Subject - object - means - motives - result. Human activity and its main forms

A goal is what a person strives for, what he works for, what he fights for, what he wants to achieve in his activities. Without a goal, conscious activity is impossible.

Goals human activity arose and developed historically, in the process of labor. They are generated social life, the conditions in which a person lives. They depend on the roles performed by a person, social assignments, on his development and individual characteristics. Goals can be close or distant. A distant goal is realized through the achievement of a number of immediate, partial goals, which step by step lead to its implementation in the future.

A socially important, meaningful goal becomes a source of individual activity. Only a great goal generates great energy. Such a goal causes unity of mental, emotional and volitional activity, purposeful concentration of consciousness on the goals set. “Target reflex,” as I.P. wrote. Pavlov, is of great vital importance; it is the main form of human vital energy.

Life is beautiful and strong for those who constantly strive for a specific goal. As soon as the goal disappears, life becomes colorless and boring.

Motive is an internal driving force that compels a person to act. The motives of human activity and behavior are genetically related to his organic and cultural needs. Needs give rise to interests, the orientation of the individual towards certain objects with the aim of knowing and mastering them.

The motivation for activity can be material needs (needs for food, clothing, housing) and spiritual, cultural needs (cognitive, socio-political, aesthetic). Motivation for activity can be close (to achieve the desired in the near future) and distant (when the implementation of the desired is planned for a long time).

Motives are also distinguished by level of awareness. There are clearly and clearly realized motives - duties to the team, responsibility, discipline, etc. But in many cases, unconscious motives operate, for example, habits, prejudiced attitudes towards certain facts of life, people, etc. However, regardless of the degree of awareness of the motive of activity, it is a decisive factor in achieving the goal.

The goals and motives of human activity are determined by living conditions, industrial, educational, and gaming relationships. There is a certain connection between the goals and motives of activity. On the one hand, goals and motives force a person to activity, determine its content and methods of implementation, and on the other hand, they are formed in the process of activity, under the influence of the conditions in which it occurs. In the process of activity, new needs and interests, ideals and beliefs arise and develop - production, mental, aesthetic, sports.

100 RUR bonus for first order

Select type of work Thesis Course work Abstract Master's thesis Report on practice Article Report Review Test Monograph Problem Solving Business Plan Answers to Questions Creative work Essay Drawing Works Translation Presentations Typing Other Increasing the uniqueness of the text Master's thesis Laboratory work Online help

Find out the price

In professions whose representatives influence fate, spiritual world and the position of a person in society (journalism is one of them), there is an obligatory companion - a moral choice. But in our history, the opportunity to freely choose has not often fallen to the lot of a journalist. If in England, France, North America already in late XVII century, the authoritarian model of journalism was rejected, then in our country at the same time the press began, on the contrary, from the then ministries - the sovereign's monastic and ambassadorial orders. Well, in the Soviet years the media themselves were part of the administrative-command system. Unfortunately, our country does not have a solid tradition of free press.

To write a certain material, a journalist has motives, which stimulate in him the desire for a creative act. The motivational sphere of a journalist is ramified and diverse. The many motives that he develops reflect the needs inherent in the communities in which the journalist is included. In fact, the material and spiritual needs of a social community are transformed by the individual’s consciousness into ideas, goals, and motives, which motivate a person to action.Motive- this is an internal, subjective-personal urge to act, interest in its commission. Professional activity acquires personal meaning thanks to 2 main motives: moral - the ability to acutely feel someone else's pain and joy, and creative - the desire to show individuality in the material.

Due to the fact that any creativity is a process during which a person, achieving certain goals, realizes itself, journalism acts for a journalist not only as a tool for influencing reality, but also as a way of existing as an individual. The importance of self-motivation should not be underestimated.

Motive is a conscious personal impulse. For a journalist, it turns into the purpose of publication, which becomes a way to realize the motive. Question “Why, in the name of what am I writing?” answering which, the journalist realizes motives of its activities, merges with another " What do you intend to tell the reader? It forms target and future publication patterns are predicted. Thus, the motives and goals of a journalist’s work merge with each other.

The struggle of motives does not necessarily boil down to “moral” - “immoral”. There are many shades between them. This is the difficulty moral choice. You have to weigh the pros and cons. Any motivation contains a moment of self-justification, and therefore moral arguments can serve to justify immoral actions.

If we consider publication as an act on the part of a journalist, then its moral assessment will be impossible without taking into account the motives of the author. To achieve a goal (for a journalist this is writing a work), the journalist uses certain means that he considers acceptable in a given situation.

Thus, the process of journalistic creativity can be divided into several stages: motive (impulse) to write material - determination of goals (why?) and means (how) - writing material (result).

Activity- this is a specifically human activity, regulated by consciousness, generated by needs and aimed at understanding and transforming the external world and the person himself.

The main feature of activity is that its content is not determined entirely by the need that gave rise to it. Need as a motive (motivation) gives impetus to activity, but the very forms and content of activity determined by public goals, requirements and experience.

Distinguish three main activities: play, learning and work. Purpose games is the “activity” itself, and not its results. Human activity aimed at acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities is called teaching.

is an activity whose purpose is the production of socially necessary products.

Activity is understood as a specifically human way of actively relating to the world - a process during which a person creatively transforms the world, turning oneself into an active subject, and the phenomena being mastered into an object of one’s activity.

Under subject here we mean the source of activity, actor. Since it is, as a rule, a person who exhibits activity, most often it is he who is called the subject.

Object call the passive, passive, inert side of the relationship, on which activity is carried out. The object of activity can be natural material or an object (land in agricultural activities), another person (a student as an object of learning) or the subject himself (in the case of self-education, sports training).

To understand an activity, there are several important characteristics to consider.

Man and activity are inextricably linked. Activity is an indispensable condition human life: she created man himself, preserved him in history and predetermined the progressive development of culture. Consequently, a person does not exist outside of activity. The opposite is also true: there is no activity without a person. Only man is capable of labor, spiritual and other transformative activities.

Activity is a transformation of the environment. Animals adapt to natural conditions. A person is capable of actively changing these conditions. For example, he is not limited to collecting plants for food, but grows them in the course of agricultural activities.

Activity acts as a creative, constructive activity: Man, in the process of his activity, goes beyond the boundaries of natural possibilities, creating something new that did not previously exist in nature.

Thus, in the process of activity, a person creatively transforms reality, himself and his social connections.

The essence of the activity is revealed in more detail during its structural analysis.

Basic forms of human activity

Human activity is carried out in (industrial, domestic, natural environment).

Activity- active interaction of a person with the environment, the result of which should be its usefulness, requiring from a person high mobility of nervous processes, fast and accurate movements, increased activity of perception, emotional stability.

The study of a person in the process is carried out by ergonomics, the purpose of which is optimization labor activity based on rational consideration of human capabilities.

The whole variety of forms of human activity can be divided into two main groups according to the nature of the functions performed by a person - physical and mental labor.

Physical work

Physical work requires significant muscle activity, is characterized by a load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems body (cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular, etc.), and also requires increased energy costs from 17 to 25 mJ (4,000-6,000 kcal) and more per day.

Brainwork

Brainwork(intellectual activity) is work that combines work related to the reception and processing of information, requiring intense attention, memory, and activation of thinking processes. Daily energy consumption during mental work is 10-11.7 mJ (2,000-2,400 kcal).

Structure of human activity

The structure of an activity is usually represented in a linear form, with each component following the other in time.

Need → Motive→ Goal→ Means→ Action→ Result

Let's consider all components of the activity one by one.

Need for action

Need- this is need, dissatisfaction, a feeling of lack of something necessary for normal existence. In order for a person to begin to act, it is necessary to understand this need and its nature.

The most developed classification belongs to the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and is known as the pyramid of needs (Fig. 2.2).

Maslow divided needs into primary, or innate, and secondary, or acquired. These in turn include the needs:

• physiological - in food, water, air, clothing, warmth, sleep, cleanliness, shelter, physical rest, etc.;
• existential— safety and security, inviolability of personal property, guaranteed employment, confidence in the future, etc.;
• social - the desire to belong and be involved in any social group, team, etc. The values ​​of affection, friendship, love are based on these needs;
• prestigious - based on the desire for respect, recognition by others of personal achievements, on the values ​​of self-affirmation and leadership;
• spiritual - focused on self-expression, self-actualization, creative development and use of one’s skills, abilities and knowledge.
• The hierarchy of needs has been changed many times and supplemented by various psychologists. Maslow himself, in the later stages of his research, added three additional groups of needs:
• educational- in knowledge, skill, understanding, research. This includes the desire to discover new things, curiosity, the desire for self-knowledge;
• aesthetic- desire for harmony, order, beauty;
• transcending- a selfless desire to help others in spiritual self-improvement, in their desire for self-expression.

According to Maslow, in order to satisfy higher, spiritual needs, it is necessary to first satisfy those needs that occupy a place in the pyramid below them. If the needs of any level are fully satisfied, a person has a natural need to satisfy the needs of a higher level.

Motives for activity

Motive - a need-based conscious impulse that justifies and justifies an activity. A need will become a motive if it is perceived not just as a need, but as a guide to action.

In the process of motive formation, not only needs, but also other motives are involved. As a rule, needs are mediated by interests, traditions, beliefs, social attitudes, etc.

Interest is a specific reason for action that determines. Although all people have the same needs, they are different social groups have their own interests. For example, the interests of workers and factory owners, men and women, youth and pensioners are different. So, innovations are more important for pensioners, traditions are more important for pensioners; Entrepreneurs have rather material interests, while artists have spiritual interests. Each person also has his own personal interests, based on individual inclinations, likes (people listen to different music, engage in different types sports, etc.).

Traditions represent a social and cultural heritage passed on from generation to generation. We can talk about religious, professional, corporate, national (for example, French or Russian) traditions, etc. For the sake of some traditions (for example, military ones), a person can limit his primary needs (by replacing safety and security with activities in high-risk conditions).

Beliefs- strong, principled views on the world, based on a person’s ideological ideals and implying a person’s willingness to give up a number of needs (for example, comfort and money) for the sake of what he considers right (for the sake of preserving honor and dignity).

Settings- a person’s predominant orientation towards certain institutions of society, which overlap with needs. For example, a person may be focused on religious values, or material enrichment, or public opinion. Accordingly, he will act differently in each case.

IN complex types activity, it is usually possible to identify not one motive, but several. In this case, the main motive is identified, which is considered the driving one.

Objectives of activity

Target - This is a conscious idea of ​​the result of an activity, an anticipation of the future. Any activity involves goal setting, i.e. ability to independently set goals. Animals, unlike humans, cannot set goals themselves: their program of activity is predetermined and expressed in instincts. Man is capable of forming own programs, creating something that never existed in nature. Since there is no goal-setting in the activity of animals, it is not an activity. Moreover, if an animal never imagines the results of its activity in advance, then a person, starting an activity, keeps in his mind the image of the expected object: before creating something in reality, he creates it in his mind.

However, the goal can be complex and sometimes requires a series of intermediate steps to achieve it. For example, to plant a tree, you need to purchase a seedling, find appropriate place, take a shovel, dig a hole, place a seedling in it, water it, etc. Ideas about intermediate results are called objectives. Thus, the goal is divided into specific tasks: if all these tasks are solved, then the overall goal will be achieved.

Tools used in activities

Facilities - these are techniques, methods of action, objects, etc. used in the course of activity. For example, to learn social studies, you need lectures, textbooks, and assignments. To be good specialist, you need to get professional education, have work experience, constantly practice in their activities, etc.

The means must correspond to the ends in two senses. First, the means must be proportionate to the ends. In other words, they cannot be insufficient (otherwise the activity will be fruitless) or excessive (otherwise energy and resources will be wasted). For example, you cannot build a house if there are not enough materials for it; It also makes no sense to buy materials several times more than are needed for its construction.

Secondly, the means must be moral: immoral means cannot be justified by the nobility of the end. If goals are immoral, then all activities are immoral (in this regard, the hero of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov” Ivan asked whether the kingdom of world harmony is worth one tear of a tortured child).

Action

Action - an element of activity that has a relatively independent and conscious task. An activity consists of individual actions. For example, teaching activities consist of preparing and delivering lectures, conducting seminars, preparing assignments, etc.

The German sociologist Max Weber (1865-1920) identified the following types of social actions:

• purposeful - actions aimed at achieving a reasonable goal. At the same time, a person clearly calculates all the means and possible obstacles (a general planning a battle; a businessman organizing an enterprise; a teacher preparing a lecture);
• value-rational- actions based on beliefs, principles, moral and aesthetic values(for example, a prisoner’s refusal to transfer valuable information to the enemy, saving a drowning man at the risk of his own life);
• affective - actions committed under the influence of strong feelings - hatred, fear (for example, flight from an enemy or spontaneous aggression);
• traditional- actions based on habit, often an automatic reaction developed on the basis of customs, beliefs, patterns, etc. (for example, following certain rituals in a wedding ceremony).

The basis of activity is the actions of the first two types, since only they have a conscious goal and are creative in nature. Affects and traditional actions are only capable of exerting some influence on the course of activity as auxiliary elements.

Special forms of action are: actions - actions that have value-rational, moral significance, and actions - actions that have a high positive social significance. For example, helping a person is an act, winning an important battle is an act. Drink a glass of water - normal action, which is neither an act nor an act. The word "act" is often used in jurisprudence to denote an action or omission that violates legal norms. For example, in legislation “a crime is an unlawful, socially dangerous, guilty act.”

Result of activity

Result- this is the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). For example, the result of study can be knowledge, skills and abilities, the result -, the result scientific activity- ideas and inventions. The result of the activity itself can be, since in the course of the activity it develops and changes.

Any human meaningful activity is expedient and motivated by internal or external reasons. It transforms the surrounding reality, and therefore it is important to understand the goals and driving motives of the individual through the specified criteria. Why is this important? To predict cause-and-effect relationships and the results of an individual’s activities. Both the subject of activity and the society surrounding him will use these criteria for their own purposes.

Activity

This is a person’s conscious activity aimed at satisfying personal and social needs, having a specific goal and motive. All human activities shape the process of development of society.

Activity is a form of realizing the goals of people in society. In its process, both the external world as an object of conscious influence and the person himself are transformed. This happens as a result of improving knowledge about the world and one’s capabilities. Therefore, it is so important to know and take into account the motivating motives of activity and the direction of actions of people in society, since ultimately they form the system of social life of society, and their effectiveness depends on motivation.

Various disciplines pay attention to human activity. Sociology views it from the point of view of social significance. Philosophy - for analyzing the meanings and values ​​in people's actions; for psychology, structure and a person are important from the point of view of the mental orientation of the individual; for management, it serves as a tool for motivating employees.

In the process of studying different areas of humanitarian knowledge, a single basis was identified that characterizes the process of activity. This structure and its elements constitute the principle of purposeful activity, which is preserved in all its types.

Structure of the phenomenon

Any activity has a general nature and direction. A person looks quite succinctly, the diagram of which can be presented as follows: goal → motive → result. But this chain does not contain all the links. Moreover, it is characterized by the cyclical nature of the process repetition. And the beginning of such a chain is based on the result of previous activity. It is, rather, a spiral that rushes towards the perfection of man and society.

Before setting a goal, a person must feel the need and the motive for activity arising from it. Moreover, the result is not the end of the chain, but serves as the basis for a new stage active development personality from setting a goal (task) based on a specific motive and to the process of achieving a result using selected techniques and means of achieving it. This is the logical structure and its stages. These are links of one chain, and they act as the structure of human activity:

1. Need.
2. Motive.
3. Target.
4. Process.
5. Method (way) of implementation.
6. Result.

Each element performs a specific function and is important for the entire process. Without an identified need, it is impossible to determine the authorship of the goal. This form of activity does not have a result, or it is alienated from the subject of the activity, does not belong to him and does not serve its purpose, since it makes the whole process meaningless.

If the process replaces the result, people lose interest in this area of ​​activity. If the result does not meet expectations, the individual loses meaning and may degrade due to the lack of essential quality human activity - awareness of its purpose.

Analysis and synthesis

Forms of activity are studied by a complex of social and humanitarian sciences. One of their tasks is to reveal the nature of goal-setting in human activity in order to motivate every member of society to socially significant activity and prevent antisocial motives and antisocial orientation in people’s actions.

Analysis of all elements of the chain allows us to discover cause-and-effect patterns of interaction between motives and results of activity, goals and forms of the process, thereby helping to understand driving forces society.

The structure itself does not have a linear orientation. It is repeated, intersects with other forms and methods of action of a person and a group, is absorbed, and sometimes is interrupted without ending in achieving the goal.

Analysis of the structure of activity of a completed cycle gives an idea of ​​the strength of motivation, ways of applying energy to solve problems, and other socio-psychological factors of activity. He can serve quality tool to create motivational programs and methods of organizing the labor process.

Knowledge about the causes and conditions for the formation of motives can serve effective tool to create programs to motivate people in the process and professional self-realization.

The purpose of the activity is the leading motivator

The level of a person’s stated goal depends on his culture, capabilities, environment, and social conditions. He cannot always accurately formulate the goal. More often, personal goals are replaced by external attributes of success and values ​​characteristic of a certain moral environment of society. The ability to formulate a personal goal of activity is an indicator personal development person.

The purpose of an activity is to comprehend its result. This idea is material, having a spatiotemporal localization.

Goals can be internal, immanent (intrinsic) in human nature, and external, determining the activity of the individual. External and internal goals may coincide. This is the best option for the benefit of society and the individual, since it does not provoke a conflict of interest.

If the external goal does not correspond to the interests of the individual, then the activity can achieve a result, but it is permissible to talk about effectiveness if there is a strong motive for achieving the result. If the goal solves problems that are important to the individual, it itself can act as a powerful motivating factor. So, what is the motive of activity? What role does he play?

Motivational needs

This concept is so important from the point of view mental processes that there are numerous theories of human motivation. One of the most famous is the hierarchy of needs theory. Abraham Maslow. According to this system, it is the needs that are the internal driver of the individual, they encourage him to create and be creative, and the structure of human activity is based on them. Maslow's scheme consists of several levels:

• The desire to satisfy the physiological need for food, home, warmth.
• Existential needs: safety of life, inviolability of housing, presence of a predictable future.
• Social security: the need for love, the need for people, belonging to a social group.
• Spiritual needs in creativity.
• Cognitive needs.
• Aesthetic. This is the desire for harmonization of the internal and external world, for beauty.
• The need for self-actualization (a person wants to have status, recognition, strives for full self-expression).

All needs that aim at the personal well-being of an individual are basic, primary. Level of recognition by society, desire to lead social life- all this is secondary. Such needs are formed when basic ones are satisfied.

Motive

The motive forms the goal, as the structure of the activity shows. The diagram clearly demonstrates the importance of this element. It should be added that all needs are inherent human nature. But the leading motivator will be the one that solves the most pressing problems in achieving personal goals.

Motive, if we characterize it briefly, is the meaning of a person’s activity, his activity.

In order to understand what a motive for activity is, let’s look at an example.

If a person strives to become a leader, his goal is to acquire the status of a boss, the motive is to satisfy the need for recognition, the result is a high position. In real life, everything is not so schematic and primitive, of course. Motives are often multi-level, as are goals.

Methods and modes of activity

Analysis of the structure of activity logically forces us to answer a number of questions.

How are the goal and the result interconnected, how do these moments influence each other? What is How does it manifest itself in the process of achieving a goal?

Indeed, if the motive is the internal engine, then the way or method of achieving the goal is the external form of implementation of the activity. And it must be adequate to the purpose. The correspondence of methods and methods to the obtained result is qualitative characteristics process. The discrepancy between the forms and content of activities and the set goal may have Negative consequences both for the individual and for the immediate environment.

If a person strives to become educated, and his internal motive is the need for knowledge, then purchasing a diploma will never be an adequate form of achieving the goal. Characteristics of the structure of activity always give an idea of ​​the adequacy of the goal, methods and results of the process.

A process is always an action. Characteristics of the activity structure different options gives an idea about possible ways developments of events. Actions can lead to a result, then they form a useful process. Actions at the level of affects, habits, false beliefs, misconceptions regarding the goal are inappropriate and lead to unpredictable results.

Activities

The activities are varied. The chosen path depends on various parameters - age, profession, status, field of activity. Let's look at some species to see how they change psychological structure human activity.

This process does not begin with adulthood, when a person becomes able to make free and independent choices with full responsibility. Activities are carried out from the very first days of life. Only the degree of her awareness and motivation changes.

An infant, like a mature personality, has a goal, but it cannot yet be called conscious. But he is driven by a strong motive - satisfaction. He is already carrying out activity at the subconscious level of reflexes.

Next, play activities are added. IN childhood she is the leader. At this stage it already manifests itself general structure activities. It reflects the entire hierarchy Maslow's needs rolled up.

The next logical stage is educational activities person. Its goal is to acquire new knowledge, skills, and abilities. This is very meaningful view activities.

It is present at all stages of human life. It can be said differently: any type of activity performs an educational function.

As a rule, in the labor process, the individual’s purposeful activity is fully realized. Ultimately, a product is produced that satisfies the current needs of society.

The result of the creative process is a work of art. The desire for self-expression is contained in the structure of activity. The diagram demonstrates the close connection between this motive and the goal: motive of self-expression ↔ method ↔ goal. But it does not necessarily take place only in a creative environment. The element of creating something new is present in all forms of human activity, but to varying degrees, of course.

Result

The final stage for which any activity is carried out is the planned result. If it does not meet expectations, the person may experience frustration - mental condition, characterizing internal devastation, disappointment. Naturally, this kind of phenomenon does not contribute to success and further goal setting. That’s why it’s so important that the result brings joy. The latter must be distinguished from pleasure. A person experiences joy if he puts effort into the process to obtain a result. In this case, the result itself is a logical motivator for further activity, because people tend to strive for positive emotions.

The result is the final product of human activity. At the same time, it must meet the goal. The structure of human activity coincides in this phase. Having achieved the goal and received the result, the individual reaches a new level of need that needs to be satisfied.

The result often appears in the form of a product, but it does not always have a material shell.

The result can be a goal that brings joy from the work process. If the result of an activity corresponds to the goal, then the person has achieved a positive result. If not, then a negative experience is formed, which should also be taken into account when making plans for the future.

Rational activity and personality

Human activity, the purpose of which is self-improvement, deserves special attention. During the implementation of this process, the structure of human activity has personal potential as its subject and basis. Each person has this opportunity. But not every person is ready to work on themselves. Only a highly developed individual understands that he himself is the best subject of his own development. What features does this process have?

• The ability to be fully responsible for the results of your development.
• The ability to achieve success in activities in which a person realizes himself fully.
• The goal has a deep life meaning, usually significant for society, going beyond the personal needs of the individual.
• A high level of organization of personal space, subordination of the way of life to the set goal.

It should be noted that any human activity, the purpose of which satisfies him, is an element of self-improvement. The fact is that joy is always the discovery of one’s own boundaries and possibilities. In addition, it also provides a positive attitude that encourages others to joint activities and helps increase the energy of this process.

Aristotle, the father of Logic, also called expedient activity great benefit for society and people. All the true values ​​of life acquire even greater significance over time. Aristotle's words are undoubtedly relevant to this day.

Protection mechanisms.

1. Repression is the removal of feelings, thoughts and intentions for action from consciousness.

2. Denial is an attempt not to accept as reality events that are undesirable for the Ego.

3. Projection – attributing one’s own thoughts and feelings to other people. Projection allows you to place blame on others.

4. Substitution - redirection from one object to another.

5. Rationalization is a distortion of reality. After repeated unsuccessful attempts achieve a goal, a person begins to convince him that this is for the better.

6. Regression - a transition to a more primitive level of behavior or thinking, a return to childishness, childish behavior patterns.

7. Sublimation – transformation of sexual and aggressive energy into different kinds activities.

8. Reactive formations - behaviors or feelings opposed to desire.

The Swiss psychologist K. Jung, in addition to personal psychology, introduced the concept of collective psychology, the objective psyche, the different levels of which are identical among individuals of a certain group, people, and all of humanity. Carl Jung believed that the mental experience experienced by humanity does not disappear without a trace, but is recorded in the structures of the brain of an individual person and then manifests itself at the instinctive level in the form of the so-called archetypes of the collective unconscious. The human psyche is a set of unconscious and conscious processes in which a constant exchange of energy occurs between elements.

Activity

Development psychological theory activities in the 20s - early 30s. XX century

1. The structure of human activity.

The activity is a necessary condition personality formation. Activity is the activity of a living organism, aimed at satisfying needs and regulated by a conscious goal. Activity is an active and purposeful process. The study of activity through activity analysis is the main direction of scientific knowledge.

Structural elements activities:

Activities – actions – operations – psychophysiological functions

Motive – goals – conditions

Action- a relatively completed element of activity aimed at achieving a certain intermediate conscious goal. Actions, as a necessary component, include an act of consciousness in the form of setting and maintaining a goal. Each action can be performed differently. The method of performing an action is called operation. The method of execution depends on the conditions. IN different conditions Different operations can be used to achieve the same goal. Operations are performed at the level of automatic actions or skills. Skills– these are ways to successfully perform an action that correspond to the goals and conditions of the activity. Skills always rely on knowledge. Skill- a way of performing actions that has become automated as a result of exercises. There are motor (motor), mental and sensory (feeling) actions. Their main functions are execution, regulation and control. Operations may arise through adaptation, direct imitation, or through automation of actions. Psychophysiological functions – physiological mechanisms ensuring mental processes. From the physiological side, skill means the formation in the cerebral cortex and the functioning of a stable system of temporary nerve connections, called a dynamic stereotype. The skills and abilities acquired by a person influence the formation of new skills and abilities. This influence can be either positive (transfer) or negative (interference).

Activity is always subordinated to motive. Motive- this is an incentive to activity related to meeting the needs of the student.

Target divided into private purposes. The purpose of any action is represented in consciousness in the form psychological image. Feedback ensures that actions are corrected as they progress. This mechanism is an action acceptor.

Conditions:

– subjective (person’s condition, level of training, individual characteristics);

– objective (environmental conditions, organization of activities, organization of the workplace, information, control of activities).

Depending on the form of activity, the following are distinguished:

– external (subject-practical);

– internal (mental). But they exist inextricably.

Internal activities is formed on the basis of the external, in the process of its interiorization. Interiorization– the process of transforming external, objective actions into internal, mental ones. Exteriorization– the transition from an internal, mental plan of action to an external one, realized with the objective world.

Activities:

1. object-manipulative;

2. gaming;

3. educational;

4. labor.

In each period of human development, a certain leading type of activity is identified. For infancy - direct emotional communication, for early childhood - object-manipulative, for preschool age- a game, for primary and secondary school - learning, for teenagers - intimate-personal communication, for early youth - educational and professional activities.

Activity is generated by a need that gives impetus and stimulates it. A need is often called a state of human need, which is associated with a person’s feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction or internal tension. The state of need must be experienced or recognized by a person, then it is a need.

Stages of need realization:

1. Voltage stage. There is a feeling of objective insufficiency in something. The appearance of emotional arousal. There's a person here. The role is played by the significance of the object, the consumption of which attracts a person.
2. Evaluation stage. Correlation of objective and subjective possibilities for satisfying needs.
3. Saturation stage. Discharging accumulated wealth and obtaining pleasure or enjoyment.

Satisfaction of needs depends on:

– the method that a person chooses;

– ability to control the process of satisfaction;

– taboo and moral principles society in which a person lives and his relationship to these phenomena.

Needs: physiological, safety needs, needs for

safety and love, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualization needs.

Classification of needs according to S.B. Kaverina:

– biogenic needs: the need for safety and self-preservation, the need for emotional contact, the orienting need, the need for physical activity, play);

– psychophysiological (hedonic, need for emotional saturation, need for freedom, need for energy restoration);

– social needs (need for self-affirmation, need for communication, need for cognition, need for self-expression);

– higher (the need to be an individual, moral and aesthetic, the need for meaning in life, the need for preparedness and the need to overcome, the need for creativity and creative work).

Motive- this is an incentive to activity related to the satisfaction of needs.

Motivation or the totality of all motives, needs, intentions of a person or as a process of formation of motives.

Motives can be conscious or unconscious, positive and negative. Social and cognitive learning motives are distinguished. External motives include achievement, self-affirmation, prestige, expectation of material benefits, duty, necessity, avoidance of punishment, protection, etc. They are not related to the learning situation, but many of them have a positive impact on activities. Students, influenced by these motives, strive to enter higher education. educational institution, since from the side of society it is formed positive image a person with a diploma. Receipt higher education allows them to take a certain place in society, make a career, and show the significance of their personality. The most stable positive motives are cognitive ones, which encourage one to acquire new knowledge, expand, deepen and systematize it. These motives are perceived by students as satisfying their needs for obtaining the necessary information, as a desire to expand their horizons and professional development. A. N. Leontyev identifies two sides of the function of motives: incentive and meaning-forming. The second side is understood as “giving individual actions, individual contents of these actions, personal meaning.” “And what determines personal meaning is the motivation of human behavior, there are the real motives of its activity.”

As a person grows up, he develops stable motives, dominant motives. It has been established that among people oriented toward success, realistic ones more often prevail, and among individuals oriented toward avoiding failures, unrealistic, inflated or underestimated self-esteem often prevails.

Motives of affiliation (desire for communication) or motives of rejection. The dominance of the affiliation motive in a person gives rise to a style of communication with people, characterized by confidence, openness, and ease.

The motive of power is clearly manifested in people. A sign that a person has a power motive is satisfaction from winning over another person in some activity or grief over failure, as well as reluctance to obey others. They are opposed by prosocial motives (providing help, caring about other people), etc.