically merged: the subjunctive proper and the desired one (the so-called optative, which existed in the ancient Greek language).

In classical Latin, conjunctivus expresses: desire, opportunity, unreality in various shades. Negation for conjunctive forms of ne.

I. a) Conjunctivus optativus expresses a desire: Utinam pater veniat! "Oh, if my father came!"

b) Conjunctivus iussivus expresses the command: Audiatur et altera pars. Let the other side be heard as well.

c) Conjunctivus hortativus expresses a call to action: Gaudeamus igitur! So let's rejoice!

d) Conjunctivus prohibitivus expresses the prohibition: ne dicas! do not speak!

II a) Conjunctivus potentalis expresses the possibility: dicam "I would say", "I could say"

b) Conjunctivus dubitativus expresses doubt: quid agam? what should I do?

c) Conjunctivus concessivus expresses a concession, an assumption: sit hoc verum "Let's assume (assume) that it is true."

III Conjunctivus irrealis expresses unreality, contradiction of reality and is practically used only in conditional periods.

Since there is no developed system of the subjunctive mood in the Russian language, when translating Latin conjunctive forms one has to use not only the particle by-, but also the words let be(especially in the 3rd person), let's, let's be, the particle -ka (especially in the 1st person plural), as well as the imperative form (in the 2nd person).

In dependent clauses, Conjunctivus serves to express a subordinate connection (subjunctivus)

Goal suggestions and additions

In Latin, there is a strict dependence of the form of the predicate subordinate clause on the form of the predicate control clause.

The tenses of the governing sentence are divided into two groups: major tenses: praesens, futurum 1 and futurum 2; historical, that is, past tenses: imperfectum, perfectum, plusquamperfectum.

Historical times include : praesens historicum, perfectum praesens, infinitivus historicus.

As in Russian, Latin target and additional sentences have the same conjunctions: ut "to", ne "to not".

Target unions are called finale, complement unions are called objectivum.

Sentences with ut (ne) finale are used with any verb denoting purposeful action. Sentences with ut (ne) objectivum are used depending on the verbs expressing desire and will (verba studii et voluntatis), care (verba curandi), fear (verba timendi), obstruction (verba impediendi).

In sentences with ut (ne) finale and objectivum, conjunctivus is used.

In Russian, an additional-target union to include the union itself what and a particle of the subjunctive mood would.

If the predicate of the governing clause is used in the main tense, then praesens is used in the subordinate clause: Do, (praes.Ind.),utdes (praes.Conjunct.). I give, so that you give me (utfinale).

If the predicate of the control sentence is used in historical time, then in the subordinate clause the imperfectum is used: Omnes cives optaverunt (perf. Ind), ut pax esset (imperf. Conjunct.). All citizens wished for peace (ut objectivum)

With verba timendi, the conjunction ne indicates an undesirable fact, and the conjunction ut (or ne non) indicates a desirable fact: TimorRomaegrandisfuit,neiterumGalliRomamvenirent. In Rome, there was a great fear lest the Gauls would again go to Rome.Timeo,nepaternonveniat, orutpaterveniat. I am afraid that the father will not come (that is, the arrival of the father is desirable).

With verba impediendi, in addition to the conjunction ne, the conjunction quominus is used: Plura ne scribam, dolore impedior. Grief prevents me from writing more. Quidobstat,quominussitbeatus? What prevents him from being happy?

There are other conjunctions of the complement: quod “what”, “to” with indicativus and quin with conjunctivus, depending on negative expressions (mainly from expressions of no doubt)

Clauses withut andquodexplicativum.

Subject clauses with ut and quod explicativum (explanatory) are used depending on the expressions: accidit, evenit "happens", mos est "there is a custom", etc. word (bene est, bonus mos est). With the conjunction ut, conjunctivus is used, and the time is what it would be if this sentence were independent. The consecutio temporum does not essentially apply here. When quod is used indicativus: His rebus fiebat, ut Helvetii minus late vagerentur (imperf. Conjunct .). "Due to these circumstances, it turned out that the Helvetians roamed in a small area."... An independent proposal would be: "Helvetians roamed in a small space", Optimeaccidit,quodamicusmeusvenit. It turned out great that my friend came.

Subordinate clauses of the corollary.

Subordinate clauses of the consequence are appended to the governing clause with the union ut consecutivum (investigative) "so", "what", "to". Negation is non.

In the control clause, there are often indicative words: ita, sic "so"; adeo "before"; tantus, talis "such"; tam "so" etc.

In the sentences of the corollary, as in the sentences of the subject, conjunctivus is used, and the time is the same as it would be if the sentence were independent. Consecutio temporum is used restrictively: after historical times, imperfectum conjunctivi is used. For example , Atticus ita vivebat, ut omnes eum amarent (imperf. Indicat ). "Atticus lived in such a way that everyone loved him." An independent proposal would:OmnesAtticumamabant (imperf. Indicat.) "Everyone loved Attica".

Union usecum (= quum)

1 cum temporale (clauses temporary)

It is used in the narration of the present or future tense, it can also be used in the past, but the specificity limits.

The subordinate clause is long-term, the main thing is one thing against the background of a long one.

CumTiberiumregnabat, magnusmotusterraefuit- when Tiberius ruled, there was a great earthquake.

Requires an indicative mood.

A special case.

A) iterativum(repeating action)

... whenever ...

After him the choice indicativa is carried out according to a specific rule, which is somewhat similar to Consecutiotemporum... In particular, one can use Perf... after the main times, Plusqperf... after historical.

Pqmp into Russian can be translated in the future tense.

Galli cum superaverunt (perf), animalia capta immolant/ The Gauls, when they are victorious, sacrifice the captured animals.

2 Cum historicum

After cum put conjunctiv.

3 Cum causale ( clause reasons )

Marcus, cum aeger esset, in scholam non venit. Mark, because he was ill, did not go to school.

+quod(but after it indikativ)

4 Cum concessivum (concessions)

Although, despite the fact that

Official version:

Temporary offers

The most common time conjunction in Latin cum(in some editions of Latin texts quum) "when".

In the story of past events, the union is used cumhistoricum. Imperfectumconiunctivi expresses simultaneous action, and pqmpconiunctivi- previous: CumessemBrundisi, litterastuasaccepi... “When (while) I was in Brundisi, I received your letter”; Graeci, cumTroiamexpugnavissent, omnesfereincolasnecaverunt... "When (after) the Greeks conquered Troy, they killed almost all the inhabitants."

In sentences with cumhistoricum usually there is an internal logical connection, therefore it is used Conjunctivus.

In purely temporary sentences, without an internal logical connection with governing sentences, the union is used cumtemporale with indicativus corresponding times: CumTiberiusregnabat, magnusterraemotusfuit... "When Tiberius ruled, there was a great earthquake" (between the rule of Tiberius and the earthquake, of course, there is no logical connection).

Note: Union cum with indicativus applies to other types of temporary offers.

A) Cumiterativum denotes a repetitive action: Galli, cumsuperaverunt, animaliacaptaimmolant... "Whenever the Gauls are victorious, they sacrifice the animals they have taken."

B) Cumcoincidens(matching) or explicativum(explanatory) is used when a subordinate clause clarifies the meaning of a control sentence that coincides in time: Dete, Catilina, cumtacent, clamant... "About you, Catiline, when (those that) are silent, they shout."

C) If the sentence of time is only formally a subordinate clause, containing the main idea, the union is applied cuminversum(reverse): Vixdumepistulamtuamlegeram, cumadmePostumusCurtiusvenit... "As soon as I read your letter, Postumus Curtius came to me."

There are other unions of time: postquam"after"; ut, ubiprimum, simulac"As soon as" with indicativus; dum, donec, quoad"while"; prisquam and antequam"Before" with Conjunctivus if the action is desired, possible, anticipated.

Causal sentences

Union cum in addition to temporary offers may attach inflicted; in this case it is called cumcausale(causal and is translated “as, because.” In this conjunction, is used Conjunctivus, and times - depending on the time of the predicate in the control sentence and the ratio of the actions of both sentences.

Cum aeger essem, ad te non veni."Since I was sick, I did not come to you." Imperfectumconiunctivi expresses an action simultaneous to another action ( nonveni) in past.

Other unions reasons: quod, quia, quoniam"Because", "since" are used with coniunctivus in the case when the reason is given not as something real, but as something supposed or subjectively expressed ("since", "in his words", "since, de ..."): NoctuamulabatThemistocles, quodsomnumcaperenonposset; "Themistocles went for a walk at night, because (according to him) he could not sleep."

Acceptable offers.

Union cum may attach also concessional offers; in this case it is called cumconcessivum(concessive) and is translated "though", "despite".

With this union, it is used coniunctivus, and times - according to the rules according to which for cumcausale. Phocionfuitperpetuopauper, cumditissimusesseposset... "Phocion was constantly poor, although he could be very rich."

WITH coniunctivus other concessionary unions are also combined: ut, licet, quamvis; etsi, tametsi, etiamsi; union quamquam usually requires indicativa.

Subordinate clauses are close in meaning to concessional clauses, contrasting in content to the control clause. They use the union cumadversativum("Adversary") - "while". Conjunctival times are applied according to the rule consecutiotemporum: Nostrorumequitumeratquinquemiliumnumerus, cumhostesnonampliusoctingentosequiteshaberent"The number of our horsemen was five thousand, while the enemies had no more than eight hundred horsemen."

13. Definitive clauses with adverbial shades.

Definitive sentences with relative pronouns qui, quae, quod"Which, th, th" can contain shades of various circumstances: goals, consequences, causes, concessions, conditions. Therefore, in such definitional sentences we use coniunctivus, and tenses - according to the general rules of the corresponding adverbial clauses.

target shade : Dux legatos misit, qui (ut ii) pacem peterent.“The leader sent ambassadors who would ask for peace (so that they ...)

shade of investigation : Exegi monumentum, quod (ut id) Aquilo diruere non possit.“I have erected a monument that cannot be destroyed by Aquilon (such a monument that his)

shade of reason : O, magna vis veritatis, quae (cum ea) facile se per se ipsa defendat.“O great power of truth, which easily defends itself (as it is)

shade of concession : Pompeii milites exercitui Caesaris luxuriam obiciebant, cui (cum ei) simper omnia ad necessarium usum defuissent.“The soldiers of Pompey reproached Caesar's army for luxury, which always lacked all the necessities (although he always had)

condition shade : Qui (si quis) videret, urbem captam diceret.“Whoever saw, he would say that the city is taken (if anyone saw)

Consecutio temporum- The rule of sequence of times

The form of the predicate subordinate clause depends, firstly, on the form of the predicate governing clause and, secondly, on the ratio of the actions of both sentences.

If in a control sentence the predicate is used in one of the main tenses ( praesens, futurum 1, futurum 2), then in the subordinate clause the simultaneous action expresses praesensconiunctivi, preceding - Participiumfuturiactivi of this verb in combination with praesensconiunctivi auxiliary verb esse.

If in a control sentence the predicate is used in one of the historical, that is, past tenses ( imperfectum, perfectum, pqmp), then in the subordinate clause the simultaneous action expresses imperfectumconiunctivi, preceding - pqmpconiunctivi, and the upcoming - Participiumfuturiactivi of this verb esse

Completely rule Consecutiotemporum it is used in an indirect question and in indirect speech, and partially in other types of subordinate clauses.

So, in target and additional sentences, the action is thought to be logically simultaneous, therefore the timing of the predicate in the subordinate clause entirely depends on the form of the predicate in the control sentence.

Cumhistoricum it is always used with the historical time of the predicate in the control clause, therefore the choice of the time of the predicate in the subordinate clause depends on the simultaneity or precedence of the action.

Quaestioobliqua- an indirect question.

An indirect question is an additional subordinate clause that begins with interrogative pronouns, adverbs, and particles. In an indirect question, the rule of sequence of times is fully applied:

I ask what you read, read, read

( ask ) ( read ) ( will you read )

Interrogo, quid legas, legeris, lecturus sis

(Interrogabo) (praes.coni) (perf.coni)

I asked what you read, read, read

Interrogavi, quid legeres legislationses lecturus esses

interrogabam

In double and numerous indirect questions, particles are used: utrum"or", ne – an"Whether - or". For example: Quaero, utrumhocverum, anfalsumsit... "I'm asking if this is true or false."

The entire rule of sequence of tenses is also applied in additional sentences with conjunction quin“What” when the control sentence expresses no doubt: Nondubito, quinintellegas, intellegeris etc. "I have no doubt that you understand, understand, and so on."

Indirect speech andattractio modi

Attractiomodi- attraction inclination

The above talked about the subjective, subordinate function of the Latin coniunctivus... This function is performed by coniunctivus in subordinate clauses that depend on infinitive turns or on another sentence, the predicate of which is used in coniunctivus... Such a use case coniunctivus called attractiomodi: Ditibident (praes. Coniunct.) quaecumqueoptes (praes. Coniunct). "May the gods send you whatever you desire." Mos est Athenis laudari in contione eos, qui sint in proeliis interfecti."In Athens, it is customary to glorify in the assembly of the people those who were killed in battles."

Oratiooliqua- indirect speech

Indirect speech in Latin presents known difficulties for understanding and translation:

In indirect speech, declarative governing sentences are transmitted through accusativuscuminfinitivo

Control sentences are interrogative, imperative, and also containing coniunctivus in its optical function have a predicate in coniunctivus.

By virtue of attractiomodi in subordinate clauses, the predicate is always put in coniunctivus.

Time coniunctivus used by Consecutiotemporum in accordance with the tense of the governing verb, on which all indirect speech depends.

The pronoun of the 3rd person, replacing the pronoun of the 1st person of direct speech, is expressed in indirect cases by reflexive ( sui, sibi, se), and in nominativus- through ipse, the possessive pronoun of 1 person becomes reflexive ( suus)

The 3rd person pronoun, replacing the 2nd person pronoun of direct speech, is expressed by is or ille.

Indirect speech may depend not only on verbadeclarandi but also from verbasentiendi, putandi, voluntatis.

Conditional periods (long fancy sentences when nifiga is not clear)

The period is the main and the subordinate clause.

What is introduced by the union + subordinate clause.

If - si and nisi- if not

Casusrealis- conditional periods of a real type (actually translate). The reality of the condition is not judged by the speaker. Used indicativ of all times and peoples.

Siiddicis, eras

Casuspotentalis- possible type (translate possible)

The conditions and the result were thought to be possible, mainly in the future.

Or praes. Coniunct, or Perf. Coni... The only difference is species.

Siiddicas, eras- if you say it, then you are mistaken.

Casusirrealis(both condition and result are impossible)

Coniimperf/pqmp

Against that, / against that,

What is what was

Si id diceres, errares

If you said that you would be wrong

Initial course

Foreword

The purpose of the manual is to give initial information about the specifics of the Latin language, to acquaint students with legal terminology and phraseology.

Control over the assimilation of grammatical material is offered in the form of independent work, given in the appendix to the textbook.

Introduction

In its historical development, the Latin language has gone through several periods.

One of the most famous legal monuments of this time is the Code of Civil Laws - Corpusjuriscivilis... Until now, this document is considered the basis of modern European legislation. Corpus juris civilis includes 4 parts:

Codex justinianeus (imperial decrees - in 4 books);

Digesta (extracts from the works of lawyers - in 12 books);

Institutionis (manual of jurisprudence - in 4 books);

Novellae (short stories).

V.G. Belinsky described this document as follows: “ The Justinian Code, a ripe fruit of the historical life of the Romans, freed Europe from the shackles of feudal law».

6. During the Middle Ages (VII-XIV centuries), Latin is used as the common written language of Western European society, the language of the Catholic Church, science, and partly literature.

9. In the XX century, Latin is used in scientific terminology, is the official language of the Catholic Church and the acts of the Vatican.

There is no strict word order in the Latin sentence. However, it often has the following word order in a simple sentence: the subject is in the first place, the predicate agreed with it in the person and number is in the last, between the subject and the predicate there are secondary members of the sentence (additions, definitions, circumstances), and the definition, in contrast from the Russian language, stands after the word being defined.

Medĭcus veterinárius ánimal aegrōtum curat.

Medĭcus - doctor - subject, comes first;

curat - heals - predicate, is in last place;

veterinarius - veterinary - consistent definition to subject, comes after the word being defined (medicus);

animal - animal - direct addition;

aeggotum - sick - agreed definition to appendix, comes after the word being defined (anĭmal).

Translation : The veterinarian treats a sick animal.

EXERCISES

1. Add the endings of the valid pledge ( where necessary - with a connecting vowel):

Sample: recipi ... (I take) - recipi o.

Misce ... (he mixes), sign ... (I mean), repet ... (they repeat), audi ... (he listens), recipi ... (you take), da ... (we give out), solv ... (you dissolve), nutri ... (they feed), divid ... (you share), vide ... (I see).

2. Complete the 3rd person singular and plural endings of the passive voice ( where necessary - from
connecting vowel):

Sample: solv ... (dissolve) - solv i tur.

Repet ... (repeated), divid ... (separated), da ... (issued), misce ... (mixed), signa ... (indicated), forma ... (formed), solv. .. (dissolve), sterilisa ... (sterilized).

3. Determine the mood, person and number of verbs, translate:

1) signa; 2) solvĭmus; 3) date; 4) miscent; 5) repĕte; 6) divĭde; 7) addĭte; 8) vertĭtis; 9) dantur, 10) recipĭte; 11) nutri; 12) videt; 13) vale; 14) sterilisāmus; 15) recĭpe.

4. Determine the grammatical form of the verbs and translate into Russian:

a) infinitivus; c) praesens indicativi activi;

b) imperativus; d) praesens indicativi passivi;

e) praesens conjunctivi passivi;

1) dat; 2) curāre; 3) date, 4) repetĭte; 5) misceātur; 6) sterilĭso; 7) sanantur; 8) est; 9) nutrīre; 10) colentur; 11) solve; 12) laborāmus; 13) sunt; 14) recipĭtis; 15) audītur; 16) doces; 17) ausculta; 18) addātur.

datur, repetātur; miscent; recĭpe; da; repetĭtur; misceātur, dentur; signa; recĭpit; formentur; date; fiat; sterilisētur; misce.

6. Form the shape of 2 units. and many others. the number of the commanding mood and the form of the 3rd person unit. and many others. the numbers of the subjunctive mood of the passive voice from the verbs:

coquĕre; praerarare; audīre; miscēre; legĕre, nutrīre; signāre; vidēre.

7. Conjugate verbs in the present tense indicative mood, active and passive, orally translate the resulting forms:

Scire (to know); docēre (to teach); curare (to treat); repre (to repeat).

8. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. In columna vertebrális animálium sunt: vértebrae cervicáles, thoracáles, lumbáles, caudáles. 2. Ossa nasália bestiárum rapácium magna et longa sunt. 3. Músculi bicípites et tricípites teres sunt. 4. Musculi abdóminis sunt: musculus rectus abdóminis, muscŭlus oblíquus externus abdóminis, muscŭlus obliquus internus abdominis, muscŭlus transversus abdominis. 5. In cavo abdominis multa viscĕra sunt 6. Régio abdominis in epigastrium, mesogastrium et hypogastrium divíditur. 7. In cavo thorácis pulmónes sunt. 8. Vertebrae columnam vertebrárum formant. 9. Cor e tela musculōsa constat. 10. In femóre tubĕra sunt: trochanter major et trochanter minor. 11. Costas veras et costas spurias distinguishmus.

9. Read, translate if possible:

1. Colléga meus médicus est. 2. Magister nos láudat. 3. Laboráte et docéte laboráre. 4. Vaccas in samro pascunt. 5. Médici veterinárii bene curant. 6. Sólvite saccharum in aqua destilláta! 7. Memória tenéte! 8. Plus vident óculi, quam óculus. 9. Colléga meus médicus veterinarius est et bene curat. 10. Lupus bestia fera est. 11. Béstiae variae in silva habitant. 12. Quod légitis, monstráte! 13. Hic herbae váriae crescent. 14. Nos studémus, vos cantatis. 15. Multi versus poetárum nostrórum in libris sunt. 16. Parátus es! 17. Deféndite et amáte pátriam vestram!

The structure of a simple sentence. Word order in a Latin sentence Indirect question in Latin

Foreword

Introduction

The last

You need to know